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  • photosynthesis  (26)
  • Springer  (26)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1985-1989  (26)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1935-1939
  • 1925-1929
  • 1985  (26)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (26)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1985-1989  (26)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1935-1939
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of physiological, growth, and yield responses of celery to Liriomyza trifolii (1985)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 38 (1985), S. 15-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; physiology ; insect-plant interactions ; Liriomyza trifolii ; celery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les conductances des stomates et du mésophylle, la transpiration et la photosynthèse varient considérablement suivant la position des feuilles dans un pied de céleri (Apium graveolens L.) mais ces paramètres sont identiques pour des folioles opposées. En utilisant de telles folioles comparables, une réduction singificative de l'activité photosynthétique du céleri a été observée lors des dégâts alimentaires par les larves et les adultes de Liriomyza trifolii Burg. (Dipt. Agromyzidae). Dans des essais en champ où des populations de L. trifolii ont été contrôlées avec des insecticides, les nombres de pétioles et de folioles et la hauteur des plantes étaient significativement plus élevés là où les traitements avaient entraîné de faibles densités de mineuses. Dans les parcelles où L. trifolii avait été avantagé, la récolte avait été retardée jusqu'à 3 semaines. Des essais parallèles au laboratoire ont montré que les insecticides utilisés dans ces essais au champ, n'avaient ni accéléré, ni retardé la croissance du céleri. Aucun des paramètres physiologiques mesurés après 1,5 heure ou 7 jours après le traitement n'avait été modifié.
    Notes: Abstract Stomatal conductance, mesophyll conductance, transpiration and photosynthesis varied considerably by within-plant locations on celery (Apium graveolens L.), but specific opposite leaves proved equivalent. Using such comparable leaves, feeding damage by Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) larvae or adults was found to reduce significantly the capacity of celery for photosynthetic activity. In field trials where populations of L. trifolii were manipulated with pesticides, numbers of leaves, plant height, and numbers of petioles per plant were significantly greater in treatments with low leafminer densities. In treatments where L. trifolii was encouraged, harvest was delayed by up to 3 weeks. Related laboratory studies indicated that the pesticides used in the field trial neither promoted nor slowed celery growth. None of the physiological parameters measured at either 1.5 h or 7 days post-treatment was significantly affected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00163347
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plastome mutation affecting the chloroplast ATP synthase involves a post-transcriptional defect (1985)
    Springer
    Current genetics 9 (1985), S. 521-528 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Chloroplast ; Organelle genetics ; photosynthesis ; Plastome mutant ; ATP synthase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In a plastid genome (plastome) mutation of Oenothera hookeri, at least two of the plastome-coded polypeptides (the β and ε subunits) of the chloroplast ATP synthase are directly affected. As in other plastid chromosomes, the genes for the β and ε subunits are located next to each other on the Oenothera ptDNA molecule and are cotranscribed. Immunoanalysis and peptide mapping of in vivo products suggests that a fusion of the two genes may have occurred in the plastome mutant. In contrast to the in vivo data, in vitro translation of the RNA using a heterologous system results in polypeptides which cannot be distinguished from those of wild-type. In addition, neither the mRNA sizes nor plastid DNA restriction fragment patterns differ from wild-type. To reconcile the paradox of these results, it is suggested that either a defect in a translational signal or some other post-transcriptional event is responsible for the mutant phenotype.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00434057
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differences between tomato genotypes in net photosynthesis and dark respiration under low light intensity and low night temperatures (1985)
    Springer
    Euphytica 34 (1985), S. 709-716 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; tomato ; low light intensity ; low temperature ; photosynthesis ; dark respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Net photosynthesis and dark respiration of sixteen selected tomato genotypes grown under low light intensity and low night temperatures were measured. Differences between genotypes in net photosynthesis and dark respiration were present. In all genotypes an increase of net photosynthesis with time was observed. Significant genotypic differences in this respect were established. The rate of dark respiration remained constant throughout the experimental period. The photosynthesis on a leaf area basis and dark respiration were not affected by the night temperature. Net photosynthesis on a fresh weight basis was lower under the lower night temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035408
