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  • Articles  (28,021)
  • 1985-1989  (28,021)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1988  (14,737)
  • 1986  (13,284)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (15,368)
  • Geography  (12,798)
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  • Articles  (28,021)
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  • 1985-1989  (28,021)
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Predicting deep drainage in the soil from soil properties and rainfall (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Simple predictions of deep drainage in the soil profile are often required for preliminary planning of land management where the cost of direct measurement is not warranted. Soil hydraulic conductivity and drainage of water below the root zone can be related to the salt content at the bottom of the root zone, assuming steady-state balances of water and salt. A physically based empirical model uses readily measured soil properties to predict the quantity of drainage below the root zone under varying regimes of water management and shows a good relationship with ponded infiltration rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00747.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of the threshold concentration concept to irrigation with saline water (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The applicability of the ‘threshold concentration’ concept in formulating guidelines for irrigating with saline water was tested under field conditions on red-brown earths from different field experiments in south eastern Australia. Infiltration of water in the field and the effect of rainfall impact were studied using ring infiltrometers and a rotating-disc rainfall simulator.Three threshold concentration lines relating sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and total cation concentration (TCC) in soil extracts were tested. These lines were based on laboratory tests of soil permeability, spontaneous dispersion and mechanical dispersion. They were found to predict the infiltration problems due to rainfall impact under three different surface soil conditions - bare soil without cultivation, soil with no tillage and complete crop cover, and cultivated soils without any crop cover.Infiltration rates in continuous pasture plots were predicted by the threshold concentration line of spontaneous dispersion except in a high salt treated soil where reduced plant growth affected evapotranspiration and water intake during infiltration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00748.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil salinity measurements (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The soil solution may contain both plant nutrients and toxic ions. The total salt concentration affects both osmotic pressure and plant water stress. This review describes the main methods of evaluating soil salinity. They are listed as extraction methods (saturation and other soil extracts, suction cups), displacement methods (pressure membrane, centrifugation) and electrical methods of total salinity measurement (salinity sensors, four-electrode methods and time-domain reflectometry). The methods are compared so that the reader may choose the one most suitable for his purpose, based on cost, on the inherent advantages or drawbacks of the methods themselves, on his need for single or repeated measurements and either estimates of total salinity or the concentration of selected ions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00749.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of soil properties on the environmental mobility of caesium in Cumbria (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The interaction of caesium isotopes with soil has been widely investigated and the influence of important soil properties studied. From the results of such work and a detailed knowledge of the physico-chemical properties of soils it is possible to classify Cumbrian soil according to its ability to immobilize caesium. The ‘immobilization capacity’ is a reflection principally of the clay mineral content and type, organic content, pH, ammonium content and potassium status. Although it is not quantifiable, the immobilization capacity permits ranking of the soils and indicates which areas may give rise to persistent caesium problems. Combination of the soil sensitivity classification with deposition data for Cumbria indicates that the mountainous region in the south-west of the county is the most vulnerable. This conclusion is supported by field evidence, since the area identified coincides closely with that where sheep movement and slaughter are restricted and where caesium remains persistently available to the plant-animal chain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00739.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Models for radionuclide transport in soils (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Mathematical models describing radionuclide transport in soil developed for radiological assessment have increased in complexity over the last decade. In particular fairly simple ‘black box’, equilibrium approaches have given way to more complex, time-dependent, process-orientated methods. The increase in complexity of these models has outstripped the available data to specify, test and validate them. Current issues in model development include those that are associated with times up to a million years. Further development requires new laboratory and field research to provide adequate data to justify the inclusion or omission of known soil processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00741.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant uptake of radionuclides (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The factors influencing uptake of radionuclides from soils into vegetation are discussed with reference to soil type, radionuclide, plant species and organ, and time since initial contamination. Gaps in knowledge are identified, particularly as highlighted by the unexpected behaviour of radiocaesium in many upland areas of Britain, following deposition after the Chernobyl accident. The importance of resuspended soil for contamination of aerial plant parts is also considered in relation to radionuclide type, vegetation height, and meteorological conditions.The development of an international database by the International Union of Radioecologists for soil to crop transfer factors of radionuclides derived from European experiments is briefly described. This database is now being used for statistical analyses aimed at quantifying the importance of environmental and biological factors in influencing uptake of radionuclides from the soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00740.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term leakage of nitrate from bare unmanured soil (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The Rothamsted Drain Gauges built in 1870 comprise blocks of soil, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m deep, isolated laterally by brickwork and undermined for the collection of drainage water but otherwise undisturbed. The soil has not been cropped, manured or cultivated subsequently. The annual nitrate leakages from these blocks were recorded for the 38 years from 1877/8 to 1914/5. The soil in the 0.5 and 1.5-m gauges lost on average about 45 kg ha−1 of nitrate-N per year during the first seven years of this period; that in the 1.0-m gauge lost slightly less. The overall decline in leakage was masked by large annual fluctuations attributable mainly to variation in rainfall. Fitting a simple function that assumed an exponential decline and took account of rainfall fluctuations gave a rate constant for each gauge from which the half-life could be estimated for the organic nitrogen feeding the leakage. The half-life for the 1.5-m gauge was 41 yr. The average nitrate leakage during the first seven years of the record differs little from estimates of the current leakage from soil carrying fully fertilized crops of winter wheat. This and the long half-life of the leakage show that pollution of drainage water by nitrate will not be controlled by limiting the use of fertilizer in the short term.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00742.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term changes in the acidity of forest soils in North-East Scotland (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Fifteen soil profiles in the Alltcailleach Forest in NE Scotland have been resampled after almost 40 years. The pH, in 0.01 M CaCl2, of the soil has decreased by 0.07 to 1.28 units in 80% of the surface organic horizons and by 0.16 to 0.54 units in 73% of the mineral horizons below 40 cm. The key factors governing increases and decreases in soil pH are changes in ground vegetation and tree canopy, although some effects of acid deposition cannot be ruled out.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00744.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of the macropore structure of a sandy loam surface soil horizon subjected to two tillage treatments (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Erosion and excessive runoff from a crusting and hard-setting red-brown earth may he ameliorated with suitable management. A field trial, near Cowra, New South Wales, to assess the long-term effect of different tillage systems was used to compare the effect of direct drilling with conventional district cultivation practices under continuous wheat. The soil was sampled in the eighth year for assessment of the soil macropore structure, measurement of bulk density and hydraulic conductivity under tension. Vertical faces were prepared from resin impregnated blocks and the macropore structure described mathematically and visually using digital images and data generated from these images. Infiltration, bulk density and image analysis data all lead to the same conclusions about changes in pore structure. Under direct drilling no crust was evident, and there was greater macroporosity (〉 0.175 mm diameter in section). The treatment effects appeared to be significant to about 30 to 35 mm depth at the time of sampling. Greater root and faunal activity were observed under direct drilling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00743.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The disposal of leather tannery wastes by land treatment—a review (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. People in rural areas have disposed of their wastes on land for centuries, relying on the soil's ability to degrade and render harmless any toxic elements the wastes may contain. Leather tanneries produce a large amount of sludge and liquid wastes. The liquids contain much sodium and in most circumstances adversely affect both the soil and groundwater. However, in some countries they are used for irrigation. The sludges contain nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, trivalent chromium and some sodium. Given careful management these sludges can be used as soil amendments, either directly or after composting. Application rates of about 200 tonnes ha−1 have proved toxic to crops in pot trials, though larger applications than this have not adversely affected crops in the field. Much smaller rates, of less than 20 tonnes ha−1, have been used in the field to minimize nitrate contamination of groundwater. The effects of CrIII depend on complex interactions between the sludge, the soil to which it is added and the plant species grown. Safe limits for the disposal of the sludges and their long term effects are not known.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00745.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Forestry and soil erosion in Britain – a review (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Research on soil erosion under forest in Britain is reviewed. Erosion can increase as a result of afforestation in the uplands, sometimes with undesirable consequences for surface water quality. Published rates of erosion are usually close to ‘natural’ ones, at around 500 kg ha−1 yr−1. Of the forest operations that can lead to erosion ploughing is the most important. Clearfelling may also increase erosion, but little is known of its long-term effects. New developments in forestry may do much to reduce the risk of soil erosion, particularly the replacement of ploughing by subsoiling and the control of drain gradients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00734.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimating losses in the yield of winter wheat as a result of drought, in England and Wales (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. A simple model for droughtiness, when linked to the distribution of soil types in England and Wales, is potentially valuable for estimating drought-induced losses of yield in winter wheat at either particular places or in larger areas of the country. The model defines droughtiness, D, in terms of the soil water extractable by the crop, AP, and the adjusted potential moisture deficit, MD: D=AP−MD.The model should represent well the growth of actual crops of winter wheat if AP, which is based on laboratory measurements, accurately simulates the extraction of soil water by roots, if MD represents the cumulative transpiration of water by wheat crops by mid-July, and if the latter is an appropriate date for testing the effect of drought on grain growth. These three assumptions have been investigated using measurements of artificially draughted crops of winter wheat.The results indicate that mid-July is a good choice for a single date and MD a good representation of the water requirement of a wheat crop that has been draughted to the point where yield is beginning to be affected. For the deep-rooting crops studied, AP underestimates the soil water extracted by the crop, and therefore overestimates the susceptibility of the soil to droughtIf average MD values are replaced by means and a standard deviation the resulting normal distribution of D-values can be used to assess the probability that drought will limit yields. When applied to a droughtiness map of England and Wales with AP-values used for the soils the model predicts that the soils growing wheat will be susceptible to drought in 16–84 years out of every 100. Our results suggest, however, that this probably applies to shallow rooting or diseased crops and that for deep-rooting, healthy crops the drought risk is much less serious.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00733.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of tine cultivation and ploughing with two methods of straw disposal on the growth, nutrient uptake and yield of winter wheat grown on a clay soil (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Ploughing and tine cultivation to depths of 5, 15 and 25 cm were used to prepare land before sowing winter wheat. The methods were compared for two years with or without the presence of straw residues from the previous crop and the effects on crop growth and yield were assessed.Some combinations produced large differences in yield. In 1985–86 volunteer cereals were a problem where straw was not burnt, but deeper ploughing controlled them. In both years the concentrations and uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium differed during the early period of growth but not at maturity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00736.