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  • Springer  (52,321)
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  • 1985-1989  (55,974)
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  • 1986  (55,974)
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  • 1985-1989  (55,974)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    European communities: Framework programme in limbo (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 604-604 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] DESPITE arguing until 4 a.m. on Wednesday last week, Europe's science ministers have failed to agree on a budget for the European Commission's 'framework' programme of research and development, a programme that aims to lay the basis for European cooperation in key areas of research and technology ...
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/324604a0
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  • 2
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    Embryo research: UK legislation further delayed (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 604-604 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] STILL wriggling uncomfortably on the hook of human embryo research, the UK government last week issued a consultation paper on Legislation on Human Infertility Services and Embryo Research (Cm 46, HMSO, 2.90), asking for responses by the middle of 1987. The aim is then to introduce legislation, ...
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  • 3
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    Medical research: Backs to the wall in Britain (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 605-605 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE British Medical Research Council (MRC) faces a deficit of 13.2 million by the end of the decade even if it does no more than maintain the existing rate of awards and renew long-term grants at an appropriate level. But there is also a pressing need to spend more on research into AIDS (acquired ...
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  • 4
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    Pesticides: FDA told to try harder (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 606-606 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Washington THE US authorities are not doing enough to catch and prosecute unscrupulous food growers who may be steadily poisoning the American public through illicit use of pesticides. A study by the General Accounting Office (GAO) concludes that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is the ...
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/324606a0
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  • 5
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    UK industrial research: More stick than carrot on offer (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 606-606 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] BRITISH manufacturing industry, part of which enjoys lucrative defence contracts, must itself spend more on research and development, says Mr John Fairclough, the government's chief scientific adviser. Annual government investment in research and development is 4,300 million, of which 51 per cent ...
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  • 6
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    Japanese volcanoes: Forecasters wise after the event (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 605-605 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Tokyo JAPAN'S Volcanic Prediction Liaison Council seems to have been rewarded for its failure to forecast the behaviour of Mount Mihara on Oshima, the volcanic island south of Tokyo evacuated during a major eruption last month. The council has won substantial .new facilities on the island that ...
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  • 7
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    Nuclear safety: United States opts for caution (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 607-607 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Washington THE principal US military plutonium production reactor, a graphite-moderated plant similar to that at Chernobyl, is to be shut down for six months by the Department of Energy (DoE) to carry out urgent safety modifications which could cost about 50 million. The 23-year-old 'N' reactor ...
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  • 8
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    Albanian outlook: Changing tack on exports (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 607-607 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] RAMIZ Alia, who became leader of the Albania Workers' Party (AWP) on the death last year of Enver Hoxha, has an unusual approach to his country's non-renewable natural resources. "The interests of future generations", he told the AWP congress last month, demand that such assets as copper and ...
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  • 9
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    Britain gets Cray supercomputer at last… (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 608-608 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE UK Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC) has at last taken delivery of its Cray X-MP/48 supercomputer, after much discussion between the British Department of Trade and Industry and the US Department of Commerce. For months, the latter has been concerned that "foreign aliens' might ...
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  • 10
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    …and Indian supercomputer is on the way (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 608-608 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] New Delhi AFTER protracted negotiations, India and the United States have signed a document paving the way for the sale of a Cray-XMP supercomputer to India. The deal was approved in principle by the US administration eight months ago but became bogged down because of disagreements over the US ...
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  • 11
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    Austraial: Lay head for CSIRO board (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 608-608 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Sydney THE initial reaction of the Australian scientific community to the appointment of former New South Wales Premier and federal president of the Australian Labour Party (ALP), Mr Neville Wran, as head of Australia's largest research body, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research ...
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  • 12
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    Rabbies vaccine: Inquiry into Argentine trials (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 609-609 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Washington OUTRAGE and calls for investigations have followed in the wake of revelations about field trials of a recombinant rabies vaccine conducted by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) (see Nature 324, 202; 1986). Both the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and a congressional ...
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  • 13
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    Developmental biology: New data from mammalian homoeobox-containing genes (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 618-619 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SERENDIPITY gave us the homoeobox1, a highly conserved DNA sequence of about 180 base pairs, first found in several Drosophila genes that control segmentation. Homoeoboxes were also detected in other segmented invertebrates and in several vertebrates including mammals, giving rise to the view2 that ...
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  • 14
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    Mitochondrial DNA: Rearranging the plant genome (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 620-620 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE tendency of many plant mitochond-rial genomes to undergo extensive rearrangements provides a satisfying framework for understanding the phenomenon of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), a maternally inherited defect common to many higher plants that impairs the development of pollen. Some ...
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  • 15
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    Microtubule dynamics (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 621-621 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-Although Williams, Caplow and Mclntosh1 correctly emphasize the important contribution of Horio and Hotani2 in verifying, by real-time experiments, the concept of the dynamic instability of micro-tubules, some of their points are off the mark and they have missed an opportunity to evaluate the ...
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  • 16
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    Preservation in bogs (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 622-622 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-Doran et al. (Nature 323, 803; 1986) have shown reasonable histological preservation of 8,000-year-old brain tissue from a bog site, yet they have not given an explanation for why the tissue preservation should be so good. We suggest that it is due to tannic acid and related compounds contained ...
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  • 17
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    How many reactor accidents? (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 622-622 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-Edwards' is correct that Islam and Lindgren2 have failed to recognize that their distribution function is a likelihood function. But he is incorrect in asserting that their conclusions are unwarranted and in assuming that physicists do not know how to work with small samples. In fact Islam and ...
