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  • 1
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 139-158 
    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract We introduce here and investigate the notion of an alternative tree of decomposition. We show (Theorem 5) a general method of finding out all non-alternative trees of the alternative tree determined by a diagram of decomposition.
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  • 2
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 197-221 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract We study a modal system ¯T, that extends the classical (prepositional) modal system T and whose language is provided with modal operators M inn (nεN) to be interpreted, in the usual kripkean semantics, as “there are more than n accessible worlds such that...”. We find reasonable axioms for ¯T and we prove for it completeness, compactness and decidability theorems.
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  • 3
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 265-283 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract With each sentential logic C, identified with a structural consequence operation in a sentential language, the class Matr * (C) of factorial matrices which validate C is associated. The paper, which is a continuation of [2], concerns the connection between the purely syntactic property imposed on C, referred to as Maehara Interpolation Property (MIP), and three diagrammatic properties of the class Matr* (C): the Amalgamation Property (AP), the (deductive) Filter Extension Property (FEP) and Injections Transferable (IT). The main theorem of the paper (Theorem 2.2) is analogous to the Wroński's result for equational classes of algebras [13]. It reads that for a large class of logics the conjunction of (AP) and (FEP) is equivalent to (IT) and that the latter property is equivalent to (MIP).
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 321-351 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the article is to outline the historical background and the present state of the methodology of deductive systems invented by Alfred Tarski in the thirties. Key notions of Tarski's methodology are presented and discussed through, the recent development of the original concepts and ideas.
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 405-422 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with formal aspects of the logic of theory change, and in particular with the process of shrinking or contracting a theory to eliminate a proposition. It continues work in the area by the authors and Peter Gärdenfors. The paper defines a notion of “safe contraction” of a set of propositions, shows that it satisfies the Gärdenfors postulates for contraction and thus can be represented as a partial meet contraction, and studies its properties both in general and under various natural constraints.
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 165-186 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract By the term ‘nominalization’ I mean any process which transforms a predicate or predicate phrase into a noun or noun phrase, e.g. ‘feminine’ is transformed into ‘feminity’. I call these derivative nouns abstract singular terms. Our aim is to provide a model-theoretic interpretation for a formal language which admits the occurrence of such abstract singular terms.
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 87-89 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract We make use of a Theorem of Burris-McKenzie to prove that the only decidable variety of diagonalizable algebras is that defined by ‘τ0=1’. Any variety containing an algebra in which τ0≠1 is hereditarily undecidable. Moreover, any variety of intuitionistic diagonalizable algebras is undecidable.
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 109-124 
    ISSN: 1572-8730
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract This paper is a continuation of investigations on Galois connections from [1], [3], [10]. It is a continuation of [2]. We have shown many results that link properties of a given closure space with that of the dual space. For example: for every ω-disjunctive closure space X the dual closure space is topological iff the base of X generated by this dual space consists of the ω-prime sets in X (Theorem 2). Moreover the characterizations of the satisfiability relation for classical logic are shown. Roughly speaking our main result here is the following: a satisfiability relation in a logic L with, a countable language is a fragment of the classical one iff the compactness theorem for L holds (Theorems 3–8).
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 187-196 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, a semantics for predicate logics without the contraction rule will be investigated and the completeness theorem will be proved. Moreover, it will be found out that our semantics has a close connection with Beth-type semantics.
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 237-256 
    ISSN: 1572-8730
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract For a complete Heyting lattice ℒ, we define a category Etale (ℒ). We show that the category Etale (ℒ) is equivalent to the category of the sheaves over ℒ, Sh(ℒ), hence also with ℒ-valued sets, see [2], [1]. The category Etale(ℒ) is a generalization of the category Etale (X), see [1], where X is a topological space.
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 423-437 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract A foundational algebra ( $$\mathfrak{B}$$ , f, λ) consists of a hemimorphism f on a Boolean algebra $$\mathfrak{B}$$ with a greatest solution λ to the condition α⩽f(x). The quasi-variety of foundational algebras has a decidable equational theory, and generates the same variety as the complex algebras of structures (X, R), where f is given by R-images and λ is the non-wellfounded part of binary relation R. The corresponding results hold for algebras satisfying λ=0, with respect to complex algebras of wellfounded binary relations. These algebras, however, generate the variety of all ( $$\mathfrak{B}$$ ,f) with f a hemimorphism on $$\mathfrak{B}$$ ). Admitting a second hemimorphism corresponding to the transitive closure of R allows foundational algebras to be equationally defined, in a way that gives a refined analysis of the notion of diagonalisable algebra.
