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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La loi de fluage de type différentiel d'après une chaîne de Maxwell et relative au béton en cours de vieillissement, qui avait été formulée précédemment, est généralisée à une humidité variable et vérifiée par de nombreuses comparaisons avec les données d'essai disponibles dans la littérature. On porte une attention particulière à l'effet de Pickett, c'est-à-dire l'augmentation apparente du fluage due à un séchage simultané avec le chargement. Il apparaît que cet effet a quatre origines qui sont les suivantes par ordre décroissant d'importance: (a) retrait causé par la contrainte; (b) adoucissement en traction due à une fissuration progressive; (c) irréversibilité de la contraction au déchargement après la diminution de la contrainte en traction, et (d) augmentation de la rigidité du matériau due au vieillissement (hydratation). Le modèle, qui est un cas particulier de la théorie thermodynamique précédemment avancée, repose sur une seule hypothèse concernant le mécanisme physique microscopique du fluage; le taux de fluage dépend de la grandeur du flux de microdiffusion de l'eau entre les macropores (pores capillaires) et les micropores du gel de ciment. En supposant que cette microdiffusion soit infiniment rapide, l'effet se réduit à ce que les viscosités du fluage dépendent d'un facteur temps de l'humidité interstitielle relative; on montre ensuite que ceci équivaut à un retrait provoqué par la contrainte, dans lequel le coefficient de fluage définissant le rapport des accroissements de fluage, déformation et humidité interstitielle relative dépend de la contrainte. En trois dimenstons le coefficient de retrait devient ainsi un tenseur. Pour des raisons thermodynamiques, il doit exister aussi une dilatation thermique causée par la contrainte. Bien que la fissuration en traction contribue notablement à l'effet de Pickett, elle est bien insuffisante à l'expliquer entièrement. La théorie est en accord avec les données d'essai du fluage de base, du fluage d'éprouvettes avec une teneur en eau limitée à l'équilibre hygrométrique (préséché), du retrait, du gonflement et du fluage au séchage en compression, traction ou flexion. Le modèle d'amollissement de la déformation utilisé pour la fissuration en traction est le même que celui utilisé précédemment pour ajuster les données d'essai à partir des essais de rupture, de traction directe et de fléchissement de poutres renforcées.
    Notes: Abstract The previously formulated rate-type aging creep law based on Maxwell chain is generalized to variable humidity and is calibrated by extensive comparisons with test data from the literature. The main object of attention is the Pickett effect, i.e., the apparent increase in creep due to drying simultaneous with loading. This effect is shown to have four sources, in their decreasing order of importance: (1) stress-induced shrinkage, (2) tensile strain softening due to progressive cracking, (3) irreversibility of unloading contraction after tensile strainsoftening, and (4) increase of material stiffness due to aging (hydration). The model, which is a special case of a previously advanced thermodynamic theory, depends on only one hypothesis about the microscopic physical mechanism of creep: The creep rate depends on the magnitude of the flux of microdiffusion of water between the macropores (capillary pores) and the micropores in the cement gel. By assuming this microdiffusion to be infinitely fast, the effect is reduced to a dependence of creep viscosities on the time rate of pore humidity, and this is further shown to be equivalent to stress-induced shrinkage, in which the shrinkage coefficient defining the ratio of the increments of shrinkage strain and pore relative humidity depends on stress. In three dimensions, the shrinkage coefficient thus becomes a tensor. For thermodynamic reasons, there must also exist stress-induced thermal expansion. Although tensile cracking is found to make significant contribution to the Pickett effect, it is far from sufficient to explain in fully. The theory agrees with test data on basic creep, creep of specimens with reduced water content at hygral equilibrium (predried), shrinkage, swelling, and creep at drying under compression, tension, or bending. The strainsoftening model used for tensile cracking is the same as that used previously to fit test data from fracture tests, direct tensile tests, and deflection tests of reinforced beams.
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  • 2
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 57-65 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Grâce à un vaste programme de recherche qui a duré plus de 4 ans, il a été possible de préparer des mélanges sable/soufre adaptés comme matériau de construction. Par rapport à un béton normal, les mélanges sables/soufre présentent de meilleurs résistances à la contrainte et à la flexion, un module d'élasticité équivalent, un retrait moindre et plus rapide; le fluage sous compression est inférieur et ces mélanges conservent aussi leur résistance quand la température varie de −30 à 70°C. La durabilité telle qu'elle a été mesurée par 45 cycles de températures (0°C, 70°C) est satisfaisante. On a également étudié l'un des problèmes les plus délicats: compenser l'effet destructeur de l'eau sur les mélanges soufrés. L'addition d'huile siliconée dans la proportion de 0,5% par rapport au poids de sable avec ou sans charge a apporté une solution satisfaisante et économique à ce problème. On a aussi remarqué que jusqu'à 10% de teneur en sulfates dans le sable, la résistance mécanique des mélanges au soufre n'a pas été compromise, ce qui permettrait d'utiliser pour de tels mélanges de nombreuses carrières de sable contenant des sulfates à un taux élevé. On a également essayé des renforcements de fibres de verre qui ont nettement amélioré la résistance à la traction et la durabilité avec une humidité relative de 100%.
    Notes: Abstract Following an extensive research programme lasting more than 4 years, it has been possible to prepare sulphur sand mixtures which are suitable as building material. As compared to normal concrete, sulphur sand mixes exhibit greater compressive and flexural strengths, have equivalent modulus of elasticity, have a lower and much more rapid shrinkage, creep is less under compression and these mixes also retain strength when temperature varies from −30 to 70°C. Durability as measured by 45 temperature cycles (0°C, 70°C) is good. One of the most difficult problem for overcoming the damaging effect of water on sulphur mixes was also studied. Addition of silicon oil 0.5% by weight of sand with or without fillers gave satisfactory and economical solution to this problem. We also found that up to 10% sulphate content in sand the mechanical behaviour of sulphur mixes was not adversely affected. This would permit many quarries of sand with high sulphates to be utilized for such mixes. Glass fibre reinforcement was also tried which gave large increase in tensile strength and improved durability under 100% relative humidity.
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  • 3
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 49-56 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a étudié par les méthodes de microscopie électronique SEM des configurations de fissures qui se forment quand une fissure se propageant à partir d'une entaille dans la pâte de ciment recontre une fibre d'acier placée perpendiculairement. On a utilisé de petides éprouvettes compactes de traction entaillées qui pouvaient être chargées en coin à l'intérieur de l'enceinte de microscopie électronique avec une cellule humide. On a identifié trois configurations différentes de fissures. En général, la rencontre de la fibre a provoqué un déplacement de la trajectoire de la fissure, accompagné d'une microfissuration et de la division de la fissure principale en plusieurs branches. En observant la surface de la rainure, sous la fibre d'acier, on a remarqué que le segment déporté de la fissure dans la matrice avait un parcours sinuex et était souvent caractérisé par des ramifications, des discontinuité et des microfissures. La microstructure de la région de l'interface se présentait comme un double film riche en CH à l'interface même, reposant sur une zone très poreuse de C-S-H principalement. Les segments de fissure déportés avaient tendance à endommager la microstructure de la zone d'interface préexistante sous les fibres d'acier.
    Notes: Abstract Fracture patterns, produced when a crack advancing from a notch in cement paste intersected a steel fiber placed perpendicular to it, were studied by SEM methods. The specimens were small notched compact tension specimens that could be wedge loaded within the scanning electron microscope chamber using a wet cell. Three distinct cracking patterns were identified. In most cases the fiber caused a shift in the crack path, accompanied by microcracking and by separation of the main crack into several branches. Observations of the surface of the groove under the steel fiber indicated that the offsetting segment of the crack path in the matrix under the fiber was tortuous, and in many cases it was characterized by branching, discontinuities, and microcracks. The microstructure of the interface region consisted of CH-rich duplex film at the actual interface, backed by a highly porous zone consisting mainly of C-S-H. The offsetting crack segments tended to damage the preexisting interface zone microstructure under the steel fibers.
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  • 4
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 97-101 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An analysis was made of the possible courses of the damage to the Kinshasa airport runway, using as a basis the deterioration recorded in the concrete slabs. Phenomena such as expansion, shrinkage, swelling and creep of concrete are considered as well as soil settlement. Emphasis is given especially to the deformations in the slabs caused by the difference of temperature on the top surface of the slabs heated by the sun and the under surface in direct contact with the soil. The time-dependent variation of these deformations is also studied. The authors consider that these deformations, plus the overloading due to aircraft landing and take-off, are the main causes of deterioration in the Kinshasa airport runway. The article also analyses the different slab shapes, taking into account the spacing of expansion joints.