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Potassium reserves in a forested, acid upland soil and the effect on them of clear-felling versus whole-tree harvesting (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The experiment conducted jointly by the Forestry Commission (FC) and the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology (ITE) at Beddgelert Forest, North Wales, studies the effect of conventional clear-felling (CF) and whole-tree harvesting (WTH) of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) on the local ecosystem and on the future productivity of forestry at the site. Bulked soil samples were taken from Block 2 of the experiment just before felling in 1984 and two years later in 1986. Sub-samples from the horizons Ah, E and B+C were analysed for exchangeable and short- and long-term reserves of K using Ca-resin and strong acid extraction procedures. The flux of K through the soil profile after both CF and WTH resulted in a small increase in exchangeable K throughout the profile after both treatments, but in a loss of short-term reserves from the surface Ah horizons of both and an overall loss of these after WTH. The nutrient flux down-slope through the Ah horizon could result in differential nutrient deficiency in future. The data suggest that exchangeable and short-term reserves of K will support about two further cycles of conifers, with either CF or WTH, but that long-term reserves are likely to be released quickly enough to meet the needs of such a slow-growing crop; these would support about 30 cycles. Other nutrients, such as Ca or P, may prove to be more limiting than K.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00735.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Guest editorial: Soil science - its role in a changing environment (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00727.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of large applications of pig slurry on the strength of soil under grass (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The effect of eight years of applications of five rates (0, 134, 269, 538 and 1075 m3 ha−1 a−1) of pig slurry on the soil strength two years later were studied in a field experiment. Soil strength in the 0–150 mm depth was measured on five occasions in winter using a hand-held recording cone penetrometer. On one occasion the penetration resistance at some depths greater than 100 mm was significantly (P 〈 0.001) decreased by adding more than 269 m3 of slurry ha−1 a−1. On three occasions different amounts of slurry caused significant differences in the rate of increase of penetration resistance with depth. Large applications of slurry may decrease penetration resistance because they increase organic matter, thereby increasing the water retention of the soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00737.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Subsoil strength and yield of vegetable crops (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. In a field experiment over two years, broad beans (Vicia faba), cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), leeks (Allium porrum) and red beet (Beta vulgaris var. esculenta) were grown on a sandy clay loam soil in which a range of bulk densities and penetration resistances had been established by (1) thorough loosening to 0.9 m by trenching, (2) artificially compacting with tractor wheelings or (3) leaving unloosened.Loosening the soil substantially increased, and compacting it decreased, yields of all four crops. The mean penetration resistance of the subsoil at field capacity correlated negatively with dry matter production. The relationship was broadly similar for all crops and years, showing a decrease in dry matter production of about 1 t ha-1 per 0.5 MPa increase in resistance over the range examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00729.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrate leaching from a felled Sitka spruce plantation in Beddgelert Forest, North Wales (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Soil water samples from five horizons in a stagnopodzol were collected regularly over a five-year period in a Sitka spruce plantation at Beddgelert Forest, North Wales. Samples were analysed for nitrate-N and ammonium-N. After felling, inorganic-N concentrations increased markedly in the C horizon, generally decreased in the surface horizons and showed little change in the E and Bs horizons. Fluxes through the C horizon increased after felling from 10 to 70 kg N ha-1 a-1, the latter being equivalent to leaching losses in intensive lowland agricultural systems. Trends in concentration and flux were attributed to seasonal temperature and rainfall variations.Nitrate-N dominated the dissolved inorganic-N, especially in the lower horizons. Nitrification was obviously active, despite the acid soil. Nitrate leaching losses occurred, even beneath the standing crop. On felling, cessation of nitrogen uptake allowed substantially more nitrate to be leached as no alternative sink was immediately available.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00728.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of shelter for cereal crops in an exposed area of Cleveland, North-East England (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Plots of spring barley, winter wheat and winter barley were sheltered with netting in a coastal area of North-East England. Crop height, yield components and grain yield were measured and compared with unsheltered crops receiving the same agronomic treatments. Plant height, ears m-2, 1000 grain weight and grain yield were increased by shelter in seasons with windy, dry weather during the tillering and stem extension phases. Negligible response was found in a wet season. One experiment suggests that greater applications of nitrogen fertilizer can counteract the effects of exposure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00731.x
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Herbicide treatment on winter oilseed rape and its implication for increasing soil erosion risk in marginal cropping areas of the United Kingdom (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract . A combination of crop photography and crop radiance (near-infrared and red) values are used to measure ground cover establishment (leaf area). The high correlation between the green leaf area and near-infrared/red ratio (NIR/R) can provide a non-destructive method for monitoring crop growth. Using this relationship the effects of pre- and post-emergence herbicide treatments (Metazachlor) on winter oilseed rape were studied. It is shown that pre-emergence spraying reduces germination and autumn and spring growth rates. One management aspect of pre-emergence spraying is the delay in achieving ground cover. For marginal crops on soils with a high risk of erosion critical ground cover may be delayed by as much as two weeks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00730.x
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Predicting the average movement of reactive solutes in soils (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Simple equations are presented to predict the movement of a solute front in response to a given net cumulative flux of water. These equations do not require the assumption that the water content is at field capacity following water inflow, but may be simplified to that case. Equations are presented both for inert solutes and for anions and cations that react with soils through which they pass. The use of the equations is illustrated with simple hypothetical examples and, in one case, with field data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00746.x
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  • 22
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    Electronic Resource
    The leaching of salts from saline heavy clay soils: factors affecting the leaching process (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Cracks in dry saline montmorillonitic clay allow the soil to wet rapidly when flooded with negligible redistribution of salts. Once closed the only effective pathways remaining for the movement of leaching water are old root channels and faunal burrows. However, their effectiveness in conducting water and for leaching is severely restricted because of the lack of horizontal connections between them. Restructuring of clay can introduce sufficient permeability to a depth of about 0.7 to 0.8 m to allow salt to be leached provided that the soil's initial moisture content is sufficiently large to prevent disintegration upon wetting (about 24%) and that the clay is not allowed to become unsaturated during the leaching.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00750.x
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The leaching of salts from restructured saline clay soils (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The leaching of salt from a restructured saline heavy montmorillonite clay soil was studied experimentally. Restructured clay was placed in a 25-m long ± 0.75-m deep polythene-lined trench and leaching studied under flood irrigation. The hydraulic conductivity of the soil always exceeded 25 m d-1 during the experiment, and 85 % of the salt was leached within 16 days, most being leached in the first 8 days. The results indicate that restructuring clay could make the drainage of heavy clay soils economically feasible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00751.x
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  • 24
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    Physico-chemical controls on artificial radionuclides in soil (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Radionuclides in the environment come from a wide range of sources, some natural and some artificial. Their biogeochemical behaviour is influenced both by their own physico-chemical properties and by those of the soil with which they interact. The source of the radionuclides is important, as are any changes in physico-chemical characteristics that occur during transport and deposition. Once in the soil further reactions can occur as the radionuclides equilibrate. These include immobilization by ion exchange and precipitation and remobilization by complexing and dissolution. Land management and environmental changes that alter conditions in the soil result in changes in the interactions of radionuclides with the soil and thereby to changes in mobility in the soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00738.x
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    Some physical features of soil after opencast mining (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The soil of a restored opencast site in Northumberland is described and compared with the surrounding undisturbed soil. The most serious change in the soil was increased bulk density at the surface of the subsoil (0.3 m depth). Only a small overall reduction in pore space occurred, at the expense of continuous macropores. More of the pore space in the restored soil occurred as fine fissures as opposed to biotic channels, and the restored soil was weaker because of subsoiling and a loss of stability in microstructures. These changes are discussed in relation to root exploration, water movement and land management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00732.x
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  • 26
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    Effects of supplementation on the ingestive behaviour of grazing steers (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Herbage intake is usually depressed when beef cattle grazing abundant pastures are supplemented with energy-rich feedstuffs but relatively little is known about the effects of supplementation on the components of ingestive behaviour. An experiment was conducted to establish the effect of ground corn (Zea mays L.) on the ingestive behaviour of yearling Angus and Angus × Hereford steers (Bos taurus) (mean live weight (LW) of 323 kg) grazing autumn stockpiled Boone cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) using a tethered grazing system in which the experimental unit was the tethered steer and its grazing area (45 m2) for one grazing session. Herbage dry matter (DM) mass was 1662 kg ha−1 and herbage DM allowance was 7–5 kg steer−1 for each grazing session. Herbage DM intake was measured as the difference between herbage DM mass offered and refused. Grazing took place during two daily sessions each of about 2 h duration commencing at 08.00 and 14.00 h for 9 days. Ground corn (0, 1·5, 3·0 and 4·5 kg steer−1) was fed each day at 12.00 h and had no significant (P 〈 0·05) effect on rate of DM intake, rate of biting or DM intake per bite. Mean DM intake was 6 2 kg steer−1 d−1 (87 mg (kg LW)−1 min−1). Steers averaged 4832 bites per grazing session, with a mean DM intake per bite of 644 mg (2·0 mg (kg LW)−1) and a mean rate of 44 bites min−1. Data obtained at the beginning and end of each grazing period on ingestive behaviour of one group of four steers (mean LW of 306 kg) fitted with oesophageal fistulae supported data for the two groups of normal steers and showed no response to supplementation. Mean values for rate of DM intake, DM intake per bite and rate of biting established for the fistulated cattle were 73 mg (kg LW)−1 min−1, 521 mg bite−1 (1·7 mg (kg LW)−1) and 39 bites min−1, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1988.tb01890.x
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    The effect of some invertebrate species on the growth of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in the lahoratory (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In laboratory experiments to clarify earlier field observations, Sitona lepidus larvae caused significant damage to established clover plants at infestations of approximately 1–2 per plant. When eggs were placed on the soil, cultivars of differing cyanogenic capacity were damaged equally. The plants did not recover when larval feeding ended.Leatherjackets, slugs and ‘lucerne flea’ fed most on the least cyanogenic cultivars, even where no choice was offered. Plants ultimately recovered from damage by leatherjackets. Deroceras reticulatum caused more damage than did Arion fasciatus. The proportion of leaves damaged by lucerne fiea was highest in the least cyanogenic eultivar but also tended to increase in the most cyanogenic cultivar, confirming a field observation. At high population densities lucerne flea was capable of killing some seedlings but was not tested against established plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1988.tb01896.x
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  • 28