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A simple, community level, ecotoxicological test system using samples of periphyton (1985)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 124 (1985), S. 251-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aliphatic amines ; freshwater ; periphyton ; photosynthesis ; pollution ; textile industry effluent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The design and performance of a simple, community level ecotoxicological testsystem is reported. Samples of periphyton communities, established on artificial substratum in natural streams were used to study effects on photosynthetic activity in short-term experiments. Photosynthesis was measured as light-dependent oxygen evolution or as 14CO2-incorporation. The variability in photosynthetic activity between samples collected at the same time, expressed as coefficient of variation, was ca 20%. The variation in sensitivity of periphyton photosynthesis as dependent on sampling season was less than threefold for the two long-chained aliphatic amines and the textile industry effluent studied. Effects of the amines on periphyton from five different streams were also investigated. The ratio between maximum and minimum values of sensitivity was 5.6. It is concluded that the variation in sensitivity between different periphyton communities is similar to or less than that observed for fresh-water algal species. Some advantages with regard to ecological realism of using periphyton communities as test systems are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015242
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Light climate and phytoplankton photosynthesis in maritime Antarctic lakes (1985)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 123 (1985), S. 69-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Antarctic lakes ; phytoplankton ; light ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The responses of phytoplankton populations to seasonal changes in radiation flux in two Antarctic lakes with extensive winter ice-cover are described. A phytoplankton capable of photosynthesis was found throughout the year in both systems. During winter, low incident radiation combined with thick layers of snow and ice prevented in situ photosynthesis becoming detectable. The beginning of spring was marked by a reduction in snow cover which resulted in a considerable increase in surface penetrating radiation. Planktonic algae rapidly adapted to utilise these increased levels efficiently, though they still showed characteristics of strong shade adaptation. Loss of ice cover at the start of the short open water period further increased the radiation levels and a summer population developed which was much less shade adapted. Saturation and photoinhibition effects were widespread during this period as the algae proved unable to utilise high radiation levels efficiently. They were however effective at the radiation fluxes prevalent in the lower part of the rapidly circulating water columns.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00006616
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of water stress on photosynthesis and in vitro activities of the PCR cycle enzymes in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) (1985)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 7 (1985), S. 69-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: PCR cycle enzymes ; photorespiration ; photosynthesis ; pigeonpea ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Leaf water potential was decreased by withholding irrigation to provide three levels of stress described as mild ({ie69-1}) moderate ({ie69-2}) and severe ({ie69-3}). The specific activity of NADP linked glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase, aldolase, phosphogluco-isomerase and RuBP carboxylase decreased under mild stress, but the activity of phosphoglucomutase showed an increase whilst ribulose-5-phosphate kinase was least affected. With further decrease in water potential, the activity of NADP linked glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and aldolase showed a decrease, whereas, the activities of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, phosphoglycerate kinase, phosphogulcomutase and RuBP carboxylase increased. Net CO2 fixation decreased sharply with stress, whereas, respiration and photorespiration increased in moderate stress, but decreased under severe stress. Stomatal resistance also increased with decrease in water potential. It seems that in vitro enzyme activities of PCR cycle are not responsible for decreased photosynthesis in pigeonpea under short term water stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00032923
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Leaf gas exchange of upland and lowland rice cultivars (1985)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 7 (1985), S. 127-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: lowland rice ; photosynthesis ; transpiration ; upland rice ; water use efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Leaf gas exchange of upland and lowland rice cultivars were measured during late vegetative and during grain filling stages in the field under upland and lowland growth conditions. The rate of photosynthesis and water use efficiency (the rate of photosynthesis/the rate of transpiration) under upland conditions decreased with ageing, but generally varied little among four cultivars. At mid-grain filling under lowland conditions, upland cultivars showed lower rates of photosynthesis and transpiration than the lowland cultivars with concomitant reduction in whole plant conductance. At this stage, water use efficiency was higher under upland conditions than under lowland conditions, particularly in the upland cultivars. Water stress reduced the rate of photosynthesis without altering water use efficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037003
