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1

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Ice Initiation in Natural Clouds (1986)

Cooper, William A.

American Meteorological Society

In: Meteorological Monographs. 1986; 43: 29-32. Published 1986 Dec 01. doi: 10.1175/0065-9401-21.43.29.

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Publikationsdatum: 1986-12-01

Beschreibung: Selected concentrations of ice crystal concentrations attributable to nucleation are compiled and summarized. The variability in the observations is discussed, and some conclusions related to natural precipitation formation and to seedability are discussed.

Print ISSN: 0065-9401

Digitale ISSN: 1943-3646

Thema: Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik

Publiziert von American Meteorological Society

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2

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Precipitation Enhancement—A Scientific Challenge (1986)

Braham, Roscoe R.

American Meteorological Society

In: Meteorological Monographs. 1986; 43: 1-6. Published 1986 Dec 01. doi: 10.1175/0065-9401-21.43.1.

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Publikationsdatum: 1986-12-01

Beschreibung: Schaefer's 1946 cloud seeding experiment initiated a quest for weather modification techniques. Progress has been slow; but there are several reasons for believing that useful precipitation augmentation may be possible.

Print ISSN: 0065-9401

Digitale ISSN: 1943-3646

Thema: Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik

Publiziert von American Meteorological Society

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3

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Aggregates as Embryos in Seeded Clouds (1986)

Heymsfield, Andrew J.

American Meteorological Society

In: Meteorological Monographs. 1986; 43: 33-42. Published 1986 Dec 01. doi: 10.1175/0065-9401-21.43.33.

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Publikationsdatum: 1986-12-01

Beschreibung: The growth of ice particles through aggregation is investigated for seeded clouds using currently available field data and a numerical particle-growth model. Observations indicate that the aggregation process is fairly common, even when moderate liquid water contents, ~0.5 g m–3, are available for particle growth through accretion. The modeling study suggests that certain temperature ranges are especially conducive to aggregate formation.

Print ISSN: 0065-9401

Digitale ISSN: 1943-3646

Thema: Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik

Publiziert von American Meteorological Society

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4

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Principles and Prescriptions for Improved Experimentation in Precipitation Augmentation Research (1986)

Flueck, John A.

American Meteorological Society

In: Meteorological Monographs. 1986; 43: 155-169. Published 1986 Dec 01. doi: 10.1175/0065-9401-21.43.155.

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Publikationsdatum: 1986-12-01

Beschreibung: Proper field experimentation in precipitation augmentation, or virtually any other topic, is not an easy task. Some general research considerations, i.e., the objectives of research, the quest for believability, and the two principal types of field studies, are discussed. The anatomy and stages of life of an experiment are presented, and the three levels or classes of an experiment (i.e., preliminary, exploratory, and confirmatory) are depicted. A number of prescriptions for improved experimentation are offered in regard to conceptual models, treatment design, treatment selection and allocation, treatment effect models, and analyses for treatment effects. Lastly, a few comments are appended on the role of statisticians in quality field research efforts. When the well's dry, we know the worth of water. Ben Franklin, 1758 Poor Richard's Almanack

Print ISSN: 0065-9401

Digitale ISSN: 1943-3646

Thema: Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik

Publiziert von American Meteorological Society

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5

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Testing, Implementation, and Evolution of Seeding Concepts—A Review (1986)

Cotton, William R.

American Meteorological Society

In: Meteorological Monographs. 1986; 43: 139-150. Published 1986 Dec 01. doi: 10.1175/0065-9401-21.43.139.

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Publikationsdatum: 1986-12-01

Beschreibung: In this paper, testing, implementation, and evolution of both static and dynamic seeding concepts are reviewed. A brief review of both waterspray and hygroscopic seeding is first presented. This is followed by reviews of static seeding of stable orographic clouds and supercooled cumuli. We conclude with a review of dynamic seeding concepts with particular focus on the Florida studies. It is concluded that it is encouraging that our testing procedures have evolved from single-response-variable “blackbox” experiments to randomized experiments that attempt to test a number of components in the hypothesized chain of physical responses to seeding. It is cautioned, however, that changes in the seeding strategy to optimize detection of a physical response (in any of the intermediate links in the hypothesized chain of responses) can have an adverse effect upon rainfall on the ground.

Print ISSN: 0065-9401

Digitale ISSN: 1943-3646

Thema: Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik

Publiziert von American Meteorological Society

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6

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A Comparison of Winter Orographic Storms over the San Juan Mountains and the Sierra Nevada (1986)

Marwitz, John

American Meteorological Society

In: Meteorological Monographs. 1986; 43: 109-114. Published 1986 Dec 01. doi: 10.1175/0065-9401-21.43.109.

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Publikationsdatum: 1986-12-01

Beschreibung: The winter orographic storms over the San Juan Mountains and the Sierra Nevada are compared. The topography of the San Juans is complex while the Sierra barrier is comparatively simple. The barrier jet is well developed upwind of the Sierra Nevada and its development is restricted upwind of the San Juans. The major difference between the storms on the two barriers is that the Sierra Nevada storms are typically maritime while the San Juan storms are continental. The implications for seeding are discussed.