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  • 18
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    Alternative solutions (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 622-622 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-Wolstenholme et al have probably observed a well-preserved area of a mesh-work of the nuclear lamina lining the nuc-leoplasmic surface of the inner nuclear membrane which supports the interphase chromatin. It is unusual to observe any remnant of lamina in a metaphase preparation, but two ...
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  • 19
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    Archaeopteryx, the primordial bird? (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 622-622 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-In view of the highly critical review of our book Archaeopteryx, The Primordial Bird: A Case of Fossil Forgery (Nature 324, 185; 1986) I would like to bring to your notice recent developments that would seem to have vindicated our views. The issue hinges on whether or not the material on which ...
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  • 20
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    Thought of biology (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 626-626 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] ROLF Sattler is a biologist who believes that it is important to understand the fundamental presuppositions of biology and how they influence research and even our view of life itself. In Biophilosophy he sets out to introduce other biologists to these ideas. I am in full sympathy with Sattler's ...
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  • 21
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    Postmature scientific discovery? (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 629-631 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] NEW scientific discoveries do not always flow directly from those made just before. Rather, several varieties of discontinuity can be identified in the growth of science. Premature discoveries are those that scientists do not attend to in a timely way, and are retrospectively described as having ...
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  • 22
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    The c- erb-A gene encodes a thyroid hormone receptor (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 641-646 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The cDNA sequence of human c-erb-A, the cellular counterpart of the viral oncogene v-erb-A, indicates that the protein encoded by the gene is related to the steroid hormone receptors. Binding studies with the protein show it to be a receptor for thyroid ...
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  • 23
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    Cyanogen jets in comet Halley (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 649-651 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] During comet Halley's post-perihelion phase, we carried out observations with the 24-inch planetary patrol telescope at Perth Observatory, using a CCD (charge-coupled device) camera system which is one of two developed jointly with S. M. Larson (the system will be described elsewhere). The present ...
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  • 24
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    Are domains in liquid crystalline polymers arrays of disclinations? (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 655-657 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Due to industrial and academic interest in stiff chain and semiflexible polymer molecules, there have been an increasing number of structural and rheological studies of liquid crystalline polymers in recent years. A banded texture is often noted in flow-oriented LCP specimens. Donald et al4 have ...
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  • 25
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    A magmatic heat pump (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 658-660 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Details of the crystallization sequence in the finger structures reported at Rhum have led to the realization that the mafic layers are pene-contemporaneous sills whose presence has caused melt-corrosion of the overlying rock4. Details are clarified in ref. 4, but the features central to the ...
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  • 26
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    Rapid reduction of nitrogen oxides in exhaust gas streams (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 657-658 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Nitrogen oxide formation in combustion has received much attention3"7. The recognition4 that ammonia can be used to reduce nitric oxide in exhaust gases led to major efforts to characterize reactions important in the Thermal DeNOx process. The mechanisms and models that resulted have greatly ...
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  • 27
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    Differential and stage-related expression in embryonic tissues of a new human homoeobox gene (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 664-668 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The nucleotide sequence of clone HHO.clS is shown in Fig. la. Multiple stop codons are present in each frame up to nucleotide 230. Translation of the longest reading frame from the ATG codon at base 250 would produce a peptide sequence of 255 amino-acid residues, containing a homoeo domain ...
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    Cross-regulatory interactions among the gap genes of Drosophila (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 668-670 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Gap mutant embryos lack a number of adjacent segments which define the domains of the wild-type gene requirement. Based on the deletion pattern (Fig. 1), zygotic hunchback (hb) activity is required for normal establishment of gnathal and thoracic segments (up to T3), Kruppel (Kr) for thoracic and ...
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  • 29
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    Abnormal tyrosine phosphorylation on T-cell receptor in lymphoproliferative disorders (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 674-676 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The autosomal recessive mutations Ipr and gld are non-allelic genes, yet the abnormal cells that populate the lymph nodes of mice homozygous for either mutation are indistinguishable by a wide variety of criteria. We have suggested that the mutations may affect different components of a common ...
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    Location of a δ -subunit region determining ion transport through the acetylcholine receptor channel (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 670-674 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The Torpedo and bovine AChRs were expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes by microinjection of the respective a-9 ft-, y- and 6-subunit-specific messenger RNAs synthesized by transcription in vitro of the cloned cDNAs (refs 2, 4, 6). Figure la compares the sizes of acetylcholine(ACh)-activated ...
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  • 31
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    Anatomical, cellular and molecular analysis of 8,000-yr-old human brain tissue from the Windover archaeological site (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 323 (1986), S. 803-806 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The Windover pond (8BR246) is in Brevard County, Florida, USA. The pond (60 x 80 m) seasonally fluctuates in depth to a maximum of 1 m and contains a soft bottom composed of several distinct peat strata, total depth 4-5 m (Fig. 1). The uppermost black, sawgrass peat (W. Spackman and R. G. Holloway, ...
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  • 32
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    AIDS research queried: Skulduggery at the lab bench (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 506-506 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Washington "DISTRUST and dislike" between AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) researchers is the probable explanation for incidents of tampering at the federal Centers for Disease Control (CDC) AIDS programme laboratory in Atlanta, Georgia, according to a special independent assessment by ...