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photosynthetic inhibition after long-term exposure to elevated levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (1985)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 7 (1985), S. 175-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: CO2-enrichment ; conductance ; cotton ; photosynthesis ; starch accumulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of long-term exposure to elevated levels of CO2 on biomass partitioning, net photosynthesis and starch metabolism was examined in cotton. Plants were grown under controlled conditions at 350, 675 and 1000 μl l-1 CO2. Plants grown at 675 and 1000 μl l-1 had 72% and 115% more dry weight respectively than plants grown at 350 μl l-1. Increases in weight were partially due to corresponding increases in leaf starch. CO2 enrichment also caused a decrease in chlorophyll concentration and a change in the chlorophyll a/b ratio. High CO2 grown plants had lower photosynthetic capacity than 350 μl l-1 grown plants when measured at each CO2 concentration. Reduced photosynthetic rates were correlated with high internal (non-stomatal) resistances and higher starch levels. It is suggested that carbohydrate accumulation causes a decline in photosynthesis by feedback inhibition and/or physical damage at the chloroplast level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037008
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A soluble chloroplast protein catalyzes ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activation in vivo (1985)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 7 (1985), S. 193-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: nibulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activation ; Arabidopsis ; rubisco activase ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (EC 4.1.1.39) (rubisco) must be fully activated in order to catalyze the maximum rates of photosynthesis observed in plants. Activation of the isolated enzyme occurs spontaneously, but conditions required to observe full activation are inconsistent with those known to occur in illuminated chloroplasts. Genetic studies with a nutant of Arabidopsis thaliana incapable of activating rubisco linked two chloroplast polypeptides to the activation process in vivo. Using a reconstituted light activation system, it was possible to demonstrate the participation of a chloroplast protein in rubisco activation. These results indicate that a specific chloroplast enzyme, rubisco activase, catalyzes the activation of rubisco in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037012
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transverse heterogeneity in lipid fluidity in spinach thylakoids, photosystem II preparations, and thylakoid galactolipid vesicles (1985)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 6 (1985), S. 57-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Thylakoid ; membrane ; lipid fluidity ; photosynthesis ; photosystem II ; spin label ; electron paramagnetic resonance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have used three doxyl stearic acid spin labels to study the transverse hetero-geneity in lipid fluidity in thylakoids, photosystem II (PS II) preparations, and thylakoid galactolipid vesicles. This comparative study shows that spin labels incorporated into the membrane of the PS II preparation experience far more immobilization than do the same spin labels incorporated into either thylakoids or vesicles prepared from the polar lipids extracted from thylakoids. The spin label immobilization found in the PS II preparation is manifest even near the center of the bilayer, where lipid mobility is normally at its maximum. Analysis of the lipid content of the PS II preparation, relative to chlorophyll, suggests that the PS II preparation may be lipid depleted. This lipid depletion could explain the results presented. However, electron microscopy [Dunahay et al. (1984) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 764:179–193] has not indicated that major delipidation has occurred, and so it remains possible that the immobilization found in the PS II preparation is due primarily to the normal (but close) juxtaposition of adjacent PS II complexes and the cooperative immobilization of their surrounding lipids. Based on the results presented, we conclude that highly mobile lipids are not required for oxygen evolution, the primary photochemistry or the secondary reduction of exogenously added quinones. Unfortunately, the relationship between the plastoquinone pool and the fluidity of the membrane in the PS II preparation remains ambiguous.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029046