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    Competition among seedlings of phalaris, subterranean clover and white clover in diallel replacement series mixtures (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Phalaris, subterranean clover and white clover were grown together in binary, diallel replacement series mixtures at (day/night) 15/10 or 24/19°C under long-day conditions, and cut at 2- or 4-weekly intervals. Analysis of white clover mixtures was confined to 15/10°C due to losses of seedlings prior to imposition of treatments at 24/19°C.With white clover at 15/10°X, seedling losses occurred after the first harvest, the greater losses occurring in mixtures where subterranean clover was the major component. The de Wit analyses showed that subterranean clover excluded its companions, whereas phalaris and white clover competed for slightly different niches resulting in over-yielding. Gleeson McGilchrist analyses showed that subterranean clover and phalaris were more aggressive than white clover under infrequent cutting, but that white clover was more aggressive as a major than as a minor component of a mixture under frequent cutting. Between phalaris and subterranean clover [he pattern of competition at 24/19°C differed from that at 15/10°C only in the more rapid development of subterranean clover and consequent swing to phalaris dominance.We conclude that the seedlings of white clover and subterranean clover are suited to combination with phalaris because phalaris is not too aggressive towards white clover, and is tolerant of the aggressiveness of subterranean clover. The survival of only a few seedlings of white clover in mixtures with subterranean clover may be sufficient for long-term growth provided some perennation occurs after the senescence of subterranean clover.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1988.tb01897.x
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  • 29
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    The effects of feeding fodder beet with two levels of concentrate allocation to dairy cattle (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Twelve cows were used in a cyclic changeover design experiment to examine the effects of feeding fodder beet (variety Kyros) at three levels (0, 2 and 4 kg dry matter (DM) d−1) with two levels of concentrate feeding (4 and 8 kg DM−1). Silage was offered ad libitum. At the start of the experiment the mean number of days after calving was 46 and the mean live weight 516 kg. The experiment consisted of four 3-week periods with intake and performance measurements during the last week of each period.An in vitro analysis of the feeds for the silage, fodder beet and concentrate respectively was: DM (g kg-−1) 189, 163, 860; crude protein (g kg DM−1) 143,76,201; metabolizable energy (MJ kg DM−1) 104, 133, 13–5.Silage DM intake decreased but total DM intake increased when fodder beet was fed. The DM intakes (kg d−1) for treatments (fodder beet/ concentrate) 0/4, 2/4, 4/4, 0/8, 2/8, 4/8 respectively were: silage DM 91, 79, 78, 83, 70 and 68 (s.e.d. =0.31); and total DM 130, 138, 156, 162, 166, 183 (s.e.d. = 0.36). Feeding fodder beet had no significant effects on milk yield or milk composition, but there was a significant increase in milk protein yield when fodder beet was included in the ration. There were no significant interactions between level of fodder beet feeding and concentrate level. Increasing the level of concentrate feeding led to a highly significant increase in milk yield, milk protein content and yield of milk constituents. The yields for treatments 0/4, 2/4,4/4,0/8, 2/8,4/8 respectively were: milk yield (kg d−1) 206, 204,21 8, 241,235, 244 (s.e.d. = 0–58); fat yield (g d−1) 827, 793, 885, 954, 936, 954 (s.e.d. = 394); and protein yield (g d−1) 622, 628, 679, 774, 777, 814 (s.e.d. = 179). There were no significant differences in milk yield and milk composition when fodder beet was included in the diet which may have been due to the low crude protein content of the diet.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1988.tb01899.x
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  • 30
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    Use of the in situ technique in the study of degradation of lucerne and smooth bromegrass genotypes (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Six lucerne (Medicago sativa) genotypes (Beaver, Vernal and four other strains being developed at the University of Alberta) and five smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis) genotypes (Carlton, Magna and three genotypes being developed) were examined in terms of forage dry matter (DM) yield and degradability, as determined by the rate and amount of material which disappeared from bags suspended in the rumen of cattle. Dry matter yield did not differ (p 〉 0·05) between lucerne genotypes at first cut. The smooth bromegrass strain 517 had a proportionately Oil higher (P 〈 0·05) DM yield than did the Magna strain. No differences (P 〈 0·05) were detected within either smooth bromegrass or lucerne genotypes for 48 or 60 h in situ DM degradability. The 416E smooth bromegrass genotype, however, had a significantly higher (P 〈 0·05) rate of DM degradation in the rumen than the other genotypes and also exhibited a longer (P 〈 0·05) lag period before a significant amount of DM degradability occurred. In the in situ technique, approximately eighteen bags would have been needed to obtain DM degradability measurements with a confidence interval of 0·04 for DM degradability of a probability of 0·95. Further in vivo studies with the bromegrass genotypes are warranted to ascertain if the differences in digestion rates and lag times are related to meaningful differences in animal intake and digestibility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1988.tb02148.x
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    Fertilizer requirements for maintenance of a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)/white clover (Trifolium repens L.) pasture growing on a humus iron podzol in N.E. Scotland (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Ryegrass/white clover pastures were reseeded on heather moor in north-cast Scotland in 1978/79. By 1981, despite moderate fertilizer applications, the pastures had deteriorated and dry matter (DM) production was low. After preliminary soil and herbage analysis an omission trial was carried out in 1982/83 at two sites (A and B) to identify the factors which limited production.At site A depressions in growth occurred in the absence of N, P and K. Perennial ryegrass was severely N deficient with concentrations in leaves of less than 22 g N kg−1 in spring and summer even after application of 120 kg N ha−1 annually. Rates of nitrogen fixation were high in spring but rapidly declined in June and July as the soil moisture tension increased. Application of N fertilizer also reduced the N2 fixation rate. Deficiencies of F and K occurred despite apparently high levels of extractable F in the soil. Uptake of these nutrients was inhibited in the dry soil during the summer. White clover was more susceptible to drought than perennial ryegrass, probably because it rooted at a shallower depth.Growth at site B was limited by acidity and lack of N and K. The soil pH was 4 8 (s.d. = 0middot;75) at 1-5 cm depth. Application of 2 5 t lime ha−1 in spring 1982 had not altered the pH by autumn 1983.It was concluded that methods of incorporating lime into the soil, together with ways of increasing the rates of N2 fixation by white clover and transfer to grass, should be investigated further. Regular small applications of N and K may be necessary to sustain DM production at the level required by the farming system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1988.tb02151.x
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    Application of double normal frequency distributions fitted to measurements of sward height (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Herbage heights were measured with a rising plate meter in mixed perennial ryegrass/white clover (Lolium perenne/Trifolium repens) swards maintained under five different systems of management. Double normal distributions fitted to the height frequencies were used to interpret changes over the grazing season in the mean heights of the shorter ‘frequently’ and the taller ‘infrequently’ grazed components of the sward, the variability of height within the two components, and the proportions of the two components in the sward. An attempt was also made to demonstrate that the overlap of these components, implicit in fitting double normal distributions, is a true reflection of the height distributions of frequently and infrequently grazed areas of the sward, and that the fitting of such a distribution provides a useful estimate of the proportion of a sward which is infrequently grazed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1988.tb01880.x
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  • 33
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    Effects of fertilizer application to grasslands in Greece (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Grasslands in Greece are composed of a large variety of plant species, but they have relatively low productivity due to their misuse by domestic animals for thousands of years, and also to soil and climatic factors. Fertilizer application can improve productivity by affecting herbage yield, botanical composition, earliness of spring growth and quality. The application of N and P generally alters species composition and increases dry matter and crude protein yields, while the addition of K is often not effective. Also, NP fertilizer increases the in vitro digestibility while N often decreases P, Ca, Mg and Zn contents of herbage. It appears that Greek grasslands cannot utilize as much N as their temperate counterparts and that their soils are usually deficient in P. This indicates that NP fertilizer is necessary to secure increased yields with P being important in achieving a balanced grass-legume composition in the plant cover.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1988.tb01882.x
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  • 34
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    Herbage growth and utilized output from grassland on dairy farms in southwest England: case studies of five farms, 1982 and 1983. I. Herhage growth (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Herbage growth was measured in two contrasting years on five farms representing a range of soil types. On fields cut for conservation in 1982 DM production varied between farms from 12.3 tha-1 to 14.1 tha-1 in line with fertilizer N levels, which ranged from 220 to 333 kg ha-1. In 1983 production was from 10.3 tha-1 to 12.3 tha-1; this again corresponded with fertilizer N, except on farm B which had the shallowest soils. On fields used for grazing all farmers used rotational management. Herbage accumulation was measured by trimming to 25 mm and harvesting after 4 weeks. As on conservation fields, herbage accumulation was generally greater on farms using more N, at least up to 300 kg ha-1.In 1982 growth consistently exceeded predictions based on plot experiments. In 1983 growth was on average less than predicted on grazing fields but slightly more than predicted on cutting fields-We conclude that such predictions of annual production are a valuable aid to farm planning, and need not be reduced to allow for on-farm conditions, although they are least good at low levels of N. Predictions of individual cuts were not satisfactory, with a strong tendency to overestimate first cut and underestimate second cut.There was no indication that annual herbage production was less on badly drained than on well drained soils. Indeed, in the dry summer of 1983 badly drained land appeared to have an advantage, despite considerable poaching damage in the spring. Furthermore, there was no evidence that production was deficient on swards dominated by Holcus and Agrostis spp.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1988.tb02141.x
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  • 35
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    Herbage growth and utilized output from grassland on dairy farms in southwest England: case studies of five farms, 1982 and 1983. II. Herbage utilization (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Utilized Metabolizable Energy output was calculated and herbage utilization evaluated in two contrasting years on five profitable farms representing a range of soil types.Annual UME output was 72 GJ ha-1 on average, with a range from 47 to 91 GJ ha-1. Grazed grass provided 66% of the utilized metabolizable energy, and conserved grass 34%. Higher utilized metabolizable energy output was not always obtained at higher fertilizer N inputs, even when soil moisture conditions favoured herbage growth.The efficiency of utilization of herbage conserved (almost always as silage rather than hay) was calculated by expressing utilized metabolizable energy output as a proportion of the quantity of herbage cut, measured by swath weighings; the mean value was 64%, with a range from 55 to 73%. Cellulose analyses indicated that mean dry matter losses via CO2 and effluent were 10%; the remaining 26% loss appeared to be due to physical losses in the field, surface waste and wastage at feedout.For grazed herbage the utilized metabolizable energy output was expressed as a proportion of herbage accumulation measured over 28-day periods. The resultant apparent efficiency of utilization averaged 67%, with a wide range from 51 to 83%. The lowest values were on badly drained farms.It is suggested that:(i) there is considerable potential for increasing output from grazing on dairy farms; higher grazing pressure and more flexible management would be needed. Targets should probably be set lower on badly drained soils;(ii) there is great potential for increasing the efficiency of utilization of conserved forage, by careful application of existing technology;(iii) on the farms studied the utilized metabolizable energy output from grazed and conserved fields appeared to be similar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1988.tb02142.x
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  • 36
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    The chemical composition and nutritive value of grass silages prepared with no additive or with the application of additives containing either Lactobacillus plantarum or formic acid (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A mixture of perennial and hybrid ryegrasses(234 g DM kg-1) was forage harvested and ensiled after a 24-h wilt in good ensiling conditions in 2-t capacity silos with no additive application (control) or with the application of either Lactobacillus plantarum, 4 × 106 (g fresh weight of grass)-1, or of 31 formic acid t-1. Sufficient 2-kg capacity laboratory silos were also filled with grass to monitor the changes in chemical composition of the ensiled grass with time. In laboratory silos, inoculation with L. plantarum resulted in a more rapid fall in silage pH (p 〈 0.001) and a more rapid production of lactic acid (P 〈 0.001) than in the control silage. At the end of the storage period (laboratory silos, 80 d; 2-t silos, 200-300 d), the inoculated silos had lower pH (p ammonia-N (g kg N1) and acetic acid contents (p 〈 0.01) and higher water soluble carbohydrate (WSC), lactic acid (P〈00.1) and ethanol (p 〈 0.05) contents than the control silage. The formic acid-treated silage had significantly lower contents of ammonia-N (g kg N-1, p 〈 0.05), acetic and tactic acids (p〈0.01) and higher contents of WSC and ethanol (p 〈 0.01) than the control silage. When fed to wether sheep, the digestibilities of DM, organic matter and gross energy were not altered by additive treatment. The digestibility of modified acid-detergent fibre was lower for both the inoculated (P 〈 0.01) and formic acid-treated silages (p 〈 0.05). However, N retention was improved (p 〈 0.05) by both additive treatments. Silage intake was improved (p 〈 0.01) by additive treatment from 53.4 (control) to 58.0 (inoculated) and 60.4 (formic acid) g DM (kg live weight0.75)-1d-1.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1988.tb02144.x