    Notes: Résumé Sur la base des détériorations des dalles en béton, enregistrées sur la piste de l'Aéroport de Kinshasa, on a analysé les causes qui pourraient provoquer leur destructions. On considère les phénomènes tels que dilatation, retrait et gonflement du béton, fluage et aussi tassement du sol. On souligne surtout les déformations des dalles provoquées par la différence de température sur la surface extérieure des dalles bien chauffée par le soleil et la surface restée en contact direct avec le sol, et la variation de ces déformations dans le temps. Ces déformations, plus les surcharges dues aux atterrissage et décolages des avions, sont, selon les auteurs, les causes principales des détériorations de la piste de l'Aéroport de Kinshasa. Dans l'article on a analysé aussi les différentes formes de dalles en tenant compte de la distance entre les joints de dilatation.
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  • 5
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 103-108 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On présente les résultats d'études menées sur le développment de cubes à base de sol argileux et de ciment de type Portland. Deux échantillons de sol argileux provenaient des gisements d'Alausa et d'Oregun dans l'état de Lagos. La méthode consiste à mélanger ciment et sol argileux dans des proportions qui vont de 5∶1 à 1∶15 avec de l'eau et du ciment. On a observé que, pour un mélange donné, une proportion optimale eau-ciment existe pour laquelle la puissance de compression atteint une valeur maximale. On a trouvé que la proportion (X) eau-ciment s'accroît avec la diminution de la proportion (Y 1) ciment/sol argileux d'une façon linéaire, comme nous l'avons montré dans l'équation suivante: (a) sol argileux d'Oregun:Y −1=−1,49+6,17X; (b) sol argileux d'Alausa:Y −1=−0,63+4,48X. On s'est aperçu que la proportion optimale de la puissance de broyage des cubes (Y 2) pour divers mélanges ciment-sol argileux dans un gisement décroît avec l'augmentation de la proportion eau-ciment (X) et dans la relation de puissance suivante: (a) sol argileux d'Oregun:Y 2=16 329,29X −0,447; (b) sol argileux d'Alausa:Y 2=6307,42X −0,580 Les résultats montrent que la puissance de broyage qui va de 3510 à 28,800 kPa tombe dans l'intervalle attendu pour le béton de type poids moyen en 28 jours. Il est important de noter que les mélanges ciment/sol argileux peuvent être employés pour des murs qui supporttent des poids et ceux qui n'en supportent pas, ou pour des maisons à un étage ou deux.
    Notes: Abstract Two clay deposits from Lagos in Nigeria were used to develop cement-stabilized blocks. Crushing strengths were determined at the optimum water/cement ratios for different cement/clay-soil mixes which ranged from 5∶1 to 1∶15. The optimal cube crushing strength (Y 2) decreased with increasing water/cement ratio (X) in a power relation as follows: Oregun Soil:Y 2=16,329.29X −0.147. Alausa Soil:Y 2=6,307.42X −0.580. Over 80% of the cube strength was developed by the fourteenth day (100% at 28 days). A comparison of the results with those of the British Statutory Minimum Compressive strength in bricks for various walls showed that the cement/clay soil mixes may be used for both load and non-load bearing walls of one or two storey houses.
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  • 6
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 115-122 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Mortar samples mixed with different types of cements (Portland Cements, Slag cements, high alumina-cement) (water/cement=0,45—S and/Cement=2.0) were immersed for 15 years in soft carbonic water (TH: 1–1.5 French grade —13–15 mg/l of free CO2) from a spring in the Vosges mountains. This report deals with the mechanisms of the action of soft carbonic water on cement from the point of view of microstructure of the material (electronic microprobe, electronic scanning microscope, X-ray diffraction). Depths of alteration and different transformations on hydrates were given for each cement. High alumina cement has the best resistance to carbonic water after 15 years of exposure.
    Notes: Résumé Des mortiers préparés avec différents types de ciments (ciments Portland, ciments au laitier et ciment alumineux) ont séjourné pendant 15 années dans l'eau douce agressive d'une source issue du massif vosgien (TH=1 à 1,5° français et 13 à 15 mg/l de CO2 agressif). Les observations microstructurales de ces échantillons et des témoins correspondants ayant séjourné en eau dure non agressive sont rassemblées. Leur analyse et leur interprétation permettent: - de caractériser pour chaque mortier, l'altération résultant de l'action des eaux douces agressives; - de mesurer la profondeur de l'attaque; - de déterminer un classement des ciments par ordre de résistance aux eaux douces agressives; le ciment alumineux se classe en tête.
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  • 7
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 145-146 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 8
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 147-155 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This mapping of RILEM work traces the situation at a given time—the occasion of the 38th meeting of RILEM General Council held in Tsukuba (Japan) in October 1984. In fact our technical committees work as task groups, set up for a limited duration, most often 3 or 4 years, so the situation described is a transient state, already modified since the Tsukuba meeting. Some committees have already accomplished their task, others have been set up (cf. page 145). But the overall perspective remains correct.
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  • 9
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 158-158 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 10
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 181-184 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les caractéristiques d'adhérence des aciers de renforcement sont déterminées grâce à l'essai bien connu par traction et/ou l'essai par flexion recommandés par la RILEM, le CEB et la FIP. On propose ici quelques modifications dans la disposition et l'évaluation des résultats de ces essais afin d'obtenir des relations adhérence/glissement localisées plus courtes.
    Notes: Abstract The bond characteristics of the reinforcing steels are determined with the well known Pullout Test and/or Beam Test recommended by RILEM/CEB/FIP. Some modification in the layout and in the evaluation of results of these tests are proposed in order to get more real local bond-slip relationships.
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  • 11
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 161-170 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The experimental moiré Method due to Ligtenberg has only scarcely been used, until now, for the study of moment distribution in large flat structures. It seems that the little success encountered by this method, very powerful in theory, results from the tedious and repetitive manual operations implied in the interpretation of the moiré photographs. Therefore, the author has tried to develop some automatization of these operations. With this object, it has been shown that the variations in the intensity of the light reflected from the clear and the dark parts of print of a filtrate moiré photograph reveal a suitable objective criterion for the detection of moiré fringes. On that principle, an apparatus, built around a microprocessor, has been developed to perform, following a given section, the automatic detection of the centers of the moiré fringes, with about 0.15 mm accuracy. The apparatus stored these data and used them, thereafter, to compute the first derivatives of the experimental curves numerically (curvatures or angle of twist) by means of linear regression using a third order polynomial in the current coordinate. In order to demonstrate the validity of the technique and to determine the accuracy of results obtained, the author has performed the experimental study of a problem whose theoretical solution is available. This study, whose full results can be obtained from the author, has been conclusive and has shown that the mean relative error on the curvatures (δ2w/δx2 and δ2w/δy2), the bending moments (Mx and My), the torsion angle (δ2w/δxδy) and the bending moment (Mxy) are respectively about 5, 4, and 7%. On the contrary, the relative errors on the third derivatives (δ2w/δx3 and δ3w/δy3) are unacceptable and therefore, the shear forces cannot be determined with accuracy. To conclude, the apparatus and the experimental approach for interpretation of moiré photographs described in this paper are intended to liberate the experimenter from the most tedious parts of the Moiré method of Ligtenberg. They are hoped to favour the use of this powerful method for the study of very large flat structures.
    Notes: Résumé La méthode expérimentale du moiré par réflexion Ligtenberg a été peu utilisée jusqu'à présent pour des études complètes du champ des moments élastiques dans des structures de grandes dimensions. Ceci est dû essentiellement à la lourdeur expérimentale des techniques traditionnelles d'interprétation des clichés moirés. Cependant, cette méthode peut s'avérer être un complément utile et parfois nécessaire des méthodes numériques actuelles. C'est pourquoi, nous avons développé, dans une première étape, un appareillage, architecturé autour d'un microprocesseur, permettant l'interprétation semi-automatique des clichés. Dans une seconde étape, nous avons montré la validité de la technique expérimentale proposée et nous en avons analysé la précision. Il s'avère ainsi qu'on peut attendre une erreur moyenne inférieure à 5% sur les moments de flexion et de l'ordre de 7% sur le moment de torsion.