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth, photosynthesis and photorespiration of Lemna gibba: response to variations in CO2 and O2 concentrations and photon flux density (1985)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 6 (1985), S. 87-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: CO2 ; growth ; Lemna gibba ; photorespiration ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dry weight and Relative Growth Rate of Lemna gibba were significantly increased by CO2 enrichment up to 6000 μl CO2 l−1. This high CO2 optimum for growth is probably due to the presence of nonfunctional stomata. The response to high CO2 was less or absent following four days growth in 2% O2. The Leaf Area Ratio decreased in response to CO2 enrichment as a result of an increase in dry weight per frond. Photosynthetic rate was increased by CO2 enrichment up to 1500 μl CO2 l−1 during measurement, showing only small increases with further CO2 enrichment up to 5000 μl CO2 l−1 at a photon flux density of 210 μmol m−2 s−1 and small decreases at 2000 μmol m−1 s−1. The actual rate of photosynthesis of those plants cultivated at high CO2 levels, however, was less than the air grown plants. The response of photosynthesis to O2 indicated that the enhancement of growth and photosynthesis by CO2 enrichment was a result of decreased photorespiration. Plants cultivated in low O2 produced abnormal morphological features and after a short time showed a reduction in growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029048
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The recovery of photosynthesis in tomato subsequent to chilling exposure (1985)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 6 (1985), S. 121-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chilling ; chloroplast ; photosynthesis ; stomates ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The overall success of a plant in coping with low temperature sensitivity of photosynthesis is dependent not only on the maximum extent of inhibition suffered for a given time of low temperature exposure but also on the persistence of the inhibition after normal growth temperatures are restored. Thus the capacity of recovery and the speed with which a plant can recover from the effects of chilling exposure are important parameters in determining how devastating the chilling event will be on season-long growth and yields. We have studied the recovery of CO2-saturated photosynthesis from the injury caused by exposing intact tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Floramerica) or detached tomato leaves to a temperature of 1°C in the dark for varying periods of time. We found that net photosynthesis was fully recovered within 12 h after returning the plants to 25°C in the dark, even after chilling exposures as long as 45 h. This was true for intact plants as well as for detached leaves that were supplied with water. When chilling took place in the light (4°C, 1000 μE · m-2 · s-1, PAR) inhibition of photosynthesis was more severe and appeared more quickly and the recovery was slower and incomplete. A 12 h chilling exposure in the light resulted in injury to net photosynthesis that was not fully recovered even after 50 h. Chilling damage to photosynthesis developing in the light was distinguished from chilling in the dark by the decreased photosynthetic quantum yield. Not only did high intensity illumination enhance chilling damage of photosynthesis but bright light subsequent to the chilling exposure also delayed the recovery of photosynthesis. At none of the three ambient CO2 concentrations investigated (300, 1500 and 5000 μ1.1-1) did the recovery of photosynthesis depend on stomatal conductance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00032787
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of structural and physical properties of the thylakoid membrane on QA - oxidation (1985)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 6 (1985), S. 133-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chlorophyll ; diffusion ; fluorescence ; photosynthesis ; plastoquinone ; thylakoid membrane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using isolated pea thylakoids, the relative rate of QA - oxidation has been estimated under various conditions, from the restoration of the induction curves following a dark period and from light 1-induced changes in modulated chlorophyll fluorescence excited by light 2. Alterations of QinfA sup− oxidation rates were observed under conditions which affected the degree of thylakoid stacking, the lipid fluidity and the integrity of the membranes. The results are discussed in terms of the interactions between QA - and the plastoquinone pool with particular emphasis on lateral diffusion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00032788
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of weather during leaf development on photosynthetic characteristics of soybean leaves (1985)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 6 (1985), S. 215-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: acclimation ; leaf expansion ; light ; photosynthesis ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Net photosynthetic rates and mesophyll conductances at 25 °C at light saturation and air levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen were measured on recently fully expanded leaflets of second trifoliolate leaves of soybeans (Glycine max cv. Kent). Plants were grown outdoors in pots at Beltsville, Maryland with 14 planting times from May through August, 1983. Air temperature and humidity, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were measured for the expansion periods of the second trifoliolate leaves. Rates of net photosynthesis ranged from 24 to 33 μmol m−2 s−1, and mesophyll conductances from 0.24 to 0.35 cm s−1 for the different planting dates. Mean 24-h air temperatures ranged from 20.6 to 29.0 °C, and mean daily PAR ranged from 29.4 to 58.4 mol m−2 d−1 for the leaf expansion periods. There was a positive relationship between photosynthetic characteristics and PAR during leaf expansion, and a negative relationship between photosynthetic characteristics and leaf expansion rates, with 96% of the variation in photosynthetic characteristics accounted for by these two variables. Leaf expansion rates were highly correlated with air temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00049277