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  • 37
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    The effect of pesticide application on the establishment of white clover in a newly-sown ryegrass/white clover sward (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In plots of perennial ryegrass and white clover, regular treatment with chlorpyrifos and methiocarb more than trebled the clover content of the sward, compared with untreated plots, in just over 2 years from sowing. Chlorpyrifos alone accounted for most of the effect, which was attributed mainly to the control of Sitona lepidus. Combined treatment increased total herbage dry matter yield by 4·24 t ha−1 during this period but had little effect on grass-only plots. Methiocarb appeared to have contributed by assisting earlier establishment of clover, but otherwise had little effect until slugs, which were initially uncommon, became more abundant in the later stages of the experiment. The effect of slug control was most noticeable in a cultivar of low cyanogenic potential. This factor did not influence the effect of chlorpyrifos.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1988.tb01892.x
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  • 38
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    Susceptibility to losses during mechanical silage and haymaking operations in relation to grass dry matter content (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A series of laboratory experiments is described to investigate the susceptibility of grass forage to losses during mechanical field conservation operations in relation to dry matter content. Losses were measured during a simulated manual ‘tedding’ treatment carried out on grass samples being dried on a laboratory thin-layer drying rig. Values of loss per successive treatment remained at a near constant low level at low dry matter (DM) contents, except for a somewhat higher loss level from the first treatment. As DM content rose above about 60%, the level of loss per treatment rose rapidly with increase in DM content. A relationship between loss per treatment and DM content was derived from the data by a bilinear regression analysis, and this will be incorporated into an Operational Research model of forage conservation systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1988.tb01894.x
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  • 39
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    The effects of simulated continuous grazing on development and senescence of white clover (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Two experiments investigating the effects of simulated continuous defoliation on white clover development and senescence are described. Stolons growing in boxes in a glasshouse were defoliated repeatedly by hand to simulate different intensities of continuous grazing by sheep. The experiments continued in both instances until eleven leaves had been produced on stolons in the most favourable treatment.It was found that leaf dry matter production was reduced in proportion to the leaf complement of the stolon. Reduction of the leaf complement from two leaves to one leaf led to a reduction in subsidiary branch production of about 25% and an increase in percentage dead stolon from 33 to 44%, If no fully expanded leaves were retained branch production fell to 40% or less of that observed when two leaves were retained.Stolons growing in swards continuously grazed by sheep usually have a green leaf complement varying between zero and two leaves per growing point. The consequences of maintaining different leaf complements in this range are discussed in the light of the current experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1988.tb01898.x
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  • 40
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    On the analysis of dacron bag data for low degradability feeds (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The effect of lag phase on the estimates of parameters from the analysis of dacron bags is investigated. Simultaneous estimation of the lag parameter within the McDonald model is shown to be advantageous.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1988.tb01901.x
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  • 41
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    The use of conserved forage as a supplement for grazing dairy cows (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The difficulty in matching the herbage requirements of grazing dairy cows to herbage production, due mainly to the unpredictability of the latter., causes stocking rates to be too low for maximum per hectare production and, thus, cows to be underfed at certain times in the grazing season. Conserved forage may be used as a supplement for grazing dairy cows in order to reduce variation in forage intake by the cow, to allow pasture stocking rates to be increased and to increase the efficiency of land use. The effect of offering conserved forage with herbage on intakes and production is reviewed in comparison to both ad libitum and restricted herbage. Total nutrient intakes and milk fat + protein yields are reduced for cows offered herbage and supplementary forage compared with cows offered ad libitum herbage, but increased compared with cows offered a restricted herbage level. Increasing pasture stocking rates may allow increases in utilized metabolizable energy levels from grassland but further research is needed in this area. Both grass and maize silage supplements offer potential for increasing the efficiency of land use, but in the case of grass silage this is only achieved in the best management practices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1988.tb02147.x
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  • 42
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    Seasonal variation in white clover content and nitrogen fixing (acetylene reducing) activity in a cut upland sward (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The seasonal variation in herbage mass and nitrogen fixing (acetylene reducing) activity of white clover in an upland sward, cut weekly to 3·5 cm from mid-May until mid-October, was measured. Acetylene reducing activity (ARA) was measured over a 24-h period at 3-weekiy intervals starting on 3 March 1983. Clover leaf and Stalon biomass was measured by harvest of the assay truces, and from mid-May quadrat euts to 3·5 cm above the soil surface provided estimates of herbage accumulation.Little A RA was detected in March, but activity increased substantially after 10 cm soil temperatures reached 〉 3°C, and peak activity per unit of clover leaf dry weight occurred in June and July; standing clover leaf dry matter increased during the season to a maximum of 60·5 g m−1 in June. Acetylene reducing activity was positively correlated with the number of rooted nodes, and Stalon and leaf dry weights in early spring. Thereafter, except during a period of summer drought, ARA was positively correlated with the amount of clover leaf material.Clover population density increased during the season and maximum growing point numbers (5540 m−1) occurred in September; maximum leaf number per unit area (12 984 m−1) was found in October, prior to the final cutting of the site.Results suggest that higher levels of nitrogen fixation in upland swards should be obtained if sward management regimes, which encourage a high clover leaf area, are adopted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1988.tb02150.x
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  • 43
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    Effects of sowing date, placement of seed, vegetation suppression, slugs, and insects upon establishment of no-till alfalfa in orchardgrass sod (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Four treatments designed to affect some environmental factors during germination and establishment of alfalfa were: two sowing dates (March and May) to produce differences in temperature, light and soil moisture; two sowing methods (notill drill and hand sowing) for creating different degrees of soil-seed contact; mowing and banded and broadcast sprays of glyphosate to produce varying degrees of plant competition; and methiocarb bait combined with carbofuran granules vs. no pesticide to establish different levels of invertebrate feeding.Alfalfa dry matter (DM) production was affected very little by sowing date in two identical experiments. It was unaffacted by sowing method in experiment 1 (1983) but was significantly higher when alfalfa was sown with a drill in the second trial (1984). Highest alfalfa DM yields were achieved when competition was suppressed by broadcast spraying rather than bands, but details of effect differed in the two experiments.Pesticide treatments yielded more alfalfa DM in the year of establishment. Slugs, Deroceras leave (Müller) and D. reticulatum (Müller), and the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), were among the potential pest species controlled and may have been partly responsible for the observed effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1988.tb02153.x
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  • 44
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    Effect of plant density on stolon growth and development of contrasting white clover (Trifolium repens) varieties and its influence on the components of seed yield (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Plants of two contrasting white clover varieties (cv. Aberystwyth S184 and Olwen) were planted in the field in spring in each of 2 years at four densities (9, 25, 49 and 100 plants m−2) in 1-m2 plots. The effect of plant density on stolon growth and development and the components of seed yield was subsequently measured.Stolon growth and development was influenced by plant density, variety and year. At low plant densities both white clover varieties produced longer primary stolons than at higher densities. Plant density, however, had no significant effect on the number of inflorescences at harvest. At the high stolon densities there were significantly fewer reproductive nodes per primary stolon than at the lower plant densities. Plant density did not significantly affect any other seed yield components, but the number of inflorescences at harvest, florets per inflorescence, seed set per floret and 1000-seed weight were all significantly influenced by both variety and year.The relationship between the vegetative and reproductive growth of white clover is discussed in relation to plant density, variety and climate and the possible role of defoliation managements on inflorescence development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1988.tb02157.x
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  • 45
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    The effect of the duration of regrowth on photosynthesis, leaf death and the average rate of growth in a rotationally grazed sward (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A study was made to characterize the effect of the duration of regrowth on the pattern of changes in the major physiological processes involved in the net accumulation of herbage, and so to provide a rational basis for optimizing production under rotational grazing.During regrowth following a severe defoliation, rates of canopy photosynthesis, and so the rate of production of new leaves, increased rapidly but there was a delay before there was a corresponding increase in the rate of leaf death. Although the amount available for harvest (crop live dry weight, W) continued to increase as the duration of regrowth was extended from ‘short’ (12–13 days), through ‘medium’ (19–23 days) to ‘long’ (30-34 days), there was not a continued increase in the average growth rate – the increase in the weight of the crop, (W – Wo), divided by the duration of regrowth, t, In this study, the average growth rate (based on changes in the weight of lamina alone) increased as the duration of regrowth was extended from 12-13 to 19-23 days but changed little as the duration of regrowth was extended from 19-23 days to 30-34 days. In spring and summer, elongating stems increased the average growth rate (of lamina plus stem) up to 30-34 days but the accumulated stem material could not reliably be harvested by sheep.A mathematical model was used to explain why the average growth rate is characteristically insensitive to the duration of regrowth beyond a given minimum duration. For practical purposes, we suggest from the results of this study that regrowths of at least 14 days but less than 28 days will be effective in achieving not only close to the maximum average growth rate of highly digestible material, but also in sustaining a densely tillered, leafy sward which regrows rapidly from severe defoliation and is more reliably harvested (utilized) by sheep.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1988.tb02137.x
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  • 46
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    Comparison of herbage production under continuous stocking and intermittent grazing (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The possibility of increasing the herbage utilized over a grazing season was investigated in a study comparing continuously stocked steady-state swards maintained at optimum height (3.5 cm) with intermittently grazed swards. The intermittent systems were designed (a) to allow periodic increase in leaf area and hence growth rate, (b)to ensure that the accumulated herbage was eaten before it senesced, and (c) lo retain high tiller density by alternating periods of herbage accumulation with periods of continuous stocking.Two treatments (no animals or animal numbers reduced to half those on the 3.5 cm steady-state treatment) were used during the 17-18-d periods of herbage accumulation. Grazing down was completed in 3–4 d, after which two treatments (14 d or 28 d) were used for the intervening periods of continuous stocking when sward height was maintained at 3.5 cm.Herbage production was estimated using the tissue turnover technique, with tiller population densities and rates of growth, senescence and net production per tiller measured at frequent intervals.Intermittent grazing treatments where animals were removed during herbage accumulation resulted in changes in tiller size and number, and in growth rates, but not senescence rates, per tiller such that short-term deviations in the net rate of herbage production occurred compared with the continuously stocked control. The periods of advantage during phases of herbage accumulation were counterbalanced by those of disadvantage during the subsequent steady-state phases. Where animal numbers were reduced during herbage accumulation, sward conditions differed little from those of the continuously stocked control, implying that intake per individual animal was increased.It was concluded that intermittent grazing systems offered no advantage over simpler continuous stocking systems, provided that a flexible approach to conservation was incorporated to allow control of sward conditions on the grazed area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1988.tb02138.x
