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  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (443)
  • 1985-1989  (443)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1955-1959
  • 1985  (443)
  • 1
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    Vegetation canopy discrimination and biomass assessment using multipolarized airborne SAR (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Multipolarized airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data were acquired over a largely agricultural test site near Macomb, Illinois, in conjunction with the Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-B) experiment in October 1984. The NASA/JPL L-band SAR operating at 1.225 GHz made a series of daily overflights with azimuth view angles both parallel and orthogonal to those of SIR-B. The SAR data was digitally recorded in the quadpolarization configuration. An extensive set of ground measurements were obtained throughout the test site and include biophysical and soil measurements of approximately 400 agricultural fields. Preliminary evaluation of some of the airborne SAR imagery indicates a great potential for crop discrimination and assessment of canopy condition. False color composites constructed from the combination of three linear polarizations (HH, VV, and HV) were found to be clearly superior to any single polarization for purposes of crop classification. In addition, an image constructed using the HH return to modulate intensity and the phase difference between HH and VV returns to modulate chroma indicates a clear capability for assessment of canopy height and/or biomass. In particular, corn fields heavily damaged by infestations of corn borer are readily distinguished from noninfested fields.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 67-75
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    Lithologic mapping in a sedimentary environment using multipolarization SAR images (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Multipolarization Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data from the NASA/JPL aircraft SAR were used in conjunction with LANDSAT Thematic Mapper (TM), Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS), and Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (AIS) data as part of a three-year research program to evaluate the utility of remote sensing measurements for analysis of sedimentary basins. The purpose of this research effort is to construct stratigraphic columns, map variations in the lithology, geometry, and structure of sedimentary rocks in the Wind River/Bighorn Basin area, Wyoming, and to integrate remote sensing data with conventional rain models of basin formation and evolution.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 49-50
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  • 3
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    Comparative techniques used to evaluate Thematic Mapper data for land cover classification in Logan County, West Virginia (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Several digital data processing techniques were evaluated in an effort to identify and map active/abandoned, partially reclaimed, and fully revegetated surface mine areas in the central portion of Logan County. The TM data were first subjected to various enhancement procedures, including a linear contrast stretch, principal components and canonical analysis transformations. At the same time, four general procedures were followed to produce six classifications as a means of comparing the techniques involved. Preliminary results show that various feature extraction/data reduction techniques provide classification results equal or superior to the more straightforward unsupervised clustering technique. Analyst interaction time for labelling clusters is reduced using the canonical analysis and principal components procedures, though the canonical technique has clearly produced better results to date.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization Early Results, Vol. 4; p 403-414
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    On the use of L-band multipolarization airborne SAR for surveys of crops, vineyards, and orchards in a California irrigated agricultural region (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The airborne L-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) collected multipolarization calibrated image data over an irrigated agricultural test site near Fresno, CA, on March 6, 1984. The conclusions of the study are as follows: (1) the effects of incidence angle on the measured backscattering coefficients could be removed by using a correction factor equal to the secant of the angle raised to the 1.4 power, (2) for this scene and time of year, the various polarization channels were highly correlated such that the use of more than one polarization added little to the ability of the radar to discriminate vegetation type or condition; the exception was barley which separated from vineyards only when a combination of like and cross polarization data were used (polarization was very useful for corn identification in fall crops), (3) an excellent separation between herbaceous vegetation (alfalfa, barley, and oats) or bare fields and trees in orchards existed in brightness was well correlated to alfalfa height or biomass, especially for the HH polarization combination, (5) vineyards exhibited a narrow range of brightnesses with no systematic effects of type or number of stakes nor of number of wires in the trellises nor of the size of the vines, (6) within the orchard classes, areal biomass characterized by basal area differences caused radar image brightness differences for small to medium trees but not for medium to large trees.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 63
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  • 5
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    Strategies for analyzing mixed pixels in remotely sensed imagery (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Two uncalibrated synthetic aperture radar (SAR) scenes from Death Valley, California, and two uncalibrated scenes from Owens Valley, California, were used to test a technique to identify and separate the primary factors associated with multipolarized radar image sets. Unique to the technique is the concept that varied types of radar polarization signatures are a result of the interaction of a few physical factors (e.g., roughness, volume scattering, and dielectric constant). Thus, the varied signatures observed in an image reflect the interaction between these factors. The objectives are to first separate the interaction of factors directly influencing the measurement and to attempt to identify these factors. Interpretation of the SAR image sets proceeds by testing models that hypothesize the cause and effect relations between those factors directly affecting the radar measurement and those features of interest to the interpreter. The results of our analysis indicated two consistent endmember types over all four image scenes. These types are defined by a high flat polarized signature near a level of 255 DN and a low level flat signature near 0 DN for all polarizations. Four other endmember types were also isolated. The spatial distribution of these endmember types indicates possible correspondence to surface volume scattering and changes in surface dielectric. However, the shapes of these endmember types were different from scene to scene.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 47-48