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation of photosynthetic carbon assimilation at the cellular level: a review (1985)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 6 (1985), S. 273-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: carbon partitioning ; inorganic phosphate ; phosphorylated sugars ; photosynthesis ; starch ; sucrose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In green leaves and a number of algae, photosynthetically derived carbon is ultimately converted into two carbohydrate end-products, sucrose and starch. Drainage of carbon from the Calvin cycle proceeds via triose phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate and glycollate. Gluconeogenesis in photosynthetic cells is controlled by light, inorganic phosphate and phosphorylated sugars. Light stimulates the production of dihydroxyacetone phosphate, the initial substrate for sucrose and starch synthesis, and inhibits the degradative pathways in the chloroplast. Phosphate inactivates reactions of synthesis and activates reactions of degradation. Among the phosphorylated sugars a special role is allocated to fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, which is present in the cytoplasm at very low concentrations and inhibits sucrose synthesis directly by inactivating pyrophosphatedependent phosphofructokinase. The synthesis of sucrose plays a central role in the partitioning of photosynthetic carbon. The cytoplasmic enzymes, fructose bisphosphate phosphatase and sucrose phosphate synthase are likely key points of regulation. The regulation is carried out by several effector metabolites. Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate is likely to be the main coordinator of the rate of sucrose synthesis, hence of photosynthetic carbon partitioning between sucrose and starch.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00049283
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Consequences of iron deficiency on photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport in blue-green algae (1985)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 6 (1985), S. 261-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Aphanocapsa ; blue-green algae ; iron-deficiency ; photosynthesis ; respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Growth of Aphanocapsa in low iron media resulted in a decrease of the endogenous iron pool. Below a critical concentration photosynthetic electron transfer was specifically depressed. This was caused by a strong inhibition of the synthesis of cytochromes b-559 of PSII, cytochromes b-563, f-557, and the ‘Rieske’ Fe-S center of the cytochrome complex and especially the Fe-S centers of PSI. The influence of iron limitation on respiration and chlorphyll formation was negligible.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00049282
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Errors in differential infrared carbon dioxide analysis resulting from water vapor (1985)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 6 (1985), S. 289-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: carbon dioxide uptake ; gas exchange ; infra-red gas analysis ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Water vapor was added differentially to the gas streams entering the cells of three makes of differential infrared carbon dioxide analysers. Analyser deflections were compared with those expected from dilution of the carbon dioxide by the additional gas. Tests were made at 0, 365, and 730 cm3 m−3 concentrations of carbon dioxide, and with the dewpoint in one cell of the analysers held constant at 15, 20, or 25°C. None of the analysers always responded in the ways predicted from dilution. The results showed that errors of a few cm3 m−3 could occur in estimates of carbon dioxide differentials using the theoretical correction for dilution. Furthermore the amount of error varied with the carbon dioxide range, the difference in water content, and in some cases the dewpoint range.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00054104