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  • 47
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    The utilization of N fertilizer, applied to perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture growing on a humus iron podzol in N.E. Scotland (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Applications of N fertilizer (0.40, 80, 120 and 240 kg N ha−1 year−1 in dressings of 40 or 80 kg N ha−1) were made to a perennial ryegrass/white clover (Lolium perenne L. Trifolium repens L.) pasture growing on a humus iron podzol reclaimed from heather (Calluna vulgaris L.) moor in 1982 and 1983. Where no N was applied, estimates of Ni fixation and mineralization were almost equal, being approximately 50 kg N ha−1 year−1 from each source. Apparent efficiencies of fertilizer use were generally low; for each dressing they ranged between –0·7 and 25·5 kg dry matter (DM)kgN−1. Also, responses to N fertilizer were affected by previous dressings. The net N recovery in harvested herbage from application of 120 kg N ha−1 year−1 was 30 kg N ha−1 year−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1988.tb01891.x
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  • 48
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    The effect of fasting on short-term cattle grazing behaviour (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The effects of fasting on feeding behaviour, intake rates, and diet quality were studied with steers grazing vegetative Lolium multiflorum swards. Fasting interrupted the normal alternation of grazing and rumination and led to longer grazing times (0·65 vs. 0·45 of observed time), shorter rumination times (0·15 vs. 0·30 of observed time), and higher total dry matter (DM) intakes (6200 g DM vs. 3750 g DM d−1)-Fasting did not affect prehended bite size which averaged 047 g DM bite−1. Declining bite size within a day was explicable by changes in herbage mass. Biting rate (38.9 bites min−1) and instantaneous intake rate (2675 g DM min−1) of fasted animals were considerably higher than non-fasting animals in the mornings, but neutral detergent fibre (NDF) concentration of the diet (0 742 of organic matter) was generally not depressed by fasting. Consequently, non-fasted animals appeared to be feeding suboptimally since their nutrient intake rates were considerably lower than that which they are capable of exhibiting. Mastication rates per unit NDF intake were considerably lower in the morning for fasted animals (0·78 chews g−1 NDF intake) which suggested that their intake rates may have led to larger ingested particle size. Therefore, on Lolium multifiorum swards, the steers attained a higher intake rate by masticating the forage less while maintaining diet quality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1988.tb01893.x
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  • 49
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    Harvest frequency effects on forage yield and quality of rapes and rape hybrids (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Spring-seeded rape requires approximately two-thirds of the growing season in the north-cast USA, to reach physiological maturity. Harvest frequency studies were conducted with rapes and rape hybrids in Pennsylvania to determine whether forage yields and/or quality can be improved with multiple harvests, and whether cultivars respond similarly to harvest management. Nitrogen was applied at 75 kg ha−1 at seeding and 75 kg ha−1 70 d after seeding. Additional fertilizer was applied according to soil test results. A split-split-block design was used. Harvest frequencies of 180, 90, 60, or 30 d were randomly assigned to blocks. Cultivars were randomized within each harvest frequency, with four replicates. Amount of regrowth of all cultivars after mid-August was highly variable, depending on weather. Foliar diseases and aphids lowered yields in different years. Cultivars differed in susceptibility to diseases and aphids as well as in morphology. Forage yields and crude protein yields of rape generally were highest with the 90-d harvest frequency, whereas crude protein concentration was highest with the 30-d frequency. Mean in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) values were high regardless of harvest frequency, cuttivar, or sampling date. Yield differences between cultivars generally were greatest with one harvest at 180 d; mean yield was highest for forage rapes, intermediate for winter oil rapes, and lowest for rape x Chinese cabbage hybrids. Under frequent harvesting, BLE rape and the rape x Chinese cabbage hybrid performances were exceptional as regards forage yield and quality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1988.tb01895.x
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  • 50
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    Forage quality and animal selection of Arachis pintoi in association with tropical grasses in the eastern plains of Colombia (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A small plot grazing trial was conducted in the Eastern Plains of Colombia to assess seasonal forage quality and selection by oesophageal-fistulated steers of Arachis pintoi associated with four Brachiaria species. Quality of the legume was high in terms of leaf crude protein (CP) (17%) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) (62%) but varied with season of the year. Associated grasses bad high average leaf CP levels in the dry (7.8%) and wet (98%) seasons. The legume content in the forage on offer was high and varied, from 28% in the dry season to 58% in the wet season. Corresponding values m the diet selected were 37%. and 60%, indicating that animals selected legume in a slightly higher proportion than was present in the total forage on offer. This was further confirmed by selection indices greater than 0–5 in three of the four associations and by a selection index of 0–56 when pooling the data for the four pastures. Increased grass quality and high legume selection resulted in a high quality diet in the dry (CP 9 7%; IVDMD 61 %) and wet (CP 156%; IVDMD 62%) seasons. The results indicated that A. pintoi is a high quality legume, well accepted by grazing cattle throughout the year in the savannas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1988.tb01900.x
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    Book review (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Efficient Sheep Production from Grass Edited by G.E. Pollott.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1988.tb01902.x
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  • 52
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    IDRIS V. HUNT AN APPRECIATION (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1988.tb02146.x
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  • 53
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    Influence of defoliation regime on herbage production and characteristics of intake by dairy cows as affected by grazing intensity (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Three contrasting defoliation regimes for dairy cows—four cuts annually, severe rotational grazing and lax rotational grazing integrated with cutting—were compared in terms of herbage production, selection and intake per cow. Lax and severe grazing were compared simultaneously and grazing intensity was characterized by means of changes in herbage mass and sward height during grazing.Herbage growth and yield were similar under cutting, severe grazing and lax grazing/cutting (120 t organic matter (OM) ha−1). Herbage quality and leaf production were highest with severe grazing, which also had a less marked seasonal pattern of growth. The herbage intake per cow was 111 kg OM d−1 with severe grazing and proportionately (0-20) higher at lax grazing/ cutting. 050 of the herbage yield was harvested by cutting at lax grazing/cutting. Selectivity was described with high certainly by the nutrient content prior to defoliation and by the degree of defoliation. Models to quantify this are presented.Grazing intensity could be described by the size and degree of utilization of the fouled area, and herbage intake was quantified by means of herbage height before and after grazing. Within the range of 80-240 mm sward height prior to grazing, height measurements led to realistic and more accurate estimates than those obtained by measuring organic matter disappearance.Herbage utilization was depressed significantly by increasing maturity of herbage due to lower nutritive value, but in particular due to reduced green leaf content and increased reproductive development. If sward height did not exceed 250 mm at any time, good utilization by grazing could be obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1988.tb02149.x
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  • 54
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    The influence of tall fescue on the germination, seedling growth and yield of birdsfoot trefoil (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The influence of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) on germination and seedling growth of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) was evaluated during 1983-85 at Manhattan, Kansas. Studies were designed to evaluate tall fescue cv. Kentucky-31 for possible allelopathic compounds, determine the effects of tall fescue on the germination, seedling growth and yield of birdsfoot trefoil, and to characterize the chemical properties of tall fescue. Fescue produced allelopathic compounds, particularly during the spring and autumn months when it was actively growing. The greatest trefoil inhibition occurred with fescue plant extracts prepared during the autumn (September and October). The concentration of fescue extracts influenced trefoil germination, with greater inhibition as fescue concentration increased. In a sand medium under greenhouse conditions, fescue extracts prepared in spring and autumn reduced trefoil growth by 50 and 56%, respectively, with no inhibition during the summer months. Under field conditions, full strength fescue extracts reduced trefoil plant populations by 14 and 57% with spring and autumn prepared extracts, respectively. Fescue competition reduced sod-seeded trefoil plants per unit area by 17 and 31% for spring and autumn seeding, respectively. Full strength fescue extracts reduced trefoil seedling growth by an average of 37%, and trefoil dry matter yields by 53%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1988.tb02152.x
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  • 55
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    The effect of wilting and silage additives on the fermentation of autumn made grass silage ensiled in bunkers on commercial farms in South Wales 1983-85 (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Silage making practices in respect of 130 samples of autumn made grass silages ensiled in bunkers on commercial farms in South Wales during 1983-1985 were analysed to discern the effect of wilting and/or silage additives on fermentation. Silages were primarily made during late September and early October in fine weather from perennial ryegrass pasture which had not been grazed for 6 weeks. On average 13.9 ha of pasture was cut for silage. Analysis of 120 samples of grass showed it contained 176 g kg−1 dry matter (DM) with (g kg−1 DM) 215 protein, 240 modified acid detergent fibre (MADF), 78 water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and 95 ash. Most farmers attempted to pre-wilt grass for 1 day prior to ensilage and one quarter of them made unwilted silage. Silage making was usually completed within 6 days of starting to cut and was generally made with a precision-chop machine. Silage additives applied were (kg t−1) formic acid (4·7), formic acid 4-formalin (5·5), sulphuric acid-+ formalin (5·0) sugars (14) and inoculants (0·65). Formic acid significantly reduced pH, and formic acid with or without formalin significantly reduced ammonia nitrogen (N) content of silages compared with other treatments. Protein contents of acid/formalin treated silages were significantly higher and MADF of acid with or without formalin treated silages were significantly lower than other treatments. Pre-wilting grass prior to ensilage did not significantly increase subsequent silage DM content and significantly increased the pH of non-additive treated silages. Unwilted silages treated with formic acid with or without formalin had a significantly lower ammonia-N content and higher residual WSC than other treatments.It is suggested that only formic acid application either alone or in conjunction with formalin to unwilted silage was successful in producing well preserved silages and that a grass WSC content of 17 g kg−1 would be necessary to achieve this.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1988.tb02159.x
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  • 56
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    Ingestive behaviour of beef cattle grazing alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Development of simulation models of grazing beef cattle requires measurement of the components of the ingestive process and the establishment of relationships between these components and the structure of the sward. The ingestive behaviour of eight half-sib Angus steers (live weight (LW), x̄= 270 kg) grazing alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was studied at three stages of maturity (26, 40 and 47 days of regrowth) and at four allowances of herbage dry matter (DM) (1·0, 1·5, 20 and 2·5 kg per 100 kg LW) at each of two daily grazing sessions. A tethering system of grazing was used in which the experimental unit was a tethered steer and its plot for one grazing session. Grazing sessions commenced at 08.00 and 14.00 h EDT. Intake (DM) increased linearly from 1·98 kg per steer session at a DM allowance of 1 kg (100 kg LW)−1 to 2 89 kg steer session at an allowance of 2·5 kg (100 kg LW) −1 as utilization of herbage declined linearly from 0·69 to 0·43. Herbage DM in take per bite increased from 1 0 g at 1 kg (100 kg LW) −1 allowance to 1·5 g at 2·5 kg (100 kg LW) −1 allowance. Rates of biting were not affected by herbage allowance and averaged 21 bites min−1. Dry matter intake increased from 1·77 to 3 41 kg per steer session as the alfalfa matured and herbage mass changed from 1500 to 4656 kg ha−1. Mean rates of biting were 24 bites min−1 for steers grazing the youngest alfalfa and 16 bites min−1 for steers on the oldest forage. Herbage DM intakes per bite were 1·1 g and 1·7 g at the same stages. Rates of DM intake approached 2 kg h−1 and maximum daily DM intake was estimated at 2 75 kg (100 kg LW) −1. Intake of alfalfa was limited by allowance and mass of herbage above a canopy horizon of 20 cm and, to a lesser extent, by the length of fast.