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 446-446 
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 389-403 
    ISSN: 1572-8730
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Contemporary historians of logic tend to credit Bernard Bolzano with the invention of the semantic notion, of consequence, a full century before Tarski. Nevertheless, Bolzano's work played no significant rôle in the genesis of modern logical semantics. The purpose of this paper is to point out three highly original, and still quite relevant themes in Bolzano's work, being a systematic study of possible types of inference, of consistency, as well as their meta-theory. There are certain analogies with Tarski's concerns here, although the main thrust seems to be different, both philosophically and technically. Thus, if only obliquely, we also provide some additional historical perspective on Tarski's achievement.
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 25-38 
    ISSN: 1572-8730
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract This paper is a continuation of the investigation from [13]. The main theorem states that the general and the existential quantifiers are (χ, λ-reducible in some Grothendieck toposes. Using this result and Theorems 4.1, 4.2 [13] we get the downward Skolem-Löwenheim theorem for semantics in these toposes.
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  • 15
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 71-77 
    ISSN: 1572-8730
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract A structure A for the language L, which is the first-order language (without equality) whose only nonlogical symbol is the binary predicate symbol ɛ, is called a quasi ɛ-struoture iff (a) the universe A of A consists of sets and (b) a ɛ b is true in A ↔ (∃[p) a = {p } & p ε b] for every a and b in A, where a(b) is the name of a (b). A quasi ɛ-structure A is called an ɛ-structure iff (c) {p } ε A whenever p ε a ε A. Then a closed formula σ in L is derivable from Leśniewski's axiom ∀ x, y[x ɛ y ↔∃ u (u ɛ x)∧∀ u; v(u, v ɛ x→ u ɛv)∧∀ u(u ɛ x→ u ɛ y)] (from the axiom ∀ x, y(x ɛ y → x ɛ x)∧∀ x, y, z(x ɛ y ɛ z → y ɛ x ɛ z)) iff σ is true in every ɛ-structure (in every quasi ɛ-structure).
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 101-105 
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 159-164 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract A modified filtrations argument is used to prove that the relevant logic S of [2] is decidable.
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 223-230 
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 257-264 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract In paper [5] it was shown that a great part of model theory of logic with the generalized quantifier Q x = “there exist uncountably many x” is reducible to the model theory of first order logic with an extra binary relation symbol. In this paper we consider when the quantifier Q x can be “syntactically” defined in a first order theory T. That problem was raised by Kosta Došen when he asked if the quantifier Q x can be eliminated in Peano arithmetic. We answer that question fully in this paper.
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  • 20
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. ii 
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 11-24 
    ISSN: 1572-8730
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The main result of this paper is the following theorem: a closure space X has an 〈α, δ, Q〉-regular base of the power $$\mathfrak{n}$$ iff X is Q-embeddable in $$B_{\alpha ,\delta }^\mathfrak{n} $$ It is a generalization of the following theorems: (i) Stone representation theorem for distributive lattices (α = 0, δ = ω, Q = ω), (ii) universality of the Alexandroff's cube for T 0-topological spaces (α = ω, δ = ∞, Q = 0), (iii) universality of the closure space of filters in the lattice of all subsets for 〈α, δ〉-closure spaces (Q = 0). By this theorem we obtain some characterizations of the closure space $$F_\mathfrak{m} $$ given by the consequence operator for the classical propositional calculus over a formalized language of the zero order with the set of propositional variables of the power $$\mathfrak{m}$$ . In particular we prove that a countable closure space X is embeddable with finite disjunctions preserved into F ω iff X is a consistent closure space satisfying the compactness theorem and X contains a 〈0, ω〉-base consisting of ω-prime sets. This paper is a continuation of [7], [2] and [3].
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 79-85 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The main results of the paper are the following: For each monadic prepositional formula φ which is classically true but not intuitionistically so, there is a continuum of intuitionistic monotone modal logics L such that L+φ is inconsistent. There exists a consistent intuitionistic monotone modal logic L such that for any formula φ of the kind mentioned above the logic L+φ is inconsistent. There exist at least countably many maximal intuitionistic monotone modal logics.
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 125-137 
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    Notes: Abstract We use the algebraic theory of programs as in Blikle [2], Mazurkiewicz [5] in order to show that the difference between programs with and without recursion is of the same kind as that between cut free Gentzen type formalizations of predicate and prepositional logics.