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    CO2 exchange characteristics during dark-light transitions in wild-type and mutant Chlamydomonas reinhardii cells (1985)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 6 (1985), S. 363-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: bicarbonate transport ; Chlamydomonas ; CO2-exchange ; mutants ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A burst of net CO2 uptake was observed during the first 3–4 min after the onset of illumination in both wild-type Chlamydomonas reinhardii in which carbonic anhydrase was chemically inhibited with ethoxyzolamide and in a mutant of C. reinhardii (ca-1-12-1C) deficient in carbonic anhydrase activity. The burst was followed by a rapid decrease in the CO2 uptake rate so that net evolution often occurred. After a 2–3 min period of CO2 evolution, net CO2 uptake again increased and ultimately reached a steady-state, positive rate. From [14CO2]-tracer studies it was determined that CO2 fixation proceeded at a nearly linear rate throughout the period of illumination. Thus, prior to reaching a steady state, there was a rapid accumulation of inorganic carbon inside the cells which apparently reached a supercritical concentration and the excess was excreted, causing a subsequent efflux of CO2. A post illumination burst of net CO2 efflux was also observed in ethoxyzolamide-inhibited wild type and ca-1 mutant cells, but not in the unihibited wild type. [14CO2]-tracer experiments revealed that this burst was the result of a collapse of a large internal inorganic carbon pool at the onset of darkness rather than a photorespiratory post-illumination burst. These results indicate that upon illumination, chemical or genetic inhibition of carbonic anhydrase initially causes an accumulation of excess inroganic carbon in C. reinhardii cells, and that unknown regulatory mechanisms correct for this imbalance by first excreting the excess inorganic carbon and then, after several dampened oscillations, achieving an equilibrium between bicarbonate uptake, bicarbonate dehydration, and CO2 fixation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00054109
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of day and night temperature and temperature variation on photosynthetic characteristics (1985)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 6 (1985), S. 175-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: acclimation ; photosynthesis ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Net photosynthetic rates and mesophyll conductances were measured under standardized conditions for leaves of two C3 and one C4 annual species grown at temperatures of 20 to 32°C. Plants were grown with varying day and night temperatures, and also at constant temperatures equal to all the day and night temperatures used. Plants were grown with 8, 12, and 16 hours of light per day. This design allowed determination of whether photosynthetic characteristics were best correlated with day, night, mean, or time-weighted mean temperatures, The results showed that for Glycine max (L.) Merr. (C3) night temperature was most important in determining photosynthetic characteristics, while in Helianthus annuus L. (C3) and Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. (C4) the time-weighted mean temperature was most important. The results for all species were consistent with the hypothesis that development of photosynthetic characteristics is related to a balance between the rate of leaf expansion and the rate of photosynthesis under the growth conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00032791
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Electron transport in green photosynthetic bacteria (1985)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 6 (1985), S. 317-333 
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    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: bacteriochlorophyll ; cytochrome ; green bacteria ; photosynthesis ; reaction center
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Green bacteria make up two of the four families of anoxygenic photosynthetic prokaryotes. The two families have similar pigment compositions and membrane fine structure, and both contain a specialized antenna structure known as a chlorosome. The primary photochemistry and electron transport pathways of the two groups are, however, quite distinct. The anaerobic green bacteria (Chlorobiaceae) contain low-potential iron-sulfur proteins as early electron acceptors and can directly reduce NAD+ in a manner reminiscent of Photosystem I of oxygenic organisms. The facultatively aerobic green bacteria (Chloroflexaceae) contain quinone-type acceptors and have an overall pattern of electron transport very similar to that found in purple bacteria. Many aspects of energy storage in green bacteria, especially photophosphorylation and the role of cytochrome b/c complexes in electron transport, remain poorly understood.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00054106
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    Ecophysiological aspects of biomass production in higher plants (1985)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 7 (1985), S. 3-17 
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    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: calmodulin ; cyanid-resistent respiration ; energy overflow hypothesis ; maintenance respiration ; photosynthesis ; reduction charge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photosynthesis as a cosmic process of local entropy decrease is the basic phenomenon for life on Earth. Biomass production is energetically understood as a long-term storage of hydrogen. Endogeneously, the hierarchy of energy storage begins with the electric and proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane. At all higher levels of energy-converting system, efficiency is determined by the interactions between the autotrophic and heterotrophic part of the studied biosystem. Specially, the regulatory function of anabolic and catabolic reduction charge is discussed. From the frame of exogeneous factors, the action of calcium in connection with calmodulin is described as a second messenger. Summarizing, the findings are integrated into the energy-overflow concept in which the loss terms act as system stabilizers especially under injuring conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00032918