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  • 12
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 185-191 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Non linear methods for computing deflections of reinforced concrete linear structures in cracked stage are now spreading rapidly. In some latest reinforced concrete codes and manuals, the basic assumption regarding such calculations lies in the relationship between the mean steel (or concrete) strain and the steel strain in a fully cracked section. The authors have established a state-of-the-art for such relationships. All proposed formulas can practically be written in the following form: $$\varepsilon _m = \varepsilon _s - \vartriangle \varepsilon ,$$ where εm stands for the mean steel and concrete strain, εs the steel strain in a cracked section and where Δθ represents the tension stiffening effect of concrete lying between the cracks. Various propositions have been made for the relationship between Δθ and the steel stress (e.g. constant, linear, hyperbolic,…); other important factors too are the strength of concrete in tension and the reinforcement ratio. Considering that little experimental evidence supports the various propositions, an experimental program on thirteen reinforced concrete prisms (ties) subjected to uniaxial tension was carried out. The influence of the reinforcement ratio is especially studied. Careful assessment of the validity of previous formulas is made. A new bilinear relationship between the tension stiffening effect and the steel stress is proposed for analytical calculations.
    Notes: Résumé Les méthodes analytiques modrenes de calcul des flèches des structures en béton armé, ainsi que les modélisations par éléments finis du comportement non linéaire du béton armé considèrent la contribution du béton tendu en phase fissurée à la rigidité d'ensemble de la structure. La plupart des théories proposées à ce jour dans ces domaines font appel à la relation liant la déformation moyenne d'une armature enrobée de béton fissuré et la déformation que prendrait cette même armature au droit d'une fissure. Les auteurs, constatant que très peu de données expérimentales supportent les différents modèles relevés dans la littérature, ont expérimenté des tirants en béton armé avec, comme paramètre de l'étude, le pourcentage géométrique d'armature. La déformation moyenne des tirants, mesurée sur de grandes bases, est comparée à différents modèles rencontrés dans la littérature. Un nouveau modèle, à la fois simple et adapté à des calculs analytiques non itératifs, est proposé.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The movements of pore water in a rendering mortar, linked on one hand to evaporation, and on the other to capillary absorption throughout the substrate, influence the binder hydration process and the development of the mechanical characteristics of mortar. The values of the mean radius of the mortar capillaries is the essential factor determining the rate of evaporation and consequently its duration. Capillary absorption through the substrate continues as long as there are, in the substrate, non-saturated capillaries of smaller radius than those in the mortar. Moreover, the size of mortar capillaries is a decreasing function of time following hydration development. In the light of these mechanisms, the authors show how the variations in certain parameters characterizing mortar mix design and placing, influence the type of moisture movements and consequently the development of the characteristics of the mortar.
    Notes: Abstract Les mouvements de l'eau interstitielle d'un mortier d'enduit liés à l'évaporation d'une part et à l'absorption capillaire par le support d'autre part affectent le processus d'hydratation du liant et l'évolution des caractéristiques mécaniques du mortier. La valeur du rayon moyen des capillaires du mortier est le facteur essentiel qui détermine la vitesse d'évaporation et par conséquent sa durée. L'absorption capillaire par le support se poursuit tant qu'il existe au sein de celui-ci des capillaires non saturés de rayons inférieurs à ceux du mortier; en outre, la taille des capillaires du mortier est une fonction décroissante du temps par suite de la progression de l'hydratation. A la lueur de ces mécanismes, nous montrons dans ce rapport comment les variations de certains paramètres caractérisant la composition du mortier et sa mise en œuvre influent sur la nature des mouvements d'eau et par conséquent sur l'évolution des caractéristiques du mortier.
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  • 14
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 349-352 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La recherche appliquée ayant pour but une meilleure connaissance du comportement structurel, à long terme, des ouvrages en béton prend une importance de plus en plus grande car on a constaté qu'un nombre croissant de structures en béton, de construction assez récente, présentent des problèmes pathologiques affectant leur sécurité, leur aptitude au service et leur durabilité. En effet, dans le cas des ponts en béton, tout porte à croire que le temps de vie espéré pour ces ouvrages sera bien plus court que prévu. En partant d'une analyse pessimiste on pourrait même admettre un certain recul technologique car, tandis qu'en Europe il y a encore des ponts romains en maçonnerie vieux de 2 000 ans et que les ponts en acier, malgré les phénomènes de corrosion et de fatigue, sont en train de dépasser 100 ans d'existence, certains ponts en béton précontraint qui, après 10–15 ans de service, sont déjà assez détériorés et présentent parfois même de graves problèmes pathologiques survenus avant l'expiration des délais légaux de garantie. On a considéré que bien des graves problèmes pathologiques observés dans des ouvrages relativement jeunes en béton précontraint sont dus non seulement à une connaissance incomplète de leur comportement réel à moyenne et longue échéance mais aussi aux nouvelles techniques de construction des ponts. Ces techniques cherchent à imposer un temps minimum d'exécution de l'ouvrage, en ayant recours à des programmes et moyens d'action qui peuvent compromettre le comportement à courte échéance de la structure. L'objectif primordial des activités futures dans le domaine des structures en béton armé et précontraint devra donc être non seulement une meilleure connaissance des caractéristiques mécaniques, rhéologiques et physicochimiques réelles des bétons utilisés, mais aussi la connaissance du comportement structurel, à long terme, des ouvrages.
    Notes: Abstract The importance and interest of applied research for improving knowledge on the long-term structural behaviour of concrete structures is increasingly being recognized as a growing number of relatively recent concrete structures have been found to present pathologic problems that endanger their safety, serviceability and durability.
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  • 15
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 345-348 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On présente une méthode de détermination des facteurs de correction d'humidité dans un mur afin d'évaluer la résistance thermique en air sec d'un mur de blocs creux à partir de la résistance mesurée après étuvage. Les calculs ont été faits sur cinq types de murs (avec de résistances aprés étuvage allant de 0,3 à 1,9 m2K. W.), cinq types de bétons (avec des conductivités thermiques après étuvage allant de 1,42 à 0,24 W/m/K) et deux types de mortier (de chaux/ciment/ sable, et mortier de polymère). Les conclusions comprennent des recommandations pour des valeurs de calcul des facteurs de corretion d'humidité de 1,06 dans le cas de blocs creux de béton à granulats ordinaires et de 1,18 dans le cas de blocs de béton à granulats légers.
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a method of deriving the wall moisture correction factor, for evaluating the air-dry resistance to heat flow of hollow block walls from the measured oven-dry resistance. Calculations have been performed for five types of block walls (with oven-dry resistances in the range of 0.3 to 1.0 m2 K/W), five concretes (with oven-dry thermal conductivity in the range of 1.42 to 0.24 W/m/K) and two types of mortar (lime-cementsand mortar and polymer mortar). Conclusions include recommendations for design values of constant wall moisture correction factors of 1.06 for regular aggregate hollow concrete blocks, and of 1.18 for lighweight aggregate concrete blocks.
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 337-343 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les isothermes de sorption-desorption d'eau d'un matériau de revêtement mince en polyester renforcé à la fibre de verre (PRV), soumis et non soumis au vieillissement naturel, ont été déterminées pour des périodes allant jusqu' à 6 1/2 ans et pour toute la gamme des tensions de vapeur relatives. Le matériau de revêtement grandement dégradé de la feuille de polyester renforcé à la fibre de verre soumise au vieillissement naturel présente une caractéristique d'absorption d'eau plus grande que celle de l'ensemble du matériau exposé aux intempéries pour la même période, probablement en raison d'une concentration accrue des groupes polaries hydrophiles que produit la dégradation par les intempéries. On a constaté que la teneur en eau absorbée d'équilibre du matériau de revêtement soumis au vieillissement naturel est plus élevée que celle de la feuille exposée aux intempéries pendant la même période, par un facteur allant jusqu' à 2. En outre, la teneur en eau absorbée d'équilibre du matériau dégradé augmente beaucoup plus rapidement avec la durée du vieillissement que celle de la feuille de polyester renforcé à la fibre de verre. Les isothermes de la feuille de polyester renforcé à la fibre de verre indiquent que la teneur en eau absorbée d'équilibre est toujours plus grande dans les échantillons ayant été soumis au vieillissement naturel que dans la feuille n'ayant pas subi de vieillissement et qu'elle s'accroît avec la durée du vieillissement pour des périodes d'exposition aux intempéries allant jusqu' à 7 1/2 ans. Dans la gamme de tensions de vapeur relatives se situant entre 0,60 et 0,90 (humidité reltive de 60 à 90%), la teneur en eau absorbée de la feuille de PRV ayant subi un vieillissement naturel de trois ans est environ 16 à 43% supérieure à celle de la feuille témoin (qui n'a pas subi de vieillissement), et de 37 à 60% pour une période de vieillissement de 7 1/2 ans. Les taux de sorption et de désorption d'eau de la feuille de PRV évalués par le coefficient de diffusion moyen combiné [1/2 (D sDd)], augmentent de façon marquée avec la durée de l'exposition aux intempéries. Les coefficients de diffusion myyens combinés, à une tension de vapeur relative de 0,975 pour les feuilles de PRV ayant subi un vieillissement naturel de trois ans, sont de 50% plus élevés que ceux de la feuille témoin, et de 90% plus élevé pour un vieillissement de 7 1/2 ans. L'absorption de plus grandes quantités d'eau, combinée à des taux de sorption et de désorption plus rapides, a pour effet d'amplifier les variations dimensionnelles alternantes (gonflement et retrait), à des taux accrus. Les contraintes alternantes qui en résultent, combinées avec celles induites thermiquement, produiront dans les matériaux composites de PRV une plus grande fatigue mécanique imposées par l'environnement.