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  • 33
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    Mapping human visual cortex with positron emission tomography (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 323 (1986), S. 806-809 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] PET records the spatial distribution of an administered radio-nuclide in selected planes of the in vivo brain. Spatial resolution in PET images, however, is inherently limited. This limitation is described most simply by reference to point sources of radioactivity, as follows. Emission detection ...
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    UK-Dutch telescope (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 507-507 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
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    Notes: [Auszug] LAST week the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, in the final stages of its initial commissioning tests, received its first radio signals from space. The 20-million instrument, installed at Mauna Kea Observatory on Hawaii, is the largest telescope in the world operating in the submillimetre region of ...
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    Indian resources: National water policy at last (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 507-507 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Bangalore INDIA has been trying for many years without success to evolve a comprehensive national water policy, but this goal is now a step nearer. The chief need is for efficient and integrated management of water resources and more effective use of irrigation facilities. Mr B. Shankarananda, ...
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    Italian research reorganization (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 508-508 
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    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-Your article on research in Italy (Nature, 323, 751; 1986) depicts the Italian government as working quickly at reorganizing the national research institutions. As a researcher with 18 years' experience and an employee of the National Research Council (CNR) which, with its 6,189 employees, is ...
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    Maori victory (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 508-508 
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    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-Whether or not he was summarizing the views expressed in Crosby's Ecological Imperialism, The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900, Roy Porter (Nature 323, 587; 1986) shows extreme ignorance when he suggests that the Maori people of Aotearoa (New Zealand) "were stuck in the time-warp of the ...
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    Pan(da)selectionism (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 508-508 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-I have been following with interest the recent correspondence in your pages on evolution, creation science and neo-darwinsim. The letter from T.D. lies1, pointing out the regrettable habit of neo-darwinians of making exclusive claims on the interpretation and exposition of evolutionary ...
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    When firsts come only second (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 509-509 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] RESEARCHERS should learn from journalists the dangers of words such as "first". Those who describe some event as the first of its kind are almost certain to be assailed by readers saying that it is nothing of the kind. But to play safe by using qualifiers as in "the first recorded demonstration..." ...
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    Solid-state chemistry: Novel molecular metals (1986)
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    Nature 324 (1986), S. 510-510 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE scope of materials that display interesting electrical, magnetic and structural properties at very low temperatures has now been extended by Underhill and co-workers, who on page 547 of this issue1 describe the first two-dimensional organo-metallic compound that exists in an integral oxidation ...
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    Pattern formation: Form and diffusion (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 510-511 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE question of how cells estimate their location within the body has preoccupied embryologists for the past century, but when posed by Stumpf1 almost exactly 20 years ago, it seemed to have the beginnings of an answer. The concept of gradients, first explicitly propounded by T.H. Morgan, was ...
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    Tumour necrosis factors α and β inhibit virus replication and synergize with interferons (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 323 (1986), S. 819-822 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] During an investigation of the effects of human TNFs on the production of IFN-y by human lymphocytes, we observed that purified recombinant TNF-a and TNF-/3 had IFN-like activity and inhibited virus-mediated cytopathic effects. Pretreatment of a human renal carcinoma cell line (7860) with TNF-a ...
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    Functions of leaf fall (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 517-517 
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    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-Ford has suggested that leaf fall is the mechanism of excretion in vascular plants1. But to view the senescing leaf simply as an 'excretophore' may be to limit our vision. Some species may avoid accumulating high concentrations of heavy metals by removing them in senescent leaves2. The dead ...
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    Undirectional spin (1986)
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    Nature 324 (1986), S. 517-517 
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    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-When I wrote my paper on undirectional spin1, which was recently referred to in Nature2, I unhappily had not seen a paper3 on this topic which preceded mine by a few years. This highly illuminating work, which overlaps mine hardly at all, is particularly to be recommended to your readers for ...
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    Detecting Earth-like planets (1986)
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    Nature 324 (1986), S. 518-518 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-Angel et al.1 while advocating the use of a 16 m diameter telescope optimized for infrared observations to search for Earth-like planets outside the Solar System, criticize my suggestion2 of using an interferometric system, operating at optical wavelengths, for the same purpose. Their criticism ...
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    Detecting Earth-like planets (reply) (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 518-518 
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    Notes: [Auszug] ANGEL et al. reply-Burke has defined a mirror surface by equation (1) with / = 1 cm, showing that a relatively large r.m.s. error can be combined with very low sidelobes at 1/4 arc second radius. But this bears little relationship to the best optical surfaces currently made. In practice, errors are ...
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    Weakening of rock salt by water during long-term creep (1986)
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    Nature 324 (1986), S. 554-557 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Creep of rock salt has been the subject of extensive investigations over the past two decades1. Existing data3,4 show good agreement for a wide range of rock salts, and satisfactorily describe short-term mine convergence5. Long-term rheological properties, however, are not accessible in the ...
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    Diagenesis of US Gulf Coast shales (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 557-559 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The Tertiary mudstones and interbedded sandstones of the USA Gulf Coast represent one of the world's most intensively studied sedimentary sequences. Many fundamental concepts concerning the nature, timing and consequences of shale diagenesis were developed through work in this area1,5,9-12. Of ...