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    Inhibition of photosynthesis by heavy metals (1985)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 7 (1985), S. 31-40 
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    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: environmental pollution ; heavy metals ; photosynthesis ; phytotoxicity ; plant production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Inhibition of photosynthesis by heavy metals is well documented. In this review the results are compared between in vitro experiments on isolated systems (chloroplasts, enzymes ­.), experiments on excised leaves and intact plants and algae in vivo. In vitro experiments suggest potential sites of heavy metal interaction with photosynthesis at several levels of organisation, which are not necessarily confirmed in vivo. Analytical data on subcellular heavy metal level are generally missing to discuss their mechanism of action in the intact organism. In the field factors such as soil characteristics and air pollution have to be taken into account for assessing the mechanism of action of heavy metals on photosynthesis in plants, growing in a polluted erea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00032920
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    Studies on 9-amino-6-chloro-2-methoxy acridine fluorescence quenching and enhancement in relation to energy transduction in spheroplasts and intact cells of the cyanobacterium Plectonema boryanum (1985)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 7 (1985), S. 59-67 
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    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: cell membrane ; fluorescent energy transduction probe ; photosynthesis ; Plectonema boryanum ; respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The fluorescent probe 9-amino-6-chloro-2-methoxy acridine was used to study the energy transduction in the thylakoid and cell membranes of the cyanobacterium Plectonema boryanum. Apart from light-driven electron transfer, the dark endogenous respiration also leads to energization resulting in an ACMA fluorescence response, that is sensitive to the electron flow inhibitor 2, 5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone, to the energy transfer inhibitors dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and venturicidine and to the uncoupler 5-chloro-3-t-butyl-2′-chloro-4′-nitrosalicylanilide. In spheroplasts, in which the cell membranes have lost their capacity to maintain a proton gradient, the respiration-and light-induced ACMA fluorescence changes (quenching) are similar to those in chloroplasts. In intact cells a combination of reversible quenching and enhancement of ACMA fluorescence was found. This dualistic behaviour is supposedly caused by an opposite orientation of the thylakoid and cell membranes. ACMA quenching at the level of the thylakoids was obtained either by respiratory or photosynthetic electron transfer and gave similar responses to those obtained in the spheroplasts. The slower ACMA fluorescence enhancement, only observed in cells with intact cell membranes, also evoked by both respiration and light-induced energization is sensitive to the compounds mentioned above and in addition to KCN. Our results support the view [8] that dark oxidation of substrates by O2 proceeds via the thylakoid membrane and terminates at a CN- sensitive oxidase located in the cell membrane which requires the involvement of a mobile cytoplasmic redox mediator.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00032922
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    Polypeptides of photosystem II and their role in oxygen evolution (1985)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 7 (1985), S. 97-114 
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    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: oxygen evolution ; photosynthesis ; photosystem II ; polypeptides ; reaction center
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The linear, four-step oxidation of water to molecular oxygen by photosystem II requires cooperation between redox reactions driven by light and a set of redox reactions involving the S-states within the oxygen-evolving complex. The oxygenevolving complex is a highly ordered structure in which a number of polypeptides interact with one another to provide the appropriate environment for productive binding of cofactors such as manganese, chloride and calcium, as well as for productive electron transfer within the photoact. A number of recent advances in the knowledge of the polypeptide structure of photosystem II has revealed a correlation between primary photochemical events and a ‘core’ complex of five hydrophobic polypeptides which provide binding sites for chlorophyll a, pheophytin a, the reaction center chlorophyll (P680), and its immediate donor, denoted Z. Although the ‘core’ complex of photosystem II is photochemically active, it does not possess the capacity to evolve oxygen. A second set of polypeptides, which are water-soluble, have been discovered to be associated with photosystem