Print ISSN: 0065-9401

Digitale ISSN: 1943-3646

Thema: Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik

Publiziert von American Meteorological Society

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7

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Summer Cumulus Cloud Lifetime—Importance to Static Mode Seeding (1986)

Isaac, George A.

American Meteorological Society

In: Meteorological Monographs. 1986; 43: 25-28. Published 1986 Dec 01. doi: 10.1175/0065-9401-21.43.25.

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Publikationsdatum: 1986-12-01

Beschreibung: Any observing program studying summer cumulus clouds should attempt to measure cloud lifetime. This parameter is important for determining whether a cloud will last long enough for precipitation to form by either natural or artificially stimulated mechanisms. When reporting cloud lifetime, the definition used and the method of calculation should be clearly specified. In North America, after a summer cumulus cloud has been identified and selected, lifetimes, at temperatures below –5°C, of approximately 10 to 12 min are being reported. This lifetime must be considered marginal for static mode seeding to produce precipitation by artificial ice nucleants.

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Digitale ISSN: 1943-3646

Thema: Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik

Publiziert von American Meteorological Society

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8

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Modification of Mesoscale Convective Weather Systems (1986)

Fritsch, J. Michael

American Meteorological Society

In: Meteorological Monographs. 1986; 43: 77-86. Published 1986 Dec 01. doi: 10.1175/0065-9401-21.43.77.

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Publikationsdatum: 1986-12-01

Beschreibung: Modification of mesoscale convective weather systems through ice-phase seeding is briefly reviewed. a simple mathematical framework for estimating the likely mesoscale response to convective cloud modification is presented, and previous mesoscale modification hypotheses are discussed in the context of this mathematical framework. Some basic differences between cloud-scale and mesoscale modification hypotheses are also discussed. Numerical model experiments to test the mesoscale sensitivity of convective weather systems are reviewed, and several focal points for identifying mesoscale modification potential are presented.

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Digitale ISSN: 1943-3646

Thema: Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik

Publiziert von American Meteorological Society

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9

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Static Mode Seeding of Summer Cumuli—A Review (1986)

Silverman, Bernard A.

American Meteorological Society

In: Meteorological Monographs. 1986; 43: 7-24. Published 1986 Dec 01. doi: 10.1175/0065-9401-21.43.7.

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Publikationsdatum: 1986-12-01

Beschreibung: A review of the state of knowledge of the physics of the static mode seeding hypothesis for convective clouds is presented. The central thesis of the review is that the results of past experimental work are diverse but valid and that credibility of the science depends on understanding the physical reasons for the diverse results. Areas of uncertainty and conflicts in evidence associated with the statement of physical hypothesis, the concept of seedability, the seeding operation, and the chain of physical events following seeding are highlighted to identify what issues need to be resolved to further progress in precipitation enhancement research and application. It is concluded that the only aspect of static seeding that meets scientific standards of cause-and-effect relationships and repeatability is that glaciogenic seeding agents can produce distinct “seeding signatures” in clouds. However, the reviewer argues that a body of inferential physical evidence has been amassed that provides a better understanding of which clouds are seedable (susceptible to precipitation enhancement by artificial seeding) and which are not, even though the tools for recognizing and properly treating them are imperfect. In particular, the inferred evidence appears to support the claims of physical plausibility for the positive statistical results of the Israeli experiments. It is suggested that future work continue to be designed for physical understanding and evaluation through comprehensive field studies and numerical modeling. Duplicating the Israeli experiments in another location should receive high priority but, in general, future experiments should move upscale from cumulus congestus to convective complexes. In doing so, a new, more complex physical hypothesis that accounts for cloud–environment and microphysical–dynamical interactions and their response to seeding will have to be developed.

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Digitale ISSN: 1943-3646

Thema: Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik

Publiziert von American Meteorological Society

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10

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Evaluation of “Static” and “Dynamic” Seeding Concepts through Analyses of Israeli II and FACE-2 Experiments (1986)

Gagin, Abraham

American Meteorological Society

In: Meteorological Monographs. 1986; 43: 63-76. Published 1986 Dec 01. doi: 10.1175/0065-9401-21.43.63.

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Publikationsdatum: 1986-12-01

Beschreibung: In static-mode seeding two assumptions are usually made: a deficiency in concentrations of natural ice crystals is the reason for delay, or even failure, of precipitation formation in certain cloud conditions; and, moderate increases in ice crystal concentrations, obtained by glaciogenic seeding of such clouds, will result in rainfall enhancement either by making the already existing process of rain formation more effective or by inducing precipitation formation in clouds that otherwise would not have precipitated naturally. The basic assumption behind seeding for dynamic effects is that increased cloud buoyancy, achieved through conversion of supercooled water to ice by seeding, will cause an increase in cloud depth, which in turn will result in stronger rainfall intensities, areas and durations. These basic assumptions are examined in terms of physical and statistical analyses of data from Israeli II (a static-mode seeding project) and FACE-2 (a dynamic-mode seeding project).

Print ISSN: 0065-9401

Digitale ISSN: 1943-3646

Thema: Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik

Publiziert von American Meteorological Society

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