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    Do continental shelves export organic matter? (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 559-561 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Table 1 Moored sediment trap (MST) flux Mass flux C N Date (mg m2 d"1) (mg2 d"1) (mgm^d"1) MST l 25 Feb.- 5 March 1984 70m.o.b. 1,240198 546 61 lOm.o.b. 5,450 467 199 44 20 7 MST 2 5-31 March 1984 70m.o.b. 1,810239 11028 125 lOm.o.b. 3,815418 15918 194 MST 3 4-7 April 1984 70m.o.b. 2,298 ...
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    Identification of novel widely distributed sedimentary acyclic sesterterpenoids (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 561-563 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Over the past 10 years many workers (Table 1) have reported the presence, in recent sediments, of a group of C25 hydrocarbons of unknown structure. The compounds are abundant and are very widely distributed; for example, they are the major hydrocarbons present in sediments from a New England salt ...
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    A thylakoid processing protease is required for complete maturation of the lumen protein plastocyanin (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 567-569 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Most chloroplast proteins are synthesized in the cytosol and subsequently transported into the organelle by a post-transla-tional, ATP-dependent mechanism (for reviews see refs 4 and 5). The proteins are initially synthesized as larger precursors containing amino-terminal pre-sequences ('transit ...
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    An equation for flow in the renal proximal tubule (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 29-57 
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    Notes: Abstract Approximate equations for epithelial solute and water transport have been combined with the relations of mass conservation to yield a single differential equation representing volume flow along the proximal tubule. This flow equation is first order, quasilinear and may be integrated directly. For the steady state, the result is an implicit relation between volume flow and distance along the tubule. For two time-dependent problems (step change of tubule inlet velocity or osmolality) the trajectories (distance as a function of transit time) of a fluid element starting at the inlet are obtained. Differentiation of the steady-state relation with respect to the inlet velocity yields a first-order differential equation relating inlet and outlet velocity. This equation is considered in detail, particularly with regard to the influence of solute-linked water reabsorption. Model calculations with parameters representing rat proximal tubule indicate that it will be difficult to discern coupled water flux in this epithelium from only outlet and inlet flows. Calculations using lower transport rates and lower permeabilities suggest that this equation may be useful in quantifying coupled water flow in proximal tubules from other species.
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    Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the Classification Society of North America (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 105-105 
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    Editorial: Software Survey Section (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. I 
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    Dominance of geometric overelastic factors in pulse transmission through arterial branching (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 97-103 
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    Notes: Abstract The branching characteristic of the arterial system is such that blood pressure pulses propagate with minimum loss. This characteristic depends on the geometric and elastic properties of branching vessels. In the current investigation, mathematical relations of branching geometry and elastic properties are formulated and their relative contributions to pulse reflection at an arterial junction are analyzed. Results show that alteration of pulse transmission through the junction is more significantly affected by changes in branching vessel radii and wall thickness than by corresponding percentage changes in vessel wall elastic moduli.
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    Galerkin's finite element-Laplace transform technique to transient heat migration in human skin and subcutaneous tissues (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 125-136 
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    Notes: Abstract Galerkin's finite element-Laplace transform technique (GAFELTTE) has been used to study transient temperature distribution in human skin and subcutaneous tissues. This study incorporates heat conduction, heat carried by perfusion of blood in the capillary beds and metabolic heat generation in the tissues. Different values of various quantities have been considered in all three parts, namely epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissues, depending on physiological considerations. The GAFELTTE provides interface temperatures for a wide range of the values of skin surface temperatures. These values have been used to obtain temperature profiles in the region considered. Steady-state temperature distribution has been deduced from the solution obtained by GAFELTTE and has been compared with the results obtained by using different methods.
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    Multiple stable equilibria in a predator-prey system (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 137-148 
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    Notes: Abstract Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for three equilibria to occur in a predatorprey model and conditions are given for two of these to be stable. The existence of two stable equilibria requires predator intraspecific competition for either space or food, and the lower the prey growth rate the stronger this predator self-regulation must be. A prey growth rate that is skewed to the right, the ability of a few predators to survive at low prey densities, and predators with high searching effectiveness, long handling times, and large maximum per capita rate of increase all make two stable equilibria more likely.
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    Servocontrol of the heart rate in homeothermic animals: On recognizing butterfly catastrophy models in biology (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 107-124 
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    Notes: Abstract Drawing evidence from a variety of cardiovascular studies on the heart rate in homeothermic animals, the author establishes the following thesis. The servocontrol (i.e. the autonomic and reflex control) by the medulla oblongata of the heart (rate) is a negative feedback dynamic which is isomorphic (i.e. ‘diffeomorphic’) to the dyamic underlying the heat rate control in those animals (cf. Kuyk,Bull. math. Biol. 46, 81–102, 1984). In fact, unlike in the heat rate case, the qualitative evidence supporting this thesis can not be fully complemented by quantitative data stemming from experiments, because of a lack of pertinent experiments—which, indeed, should measuresimultaneously the heart rate state parameter and thefour control parameters at the input side of the medulla. The results of some of the existing experiments on animal preparations can nevertheless be adduced to recognize that this dynamic can be graphed by the five-dimensional butterfly catastrophe type. The theory leads to new ways of looking at experiments in the field and/or setting up such experiments in the future.
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    Simulation of cellular compaction and internalization in mammalian embryo development as driven by minimization of surface energy (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 167-187 
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    Notes: Abstract A model based upon minimization of surface energy is proposed as an explanation for compaction and internalization of cells during mammalian embryo development. The model is used to simulate and graphically display these phenomena on a computer.