    Notes: Abstract Water sorption-desorption isotherms of glass-reinforced polyester (GRP) surface material, unweathered and weathered for periods of up to 6 1/2 years, have been determined over the entire relative vapour pressure range. The equilibrium sorbed water content of the weathered surface material is higher than that of the sheet exposed outdoors for the same length of time, by a factor of up to two. Also, the equilibrium sorbed water content of the degraded surface material increases with weathering time much faster than that of the GRP sheet. Isotherms of GRP sheet indicate that the equilibrium content of sorbed water is consistently higher in weathered samples than in unweathered sheet and is an increasing function of weathering time for periods of outdoor exposure of up to 7 1/2 years. The rates of water sorption and desorption of weathered GRP sheet, as assessed by the combined mean coefficient of diffusion $$\left[ {{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 {2\left( {\bar D_s + \bar D_d } \right)}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {2\left( {\bar D_s + \bar D_d } \right)}}} \right]$$ increase markedly with weathering time.
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 353-361 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The exact determination of the state of stress and deformation in composite cross sections of reinforced-prestressed concrete still remains a difficult and complex problem. An extensive research programme has been carried out with the aim of checking the validity of the principles used to study the deferred deformability of reinforced-prestressed composite concrete beams. This article presents the results and an analysis of the deferred deformability of composite beams. The experimental research was based on the theoretical approach by Dischinger-Whitney to the evaluation of the behaviour of a beam of composite cross-section made of prestressed and plain concrete. The author also presents a certain number of comments and conclusions concerning the principles of time-dependent variation and dependence of rheological phenomena in composite concrete. Special mention is made of conclusions on the principle of independence of concrete shrinkage and stress, also the principle of similarity between the functions of concrete shrinkage and creep and the hypothesis of linear dependence between concrete stresses and strains. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A00G7005 00004
    Notes: Résumé La détermination exacte de l'état de contrainte et de déformation dans les sections composées en béton armé-précontraint reste toujours un problème difficile et complexe. Dans le but de vérifier la validité des principes utilisés, on a exécuté un important programme de recherches sur la déformabilité différée des poutres composées en béton armé-précontraint. Dans cet article on présente les résultats et une analyse du processus de déformabilité différée des poutres composées. C'est la conception théorique de Dischinger-Whitney d'évaluation du comportement d'une poutre de section composée en béton non armé-précontraint qui a inspiré cette recherche expérimentale. De plus, on présente dans cet article un certain nombre de remarques et de conclusions relatives aux principes concernant la variation et la dépendance au cours du temps des phénomènes rhéologiques dans les bétons composés. On présente notamment des conclusions sur le principe de l'indépendance du retrait du béton et de la contrainte d'une part, et d'autre part, le principe d'homothétie entre les fonctions de retrait et de fluage du béton, l'hypothèse de la dépendance linéaire entre les déformations du béton et les contraintes.
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 393-398 
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 401-402 
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 297-307 
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    Notes: Abstract A comparative study on a limited number of existing abrasion tests for concrete has been done, with the intention that it should serve as a basis for the preparation of a recommendation for a standard test or tests. A summary and classification of the tests is presented, together with a critical evaluation. In view of the number of different tests currently being used in various countries, it is clear that no single test has yet been devised that adequately measures the wear resistance of concrete under all conditions. Since concrete is subjected to different kinds of wear, it seems likely that a number of tests, each suited to a particular mode of abrasion, will be required. Further experimental evidence on the correlation of test data with practical performance is required before firm recommendations can be made.
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 322-322 
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 321-321 
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 291-296 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La Commission Technique 50-FMC de la RILEM, Mécanique de la rupture du béton a proposé, en vue d’une recommandation, une méthode de mesure de l’énergie de rupture GF. Les bases de cette méthode sont exposées dans le présent rapport. La rupture du béton par traction peut être décrite par deux courbes (fig. 2). La première décrit la relation contrainte/déformation relative à l’ensemble du matériau et la seconde représente la relation contrainte/déformation dans la seule zone endommagée, durant le processus de rupture. L’aire de la surface délimitée par la seconde courbe est représentative de l’énergie de rupture appelée GF. Au moyen de courbes approximatives simplifiées, données à la figure 3, on a analysé la résistance de certaines structures dont la rupture survient par traction (fig. 4 à 6). II a été démontré que la sensibilité de la résistance par rapport aux variations des propriétés du matériau peut être déduite de ces courbes. Pour des échantillons de béton de qualités et de dimensions usuelles, la sensibilité par rapport aux variations de GF peut être à peu près du même ordre de grandeur que celle relative aux variations de la résistance à la traction ft. On peut donc conclure que GF est une propriété importante du matériau qu’il conviendrait de prendre en compte dans certains types de sollicitations de structures comme par exemple la résistance au cisaillement dans les dalles. C’est la raison pour laquelle il est nécessaire de disposer d’une méthode standard pour sa détermination. La méthode d’essai proposée par la Commission Technique RILEM 50-FMC est un essai par flexion sur une poutre entaillée où l’énergie absorbée durant l’essai est mesurée. Le choix des dimensions du spécimen et l’évaluation des résultats de l’expérience sont également discutés.
    Notes: Abstract RILEM Technical Committee 50-Fracture Mechanics of Concrete, has put forward a proposal for a recommendation for the determination of the fracture energy GF of mortar and concrete. The significance of GF in the strength of concrete structures is discussed and it is demonstrated that GF in some cases, for example for shear failure of beams and slabs without shear reinforcement, is a material property which may be as important as normal strength properties. For the measurements of energy absorption a three-point bend test on a notched beam has been proposed. The choice of test specimen and of evaluation method is discussed.
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 322-322 
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 323-323 
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 323-323 
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 323-323 
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 325-325 
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 326-326 
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 327-335 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary First of all it is outlined that the different mechanisms underlying the observed behaviour of concrete are so complex and interrelated that it is impossible to study them by means of experimental technics exclusively. Numerical simulation methods have proved to be a powerful tool and an excellent supplement to experimental and theoretical studies. A realistically simulated model for the composite structure of concrete is called “numerical concrete”. It is shown that the geometry of natural rounded aggregates can be described by a morphological law. It is shown that effective properties of the composite material such as effective modulus of elasticity, effective shrinkage and effective diffusion coefficient can be realistically predicted by means of the numerical concrete. Another example for the application of the numerical model is the study of the specific properties of the outer layers (skin) of concrete. Finally, it is shown that thermal stresses in the composite structure caused by temperature changes can cause serious cracking in concrete.
    Notes: Résumé Tout d'abord, nous avons exposé le fait que les différents mécanismes qui sont à l'origine du comportement du béton sont si complexes et si dépendants les uns des autres qu'il est impossible de les étudier exclusivement par voie expérimentale. Les méthodes numériques de simulation ont prouvé qu'elles sont un outil puissant et constituent de ce fait un moyen supplémentaire aux études expérimentales et théoriques. Un modèle de simulation réaliste de la structure composite du béton est nommé «béton numérique». On a montré que la géométrie des granulats naturels roulés peut être décrite par une loi morphologique. On a montré que les propriétés effectives d'un matériau composite, tels le module d'élasticité effectif, le retrait effectif, le coefficient de diffusion effectif, peuvent être prédits avec précision par le béton numérique. Un autre exemple d'application de béton numérique est l'étude des propriétés spécifiques des couches superficielles (peau) du béton. Finalement, on a montré que les contraintes thermiques dans un matériau composite, dues aux changements de température, peuvent créer un endommagement sérieux (fissuration) dans le béton.
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 390-390 
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 391-392 
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 392-393 
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 400-400 
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 419-419 
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 418-418 
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 417-417 
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 419-419 
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    The annals of regional science 19 (1985), S. 37-49 
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    Notes: Abstract During the mid and late 1970s housing price inflation made the purchase of a home problematic for large numbers of Americans. This paper uses Annual Housing Survey (AHS) data from five successive years, 1974 to 1978, to analyze the extent of the affordability crisis. It outlines the changes in the size and characteristics of the stream of movers from rented to owner occupied housing which would accompany an affordability crisis and examines AHS data for evidence of these changes. The results suggest that the exclusionary effects of housing price inflation were confined to the southern and western regions of the United States. The causes for these regional differentials and their implications for housing policy are briefly explored.