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  • 6
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    Mapping diverse forest cover with multipolarization airborne radar (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Imaging radar backscatter in continuously forested areas contains information about the forest canopy; it also contains data about topography, landforms, and terrain texture. For purposes of radar image interpretation and geologic mapping researchers were interested in identifying and separating forest canopy effects from geologic or geomorphic effects on radar images. The objectives of this investigation was to evaluate forest canopy variables in multipolarization radar images under conditions where geologic and topographic variables are at a minimum. A subsidiary objective was to compare the discriminatory capabilities of the radar images with corresponding optical images of similar spatial resolution. It appears that the multipolarization images discriminate variation in tree density, but no evidence was found for discrimination between evergreen and deciduous forest types.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 53-54
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  • 7
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    The effects of merging TM and A/C radar on wetland classification (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: While radar does not provide detailed begetation discrimination, it provide the means to separate areas of different moisture conditions. Thus, the use of LANDSAT Thematic Mapper (TM) in conjunction with the microwave data was attempted. If successful, information on shoreline cover, emergent wetland vegetation and extent, and submerged grassbeds would provide much needed data for planning and maintenance of wetlands. Originally, the goal was to determine the accuracy with which one could categorize various types of vegetation and land use within an inland wetland using LANDSAT TM data. First, a Level 1/2 supervised classification was performed. Following a more detailed ground trust survey, a Level 3 classification was done. Aircraft L-band radar data were received and the decision was made to merge the TM and L-band data and assess whether vegetation catagories within the wetland areas could be better defined. Preliminary results indicate vegetation delineation is improved for open agricultural areas and water, but other features are more confused.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 37-38
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  • 8
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    The effect of vegetation type, microrelief, and incidence angle on radar backscatter (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The NASA/JPL Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) was flown over a 20 x 110 km test site in the Texas High Plains regions north of Lubbock during February/March 1984. The effect of incidence angle was investigated by comparing the pixel values of the calibrated and uncalibrated images. Ten-pixel-wide transects along the entire azimuth were averaged in each of the two scenes, and plotted against the calculated incidence angle of the center of each range increment. It is evident from the graphs that both the magnitudes and patterns exhibited by the corresponding transect means of the two images are highly dissimilar. For each of the cross-poles, the uncalibrated image displayed very distinct and systematic positive trends through the entire range of incidence angles. The two like-poles, however, exhibited relatively constant returns. In the calibrated image, the cross-poles exhibited a constant return, while the like-poles demonstrated a strong negative trend across the range of look-angles, as might be expected.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 25-29
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  • 9
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    Neogene compressional deformation and possible thrust faulting in southwest Dominican Republic (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Analysis of regional and high resolution remote sensing data coupled with detailed field investigations indicates Neogene compressional deformation in the southwest Dominican Republic. Airborne synthetic aperture radar data and high resolution near infrared photography show folds in Tertiary sediments and possible thrust fault scarps implying NE to SW compression in the region. Large road cuts through the scarps allow study of otherwise poorly accessible, heavily vegetated karst terrain. Deformation increases toward scrap fronts where small bedding-plane thrust faults become more numerous. Analysis of mesoscopic faults with slickensides indicates compression oriented between N to S and E to W. The lowermost scarp has highly sheared fault breccia and undeformed frontal talus breccias implying it is the basal thrust into which the higher thrust faults sole. Thus, the scarps probably formed in a regional NE to SW compressional stress regime and are the toes of thrust sheets. Previous workers have suggested that these scarps are ancient shorelines. However, the gross morphology of the scarps differs substantially from well known erosional terraces on the north coast.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 21
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  • 10
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    Modelling of vegetation volumes (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The purpose is to describe work that is being done to find theoretical models to describe radar backscatter from vegetation layers. The geometry of the problem is shown. The information that one would like to find through the application of the results of these models would include: the thickness of the layer; the absorption in the layer (i.e., density, moisture content, and biomass); the geometry of the scatterers (i.e., shape and orientation); how much of the received power is due to volume scattering only; and a way to enhance the ratio of scattering that has some interaction with the ground surface. The proposed ways to find this information are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 77-79
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