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    Topological properties of binary trees grown with order-dependent branching probabilities (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 197-211 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a growth model for binary topological trees. The model defines the branching probability of all segments in the tree. The branching probability of a segment is formulated as a function of two variables, one indicating its type (intermediate or terminal), the other representing its order, i.e. the topological distance to the root segment. The function is determined by two parameters, namely the ratio of branching probabilities of intermediate and terminal segments and the strength of the order dependency, implemented in an exponential form. Expressions are derived for the calculation of symmetry properties of the partitions and it is indicated which part of the parameter domain results in predominantly symmetrical trees.
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    Pattern formation and morphogenesis: A reaction-diffusion model (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 213-228 
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    Notes: Abstract The problem of cellular differentiation and consequent pattern generation during embryonic development has been mathematically investigated with the help of a reaction-diffusion model. It is by now a well-recognized fact that diffusion of micromolecules (through intercellular gap junctions), which is dependent on the spatial parameter (r), serve the purpose of ‘positional information’ for differentiation. Based on this principle the present model has been constructed by coupling the Goodwin-type equations for RNA and protein synthesis with the diffusion process. The homogeneous Goodwin system can exhibit stable periodic solution if the value of the cooperativity as measured by the Hill coefficient (ρ) is greater than 8, which is not biologically realistic. In the present work it has been observed that inclusion of a negative cross-diffusion can drive the system into local instability for any value of ρ and thus a time-periodic spatial solution is possible around the unstable local equilibrium, eventually leading to a definite pattern formation. Inclusion of a negative cross-diffusion thus makes the system biologically realistic. The cross-diffusion can also give rise to a stationary wave-like dissipative structure.
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    Editorial: Software survey section (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. I 
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    SCoP: An interactive simulation control program for micro- and minicomputers (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 427-441 
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    Notes: Abstract A nes software system is described for building simulation programs on micro- and minicomputers. Model equations are written as C subroutines, compiled and linked to the SCoP package to produce a menu-driven, interactive program. The system maintains a database of names, values, and units for all model parameters and variables. Run-time options include several methods for interactive parameter modification and both graphic and tabular outputs, with output values presented as they are calculated. Simulation output values can be compared with experimental data graphically and a companion program SCoPFit is provided for formal optimization of parameter values.
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    Global stability of partially closed food-chains with resources (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 455-468 
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    Notes: Abstract We consider the existence and global stability of aq-member equilibrium (1≤q≤n) in partially closed food-chains of lengthn having an abiotic component as resource. We observe that such existence demands bounds of resource supply rate and these bounds are weighted sums of interaction coefficients. Particular results of global sector-stability of partially feasible equilibria of simple food-chains obeying Lotka-Volterra dynamics are shown. Lastly the elasticity of such food-chains when a new species is introduced at the highest trophic level is investigated.
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    Global stability in time-delayed single-species dynamics (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 485-492 
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    Notes: Abstract Criteria are established for three classes of models of single-species dynamics with a single discrete delay to have a globally asymptotically stable positive equilibrium independent of the length of delay.
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    Predator-prey systems with group defence: The paradox of enrichment revisited (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 493-508 
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    Notes: Abstract The main concern of this paper is with survival or extinction of predators in models of predator-prey systems exhibiting group defence of the prey. It is shown that if there is no mutual interference among predators, enrichment could result in their extinction. However, if there is mutual interference, the predator population survives (at least deterministically).
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    A class of general stochastic compartmental systems (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 509-523 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper a general class of semi-Markov compartmental systems is studied. Two models for different input processes are analysed. Attention has been paid to the recurrence times associated with each compartment and to the distribution of the number of particles in each compartment. As an example, a three-compartment system is discussed to study the movement between three health states of patients with chronic diseases.
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    Optimized homology searches of the gene and protein sequence data banks (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 569-583 
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    Notes: Abstract A strategy is presented for searching the gene and protein sequence data banks which combines the use of two previously described algorthms. The implementation of this strategy is thoroughly evaluated with respect to sensitivity, specificity and speed. The establishment of standard benchmarks for comparing programs that rearch the sequence data banks for homology is proposed.
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    Receptors and functional linkage in membrane permeability: A quantum mechanical model (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 545-567 
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    Notes: Abstract During functional linkage, ligand receptors are coupled to other receptors and to the cell's metabolic-transport apparatus. The linkage guides the cellular processing of matter, energy and information. Previous conceptions of functional linkage have used the ideas of classical physics appropriate to macroscopic objects. This study presents an initial quantum mechanical model of functional linkage in the case of ligands moving through lipid bilayers and hydrophilic transmembrane channels (‘pores’) of molecular dimensions. On the basis of permeability data, energy surfaces consisting of piecewise-constant potential regions are used to model the lipid bilayers and transmembrane channels. The centre-of-mass wavefunction for a ligand on such energy surfaces is analysed and the permeability coefficients calculated from the wavefunction's transmission characteristics. It is found that quasi-bound states in the several ligand-binding regions of a bilayer or pore system can functionally link to facilitate the passage of the molecule across the permeability barrier. Appearance of the linkage is a sensitive function of the ligand's energy. If the centre-of-mass energies are distributed as in a thermalized fluid, the flux via the quantum functional linkage can equal or exceed that of a classical flux for proton transport through rigid pores in which the intrasite barriers are relatively high (0.25–1 eV) and narrow (0.1–1 Å). The functional linkage plays a less important role in bilayer (rather than pore) energy surfaces and at higher molecular weights. If the ligand-receptor interaction is accompanied by energy transfer to or from ligands, the flux via the quantum functional linkage can equal or exceed the classically expected flux at all relevant ligand molecular weights. These findings are discussed in relation to earlier work and the limitations of the model emphasized.