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 369-387 
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    Notes: Abstract The first known statements of the deduction theorems for the first-order predicate calculus and the classical sentential logic are due to Herbrand [8] and Tarski [14], respectively. The present paper contains an analysis of closure spaces associated with those sentential logics which admit various deduction theorems. For purely algebraic reasons it is convenient to view deduction theorems in a more general form: given a sentential logic C (identified with a structural consequence operation) in a sentential language I, a quite arbitrary set P of formulas of I built up with at most two distinct sentential variables p and q is called a uniform deduction theorem scheme for C if it satisfies the following condition: for every set X of formulas of I and for any formulas α and β, βεC(X∪{{a}}) iff P(α, β) AC(X). [P(α, β) denotes the set of formulas which result by the simultaneous substitution of α for p and β for q in all formulas in P]. The above definition encompasses many particular formulations of theorems considered in the literature to be deduction theorems. Theorem 1.3 gives necessary and sufficient conditions for a logic to have a uniform deduction theorem scheme. Then, given a sentential logic C with a uniform deduction theorem scheme, the lattices of deductive filters on the algebras A similar to the language of C are investigated. It is shown that the join-semilattice of finitely generated (= compact) deductive filters on each algebra A is dually Brouwerian.
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 439-445 
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    Notes: Abstract Self-referential sentences have played a key role in Tarski's proof [9] of the non-definibility of arithmetic truth within arithmetic and Gödel's proof [2] of the incompleteness of Peano Arithmetic. In this article we consider some new methods of achieving self-reference in a uniform manner.
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 1-9 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we show that some standard topological constructions may be fruitfully used in the theory of closure spaces (see [5], [4]). These possibilities are exemplified by the classical theorem on the universality of the Alexandroff's cube for T 0-closure spaces. It turns out that the closure space of all filters in the lattice of all subsets forms a “generalized Alexandroff's cube” that is universal for T 0-closure spaces. By this theorem we obtain the following characterization of the consequence operator of the classical logic: If ℒ is a countable set and C: P(ℒ) → P(ℒ) is a closure operator on X, then C satisfies the compactness theorem iff the closure space 〈ℒ,C〉 is homeomorphically embeddable in the closure space of the consequence operator of the classical logic. We also prove that for every closure space X with a countable base such that the cardinality of X is not greater than 2ω there exists a subset X′ of irrationals and a subset X″ of the Cantor's set such that X is both a continuous image of X′ and a continuous image of X″. We assume the reader is familiar with notions in [5].
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 91-100 
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    Notes: Abstract In the paper we define a class of languages for representation o knowledge in those application areas when a complete information about a domain is not available. In the languages we introduce modal operators determined by accessibility relations depending on parameters.
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 39-70 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper, a sequel to “Models for normal intuitionistic modal logics” by M. Božić and the author, which dealt with intuitionistic analogues of the modal system K, deals similarly with intuitionistic analogues of systems stronger than K, and, in particular, analogues of S4 and S5. For these prepositional logics Kripke-style models with two accessibility relations, one intuitionistic and the other modal, are given, and soundness and completeness are proved with respect to these models. It is shown how the holding of formulae characteristic for particular logics is equivalent to conditions for the relations of the models. Modalities in these logics are also investigated.
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 233-236 
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    Notes: Abstract [10] offers two (cut-free) subscripted Gentzen systems, G 2 T + and G 2 R +, which are claimed to be equivalent in an appropriate sense to the positive relevant logics T + and R +, respectively. In this paper we show that that claim is false. We also show that the argument in [10] for the further claim that cut and/or modus ponens is admissible in two other subscripted Gentzen systems, G 1 T + and G 1 R +, is unsound.
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 285-289 
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    Notes: Abstract A simple propositional operator is introduced which generalizes pairwise equivalence and occurs widely in mathematics. Attention is focused on a replacement theorem for this notion of generalized equivalence and its use in producing further generalized equivalences.
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 353-368 
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    Notes: Abstract Post algebras of order ω+ as a semantic foundation for ω+-valued predicate calculi were examined in [5]. In this paper Post spaces of order ω+ being a modification of Post spaces of order n≥2 (cf. Traczyk [8], Dwinger [1], Rasiowa [6]) are introduced and Post fields of order ω+ are defined. A representation theorem for Post algebras of order ω+ as Post fields of sets is proved. Moreover necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of representations preserving a given set of infinite joins and infinite meets are established and applied to Lindenbaum-Tarski algebras of elementary theories based on ω+-valued predicate calculi in order to obtain a topological characterization of open theories.
