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  • Articles  (3,091)
  • Springer  (3,091)
  • 1995-1999
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  • Articles  (3,091)
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  • 1995-1999
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxygen uptake of microorganisms entrapped in Ca-alginate (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 163-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The oxygen uptake rates of Pseudomonas putida, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger, immobilized in Ca-alginate gel, were determined in comparison with the respiration of free cells. The specific oxygen uptake rate of immobilized microorganisms decreased with increasing cell content of the gel beads and increasing alginate concentration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261907
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dihydroxyacetone production from methanol by a dihydroxyacetone kinase deficient mutant of Hansenula polymorpha (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 180-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A mutant, No. 65, of Hansenula polymorpha CBS 4732 was isolated which was impaired in its ability to grow on methanol and dihydroxyacetone. Mutant No. 65 produced dihydroxyacetone and glycerol from methanol with a 18.8% yield in a resting-cells reaction. The absence of dihydroxyacetone kinase activity in the mutant is believed to be the reason for its inability to grow on methanol and for the accumulation of trioses. This mutant, however, was able to grow on glycerol, and dihydroxyacetone kinase was found in the cells. The growth on glycerol was almost completely inhibited by the addition of methanol (0.1% v/v). As far as tested with partially purified enzymes, no property was found that could be used to distinguish between the kinases from methanol- and glycerol-grown cells. The evidence suggests that the phenotype of No. 65 is a lesion not in the structural gene but in its regulatory gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261910
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Induction and production of cellulases by l-sorbose in Trichoderma reesei (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 24 (1986), S. 449-453 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Cellulase production in Trichoderma reesei mutants was induced by l-sorbose, known to be an inhibitor of β-1,3-glucan synthesis. In the experiments the washed mycelia were used as resting cells. For CMCase induction over 24 h using T. reesei PC-3-7, the most effective pH, temperature and l-sorbose concentration were 2.8, 28° C and 0.3 mg/ml, respectively. Comparison with other cellulase inducers showed that the inductive level of CMCase by l-sorbose was similar to that by sophorose, known to be the most potent inducer of cellulases. Since the induction of CMCase was inhibited completely by 10 μg of cycloheximide per ml, the induction process was considered to involve de novo synthesis. Although l-sorbose had the effective inducibility of CMCase, the assimilation rate of l-sorbose was very low in T. reesei PC-3-7.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00250321
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production of cellulases from alkali-treated bagasse in Trichoderma reesei (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 24 (1986), S. 454-458 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Most of the mutants of Trichoderma reesei had good cellulase productivity on Avicel but this was low on alkali-treated bagasse, which could be a most promising cellulosic biomass to use as an inexpensive carbon source for cellulase production. Two T. reesei mutants, PC-3-7 and X-31, in which strong cellulase activity is inducible by l-sorbose, were, however, found to produce cellulase on alkali-treated bagasse. They produced about 100 units of CMCase per ml in 5-1 jar fermentor culture with 4% alkali-treated bagasse as carbon source. They also showed higher cellulase productivity than other mutants on other easily saccharified substrates, such as alkali-treated rice straw and Walseth's cellulose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00250322
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhanced production of extracellular α-amylase and glucoamylase by amylolytic yeasts using β-cyclodextrin as carbon source (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 24 (1986), S. 459-462 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Several amylolytic yeasts from the genera Candida, Cryptococcus, Filobasidium, Lipomyces, Saccharomycopsis, Schwanniomyces, and Trichosporon can utilize β-cyclodextrin as a sole carbon source. For most species significantly higher yields of both α-amylase and glucoamylase are obtained as compared to with starch. This novel inducer of yeast amylases should therefore be useful in the characterization of these amylolytic enzymes and their regulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00250323
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of bacteria in retting of desiccated flax during damp weather (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 24 (1986), S. 463-467 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The bacteria present on samples of desiccated flax stems were Bacillus mycoides, B. subtilis, Erwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. putida and Micrococcus sp. and the fungi present were Cladosporium herbarum, Fusarium culmorum, Botrytis cineria, Epicoccum nigrum and yeast. When inoculated on autoclaved stems or in liquid culture, B. subtilis produced mainly pectin-lyase and xylanase. However, only pectin-lyase was detected in significant levels in autoclaved stem sections or in liquid cultures inoculated with E. carotovora. Enhanced pectin-lyase and xylanase levels were detected in field-retted stems sprayed with B. subtilis compared with enzyme levels in stems sprayed with E. carotovora or the control stem tissues. Increases in the fungal population coincided with a reduction in the bacterial population on treated stems at the later part of retting. Enhanced retting was observed in stems sprayed with B. subtilis and consequently the stems produced finer fibres than fibres from E. carotovora-sprayed or control stems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00250324