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    The annals of regional science 19 (1985), S. 18-36 
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    Notes: Abstract The study analyzes linkages between the policy recommendation resulting from a multiregional-multicommodity national transportation development model and its implementation programs that the government of Korea has adopted and revised for its Fifth Five Year Development Plans in the transportation sector, examining differences between model results and implementation programs in light of political and socio-economic factors involved during the 1980–1983 period. The paper also attempts to shed light on issues in building multiregional-multicommodity models in particular reference to developing countries.
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    Notes: Abstract This paper employs a simultaneous-equations model to examine the regional labor market adjustment process for a sample of United States counties over the 1960–1970 period. The interaction between employment change and migration is well known, but that between employment change and labor force participation has been largely neglected. Labor force participation response, especially among women, is shown to be an important endogenous element in the labor market adjustment process. Important asymmetries are also evident between growing and declining regions, and these asymmetries suggest that the well-established link between employment and migration may have more force in growing than in declining areas.
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    The annals of regional science 19 (1985), S. 50-60 
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    Notes: Abstract Whenever a consumer can acquire a good or service more conveniently by paying a per-unit premium, the number of units purchased in a particular transaction becomes important. Furthermore, the potential “convenience” associated with the consumption process is often independent of the number of units of the good being purchased. This implies that the “price of convenience” (POC) can be defined as the increment to total cost incurred by the decision to purchase at the premium price. The POC will influence a consumer's decision to participate in either the high-priced or the low-priced market. While the notion of a price of convenience is quite general, this paper focuses on an area where it may be particularly relevant. When political boundaries are present and create a differential in the real price of some good on each side of a border, the price of convenience will be an important determinant of the demand for commodities (near the border) in both jurisdictions. The POC model is examined here as an extension to a special case of the notion of “market locational accessibility,” where accessibility enters discretely, rather than as a continuous variable. Simple logit models are argued to be appropriate for empirical applications when only a binary side-of-border decision is being modeled. If this decision is embedded in a hierarchy of convenience choices, multinomial logit techniques are suggested.
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    The annals of regional science 19 (1985), S. 77-86 
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    Notes: Abstract An expense-preference model is the basis for the representation of professional management's interests and the consequent location of the firm's plant. In a linear space the model does not exclude intermedite locations, as is the case in profit-maximization models. On the basis of comparative statics analysis it is demonstrated that increasing the manager's share in the company profits induces him to choose locations closer to profit-maximizing locations. The plant's scale influences location and the plant's location influences factor proportions.
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    The annals of regional science 19 (1985), S. 61-76 
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    Notes: Abstract The objective of this paper is to determine the optimum allocation and pricing pattern of Southern Pine lumber as well as to evaluate the current and future demand-supply situation. With regard to the latter, spatial equilibrium of the Southern Pine lumber market is analyzed, and a comparative statics approach involving two equilibrium points is employed. The year 1981 is chosen as the initial point in time. The future date of 1984 is selected to be used for comparative statics analysis. A spatial solution—the optimal allocation and pricing pattern—will be obtained by using the Takayama-Judge and the Liew-Shim quadratic spatial equilibrium models. In estimating regional demand and supply functions, which are critical for the analysis, the two-stage least-squares estimation method will be used, based on apooled sample of cross section and time series for the period 1971–1981. As a result of comparing the optimum 1984 solution with the 1981 solution, it is expected that some of the areas under study can experience a tight supply of Southern Pine lumber, and consequently, lumber production-consumption balances will result in deficit production.
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    The annals of regional science 19 (1985), S. 153-157 
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    The annals of regional science 19 (1985), S. 1-9 
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    Notes: Abstract A useful distinction is usually made between pecuniary and physical, or technological, externalities. However, in practice and contrary to common prescriptions, pecuniary impacts are often exaggerated and given more than their due, while real social costs of technological effects are systematically discounted. One reason for the difference in the treatment of the two types of externalities is the asymmetry of interests and incentives of contending parties. Small groups representing specific interests are often able to impose costs on larger groups, where the costs are diffused among greater numbers. A second factor that seems to contribute to the departure from the intended treatment of welfare gains and losses is the disregard for the possibility that basing assessments on willingness to pay measures, instead of on the more appropriate compensation demanded measures, will seriously understate losses. Ignoring consistent evidence that indicates a large disparity between these measures may result in a serious bias in allocations.
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    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the structure and empirical estimation of the County Employment Forecasting System (CEFS), a system used to forecast employment for 32 sectors for each one of the nine counties of the San Francisco Bay Region. CEFS differs in several aspects from the majority of models which attempt to simulate employment change at the subregional level; it explicitly considers the relationships between sectors, it accounts for the interactions between counties, and can provide a set of county forecasts which are consistent with the overall regional projections.
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    The annals of regional science 19 (1985), S. 10-16 
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    Notes: Abstract Inspired by Samuel Stouffer's work on alternative opportunities in the gravity model of migration, Levy and Wadycki developed a specification for incorporating this concept in an economic model of migration. Subsequent testing has confirmed the statistical relevance of the alternative opportunity concept across a number of countries and time periods. The present paper refines the definition of alternative opportunities so that the best alternative variables all come from the same location. In the original formulation, the best alternative variable is the optimum value within a circle determined by the origin and destination points. That formulation permits different locations to provide the best alternatives for the economic variables in the model. The single-place approach of the present paper is more consistent with the migrant's utility calculus which determines a single best alternative location. Using United States data for two time periods, we find that the empirical results support this new formulation.
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    The annals of regional science 19 (1985), S. 29-46 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper argues that the several models of neighbourhood change developed in the United States are generally not applicable to Canadian cities due to differences in urban form, socioeconomic characteristics, and a host of institutional factors. A simple model is presented which extends the arbitrage model of neighbourhood dynamics. Several hypotheses are advanced and then tested on a data base covering three Vancouver, B.C. neighbourhoods from 1955 to 1981 by estimating several hedonic price equations. The hypotheses receive partial support. Implications for policymakers are then discussed.
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    The annals of regional science 19 (1985), S. 61-76 
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    Notes: Abstract Although Input-Output models provide a method to measure the output, income, and employment impacts of an industry sector on its regional economy, the extensive data requirements make the construction of an accurate survey based input-output model extremely expensive. Using the “random matrix approach,” this paper derives and empirically tests shortcut formulas for output, income, and employment impacts that closely approximate the actual effects.
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    The annals of regional science 19 (1985), S. 93-94 
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    The annals of regional science 19 (1985), S. 77-92 
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    Notes: Abstract The last decade has been characterized by a growing concern over the conversion of important farmlands and unique natural environments to developed uses. Preservation of agricultural, recreation, and/or open space uses of land around expanding urban areas faces unique problems. This paper examines the impact of spatial considerations on preservation policy. In particular, the allocative significance of contagion externalities is explored for both short-run and long-run policy formation, and empirical evidence for two U.S. cities is presented. It is concluded that failure to account for the external effects generated from urban development will lead to inefficient preservation strategies based on fiscal incentives and misspecified preservation goals.
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    The annals of regional science 19 (1985), S. 47-60 
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    Notes: Abstract A model of the North American pulp and paper industry developed previously by the authors was used to simulate the trade of wood pulp between various regions of Canada and the United States, to the year 2000, under three different scenarios. The base simulation assumed no change in trade policies or cost competitiveness between regions, concentrating on the effects of changes in population and income. Under these assumptions, it was found that Canadian exports to the United States would remain approximately constant until 1990, but then double by the year 2000, reaching 5 million tons per year. Meanwhile, exports to the rest of the world would decline by 40 percent, to 2.5 million tons. Total Canadian exports would increase by some 15 percent over the next 20 years. In the second set of simulations, an ad valorem tariff on Canadian pulp was assumed. This led to a sharp reduction in U.S. imports. However, this decrease of Canadian exports to the United States would be compensated to a large extent by increased Canadian exports to Western Europe. The third simulation assumed a sustained rise in manufacturing costs for the entire pulp and paper sector in Canada. This resulted, unexpectedly, to a rise in exports of pulp to the United States. The reason was a rise in paper and newsprint production in the United States that made it advantageous for U.,S. producers to import more Canadian chemical pulp.