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    Studia logica 44 (1985), S. 291-317 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with, prepositional calculi with strong negation (N-logics) in which the Craig interpolation theorem holds. N-logics are defined to be axiomatic strengthenings of the intuitionistic calculus enriched with a unary connective called strong negation. There exists continuum of N-logics, but the Craig interpolation theorem holds only in 14 of them.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 16 (1985), S. 151-166 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
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    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Dieser Bericht enthält zunächst eine Skizze der Entwicklung der Wissenschaftsgeschichtsschreibung in den USA und Canada. Sodann werden die Aktivitäten der History of Science Society of North America besonders vorgestellt. Schließlich betrachtet der Bericht besonders wichtige Publikationen im einzelnen. Im Anhang finden sich Übersichten über die jährlichen Versammlungen, eine vergleichende Statistik der Forschungsschwerpunkte der amerikanischen und internationalen Tätigkeit auf den einzelnen Gebieten sowie eine Liste der Forschungsstätten und der „Grading Programs“.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 16 (1985), S. 201-212 
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    Notes: Summary The paper is a contribution to the early history of methodology. In the work of Rudjer Boscovich, an 18th century scholar, some inductive logical arguments can be identified concerning the probabilistic appraisal of hypotheses which display originality of mind. Boscovich's arguments are presented and subsequently analysed in terms of Carnap's theory of inductive logic.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 16 (1985), S. 213-228 
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    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary First of all some problems of a scientifical dialogue between the different systems in the East and the West are being presented. In such a dialogue symmetry and reflexivity as principles of orientation have an important function. These principles are close to reality in the field of the philosophy of science and history of science in the DDR. By the controversy between the philosophy of science and the history of science in the DDR and by the way of discussing the Kuhnian theory within the Marxist-Leninist-philosophy of science, together with an apologetical demarcation a real westernoriented willingness of dialogue in the DDR can be remarked. Even farreaching positions can be found so that an intensification of the dialogue is possible.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 16 (1985), S. 229-250 
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    Notes: Summary The originality of Peirce's pragmatism is grounded in the very early project Peirce draws of a Logic, in which psychology and metaphysics are intimately connected: under the influence of Kant, Boole and the Scolastics, and through a certain logical use of the sign, Peirce elaborates a Logic, both more formal (anti-psychologism, critique of the metaphysics of intuition) and larger (raising a table of categories, studying the faculties through «a logical analysis of the products of thought», developing a theory of reality and abstraction), on the Scotistic model of a Speculative Grammar.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 16 (1985), S. 251-260 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit schlägt eine beweistheoretische Analyse der mathematischen Physik im Gegensatz zu gegenwärtigen modelltheoretischen Ansätzen vor. Über eine oberflächliche Analogie hinaus haben (konstruktive) beweistheoretische Techniken und Renormalisationsverfahren ein gemeinsames Ziel: die Ausschaltung von Unendlichkeiten in einer (finitistischen) konsistenten Theorie. Die Geschichte der Renormalisation in Quantenfeldtheorien wird kurz skizziert und eine allgemeine These über die Natur und Justizfizierung von Theorien in der mathematischen Physik vorgeschlagen. Wir schließen mit den Grundlinien für ein Forschungsprogramm für eine physikalische Logik.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 16 (1985), S. 261-286 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Frage der Erhaltung der Parität bei der Wechselwirkung von Elementarteilchen, der Vorschlag ihrer Verletzung, die experimentelle Bestätigung dieses Vorschlags und die daraus sich ergebenden Folgerungen, die zur Formulierung der mathematischen Struktur der schwachen Wechselwirkungen führten, sind die wichtigsten Entwicklungen in der Elementarteilchenphysik während der Periode von 1953 bis 1958. Vorliegender Aufsatz versucht die rationale Rekonstruktion dieser Periode und des Forschungsprogrammes, welches als eines der progressivsten Programme der modernen Physik angesehen wird. Hierzu benutzen wir eine modifizierte Fassung von Poppers tetradischem Schema als auch die Bemerkungen von Lakatos über gewisse Aspekte der Methodologie von Forschungsprogrammen. Es wird unterstrichen, daß die Dynamik der positiven Heuristik derart war, daß die theoretische Forschung fortgeführt werden konnte, trotz experimenteller Resultate, die nur als Gegenbeweise gegen die vorgeschlagene Struktur der schwachen Wechselwirkungen angesehen werden konnten.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 16 (1985), S. 1-18 
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    Notes: Summary The logical structure of the complete process of argumentation in the historical science is deductive. It implies confirmation and disconfirmation of hypotheses with the help of the concept of the indicator, which is more objective and more universal than the one of the source; the problem of the objectivity of criteria of the reasoning of hypotheses is being discussed.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 16 (1985), S. 19-24 