II; these polypeptides are now proposed to be the structural elements of a special domain which promotes the activities of the loosely-bound cofactors (manganese, chloride, calcium) that participate in oxygen evolution activity. Two of these proteins (whose molecular weights are 23 and 17 kDa) can be released from photosystem II without concurrent loss of functional manganese; studies on these proteins and on the membranes from which they have been removed indicate that the 23 and 17 kDa species from part of the structure which promotes retention of chloride and calcium within the oxygen-evolving complex. A third water-soluble polypeptide of molecular weight 33 kDa is held to the photosystem II ‘core’ complex by a series of forces which in some circumstances may include ligation to manganese. The 33 kDa protein has been studied in some detail and appears to promote the formation of the environment which is required for optimal participation by manganese in the oxygen evolving reaction. This minireview describes the polypeptides of photosystem II, places an emphasis on the current state of knowledge concerning these species, and discusses current areas of uncertainty concerning these important polypeptides.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037001
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    The use of polyclonal antibodies to identify peptides exposed on the stroma side of the spinach thylakoid (1985)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 6 (1985), S. 193-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Thylakoids, antibodies ; photosynthesis ; photosystem II ; membrane topography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have raised polyclonal antibodies against an oxygen-evolving photosystem II preparation. Western Blot analysis of the whole serum revaals antibodies specific for at least 15 Coomassie visible bands ranging from 59 to 11 kDa. These antibodies are specific for proteins located on both sides of the membrane. Included are antibodies specific for Tris-removable peptides (33, 25 and 18 kda), which are thought to be exposed on the lumen surface of the PS II complex. Since the whole serum agglutinates thylakoids, antibodies specific for the stroma side of the PS II complex are also present. A sub-population of antibodies can be isolated by allowing the antibodies in whole serum to bind to EDTA-treated thylakoid membranes. The antibodies which specifically bind are cross-reactive with peptides with Mr of 59, 57, 34, 28, 27, 26, and 23 kDa. Our data indicate that these peptides have antigenic determinants exposed on the stroma side of the thylakoid membrane.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00032793
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    Damage components of powdery mildew in winter wheat (1985)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 91 (1985), S. 235-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Erysiphe graminis ; photosynthesis ; transpiration ; leaf resistance ; simulation ; carboxylation resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Bepalingen van fotosynthese en verdamping werden verricht bij verschillende ontwikkelingsstadia van wintertarwe, die in verschillende mate was aangetast door meeldauw. Zelfs bij vrij lage infectiepercentages (circa 4%) was er al een aanzienlijke reductie van assimilatie en verdampingssnelheid bij lichtverzadiging. Lichtbenuttingsefficiëntie en donkerademhaling werden niet significant beïnvloed. De fysiologische achtergrond van deze effecten werd onderzocht door fotosynthesemetingen bij verschillende externe CO2 concentraties. Er werd aangetoond dat de carboxylatieweerstand werd verhoogd door meeldauwinfectie en dat de huidmondjesweerstand, grenslaagweerstand en transportweerstand in het mesofyl indirect werden beïnvloed. De gevolgen van deze effecten op de dagelijkse groeisnelheid van een wintertarwegewas in verschillende ontwikkelingsfasen en met verschillende LAI werd nagegaan met een simulatiemodel. Deze berekeningen tonen aan dat een geringe meeldauwaantasting resulteert in een aanzienlijke reductie van de groeisnelheid van het gewas. Dit effect was duidelijker bij heldere dan bij bewolkte hemel.
    Notes: Abastract The photosynthesis and transpiration rates of winter wheat leaves were measured at different developmental stages and at various levels of mildew infection. Even at low levels of infection, circa 4% leaf area being covered, both the assimilation and transpiration rates at light satiation were considerably reduced. Light use efficiency and dark respiration were not significantly affected. The physiological background of these effects was analysed by photosynthesis measurements at different external CO2 concentrations. It was shown that the carboxylation resistance was increased due to mildew infection and that stomatal resistance, boundary layer resistance and transport resistance in the mesophyll were only indirectly affected. A simulation model was used to compute the consequences of these effects on daily growth rate of a winter wheat canopy at different development stages and with different levels of mildew severity. These computations show that a low infection level may result in a considerable reduction of the crop growth rate. This effect was more pronounced when the sky was clear than overcast.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01997967
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