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    A nonlinear measure of subalignment similarity and its significance levels (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 617-632 
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    Notes: Abstract A new measure of subalignment similarity is introduced. Specifically, similaritys(l,c) is defined as the logarithm to the basep of the probability of findingc or fewer mismatches in a subalignment of lengthl, wherep is the probability of a match. Previous algorithms can not use this measure to find locally optimal subalignments because, unlike Needleman-Wunsch and Sellers similarities, this measure is nonlinear. A new pattern recognition algorithm is described for finding all locally optimal subalignments of two nucleotide sequences. The DD algorithm can uses(l, c) or any other reasonable similarity function to assess the relative interest of subalignments. The DD algorithm searches only the diagonal graph, which lacks insertions and deletions. This search strategy greatly decreases the computation time and does not require an arbitrary choice of gap cost. The paths of the resulting DD graph usually draw attention to likely locations for insertions and deletions. A heuristic formula is derived for estimating significance levels fors(l, c) in the context of the lengths of the two aligned sequences. The DD algorithm has been used to find interesting subalignments between the nucleotide sequences for human and murine interleukin 2.
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    Locally optimal subalignments using nonlinear similarity functions (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 633-660 
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    Notes: Abstract Nonlinear similarity functions are often better than linear functions at distinguishing interesting subalignments from those due to chance. Nonlinear similarity functions useful for comparing biological sequences are developed. Several new algorithms are presented for finding locally optimal subalignments of two sequences. Unlike previous algorithms, they may use any reasonable similarity function as a selection criterion. Among these algorithms are VV-1, which finds all and only the locally optimal subalignments of two sequences, and CC-1, which finds all and only the weakly locally optimal subalignments of two sequences. The VV-1 algorithm is slow and interesting only for theoretical reasons. In contrast, the CC-1 algorithm has average time complexityO(MN) when used to find only very good subalignments.
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    Adaptability: The significance of variability from molecule to ecosystem (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 701-703 
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    Convergence in a resource-based competition system (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 681-699 
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    Notes: Abstract A resource-based competition model of two consumer species and one resource species is formulated in the form of a Lotka-Volterra system. The competition involves both exploitation and interference. By a method of asymptotic estimates, sufficient conditions are derived for the three species system to converge ast→∞ to an equilibrium point with all three species present; a generalization of the result forn≥2 and single resource species is indicated. The strong form of equilibrium perisistence of the three species consumer-resource system is achieved by the ability of each of the consumer species to exploit the resource and interfere with others in such a way which will avoid exclusion by the other.
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    A survey of linear singular systems (1986)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 5 (1986), S. 3-36 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper is a brief historical review of linear singular systems, followed by a survey of results on their solution and properties. The frequency domain and time domain approaches are discussed together to sketch an overall picture of the current status of the theory.
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    An isoclinal approach to the comparative statics of biological communities (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 59-75 
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    Notes: Abstract An understanding of the comparative statics of biological communities is important both as a means of explaining the long-term effects of changes in environmental conditions, and as a framework for viewing community time trajectories. A general formulation of community dynamics is presented here which, given full information about a particular community's dynamic behavior, describes the impact of a change in environmental conditions on the community steady state. However, since such full information is often lacking in studies of biological communities, various approaches to partial information analysis of comparative statics are presented and compared, including a generalized protocol for isocline analysis. The suggested isocline protocol is shown to be a useful tool for both full and partial information analyses, as well as for both general and partial equilibrium studies.
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    An interpretation of Fujita's frequency diagrams in phyllotaxis (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 77-86 
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    Notes: Abstract Fujita's diagrams in phyllotaxis, showing the frequencies of divergence angles as a function of these angles for low phyllotactic patterns such as (2, 1) and (3, 2), which are approximately normal curves centered at the limitdivergence angle of 137.51°, are shown to be puzzling when compared to results and observations in the field. An analysis of these diagrams is proposed, in the context of Fujita's methodology, of data from other sources, of a mathematical theorem on lattices, and of the contact pressure theory of phyllotaxis.
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    Existence of steady-state probability distributions in multilocus models for genotype evolution (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 87-95 
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown that a representative Fisher-Wright model withn(≥3) diallelic loci admits a necessary condition for existence of a time-independent steady-state probability distribution. This necessary condition states that a global integral depending on the phenotype fitness functions of natural selection must be larger than a certain quantity depending on the parameters associated with genetic drift.
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    Transient phase kinetics of activation of human plasminogen (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 149-166 
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    Notes: Abstract Equations for the time-dependent concentrations of all species involved in the general mechanism of human plasminogen activation proposed by Wohlet al. (J. biol. Chem. 255, 2005–2013, 1980) have been derived. These equations are valid for the whole course of the reaction: for both the transient phase and the steady state. In addition, we compare our results with the ones obtained by the above-mentioned authors for the steady state assuming rapid equilibrium conditions. Finally, we propose a method for the determination of all velocity constants.
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    Interval graphs and maps of DNA (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 189-195 
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    Notes: Abstract A special class of interval graphs is defined and characterized, and an algorithm is given for their construction. These graphs are motivated by an important representation of DNA called restriction maps by molecular biologists. Circular restriction maps are easily included.