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    The annals of regional science 19 (1985), S. 95-99 
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    The annals of regional science 19 (1985), S. 16-33 
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    Notes: Abstract Translog cost models are used to represent production technologies for the Pacific Northwest lumber and plywood industries. Expressions for cost elasticities are obtained along with measures for derived demand, factor substitution, and biased technological change. Emphasis is placed on the behavior of costs over output, the derived demand and substitutability of inputs due to changes in factor prices and technology, and the resulting effects on product prices. Estimation results over the 1950–79 sample period suggest the presence of output economies in specific industries, a potential impact of reduced factor prices, and the lack of a consistent trend in technological change across products and regional industries.
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    The annals of regional science 19 (1985), S. 1-15 
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    Notes: Abstract The family of classical interregional input-output models associated with authors such as Isard, Chenery, Moses, Leontief, Strout, Riefler and Tiebout may be classified and compared in terms of the assumed structure of their corresponding matrix of interregional trade share coefficients. In this way, a general hierarchy of interregional trade theories may be specified in terms of the quantity and nature of the trade data so assumed or collected. Each theoretical model reduces to a statistical estimation problem based on varying degrees of available trade information, and may therefore be handled conveniently using methods of statistical inference such as the principle of minimum information gain. By simply specifying any theoretical trade hypothesis in the form of a priori restrictions or linear constraints on the trade share estimates, this methodological principle can fruitfully be used to quantify and compare all the classical interregional models as well as other semisurvey approaches.
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    The annals of regional science 19 (1985), S. 34-39 
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    Notes: Abstract The analysis of non-neutral technical change has emphasized the element of factor intensity while ignoring the impact of changes in the elasticity of factor substitution on interregional wage differentials. This paper provides a formalized treatment of changes in the elasticity of factor substitution on interregional wage-rate differentials in the case where labour mobility is present. The paper demonstrates that changes in this element of non-neutral technical change (unlike changes in the factor intensity element) will have differing impacts on regional wage-rates depending on the existing labour-capital ratio in the region. The paper concludes by relating changes in factor intensity to the elasticity of factor substitution to demonstrate the interaction of both elements on non-neutral technical change on regional wage rates.
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    The annals of regional science 19 (1985), S. 167-173 
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    The annals of regional science 19 (1985), S. 40-53 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper is a comparison of two contrasting methods for projecting population at the regional and state levels. A projection of the U.S. Bureau of the Census employs standard demographic methods, while the population projection by Data Resources, Inc., is based on economic opportunity. The methodological differences between these two projections are discussed, and the projections for the year 2000 are compared. While both projections use the same national control total for population in the year 2000, some of the regional and state projections are very different. The U.S. Bureau of the Census projects population decline in the Northeast and rapid growth in the West while Data Resources, Inc., projects some population growth in the Northeast and less rapid growth in the West.
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    The annals of regional science 19 (1985), S. 54-108 
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    Notes: Abstract This article is a contribution to the study of urban and manufacturing evolution that develops and applies the author's concept of the urban-manufacturing life cycle. This concept relates internal characteristics and external impacts of the urban manufacturing base to the process of urban growth by considering the most significant variables and their changes over time. Emphasis is also placed on process-oriented evolution and general relevance rather than outcomes. An application to the general study of border cities with distinct levels of development follows a review of the urban and regional growth literature, as an initial contribution to the development of an evolutionary theory of borders. Empirical analyses with longitudinal data for five major United States and Mexican border urban clusters then evaluate the general assumptions of the concept. Growth trends in urban population, sectoral employment shares, urban industrial structure, employment, and number of manufacturing plants are examined in each of the cities and urban clusters considered. The study concludes that the empirical analyses generally verify the assumptions of the urban-manufacturing life cycle.
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 21-30 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On examine la mise au point d'essais accélérés et de modèles mathématiques pour prédire la durabilité du béton. On définit la durabilité, la durée de service et les facteurs de détérioration, et on met en comparaison les méthodes d'essais accélérés et les méthodes conventionnelles. On passe en revue les facteurs et les mécanismes de détérioration du béton et les efforts entrepris pour mesurer ces phénomènes. On examine des modèles déterministes et stochastiques. On présente des procédés de mise au point d'essais accélérés et on les applique à un exemple hypothétique de détérioration au gel/dégel. On envisage les avantages et les inconvénients de l'essai accéléré et des modèles mathématiques par rapport aux mécanismes de détérioration affectant le béton. Les exemples d'études sur modèles et de prévision de la durée de service comprenment la prévision de la résistance et de la maturité du béton, de l'attaque du ciment par les acides, par les sulfates, et de l'effet de l'écaillage et de la corrosion sur la capacité portante du béton.
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses development of accelerated tests and mathematical models for predicting the durability of concrete. Durability, service life, and degradation factors are defined and accelerated test methods are contrasted to conventional comparative methods. Factors and mechanisms of concrete degradation are reviewed, as are efforts to quantify these phenomena. Deterministic and stochastic models are discussed. Procedures for developing accelerated tests are presented and applied to a hypothetical example involving freeze-thaw damage. Advantages and disadvantages of accelerated testing and mathematical modeling are discussed in terms of the degradation mechanisms affecting concrete. Examples given of the modeling approach and service life prediction include the prediction of the strength and maturity of concrete, acid attack on cement, sulphate attack, and the effect of scaling and corrosion on load-bearing capacity of concrete.
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 227-227 
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 237-238 
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 241-241 
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 228-236 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La stabilité est une propriété fondamentale des émulsions de bitume utilisé pour la construction routière. D'une manière générale, la stabilité doit être aussi grande que possible pendant le stockage et le transport. Par ailleurs, le bitume doit être déposé sur le granulat dès le répandage sur la route. Ces deux aspects sont contradictoires et un compromis doit alors être obtenu dans la formulation d'une émulsion. Pour parvenir à ce résultat, il est nécessaire d'avoir des essais de laboratoire convenables pour étudier la stabilité de l'émulsion. On passe en revue des méthodes permettant de caractériser la stabilité des émulsions de bitume pendant le transport, le stockage et la manipulation, ainsi que des méthodes de mesure de la rupture et de la prise dans différentes applications. Une description générale de chaque méthode d'essai est présentée. Les notions de “rupture” et de “prise” sont définies, et les facteurs qui doivent influer sur la stabilité d'une émulsion sont décrits. En conclusion, un jugement sur la valeur de certaines méthodes d'essai et sur l'orientation des travaux à entreprendre dans ce domaine est exprimé.
    Notes: Abstract A compilation of methods for characterizing the stability of bitumen emulsions is presented. The compilation covers both methods for measuring stability during transport, storage and handling of an emulsion, in addition to methods for measuring breaking and hardening in various applications. A general description of each test method is given. The concepts of “breaking” and “curing” are defined. Factors which may affect the stability of an emulsion are described. General views on the value of certain test methods and the orientation of further development work considered necessary in this area are expressed.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In concrete the hydration of the paste at the interface with other materials (aggregates, bars) is modified by the physical presence of these materials and possibly by a chemical effect. A transition zone has been pointed out near nonporous materials by microscopic observations. This zone has a thickness of several microns and is caused by a local increase in the water-cement ratio during the mixing phase. The hydration process is modified by this action and results in the formation of large crystals with a high porosity. Sometimes the portlandite crystals are oriented with their cleavage planes along the faces of the aggregate. Due to these characteristics of this zone the development and the extension of the cracks are easier than in the bulk. In this paper the influence of the nature of the material associated with the portland cement paste is presented. Porous and non porous materials, reactive and non reactive aggregates, ordinary and galvanized bars are presented.
    Notes: Résumé Les propriétés de l’auréole de transition, zone interfaciale entre la pâte de ciment Portland et les matériaux associés, dépendent de nombreux paramètres parmi lesquels l’orientation des cristaux de portlandite. En effet une orientation préférentielle de cristaux voisins selon leur plan de clivage favorise la propagation des fissures dans l’auréole de transition. Nous présentons ici l’étude de l’influence de la nature du matériau associé au ciment Portland (granulat inerte ou réactif, matériau poreux, armature en acier ordinaire ou galvanisée) sur la croissance des cristaux de portlandite à leur voisinage.