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    Notes: Summary The non-statement view of scientific theories contains a new conception of theoreticity: A function is „T-theoretical“ if T must be presupposed for its calculation. On the basis of this conception some philosophers came to the conclusion that scientific theories are not empirically testable because they contain T-theoretical functions. It is claimed that the attempt to test them ends in a circularity: The test of T presupposes T itself. It can be shown, however, that this argument is erroneous. The use of a theory to calculate T-theoretical functions does not preserve that theory from empirical criticism. The postulated circularity does not arise.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 16 (1985), S. 47-66 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fundamentismus (“Foundationism”) und Skeptizismus-Anarchismus sind zwei entgegengesetzte Positionen in der traditionellen Erkenntnistheorie und in der modernen Wissenschaftstheorie. Zwischen ihnen gibt es einen dritten Standpunkt, den Evolutionismus. Beispiele sind zwei neuere Arbeiten von Putnam (1978) und Stegmüller (1979). Im Gegensatz zum logisch-statischen Fundamentismus berücksichtigt der Evolutionismus auch dynamische und naturalistische Ansätze. Stegmüller folgend entlehnen wir in der vorliegenden Untersuchung aus der Sprachphilosophie pragmatische Gesichtspunkte, um die logische Syntax und Semantik, die Werkzeuge des Fundamentismus, zu ersetzen. Wir zeigen die Kraft der Pragmatik bei der Behandlung von Problemen wie Erkenntniswachstum, Begriffswechsel, Theorien- und Bedeutungsdynamik, wissenschaftliche Entdeckung und besonders beim Problem der Inkommensurabilität. Unser nicht-fundamentistischer Vorschlag ist ein heuristisches Modell, das auf der modernen genetischen Theorie basiert.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 16 (1985), S. 25-46 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung HegelsPhänomenologie des Geistes schließt mit dem Begriff des absoluten Wissens. Nicht zuletzt deswegen war dieses Werk Hegels wie seine Philosophie überhaupt seitdem immer Gegenstand grundlegender philosophischer Kontroversen. Dennoch gab es überraschend wenige Versuche zur Klärung dieses umstrittenen Begriffes. Das Ziel dieses Artikels besteht in einer recht elementaren und einführenden Diskussion einiger Gesichtspunkte der Theorie Hegels vom Absoluten, ohne die Absicht einer Interpretation irgendwelcher durch seine Phänomenologie aufgeworfenen wirklich schwierigen Probleme. Der Zweck liegt darin, eine verständliche Einführung zu bieten und eher die Skizze einer adäquaten Annäherung an die Probleme zu liefern als diese mit allen ihren philosophischen Implikationen zu diskutieren. Teil I unternimmt es, eine bestimmte Interpretation von Hegels eigener Einleitung in die Phänomenologie in solchen Termini zu kritisieren, von denen ein durch Hegel vorläufig umrissener Begriff des Absoluten irrtümlich mit seinem richtigen Begriff identifiziert zu werden vermag. Teil II bietet eine Begründung der Idee Hegels vom Absoluten als Selbstbewußtsein, indem auch einige der Ursachen für eine Annahme des absoluten Selbstbewußtseins als ein überindividuelles gesucht wird. Schließlich diskutiert Teil III einige Probleme, die mit dem phänomenologischen Versuch im Zusammenhang stehen, das absolute Wissen zu rechtfertigen.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 16 (1985), S. 96-112 
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    Notes: Summary If action theory is to be relevant for the study of social phenomena, its scope has to be enlarged so as to include social structures. A hermeneutic theory of action, which draws on the thoughts of Gadamer, Merleau-Ponty, Ricoeur and Giddens, can meet this requirement. The hermeneutic concept of action, which emphasises the importance of tradition, style and rituals, demonstrates that action and structure presuppose and explain each other. The mutual relationship between action and structure is particularly clear in theories of human development in the domain of psychology, psychotherapy and education. These theories can be used to construct a theory of social evolution, as has been developed by Habermas. By integrating structural, theoretical and critical points of view, a hermeneutic theory of action opens a perspective in which action theory and social theory might be successfully combined.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 16 (1985), S. 147-150 
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    Notes: Summary The historical development of the “non-standard analysis” is sketched. With the help of this mathematical branch infinite and infinitesimal quantities are placed in an extension of the real numbers and so find their justification. In this way an old mathematical and philosophical problem is solved in the 20th century, but not in such a manner, mathematicians with classical „standard methods“ thought of.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 16 (1985), S. 67-95 