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    On mathematical modeling of critical variables in cancer treatment (goals: Better understanding of the past and better planning in the future) (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 253-278 
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    Notes: Abstract Over the past 25 years stepwise improvement in the cure of disseminated cancers has been good, fair or very poor depending on the particular cancer one is discussing. “Cancer chemotherapy provides variably effective treatment for the majority of forms of human cancer and curative treatment for some 12 categories.” We have been slow to gain and learn how to apply quantitative information on the biologic phenomena that underlie the responsiveness, or lack of responsiveness, of many different cancers to single drugs and combinations of drugs delivered in different ways. I am of the opinion that continuing development and integration of rational biomathematical models based on principles already identified, and testing them for compatibility with much already available experimental and clinical data, will lead to models that will help in planning more effective treatment regimens for cancers now classified as moderately refractory or very refractory to chemotherapy. Some of the critical variables are considered briefly. My advice, for what it is worth, is “try to be sure that the biologic concepts that you use in modeling are almost as good as the arithmetic.”
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    Physiological pharmacokinetics (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 309-322 
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    Notes: Abstract A discussion of the bases of physiological pharmacokinetics is followed by a brief review of the fundamental mass balance equations of the models. Some examples are outlined, together with a listing of published reviews which give many more references and detailed examples. Finally, some thoughts on future research directions are presented.
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    Cell kinetics simulation languages (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 323-336 
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    Notes: Abstract The use of stochastic simulation languages in cell kinetics research is discussed. Two special purpose simulation languages; CELLSIM and CELLGROW are described and example problems are presented.
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    Chemical carcinogenesis and toxicity models: Matching complexity to objectives (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 293-307 
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    Notes: Abstract Mathematical models predicting tissue doses of chemical toxicants can be either highly complex or simple, depending upon the end results needed. As an example of a highly complex mathematical model, the Miller Model of the distribution of reactive gases in human and animal lungs is described. The Miller Model accounts for the convection, the radial and axial diffusion, and the chemical reactions of gases as an inhaled breath passes down the airways. The geometry and physiology of human and animal lungs are used to calculate the convection and diffusion likely in each generation or bifurcating series of airways commencing with the trachea and extending 24 generations in humans. The chemical reactivity of ozone, an air pollutant, is accounted for by simulating second-order chemical reactions with the fluid lining materials of the lung and tissue biological molecules. The flux of ozone into three compartments (pulmonary tissue, overlying liquid layer and capillary blood) in each generation of the lung is calculated to provide molecular doses of ozone reaching each region of the lung. These results of calculated molecular dose are then used to construct dose-response curves for a variety of biological endpoints. A much simpler model is also described which recognizes the saturable or Michaelis-Menten type of kinetics controlling the removal of nickelous ion (nickel) from the lung. This model is used to calculate the chronic lung burden of the human lung for occupational, environmental and cigarette smoking exposure scenarios. In both the complex Miller Model and the simpler nickel lung burden model, the results can be used to calculate molecular doses at the potential site of action of these environmental chemicals and to unify a wide variety of studies. The predictions made are more likely to be valid since multiple investigators using a variety of animal species have participated in generation of the primary data. As a methodology, mathematical modeling based on physiological, physicochemical and anatomical principles provides a means of eliminating non-scientific considerations from the important process of regulating and recognizing toxic or cancer causing chemicals in the human environment.
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    Kinetic simulation of anticancer drug effects on metabolic pathway fluxes: Two case studies (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 337-351 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a brief review of applications of kinetic simulation of multi-enzyme networks to the study of antimetabolite drugs used as anticancer agents. Kinetic models consist of systems of nonlinear differential equations that describe changes in concentrations of cellular metabolites with respect to time. Such models have been used to predict the effect of changes in activity of enzymes, or changes in enzyme kinetic parameters, on sensitivity to inhibition. Kinetic simulation has provided insight into several aspects of the biochemical pharmacology of antimetabolites, including drug sensitivity and resistance, and drug-drug interactions. Two specific studies are described in detail. The first concerns the importance of the ratio of competing enzymes in determining the selectivity of inhibitors of one of the competing enzymes, studied by a simple model. The second case study examines the effect of alternative biosynthetic pathways, thede novo and salvage pathways of pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis, on the selectivity of antipyrimidine drugs, as studied by a detailed model of 27 reactions of pyrimidine metabolism.
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    Cancer chemotherapy: Optimal control using the Verhulst-Pearl equation (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 381-404 
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    Notes: Abstract General (deterministic) ordinary differential equations for the representation of cancer growth are presented when the growth is perturbed due to the action of a chemotherapeutic agent. The Verhulst-Pearl equation is introduced as a particular example of a growth equation applicable to human tumors. An optimal control problem with general performance criterion and state equation is formulated and shown to possess a novel feedback control relationship. This relationship is used in two continuous drug delivery problems involving the Verhulst-Pearl equation.