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 41-47 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a étudié la corrosion de l'acier doux dans quelques pâtes de ciment Portland mélangé dans des proportions de poids différentes à de la poudre de silice (0–30%) avec une proportion constante d'eau, équivalente à 50% des poids combinés du ciment et de la poudre de silice. Dans certains cas, l'eau du mélange contenait du chlorure de sodium en quantités qui correspondaient à 0,4 ou 1% d'ions de chlorure, exprimés en pourcentages des poids combinés du ciment et de la poudre de silice. Dans une recherche précédente on avait déterminé les concentrations dissoutes de Na+, K+, Ca2+, OH−, Cl−, SO 4 2− dans les solutions interstitielles capillaires des échantillons. A la suite de ce travail on a constaté que la proportion [Cl−]/[OH−] s'accroissait en fonction de la proportion de silice présente dans les échantillons. Par conséquent on s'attendait à ce que la destruction de la couche d'oxyde passivant à la surface de l'acier devienne plus probable en fonction de la proportion de silice. Pour examiner cette hypothèse, on a évalué les tensions d'électrode de l'acier enrobé et les intensités de sa corrosion par une méthode électrochimique. Bien entendu, les résultats ont indiqué que le remplacement partiel du ciment Portland par de la poudre de silice causait l'affaiblissement de la passivation du métal pendant les quelques semaines suivant la préparation des échantillons. Cependant, pour tous les échantillons qui contenaient 0 ou 0,4% de Cl−, l'intensité de corrosion diminuait ensuite vers le niveau qui correspondait à la passivation de l'acier. On a évalué la signification de ces résultats.
    Notes: Abstract The corrosion behaviour of steel in hardened cement pastes containing various proportions of microsilica and sodium chloride has been studied by corrosion potential and linear polarisation measurements. Replacement of increasing proportions of Portland cement with microsilica in pastes of constant total chloride content and water content caused the ratio of free chloride ion concentration to hydroxyl ion concentration in the pore water to increase. This tended to destabilise the passivity of steel during the early stages of hydration but the effect became less significant as curing progressed. It is suggested that the growth of anodic pits may be restrained in microsilica cement pastes owing to the fine pore structure of the material which limits the mobility of chloride ions near the surface of embedded steel.
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 77-78 
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 81-81 
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 83-92 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In this work the authors propose a mathematical model of cracking resistance of concrete reinforced with metal fibres. This composite is moreover characterized by a coefficient of fibre efficiency of which a new definition is given. The results of four series of tests on beams carried out at LHCH are compared with those drawn from the cracking resistance formula. Basing their conclusions on the results of a large number of beam tests, the authors then present a model for ultimate load. The analytical approach for this is stated in the appendix. The data of these aspects of fibre-reinforced concrete are compared with those known for reinforced concrete. Finally, comments are given on the promising results of a solution with a material containing both continuous reinforcement and fibres.
    Notes: Résumé Dans ce travail, les quteurs proposent un modèle mathématique de la résistance à la fissuration du béton renforcé de fibres métalliques. Ce composite est, entre autres, caractérisé par un coefficient d'efficacité des fibres dont une nouvelle définition est présentée. Les résultats de quatre séries d'essais sur poutres réalisées au LHCH sont comparés à ceux déduits de la formule de la résistance à la fissuration. Se fondant sur les résultats d'un grand nombre d'essais sur poutres, les auteurs présentent ensuite un modèle de résistance à la rupture dont une approche analytique est exposée en annexe. Les données de ces considérations sur le béton renforcé sont comparées à celles connues sur le béton armé. Enfin, des résultats prometteurs d'une solution mixte, béton renforcé d'armatures continues et de fibres, sont commentés.
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 93-95 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On s'est souvent posé la question si la mécanique de la rupture linéaire élastique pouvait être appliquée pour décrire la propagation de la fissure et la rupture du béton. un argument important est que la plupart des résultats des essais sont obtenus sur des éprouvettes trop petites pour représenter un matériau composite comme le béton. Les grandes éprouvettes de quatre géométries différentes ont été préparées et testées. La fissure se propagerait sous des conditions contrôlées, au moins jusqu'à la longueur de 250 mm. On a trouvé que la ténacité augmente initialement quand la fissure se propage, mais une valeur indépendante de la longueur est atteinte asymptotiquement. On conclut que la rupture des éprouvettes en béton de grandes dimensions peut vraiment être prédite sur la base de la mécanique de la rupture linéaire élastique. Pour des échantillons sensiblement plus petits, il est préférable d'y appliquer un modèle considérant l'énergie totale de rupture (par exemple le modèle de la fissure fictive). Il est toutefois nécessaire de poursuivre les recherches afin de mieux déterminer le rôle qu'a la croissance sous critique de la fissure sur la ténacité.
    Notes: Abstract It has often been questioned whether linear elastic fracture mechanics can be applied to describe crack propagation and failure of concrete. An important argument is that most test results are obtained on specimens too small to be representative of a material with a composite structure such as concrete. Large specimens with four different geometries have been prepared and tested. Crack length was increased under controlled conditions to at least 250 mm. It was found that fracture toughness increases initially as a crack propagates, but that a length-independent value is reached asymptotically. Within the range of accuracy, asymptotic values obtained with the four different geometries were the same. It is concluded that failure of large size concrete elements can be predicted realistically on the basis of linear elastic fracture mechanics. For comparatively small specimens, however, an approach which takes total fracture energy into consideration (for instance the fictitious crack model) is more appropriate. It is pointed out that the role of subcritical crack growth on fracture toughness needs further investigation.
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 135-143 
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 109-114 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans cet article on considère une composante du seuil de cisaillement des mortiers de ciment à l'état frais, la cohésion, mesurée avec un appareil normalement employé pour essayer le comportement au cisaillement des argiles, le ≪Laboratory Vane≫ On examine l'influence de la teneur en eau du mortier et de la surface specifique du ciment sur la cohésion, en déterminant l'existence d'un intervalle de rapports eau/ciment critiques (0,46–0,48), indépendant de la surface spécifique du ciment, où la cohésion du mortier est maximale et sa valeur est une fonction de la surface spécifique du ciment. Le rapport eau/ciment critique représente la limite inférieure du champ du comportement plastique du mortier et peut être défini comme la limite de plasticité. L'addition aux mortiers de ciment d'un adjuvant superplastifiant à base de résines de mélamine provoque le glissement de la limite de plasticité vers des rapports eau/ciment plus bas, au-dessous de 0,40 pour une addition de 5% en poids de ciment. On examine l'influence de l'addition d'adjuvant en différents pourcentages sur l'écoulement, la cohésion et la résistance mécanique dans un mortier plastique.
    Notes: Abstract The cohesion of fresh cement mortars was measured with a device currently used for shear test on clays, the Laboratory Vane. The effect of the water/cement ratio and the specific surface of the cement on cohesion was examined. The influence of the addition of a superfluidizer based on melaminic resins on the cohesion, flow and compressive strength of the mortars was investigated.
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 123-133 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On propose une méthode de détermination de l'espacement des fissures et de leur largeur maximale dans des éléments de béton armé travaillant en flexion. On détermine les constantes de la méthode proposée à partir d'une analyse statistique des résultats d'essai de Hognestad, Clark et Baseet al. On compare les valeurs expérimentales de largeur des fissures d'après les équations fournies par CP 110, le Code Modèle, Gergely et Lutz, on discute la méthode proposée et les résultats.
    Notes: Abstract A method is proposed to determine the crack spacing and maximum crackwidth in reinforced concrete flexural members. The constants appearing in the proposed method are determined from a statistical analysis of the the test results of Hognestad, Clark and Baseet al. Experimental crackwidth values are compared with the crackwidth values computed from the equations given by CP110, Model Code, Gergely and Lutz and the proposed method and the results are discussed.
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 156-156 
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 157-157 
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 158-159 
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 171-180 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Ce rapport expose les résultats d'une étude menée sur des poutres de béton précontraint étuvées. on utilise le concept de «maturité» pour évaluer la résistance à la compressionin situ sur cube de béton. On a pu, au cours de cette étude, apprécier les caractéristique du bétonin situ, en particulier sur des points critiques sélectionnés, sans faire référence à des éprouvettes qui, de par leur inertie à la chaleur très différente de celle de la structure, ne conviennent pas pour une évaluation sûre de la maturité. Il résulte de cette étude que l'optimisation du cycle de traitement a été obtenue en réduisant la durée de l'écoulement de vapeur de 9 à 5 heures, ce qui représente une économie d'énergie considérable. Le schéma de la table I illustre les étapes successives qui ont permis d'optimiser le cycle de fabrication.
    Notes: Abstract This work reports the results of an investigation carried out on steam curing of prestressed reinforced concrete beams. The “maturity” concept is used to estimate thein situ cube compressive strength of concrete. During the investigation it was possible to evaluate the characteristics of concretein situ, particularly in critical points suitably chosen, without referring to specimens which, having a heat inertia remarkably different from the one of the structure they relate to, are not suitable for a reliable evaluation of maturity. As a result of this investigation, the optimization of the curing cycle in the yard was achieved by reducing the steam flow time from 9 to 5 hours, thus making a considerable energy saving possible. The scheme of table I illustrates the successive phases followed to optimize the manufacturing cycle.