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    Notes: Summary This article analyzes the possibility of cooperation between philosophy and the history of philosophy. It approaches this task more precisely than has been the case in the discussion heretofore, seeing in this relationship an ideal case, typifying the relationship of systematic to historical disciplines in general. To begin with, a distinction must be made between a naively received history of philosophy and the critical study of philosophy's history. Further distinctions to be made are among receivedcontent, receptionprocesses and the five main categories of the history of philosophy'sfunctions for systematic philosophy (primary information, hermeneutics, heuristics, genetic reflexion and validity tests). Heuristics and validation may be subsumed under the category ofintegration and be brought into relation to the truth criteria of coherence and consensus. The hermeneutical and reflective functions may be understood as proto-heuristics and proto-validation and thereby receive secondorder functionalization. The increasingly indispensable service of the critical study of the history of philosophy to systematic philosophy is established by the three constellations in which historical material iscollected, systematically interpreted andadjudged, as to its accuracy. A formal plasticity must be assumed as a pre-requisite from the start, corresponding not to a particular philosophical instance, but rather to the instancing character of all systematic philosophy and therefore with a thematic domain, which is defined by philosophicality, in terms of its problematical, fundamental, categorial and systematical character. A critical science of philosophy would be required to explicitly formulate these characteristics, but the normative function would have to be assumed by a theory of philosophy which would take on the role of a meta-philosophy regarding particular philosophical schools, corresponding to the role of philosophy of science as an applied logic. Such a theory of philosophy would also be in a position to determine the formal relationship of such a critical history of philosophy (including philosophy's historiography and philology) to systematic philosophies.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 16 (1985), S. 113-146 
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    Notes: Summary The author takes a collection of essays on concepts and approaches inevolutionary epistemology** as the occasion for a critical discussion of the limits and achievements of evolutionary epistemology as well as of certain philosophical objections to the very project itself. She comes to the conclusion that evolutionary epistemology, even if it cannot explain cognition (Erkenntnis) itself, can nevertheless shed light on the complex phenomenon of cognition by demonstrating the presence of traces of our evolutionary past in cognition. Modern research into the structure and functioning of the brain supports this conclusion. The author argues that the questions which evolutionary epistemology can legitimately pose and answer are such that it is not in competition with traditional epistemology. For this reason she suggests that this research program be renamed „evolutionäre Informationstheorie“, in the hope that its aims will become clearer to proponents as well as opponents. In the final section the author discusses the possibility that an evolutionary approach might explain the fact that human beings are less and less capable of dealing with the complexity of the world they have created.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 16 (1985), S. 188-200 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 16 (1985), S. 167-187 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 16 (1985), S. 304-314 
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    Notes: Summary The method of citation analysis has been elaborated by E. Garfield for the purpose of documentation of scientific literature. The data accumulated in “Citation Indices” can also be used as an empirical basis for certain investigations in the field of science of science. Techniques of citation analysis (e.g. the calculation of citation rates or the co-citation-analysis) permit measurements of information activities of scientists. We refuse overdrawn interpretations of the results of citation analyses, for instance the indication of “scientific quality” or of “thematico-technical relations between ideas, problems etc.”.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 16 (1985), S. 287-303 
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    Notes: Summary If identity is to be taken as a relation, not between any object and itself, nor between expressions (individual constants), but between “intensions” or Fregean “Sinnen” of individual constants (which seems to me to be Frege's mature position in 1892 and, furthermore, a satisfying solution to the philosophical problem of identity), then not only definite descriptions but also grammatically proper names ought to have intensions. This, however, has been repudiated by J. St. Mill and, more recently and more persuasively, by Saul Kripke. So an attempt will be made to interpret proper names as definite descriptionssui generis, namely, “rigid” descriptions referring to the way the bearer of the name is called, in certain contexts, in the real world. To avoid circularity or a vicious regressus in infinitum, however, one has to do this on the basis of a distinction between “names” and “name-radicals”.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 16 (1985), S. 315-333 
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    Notes: Summary (I) The word „understand“ has various meanings which can be specified according to a certain aspect of the language or the act of speaking itself: One can understand asentence; one can understand what someone isdoing by saying something, etc. (II) Hence, „understand“ is a systematic ambiguous word. (III) The philosophers who define the notion of understanding draw their attention to either the oneor the other meaning of the word. Hence, they define this notion only partially. (IV) Consequently, they often talk past one another in case of a controversy. (V) But in fact the different definitions of the notion of understanding are not in actual competition with one another. There are many ‚language games‘ one can play with the word „understand“. — Corresponding to this ‚liberal‘ conception, Continental and Anglo-Saxon philosophy can be brought into contact with one another: The followers of the hermeneutics and of the „geisteswissenschaftliche Psychologie“ have provided definitions of the notion of understanding which should by all means be taken into account. The followers of the linguistic philosophy have found methods by which the differences between the definitions can be made clearer.