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    Use of the circuit simulation program SPICE2 for analysis of the metabolism of anticancer drugs (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 353-380 
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    Notes: Abstract Complex networks of biological processes are analogous to electrical circuits. For each step in a biological or electrical network, flow is dependent on the driving force and the conductivity of the step. The relationship between biological flows and their driving forces can therefore be expressed as relationships between analogous currents and voltages. The time dependence of approach to equilibrium or a steady state is determined by the rates of depletion of material in various compartments. Electrical capacitance is therefore analogous to compartment volume. Once these generalized concepts of flow, force and capacitance are recognized, it becomes clear that computer programs designed for analysis of electrical circuits may be used for simulation of biological networks. A set of simple mathematical descriptions of the individual steps and a diagram showing how the steps are arranged with respect to each other are all that is necessary to perform a simulation; there is no need for computer programming skills or differential equations. The use of SPICE2 for simulation of the cellular and plasma pharmacokinetics of cytosine arabinoside (araC) is described as an example. A network model is developed which considers cellular pharmacokinetics (membrane transport, intracellular phosphorylation and dephosphorylation), and plasma pharmacokinetics following infusions of araC.
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    Future directions in computer simulation (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 405-415 
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    Notes: Abstract Developments in computer hardware and software are making significant improvements in the availability of simulation for biomedical researchers. This paper reviews past and present techniques for digital computer simulation and looks at improvements likely in the near future. In the area of hardware, personal computers are making computing and simulation more widely available and at the same time, supercomputers and special-purpose numerical processors are making it possible to solve larger problems. Software developments for simulation are reducing the time, effort and special skills required to produce a simulation program. A new hierarchical linker is proposed to make it easy to synthesize a global model by combining existing submodels. In the more distant future, computer models may be constructed graphically and with the assistance of intelligent programs capable of analysis and information retrieval.
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    Strategies for computer modeling (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 417-426 
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    Notes: Abstract Modeling is a ubiquitous and often misunderstood enterprise in which data from diverse disciplines are analyzed by techniques from other diverse disciplines in an attempt to confirm or falsify a set of hypotheses about the real world. Guidelines are offered for designing models to match the goals of modeling biological systems. Techniques for the construction and interpretation of models are discussed. The requirements for credibility of models are detailed, and tests are suggested for their validation.
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    First Conference of the International Federation of Classification Societies (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 453-453 
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    Conference retrospective: An appropriate modeling infrastructure for cancer research (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 443-452 
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    Notes: Abstract Presentations and discussions at the symposium illustrate some general issues in biomedical modeling for cancer research. Given the motivations for modeling and assumptions concerning who should be involved in the modeling process, one can identify some basic needs to be met in supports to modelers. These concern both the models themselves and ways of presenting them to users. In conclusion, some thoughts are offered on economic and educational issues that may affect the infusion of modeling into biomedical research.
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    Editorial: Software survey section (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. I 
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    Some properties of solutions of the semi-state model for nonlinear nonstationary systems (1986)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 5 (1986), S. 109-123 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Certain properties of solutions similar to set invariance, set attractivity, boundedness, BIBO stability, etc. are investigated for the semistate model $$P(t)\dot x = M(t,x)x + D(t,x)u,y = q(t,x,u).$$ For systems considered, it is assumed that the reduction to a normal form of lower order is not possible. Using the direct method of Liapunov, the properties of solutions are investigated without actual knowledge of solutions.
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    Multiple time scales for nonlinear systems (1986)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 5 (1986), S. 153-169 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we extend the results on the multiple time-scale structure for linear autonomous systems of the form $$\dot x = A( \in )x$$ (cf. Coderchet al. [1]) to nonlinear autonomous systems. Our main result is in obtaining conditions under which the linearized system and the nonlinear system around an equilibrium point have the same time-scale structure.
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    A model for cooperative ligand binding at complementary sites of DNA (1986)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 21-27 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The process of cooperative binding of ligands to DNA has been classified into different modes. An additional mode of cooperative interaction amongst ligands binding at sites on complementary strands has been emphasised. A statistical mechanical method has been applied to obtain an analytical expression for the fraction of nucleotide sites bound. Theoretical Scatchard plots have been drawn and analysed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02460060
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  • 95
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    Model for chemotactic bacterial bands (1986)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 1-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Suspensions of chemotactic bacteria develop spatial and temporal structures in response to an initial inhomogeneity in the medium. A theoretical model is presented for the analysis of spatial and temporal evolution of bacterial bands in response to several attractants. Applications of the model to various experimental cases give good agreement between theory and observation. The theoretical analysis provides further insight to the mechanisms governing band formation and band migration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02460059
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  • 96
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    Pointwise bounds for a nonlinear heat conduction model of the human head (1986)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 229-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The theory of maximum principles is applied to a nonlinear differential equation representing a heat conduction model of the human head to obtain accurate analytical upper and lower bounding curves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02460025
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  • 97
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    1986 Gordon Research Conference on Theoretical Biology and Biomathematics (1986)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 237-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02460026
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  • 98
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    Guest editors’ foreword (1986)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 239-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02459679
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  • 99
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    The role of simulation in biomathematical modeling (1986)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 241-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper is a general introduction to the field of biomathematical modeling. Biomathematical modeling is divided into three parts: the derivation of models, the fitting of models to data, and the simulation of data from models. This paper focuses on the simulation of data from models. The uses of simulation, the potential users of simulation, and simulation software are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02459680
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  • 100
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    A stochastic model for the origin and treatment of tumors containing drug-resistant cells (1986)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 48 (1986), S. 279-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A stochastic model for the chemotherapy of experimental tumors is presented. The focus of this model is on the presence of drug-resistant mutants and their influence on eventual treatment outcome. Equations are derived for the joint probability-generating function for the number of chemo-sensitive and chemo-resistant cells. The model is extended to two drugs and it is shown how the model may be used to make deductions regarding the optimum scheduling of therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02459682
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