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 201-204 
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 223-226 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper is based on the text of a talk given at a RILEM Seminar on Durability of Building Materials. It reviews some of the recent non-proprietary research on the durability of building materials carried out in the US. It also reviews activities in RILEM which have stimulated the generation or dissemination of knowledge on durability of building materials. The paper emphasizes the need for international collaboration in durability research.
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 215-221 
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 31-39 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In this feature, the finite element method is used to analyse heat transfer problems in thermally steam cured concrete elements. The knowledge of concrete hydratation kinetics allows to determine the source in the conventional Fourier's equation. To take into account the fact that the hydration is more or less speeded up according to the local temperature values, the equivalent time was utilized. temperature values, the equivalent time was utilized. The external exchange coefficients are also allowed for and their values argued about. The problem being solved, the curing cycle can be improved to optimize the temperature distribution inside the concrete element and cut risks of microcracking. The study is illustrated by the solution of two different problems: self curing and steam curing applied to rectangular and T beams and the numerical results of this survey can be compared to experimental ones.
    Notes: Résumé La méthode des éléments finis est utilisée pour résoudre le problème des transferts thermiques dans une pièce de béton traitée thermiquement. La connaissance de la cinétique d'hydratation du béton permet de déterminer le terme source de l'équation de Fourier classique; mais l'hydratation est plus ou moins accélérée selon la valeur locale de la température, il faut donc prendre en compte un temps équivalent défini dans cet article. On discute également la valeur des coefficients d'échange entre la pièce de béton et l'atmosphère. L'étude est illustrée par la résolution de deux exemples; l'auto-étuvage et l'étuvage à la vapeur des poutres rectangulaires ou en té, les résultats numériques sont avantageusement comparés à des mesures expérimentales en vraie grandeur.
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 75-76 
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 77-77 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In this research an analysis is made of the strength-sclerometric index correlations in respect to the most common parameters which characterize the concrete and which are easy to identify during test on the finished structure. It is shown that the type of aggregate, the type of cement and the curing time have an effect on the results. The analysis was undertaken on 2583 standard cubes examined at the official laboratory of the University of Rome. With the statistical study it is possible to determine ten regressive functions and the related curves, each of which is associated with the coefficients to determine the dispersion coefficient of the given data. The analysis indicates that reference to one curve alone is not reliable because the different parameters of the concrete exert non-negligible influence on the sclerometer impact response. The authors propose an evaluation of the characteristic strength of the concrete by using the curves mentioned, also considering the data scatter, standard deviation from the series of measurements taken and the equivalence coefficient between conventional and in-situ strength.
    Notes: Résumé Dans cette recherche on analyse les corrélations résistance-indice sclérométrique, par rapport aux paramètres les plus communs qui caractérisent l'agglomérat et qui sont faciles à identifier au cours des essais sur les structures finies. On a mis en évidence le type de granulat, le type de ciment, la durée de vieillissement. L'analyse a été effectuée sur 2583 cubes standard, examinés au Laboratoire Officiel de l'Université de Rome. La recherche statistique a permis de déterminer 10 fonctions de régression et les courbes relatives; à chacune de ces courbes ont été associés le coefficient de détermination et le coefficient de dispersion des données. L'analyse a montré qu'on ne peut se fier à une seule courbe de corrélation étant donné que les différents paramètres du béton ont une influence non négligeable sur la réponse sclérométrique. Les auteurs proposent même une évaluation de la résistance caractéristique de l'agglomérat au moyen des courbes déjà indiquées en tenant aussi compte des coefficients de dispersion des données, de l'écart-type de la série de mesures effectuées, et encore du coefficient d'équivalence entre la résistance conventionnelle et la résistancein situ.
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 78-79 
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 82-82 
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 239-240 
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 245-245 
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 246-246 
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 247-252 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le modèle BP pour la prévision pratique du fluage et du retrait du béton, publié dans ce journal en 1978–1979, est généralisé pour le cas de l’humidité relative de l’environment qui est cycliquement variable. La composante cyclique de l’humidité cause une augmentation du fluage et du retrait. D’après la théorie de diffusion, l’augmentation du fluage dépend de l’épaisseur de la section du béton ainsi que de la période de variation cyclique de l’humidité. Cette dépendance est exprimée à l’aide de la profondeur théorique de pénétration du front de séchage, et est telle que la correction disparaît pour une épaisseur très grande, pour une période très courte et pour une amplitude d’humidité très petite. En comparaison avec la grande dispersion statistique des mesures, l’erreur de la formule proposée pour l’augmentation de fluage paraît acceptable. En ce qui concerne le retrait, les résultas connus des mesures n’indiquent aucune différence systématique entre le retrait à l’humidité cyclique donnée et le retrait à l’humidité constante égale au moven de cette humidité cyclique.
    Notes: Abstract The previously published BP Model for prediction of concrete creep and shrinkage is generalized to cover the increase of creep caused by the cyclic component of environmental relative humidity. A simple formula, which is partly empirical, partly based on the diffusion theory, is proposed and is calibrated by comparisons with test data from the literature.
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 259-262 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a effectué des measures au porosimètre à mercure sur des specimens de roches et de sable utilisés au Kowait pour la fabrication du béton. Les courbes obtenues ont permis d’identifier des caractéristiques de distribution dimensionnelle des roches. Il s’est révélé que le sable et le mortier agglomérés contenaient plus de 26% de pores en volume, et, sur ce pourcentage, plus de 80% présentaient un diamètre supérieur à 100 nm. La rhyolite et le quartz, malgré une porosité totale nettement inférieure, contiennent une quantité importante de pores dont le diamètre est supérieur à 100 nm. L’auteur pense que l’inclusion dans le béton de ces agglomérats de sable et de gravier, par rapport à la pâte de ciment durcie, déterminent des champs de contraintes intensifiés. Les pores dont le diamètre est supérieur à 100 nm, qui se trouvent dans ce type de roches et dans la rhyolite et le quartz, favorisent la diffusion d’ions chlorure, ce qui affaiblit la durabilité du béton.
    Notes: Abstract Mercury intrusion porosimetry was performed for aggregates used for concrete in Kuwait. The curves which were established helped to identify the types of rocks used. Microstructural flows in the form of pores whose diameter is larger than 100 nm were associated with certain identifiable rocks. Such pores are considered as a source of weakness for concrete and as a factor which adversely affects its durability.
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 253-258 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An experimental model of external segregation has been devised. It consists of making a single aggregate grain embedded in cement paste follow a rectilinear path at constant rate. Simultaneous measurement is taken of the force necessary to produce this movement, particularly at the moment when the grain energy emerges from the paste. For paste with normal cement content (ψ〉0.530) the extraction of the grain is activated by the formation of a column of paste bonded to the grain, rupture always being caused by tension in the column itself. The force necessary to extract a grain from the paste (extraction force ΔFex) is simply expressed by the equation: ΔFex = mSσt, with: S: area of the diametral section of the grain; σt: tensile strength of fresh cement paste; m: contraction coefficient independent of the solid concentration of the paste and of the grain size.
    Notes: Résumé Un modéle expérimental de ségrégation externe a sété mis au point; il consiste à faire suivre à un seul granulat noyé dans une pâte de ciment un trajet rectiligne à vitesse constante. On mesure simultanément la force nécessaire pour produire ce mouvement, en particulier au moment où le granulat s’extrait de la pâte. Pour des pâtes à concentration en ciment usuelles (γ〉0,530) l’extraction du granulat s’effectue par création d’une colonne de pâte adhérente à ce dernier, la rupture intervenant toujours par traction dans la colonne elle-même. La force nécessaire pour extraire un granulat de la pâte (force d’extraction ΔFex) s’exprime simplement par la relation: ΔFex = mSσt, avec: S: aire de la section diamétrale du granulat: σt: résistance à la traction de la pâte de ciment fraiche: m: coefficient de conraction indépendant de la concentration en solide de la pâte et de la dimension du granulat.
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    Materials and structures 18 (1985), S. 269-278 
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    Notes: Abstract Quality control of concrete has taken many forms in past years. The most traditional method has been to conduct compression tests on hardened cylinders or cubes. Although this has been a satisfactory method, it has one major deficiency, and that is the testing is done after the concrete has set. If the concrete does not meet specifications, then costly and time consuming reconstruction must take place. Several accelerated testing techniques have been developed recently, and although these tests are accomplished in one or two days, as compared to the usual 28 days, they still are conducted on hardened concrete. The ideal test, of course, is a test that can be conducted on the plastic or fresh concrete. It is these methods of analysis that are being discussed in this paper. Of the many factors that affect the strength and durability of the concrete, the water and the cement contents are the most critical. These parameters expressed in terms of water to cement ratio provide the best indicator of the quality of the concrete. They are the prime factors in controlling the porosity, strength and durability of the hardened concrete.
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