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 16 (1985), S. 334-340 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit betrachtet die verschiedenen Ansichten, die über wissenschaftliche Objektivität bestehen: Etwa als Charakteristik einer gesamtwissenschaftlichen Praxis, als Gesamtfortschritt, der durch die Struktur der Institution bestimmt ist, oder als etwas, was auf subjektivem Glauben, subjektivem Verfahren und kollektiven Meinungen begründet ist. Sie betrachtet die Objektivität der Wissenschaft auch in bezug auf den Sinn wissenschaftlicher Behauptungen und bezüglich des allgemeinen erkenntnistheoretischen Hintergrundes. Mit Blick auf einige neuere Thesen innerhalb der Quantenphysik und in der Sprache der Quantenphysik versucht die Arbeit herauszustellen, daß die Praxis der tatsächlichen Wissenschaft über historische und logisch-methodologische Rechenschaftsablegung hinausgeht, um ihre Glaubwürdigkeit in einer kontinuierlich sich erweiternden Erfahrung unter Beweis zu stellen. Wissenschaft als ein systematisches öffentliches Unternehmen, dessen Zweck es ist, Behauptungen über die Natur zu formulieren, erreicht dies durch einen Bedeutungswandel von Objektivität und indem sie neue „Sprachen“ übernimmt, die durch solchen Wandel erfordert werden.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 16 (1985), S. 341-356 
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    Notes: Summary In this paper it is shown that the attempt by Gerhard Seel to give a positive solution to the problem of absolute justification of socalled practical sentences has failed. His attempts to explicate his central concepts and the conditions of adequacy of his fundamental practical sentence are analyzed in detail. And his proposals for the formulation of a sentence of this kind are shown to lead to absurd consequences, so that consistent fallibilism is saved from his attack.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 16 (1985), S. 375-380 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 16 (1985), S. 357-374 
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    Notes: Summary Transcendental pragmatics is the attempt to make Kants transcendental philosophy philosophically defensible by means of a reconstruction in terms of semiotics and the theory of communication. The central theses of transcendental pragmatics are: (a) philosophical final justification (of theoretical and practical philosophy) is possible. (b) The claim of radical fallibilism: “all propositions are fallible, therefore final justification is impossible” is false. Both theses are defended against H. Keuths critique, recently published in this journal. Radical fallibilism, which admits the application of the principle of fallibility to itself entangles itself pecisely for this reason in a whole raw of contradictions. Keuths objections rest upon a misunderstanding. His critique does not demonstrate the invalidity of reflexive final justification arguments because he misses the essential feature of such arguments namely that they are intended asstrictly reflexive arguments.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 16 (1985), S. 381-396 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 270-271 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 272-272 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 273-274 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 282-283 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 284-284 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 283-284 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 302-302 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 310-314 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 326-327 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 331-333 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 335-336 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 336-336 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 353-357 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 364-364 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 375-376 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 380-381 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 382-384 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 390-392 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 400-407 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 427-429 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 432-433 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 433-434 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 437-438 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 446-447 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 447-448 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 456-460 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 469-469 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 485-486 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 488-489 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 494-498 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 492-493 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 502-504 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 504-504 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 268-270 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 276-277 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 274-275 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 284-284 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 285-290 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 303-309 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 324-326 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 328-330 
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    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 334-335 
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