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    The effect of cereal incorporation on the fermentation of spring-and autumn-cut silages in laboratory silos (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The effect of adding ground oats and barley on the ensiling characteristics of autumn-and spring-harvested ryegrass was studied in laboratory scale silos.The addition of oats or barley at rates of 13 or 53 kg t−1 of grass significantly improved the fermentation of late autumn ryegrass silage in the first year. Ammonia N levels were reduced from over 20% of total N to 11% or less. Similar addition to autumn-cut ryegrass higher in soluble carbohydrate content in the second year also significantly reduced pH and ammonia levels but all silages were well fermented. Addition of cereals to spring-cut ryegrass containing over 20% soluble carbohydrate had no effect on fermentation. Cereal addition increased silage DM and decreased silage fibre content in all experiments.The results are discussed in relation to the potential advantage of cereal addition in the ensiling of grass crops.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1988.tb01884.x
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    Changes in mass and chemical composition of grass roots during decomposition (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The decomposition of dead roots of perennial grasses was examined in nylon litter bags not containing soil at two soil depths, 10 and 20 cm, and also in larger nylon bags containing soil at 020 cm depth. Bags were sampled three times during the growing season to determine weights of organic matter, crude protein, Klason lignin and non-structural and structural carbohydrates.From 3 July to 5 October (94 days) the litter bags at 10 and 20 cm and the nylon bags lost, respectively, 35,38 and 65% of their organic mass of particle size 〈 1 mm.Non-structural carbohydrates constituted 6% of the organic matter in the original sample but only 1% or less during the sampling period. Klason lignin increased from 22 to 29% and crude protein from 8 to 10% of the remaining organic matter, whereas structural carbohydrates changed very little.The constituents were degraded at different rates. The non-structural carbohydrates had decomposed almost completely by the first sampling and of the other constituents the structural carbohydrates were degraded most rapidly. Before the first sampling unexpected amounts of structural carbohydrates, particularly glucans, had disappeared.The results help to explain rapid declines in root mass (up to 50%) during summer in perennial grass leys observed in earlier experiments.
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    Herbage potassium levels in a permanent pasture under grazing (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Herbage potassium levels were measured in 1986 in a permanent pasture under continuous grazing with cattle and receiving 200 kg N ha−1. In April, before grazing started, K concentration in the herbage was relatively uniform across the pasture, with a value of 1·9 ± 0·038% K in the herbage dry matter. In July, a significantly lower concentration of herbage K was found in the grazed areas of the pasture (1·8 ± 0·10%) compared with the level (2·4 ± 0·088%) found in the rejected areas of the sward. The difference between the grazed and rejected areas was similar in September, with 1·6 ± 0·087% and 2·2 ± 0·172% K, respectively, in the herbage dry matter. This result suggests that herbage growth in the grazed areas might have been limited by K supply and highlights the need for more information on the K requirements of grazed grassland.
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    Photosynthetic potential of ryegrass pastures when released from continuous stocking management (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The relationship between the rate of canopy gross photosynthesis and LAI was investigated for ryegrass swards released from grazing after a period of continuous stocking to maintain the pasture at LAI 2–3. The regrowing swards were allowed to increase to about LAI 5 over a period of about 2 weeks while the rate of photosynthesis was measured and compared with that for continuously stocked swards maintained at LAI values between 2 and 6. Gross photosynthesis was found to increase more rapidly than LAI on the regrowing swards than on the steady-state control pastures. However, this response appeared to be influenced by seasonal factors. The potential increase in net COi uptake was estimated to range from 0 to 22%. The response was attributed to an increasing proportion of young photosynthetically-efficient leaves near the top of the canopy, modified by seasonal changes in the rate of tillering. The agronomic implications of the results are iscussed.
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    Variation in spring temperatures, grass production and response to nitrogen over twenty years in the uplands (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Large between-year variation was observed in spring air and soil temperatures at Pant-y-dwr Hill Centre (305 m altitude) from 1967 to 1984 and at Bronydd Mawr Research Centre (330 m) from 1985 to 1986 in Powys. The mean date of attaining T-sum 200°C accumulated air temperature was 13 March (range 9 February to 23 April) and that of soil temperature at 100 mm depth permanently above 5 5°C was 9 April (range 7 March to 4 May). Net herbage accumulation and response to applied N from Aberystwyth S23 perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) swards during April were also highly variable and were correlated with the date of reaching target soil temperatures of above 5 5°C for 5 consecutive days (r=−0·68, P 〈 0·001 for net herbage accumulation and r=−0·70, P 〈 0·001 for response to N).The use of early flowering varieties of perennial ryegrass gave a significant increase of herbage growth in spring compared with late varieties. From 1979 to 1980 net herbage accumulation during April from the early variety Frances was 94% more than from Perma (late) and 55% more than from Talbot (intermediate) varieties. Under conservation management more winter hardy and persistent varieties of Italian and hybrid ryegrasses (L. multiflorum L. and L. multiflorum X L. perenne) gave higher quantities of firstcut silage crops in early June than RvP Italian ryegrass.After the severe winters of 1978–79 and 1985–86, subsequent spring production from a wide range of ryegrasses was shown to be affected by sward survival, highlighting the value of winter hardy varieties when resowing in the uplands
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    1986 survey of upland grassland in England and Wales: changes in age structure and botanical composition since 1970–72 in relation to grassland management and physical features (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A sample of 10000 ha of grassland in seven upland districts originally surveyed in 1970–72 was re-surveyed in 1986. Forty percent of the area was above 240 m elevation, 38% had gradients above 81/2°, 29% had poor or bad drainage and 54% was classified as having difficult or severe limitations to management. Twelve percent had been reseeded within the previous 5 years and 39% within 20 years; 6% was classified as arable grassland (in rotation with crops). Thirty-four percent was usually mown, two-thirds of it for silage. In most years 72% of grassland received fertilizer N (average application 123 kg N ha−1) and 35% received organic manure; nearly 20% received neither. Older swards tended to receive lower rates of fertilizer N than reseeds, hay fields and grazed fields less than silage fields, and fields on beef/sheep farms less than those on dairy farms. The proportion of sown species in swards averaged 35%, of which Lolium perenne accounted for 23%. A good contribution of Trifolium repens was recorded in 15% of the grassland. Herb species were recorded in 30% of the grassland, mostly in situations with low fertilizer N under hay or grazing. Agrostis spp., Poa spp., Holcus lanatus and Festuca rubra were the main unsown grasses. The average contribution of L. perenne had increased since 1970–72; it was also present in two-thirds of the area from which it was absent in 1970–72, whilst the contribution of T. repens had decreased. The incidence of Cirsium arvense and Ranunculus spp. had also decreased, whilst that of Pteridium aquilinum had increased.
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    Leaf age structure and canopy photosynthesis in rotationally and continuously grazed swards (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The leafage structure of ryegrass canopies and its role in canopy photosynthesis were compared under continuous and rotational grazing by sheep. Under continuous grazing, an increase in the intensity of grazing increased the proportion (by leaf area) of young leaves in the sward. A mechanistic mathematical model was used to demonstrate how this may have arisen, even though it would largely have been the young leaves that were eaten.However, the observations do not confirm the hypothesis that continuously grazed swards have a characteristically greater proportion of young leaves, and so a greater photosynthetic potential, than rotationally grazed ones. The proportion of young leaves increased during regrowth following severe rotational grazing (residual LAI 〈 05) and the photosynthetic potential of the canopy became greater than under continuous grazing.A model of canopy photosynthesis was used to demonstrate that the observed difference in the proportion of young leaves alone was unlikely to account for all the differences in canopy photosynthesis between managements, and further differences in canopy structure were evaluated. Despite the delay in the restoration of leaf area following severe grazing in a rotation, the total photosynthetic uptake of a system involving some 12–13 days regrowth and 3 days grazing exceeded that of a well-utilized continuously grazed sward. Re growths of longer duration led to progressively greater total photosynthetic uptake, though this was not considered synonymous with greater yield.
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    Use of a model to optimize the interaction between frequency and severity of intermittent defoliation and to provide a fundamental comparison of the continuous and intermittent defoliation of grass (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A previously described model of grass growth was used to analyse the effect of the severity of defoliation and the duration of the subsequent regrowth on the overall balance between photosynthesis, gross tissue production and leaf death and so on the amount that could be harvested/consumed per hectare under intermittent defoliation. Maximum yield per hectare was shown to be achieved whenever the fluctuations in LAI during regrowth and defoliation led lo the same low average LAI that was previously shown to give maximum yield (amount harvested/consumed per hectare) under continuous grazing. Thus, it is suggested that production under both continuous and intermittent defoliation may best be characterized, and diverse managements may be rationalized, on the basis of the average sward state, the average achieved. The analysis leads us to reconsider some widely held concepts of the growth and utilization of grass applied in both agronomic and ecological theory, and the provision of practical guidelines for management.
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    Regional Marginal Costs and Cost Savings from Economies of Scale in Municipal Waste Treatment: An Application to the Chesapeake Bay Region (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Marginal costs of removing effluent from waste treatment facilities are defined under different assumptions about regulatory policies. Marginal costs are different under a policy of uniform treatment for all plants compared to a least-cost policy, where different plants treat at different levels. The cost savings under these alternative policies are compared for river basins of the Chesapeake Bay when there are economies of scale in treatment costs. Current regulations for treatment plants in the Bay, which are not entirely uniform, are also compared to both the uniform and least-cost solutions. The potential savings from a least-cost policy are substantial for some basins.
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    The Spatial Impact of Reaganomics: A Test of Six Models (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Recent analyses of the Reagan budget reallocations suggest that the spatial distribution of public expenditures among the American states have undergone a major change. What remains unclear, however, is why the Reagan budget reallocations generated these clearly defined spatial effects. In trying to answer this question, we identify five explanations of the spatial impacts, explanations focusing on electoral, partisan, wealth, urban-rural, and expenditure base effects. Along with controls for regional effects, these explanations are tested by OLS regression analysis of data on the state allocations of federal expenditures from the last Carter to the first Reagan budgets.
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    Changing Patterns of Migration and Regional Economic Growth in the U.S.: A Demographic Perspective (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: During the 1970s and early 1980s, the South and West Census regions accounted for over 90 percent of incremental national population, which was easily the highest percentage accounted for by these regions in the nation's history. This paper stresses the importance of powerful demographic forces that contributed to the regional shift, but it does not ignore important economic factors. A major theme of the paper is that because the baby boom has now largely matured out of the most mobile age classes, population and employment growth differentials that strongly favored the South and West will moderate in the future.
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    The Effects of Environmental Regulation on Business Location in the United States (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This article empirically examines whether variations in state environmental regulations have affected the location of manufacturing branch plants by the Fortune 500 companies. Using several measures of environmental regulation, no statistically significant effects of environmental regulation on business location are found. For most manufacturing industries, the estimates are precise enough to rule out the possibility of large effects of environmental regulation on business location. For highly polluting industries, however, the variance in the estimates is quite large. We cannot rule out the possibility of effects of environmental regulation on the location of highly polluting industries that are large enough to be important to policymakers.
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    Effects of Transfers on Remote Regional Economies: The Transfer Economy in Rural Alaska (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: In this paper we examine the effects of transfers on the economies of remote regions. A model which describes the consequences of different types of transfers on settlement patterns is developed. The growth of the transfer economy in rural Alaska and its effect on population and income is reviewed. We find that transfer programs in remote regions may have consequences far broader than their original intent. While the programs may improve the standard of living for regional residents, they may also lead to inefficient settlement patterns, increasing dependence on transfers, and a higher cost of eventual adjustment.
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    THE CORPORATE ROLE OF LARGE METROPOLITAN AREAS IN THE UNITED STATES (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This study has three purposes. The first is to determine, for the 30 largest U.S. metropolitan areas in 1980. the relationship among population size, the number of major corporations headquartered in these centers, and the number of subsidiaries located there. The expectation is that there will be positive relationships in all cases. Second, this study, based on variations in the relationships examined above, sets forth a corporate classification of the 30 metropolitan areas and identifies common characteristics and locations among six categories of centers. Finally, using the six-fold classification of centers, metropolitan employment growth between 1980 and 1986 is analyzed, especially job growth in services and in finance, insurance, and real estate (FIRE). The six-fold classification proves useful in understanding employment growth in these 30 centers during the 1980s and, with modifications, perhaps beyond.
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    Book Reviews (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Changing Commodity Regulation Jerry W. Markham, The History of Commodity Futures Trading and Its Regulation. Sitte and Cities George R. Collins and Christine Crasemann Collins, Camillo Sitte: The Birth of Modern City Planning with a Translation of the 1889 Austrian Edition of his City Planning According to Artistic Principles. Suburbs Here and Abroad Donald N. Rothblatt and Daniel J. Garr, Suburbia, an Znternutional Assessment. New Approaches to Development Inderjit Singh, Lyn Squire, and John Strauss, eds. Is the U.S. Economy All Right? F. Stevens Redburn, Terry F. Buss, and Larry C. Ledebur, eds. Revitalizing the U.S. Economy. A Success Story John R. Westley, Agriculture and Equitable Growth Mathematical Land Rent Models James B. Kau, C.F. Lee, and C.F. Sirmans, Urban Econometrics: A Wealth of Valuable Information F. Larry Leistritz and Brenda L. Ekstrom, Social Impact Assessment and Management
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    Economic Heterogeneity Within Large Metropolitan Areas (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Recent research has indicated that individual income distribution in the United States has tended toward greater inequality in recent years. Hypotheses are presented on the expected effect of that trend on suburban municipalities within large metropolitan areas. One major expectation is that the distribution of per capita incomes among the municipalities will be found to bifurcate. A methodology that rests on a graphical depiction of income and a revision of the famous Pearson plane is used to identify trends. Results indicate that the long term trend (at least since 1960) toward income homogeneity came to a halt by 1979 and began to reverse itself in the early 1980s, although bimodal distributions of income are not yet (1983) in evidence. Rapidly growing and rich communities are tending toward greater internal income homogeneity.
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    Human Capital Stock and Flow and Economic Growth Analysis: Note (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Human capital is becoming recognized as an increasingly important factor in rural economic development. Economic research, however, has not provided clear empirical support of the relationship between human capital investment and economic growth. This paper applies stock and flow concepts to human capital and suggests an operational approach for applying stock and flow concepts to the analysis of the impact of human capital investments through education on economic growth.
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    Book Reviews (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Vintage Wine James M . Buchanan, Liberty, Market and State: New Trade Outlook James J. Emery, Norman A. Graham, and Michael F. Oppenheimer An Interdisciplinary Approach Allan Schnaiberg, Nicolas Watts, and Klaus Zimmermann, eds. Small-Scale Farming Gerald G. Marten, ed. Traditional Agriculture in Southeast Asia: A Human Ecology Perspective. Technological Advancement Nathan Rosenberg and Claudio Frischtak, eds. Dividing up the Oil Walter J. Mead, Asbjorn Moseidjord, Dennis D. Muraoka, and Philip E. Sorensen A Substantial Work Herman Van der Wee, Prosperity and Upheaval: The World Economy 1945-1980. Development: Red, Blue, or Green? Herb Addo, et al. eds., Development as Social Transformation: Reflections on the Global Problematique. The European Experience Graham Hall, ed., European Industrial Policy. Urban Homesteading David P. Varady, Neighborhood Upgrading Assessment and Future Directions Martin Fransman, Technology and Economic Development. Technology, Economics, Energy Norman K. Whittlesey, ed., Energy and Water Management in Western Irrigated Agriculture. Israeli Enigma S.N. Eisenstadt, The Transformation of Israeli Society: An Essay in Interpretation.
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    State and Local Government Finances: Was There a Structural Break in the Reagan Years? (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The Reagan administration's “New Federalism” and tax reform proposals were expected to have chilling effects on growth of state and local government revenues and expenditures. This paper examines the hypothesis that there was a structural break in state and local government fiscal behavior in the 1980s. Although the evidence is far from conclusive, it does suggest some different fiscal patterns in this decade. However, the real structural break appears to have occurred in the late 1970s and these trends have continued during the Reagan years.
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    Industrial Development Groups, Organizational Resources, and the Prospects for Effecting Growth in Local Economies (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Using data from a survey of directors of not-for-profit industrial development groups in the United States and from a variety of secondary sources, we test the hypothesis that the presence of an active industrial development group was a significant factor in the economic growth of its service area over the 1977-to-1982 period. The data permit us to control for different levels of organizational resources among growth promotion groups as well as other traditional factors of local economic change in a regression analysis. While growth promotion groups are judged to be effective in terms of the number of jobs that are created or preserved relative to their direct expenditures of resources, neither their presence nor the levels of their organizational resources are significantly related to service area net employment change. The efforts of growth promotion groups are simply overwhelmed in importance by factors such as population size, metropolitan accessibility, location in a growth region, and manufacturing wage rates that characterize the respective service areas.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1988.tb00472.x
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    The Spatial Urban Hierarchy in Turkey: Its Structure and Some of Its Determinants (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper gives a detailed description of the Turkish spatial hierarchy, tests certain aspects of the central place theory, and identifies the principles by which the hierarchy is organized.From the results of a country-wide survey, a seven-level hierarchy is identified. The system does not conform to any of the pure theoretical networks. The number of lower order satellites per center and the sizes and populations of the nested tributary areas vary both vertically and horizontally-that is, both across and within levels in the hierarchy. The spreads around the means of center sizes in each level and the populations and sizes of tributary areas are too great to permit unequivocal statements about typical magnitudes of the variates. The trade areas of centers consist mostly of monopolistic zones of influence showing the effects of a centralized administrative system especially at the second and third levels of the hierarchy.Regression analysis reveals that different factors operate at different levels and with varying intensities in ordering the structure of the system with no one factor being predominant. Income per capita, the density of the road network, the nature of the terrain, the degree of spatial mobility, the structure of economic activity in rural areas, and the distribution of labor force by type of activity emerge as ordering the frequency of centers and the sizes of their nested tributary areas. The regression analysis also reveals that the hypothesized positive relationship between center size and complementary area population, although holding at the second and third order levels, breaks down at the first order, suggesting that first order centers are quasi-central places, with primary activities as the dominant mode of their economies. These centers appear to serve themselves principally, and only secondarily their hinterlands. Possibly this results from a lack of connectivity with the settlements in their tributary areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1988.tb00475.x
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    Real Wages and Unemployment in Local Labor Markets: Pennsylvania MSAs, 1975-86 (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper specifies an unemployment rate model with relatively long lags on the manufacturing real wage and the level of real GNP as the independent variables. Estimates of the model for 12 MSAs in Pennsylvania over the period from 1975:2 to 1986:4 generally indicate a fairly strong positive unemployment response to lagged real wages. This is consistent with theoretical models of the labor market that hypothesize strong real wage effects during periods of aggregate supply shocks. The unique characteristics of the time period under study and the disaggregation to local labor markets might account for the fact that, in contrast to many previous empirical studies, we are able to uncover evidence of a positive real wage-unemployment relationship in U.S. time series data.
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    Impacts of Air Pollution Control Strategies in Kentucky (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to estimate the impacts of air pollution control strategies for one state, Kentucky, on its own economy. Effects of the Clean Air Act are estimated, but the emphasis is on scenarios for compliance with pending acid rain legislation. The most restrictive scenario involves a 478,000 ton per year reduction in SO2. Based on elasticity and engineering estimates, we project shifts from high-sulfur Western Kentucky coal to low-sulfur Eastern Kentucky coal, higher electric utility rates and manufacturing costs, and lower manufacturing employment. Impacts are always less than 6 percent of 1985 levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1988.tb00468.x
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    Migration Regions and Population Redistribution (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Cross and net migration flows among the states for 1975-80 were used to define migration regions, or groups of states with similar patterns of net interchange. This typology may be characterized as a transition from a northeastern “core” which lost to all other regions to a northwestern “periphery” which gained from all other regions. Florida and California were found to have an important role in redistributing population. The typology was also valid for all age groups and across racial and ethnic categories. The typology remained meaningful when the 1975-80 data were compared to 1965-70 and 1980-85 data, despite great volatility in net migration and significant change in the placement of many states.
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    Urban Water Demand Estimates Under Increasing Block Rates (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: A residential water demand equation is estimated using the only data set on water consumption that contains time series (monthly) observations on individual customers facing an increasing block rate schedule. Because the price of water both determines, and is determined by, usage, ordinary least squares estimation will yield biased estimates. Thus, two-stage least squares and instrumental variables techniques are used. The estimated coefficients on lawn size, weather, house size, and income have the expected signs and are statistically significant. However, there is not any significant response to changes in water price, perhaps due to the relatively low cost of water.
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    Regional Population Growth Rate Differences: Note (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This note investigates regional population growth in the U.S. for 1959-84, taking into account four city sizes and three time periods. It is found that the growth is largest in city size (0.5 - 1.0) million and (1.0 - 2.0) million. Over time, the growth is largest in the less urbanized regions.
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    Advantages of Place as Perceived by Sunbelt Promoters (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: A questionnaire was sent to 104 Chamber of Commerce executives in states and cities in the South and Southwest to evaluate the factors they perceive to be important in recruiting business and industrial migrants from the North. Eighty-one respondents rated 33 locational factors on a scale of 1 to 5. Results show variation in the perceived importance of factors between Southeast, South Central, and Southwest states and the Border states. Patterns of perceived competition among cities reveal that Border cities view Southern cities as their most important competitors but Southern cities see their major competitors as other rapidly growing Southern cities. Large cities do not see smaller cities as competitors with the exception of the “high tech” research centers such as Raleigh, NC.
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    Performance of High-Technology Firms in a Peripheral Resource-Based Economy: Alberta, Canada (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: In the 1980s high technology moved into the forefront in regional development throughout North America and Europe as a leading strategy. The attraction of high technology more recently spilled over into the province of Alberta, a peripheral region in western Canada whose government is seeking to diversify its resource-based economy. This paper focused upon the performance of high technology firms measured by financial growth, R&D activity, employment created, and marketing. Data were drawn from a 100 percent survey of all identifiable high-tech firms which constituted the first academic inquiry into Alberta's high-technology development. Research hypotheses relating gross revenues and net profit to independent firms and subsidiaries, gross revenues to age of firm, and R&D activity to independent firms and subsidiaries were tested.The results indicate that Alberta's high technology sector is composed mainly of small independent firms in the early stages of growth. Widely divergent revenue and profit trends were found among all firms while 41 percent of the respondents received government assistance to fund R&D programs. A young high-technology base is reflected further in the small size of the labor force although three out of four firms created jobs between 1980 and 1984. Marketing was a key area of performance identified by respondent firms as companies attempted to diversify away from local markets. Overall, the systematic policies of support by the Alberta government were found to assist the growth of the high-tech industry. Whether or not this growth will be sufficient to substantially diversify this resource-based economy in a peripheral Canadian region remains to be seen. Further research, particularly in the area of job creation, is necessary to assess the impact of high-technology firms over a longer period.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1988.tb00484.x
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    American Fertility and Industrial Restructuring: A Possible Link (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Despite the fact that economic and demographic factors conventionally are considered to be integrally related, researchers have overlooked recent changes in the structure of the American economy that may have affected fertility in the United States. This article seeks to raise questions and explores the possibility that recent processes of industrial restructuring have created new employment patterns and socioeconomic conditions which have influenced American fertility positively. Specifically, conditions of underemployment and unemployment, generated by the service and manufacturing sectors, may be conducive to increased fertility.
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    Book Reviews (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Federal, State, Local Federal, State, Local J. Edwin Benton and David R. Morgan, eds Private Business in the Public Sector Calvin A. Kent, Ed., Entrepreneurship and the Privatizing of Government
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    Valuation Analysis of Commercial Real Estate Using the Nearest Neighbors Appraisal Technique (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The Nearest Neighbors Appraisal Technique (NNAT) is pitted against the traditional real estate appraisal process and ordinary least squares (OLS) estimates of value for various types of commercial real estate in Dallas, Texas. Additionally, time is explicitly entered into NNAT. NNAT estimates of value are significantly more accurate than the traditional appraisal process for all types of commercial real estate, it is significantly more accurate than OLS estimates for retail and miscellaneous properties, and it is more accurate, but not significantly so, than OLS estimates for other types of commercial real estate.
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    An Application of the Stock Adjustment Model in Estimating Employment Multipliers for the South Central Louisiana Petroleum Economy 1964–84 (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The South Central Louisiana Petroleum Economy received an economic rent from its petroleum resources during the energy crisis of the 1970s and early 80s. A differential export-base model incorporating a geometric lag was developed for estimating dynamic employment multipliers. This technique is especially applicable to regional economies in which exports are a major economic factor. Employment multipliers were estimated using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression. Results from the analysis indicate that agriculture, oil and gas mining, and manufacturing are highly significant employment generators. Both long-run and short-run employment multipliers were derived from the model. It is estimated that a five-dollar change in the real price of crude oil will result in a long-run employment change of 8,027 for the oil and gas mining industry. Based on estimates of the long-run multiplier, this will result in a total employment change of 28,014 for this economy.
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    Dynamic Shift-Share Analysis (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Most applications of shift-share analysis to regional employment change have used a study period of several years and have examined conditions only at the beginning and end years. This comparative static approach does not take into account the continuous changes in both industrial mix and size of total employment of the region over the study period. Calculating the national growth effect, the industrial mix effect, and the competitive effect on an annual basis and then summing the results over the study period provides a more accurate allocation of job changes among the three shift-share effects. This approach, which we term dynamic shift-share analysis, also allows unusual years and years of economic transition to he identified. We illustrate the use of dynamic shift-share by presenting results of an analysis of New England employment growth from 1939 to 1984, using U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics data. The use of the dynamic form of shift-share is important when the study period is characterized by either large changes in regional industrial mix or major differences between regional and national growth rates.
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    Labor Environment and the Location of Electrical Machinery Employment in the US. South (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This study focuses on the location of electrical machinery manufacturing in South Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, and Alabama (with special attention given to the first three states), and the degree to which this industry is associated with labor environments attractive to firms in the late stage of the product cycle. Labor-environment variables were selected from published sources and then collapsed into principal components. County-level component scores were then correlated with selected electrical machinery employment variables. The analysis suggests that, with the possible exception of electronic components manufacturing, there has been no widespread locational response by electrical machinery manufacturing in these states to labor environments attractive to firms in the late stage of the product cycle.
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    The Decentralization of High-Technology Manufacturing to Nonmetropolitan Areas (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Historically, employment in high-technology manufacturing industries has been concentrated in metropolitan areas. The product life cycle theory of industrial location suggests, however, that employment in this sector will decentralize as these industries mature and production processes are standardized. This study utilized shift-share analysis and Enhanced County Business Pattern data to determine the extent to which a metropolitan-to-nonmetroplitan employment shift occurred from 1975 to 1982. Employment shifts for nonmetropolitan counties of different sizes, adjacency status, and cenus regions were estimated. Also, the specific high-technology manufacturers (four-digit SIC) participating in the decentralization process were identified. The findings of this study indicate that nonmetropolitan employment in the high-tech sector increased by more than 13,000 as a result of decentralization. Small- and medium-sized nonmetropolitan counties and nonmetropolitan areas in New England, the South, and the West experienced the greatest gains in high-technology employment. Urban-to-rural employment shifts in innovative high-technology industries was restricted to primarily counties adjacent to metropolitan areas and nonmetropolitan counties in the New England and Pacific regions.
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    A SPATIAL COMPETITION APPROACH TO CENTRAL PLACE THEORY: SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 28 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This paper investigates the potential offered by the model of spatial competition for the study of central place theory. We consider n firms selling m substitutable or complementary goods to a continuum of consumers evenly distributed along a linear segment. Consumers have the same income and the same utility function which is quadratic in the goods supplied by the firms and linear in the numeraire. The main results are as follows. (1) In any location equilibrium in which all goods are consumed everywhere, each good supplied by a single firm is sold at the market center. In Christaller's terminology, this means that when the exhaustive principle holds in equilibrium, highest-order goods are made available at the center. (2) When all goods (excluding the numéraire) are complements to each other and each good is sold by a single firm, there always exists an equilibrium in which all the firms locate coincidentally. (3) If the stores selling a given good are under the control of a single owner then, in any equilibrium for which the exhaustive principle holds, the stores are located in a way such that the total transport cost (borne by consumers) is minimized.
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    SPATIAL ENTRY DETERRENCE UNDER OLIGOPOLY (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 28 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This paper examines colluding, oligopolistic firms in a linear market. By assuming that rivals do not compete for consumers at their market boundaries, it is shown that an equilibrium exists without adopting a convex transportation cost function. Two price profiles are derived. The first describes firm prices in the absence of threatened entry. The second details profit-maximizing prices which forestall entrants. Given infinite relocation costs, threatened entry leads to price adjustments by the incumbent firms.
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    THE EFFECTS OF LOCAL TAXES AND PUBLIC SERVICES ON RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 28 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This paper incorporates an exogenous taxing and service-providing public sector into a dynamic residential land-use model in order to examine how local-government fiscal policies alter the pace and pattern of residential development. The model is used to derive the comparative-dynamic responses to variations in the income, sales, and property taxes and public-service time paths. The results show how tax and expenditure effects systematically depend upon the anticipated relative growth rates in rents to alternative uses and vary across locations within a given urban area as well as across urban areas themselves.
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    SERVICE EXPORTS AND REGIONAL GROWTH IN THE POSTINDUSTRIAL ERA (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 28 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . The role of service industries in the regional growth process has been debated for decades. Although the importance of services in providing an essential framework for the development of exports has long been acknowledged, their ability to initiate growth has never been generally accepted. In this paper the change in composition of exports from Canada's four western provinces between 1974 and 1979 is analyzed. It was observed that service exports increased more rapidly than exports of goods on both a direct and a direct-plus-indirect basis in 88 percent of comparisons. In absolute terms, the gain in service exports was equal to 89 percent of that for goods exports.
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    MONOPSONY AND PLANT LOCATION IN A THÜNEN LAND USE MODEL (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 28 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . Previous work has developed a method for studying noninfinitesimal operational units, called “plantations,” with the Thüen model. In that model, increasing returns to scale generate large operational units, but the potential market power conferred by the scale economies is sidestepped as an issue. The present work introduces finite supply elasticities and examines their locational impacts. The profit-maximizing monopsonistic plantation is smaller, and the shipment distance for its processed output is shorter, than for a comparable competitive plantation. The present approach does not involve spatial competition strategies.
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    BOOK NOTES (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 28 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 28 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviews in this article:Analytical Behavioural Geography by Reginald G. Golledge and Robert J. Stimson.Managing Land-Use Conflicts: Case Studies in Special Area Management Planning, by David J. Brower and Daniel s. Carol (eds.).Filling Up America: An Economic-Demographic Model of Population Growth and Distribution in the Nineteenth-Century United States, by Morton Owen Schapiro.Economic-Ecological Modeling, by L. C. Braat and W. F. J. van Lierop (eds.).Invisible Factors in Local Economic Development, by Peter B. Doeringer, David G. Terkla, and Gregory C. Topakian.
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    NETWORK EQUILIBRIUM MODELS OF URBAN LOCATION AND TRAVEL CHOICES: A RETROSPECTIVE SURVEY (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 28 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The origins and development of the network equilibrium problem are traced and interrelated. Two principal formulations are considered the network equilibrium problem with variable travel demand, and the combined model of trip distribution and traffic assignment. The relation of these models to subsequent developments concerning mode choice, residential location, estimation of origin-destination tables from link flows and stochastic route choice are then reviewed.
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    URBAN PRODUCTIVITY: CITY SIZE OR INDUSTRY SIZE (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 28 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper analyzes the effect of city size and industry size on urban productivity in the food processing industry. Some formulations suggest productivity is associated with industry size rather than city size. However, when allowance is made for the tendency of food processing to locate near relevant raw materials and for regional dummies, there is no support for industry scale economies. Agglomeration effects, associated with city size, do exist. The central estimates are based on the Chan-Mountain version of the translog production function. The results provide information on some facets of the appropriate balance between industrial and agricultural production.
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