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fructose metabolism in Zymomonas mobilis (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 24 (1986), S. 471-476 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary In the metabolism of fructose by Zymomonas, the ethanol yield is decreased due to the formation of dihydroxyacetone, mannitol and glycerol. The reduction of fructose to mannitol by an NADPH-dependent mannitol dehydrogenase is apparently coupled to the oxidation of glucose-6-phosphate by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, which exhibits higher activity with NADP than with NAD as cofactor. The relatively low cell yield on fructose can partly be explained by the loss of ATP in the formation of dihydroxyacetone and glycerol and partly by the toxic effect of dihydroxyacetone and acetaldehyde on the growth of the organism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00250326
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and characterization of a cellulolytic actinomycete Microbispora bispora (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 24 (1986), S. 477-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Protocols for the isolation of cellulolytic actinomycetes are described, and their use illustrated in the selection of thermophilic bacteria from soil. One isolate, Microbispora bispora, was selected for further study. It grew readily at 55°C, produced an extracellular cellulase in good yield (endoglucanase, 5.9 U/ml) that had a broad pH range (pH 5.5–7.2) and was thermally stable. Its aryl-β-glucosidase was cell-associated and was relatively resistant to end-product inhibition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00250327
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of promoter activities of heterologous and homologous promoters in Bacillus subtilis (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 24 (1986), S. 499-503 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary We have constructed promoter probe vectors with the Escherichia coli galactokinase monitoring system that can be used in Bacillus subtilis. In vivo studies with these vectors demonstrated that the E. coli trp and tac(trp::lac) promoter regions could be utilized in B. subtilis. These promoter regions and the promoter region for the erythromycin resistance gene originating from Staphylococcus aureus were preferentially utilized during the stationary growth phase of B. subtilis, whereas the B. subtilis P21K and P29K promoters were utilized during the exponential growth phase and decreased rapidly during the stationary phase. The apparent strength of these promoters of E. coli in B. subtilis, in terms of galactokinase units, was comparable with those of the B. subtilis promoters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00250330
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrofusion of giant protoplasts of Pleurotus cornucopiae (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 24 (1986), S. 509-511 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Giant protoplasts of Pleurotus cornucopiae were fused, using the glass microelectrode electrofusion technque; the percentage fusion achieved was 70%. To induce fusion, Ca2+ was necessary, a 10 mM concentration giving the best result. Polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG) promoted fusion but also increased the adhesion of protoplasts, which caused them to be irreversibly attached to the electrodes. Fusion was always completed within 1 min after a single electrical pulse had been applied. The fused protoplast was isolated with a glass micropipette and was found to regenerate into a colony.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00250332
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    The effect of acetate and succinate on polyphosphate formation and degradation in activated sludge, with particular reference to Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 24 (1986), S. 512-517 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The effects of acetate and succinate were compared to the effect of phosphate starvation on the formation and degradation of polyphosphate in an Acinetobacter calcoaceticus isolate from a five-stage Bardenpho activated sludge plant and in mixed liquor from the same plant. Both acetate treatment and phosphate starvation result in significant phosphate release from the cells. Succinate treatment showed little difference from the control. A reduction in polyphosphate was observed simultaneously with the phosphate release. On resuspension of the treated samples in a complete medium, uptake of phosphate was observed. In the acetate-treated samples, this was significantly higher than in the phosphate starved samples. Polyphosphate formation was also significantly enhanced after treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00250333
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    5-hydroxylation of benzimidazole by micromycetes II. Optimisation of production with Absidia spinosa (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 25 (1986), S. 8-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The bioconversion of benzimidazole to 5-hydroxybenzimidazole was investigated as a function of the physiological state of the fungus and culture conditions. Using an inoculum composed only of spores, the addition of benzimidazole at different times of development led to a better definition of optimal physiological conditions for obtaining a good hydroxylation yield. The relationship between the degree of hydroxylation and that of culture medium aeration, was shown by the use of four different conditions: flowing medium on an inert support, in static, agitated or highly aerated medium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252504
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A neutral proteinase produced by Bacillus cereus with high sequence homology to thermolysin: Production, isolation and characterization (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 25 (1986), S. 18-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Extracellular neutral proteinase was produced in 10 l and 240 l batch cultivations of Bacillus isolate X-3, identified as B. cereus and deposited as DSM 3101. The enzyme concentration was about 37–47 mg/l in the fermentation broth. The enzyme was extracted from the medium by adsorption chromatography with Amberlite XAD-7-resin, and further purified by acetone precipitation and affinity chromatography. The mol. wt. is 35 000 Da. The enzyme is thermostabilized by calcium, inhibited by EDTA and o-phenanthrolin and has its pH-optimum at pH 6.8. The specific activity is 4.36·10-4 kat·mg-1 at 35°C and the k cat/K m on FAGLA (furylacryloyl-glyleu-NH2) is 2.25·104 M-1 s-1 at 30°C, pH 6.8. The proteinase is stable up to 60°C. The N-terminal amino acid sequence exhibits a high sequence homology (63%) to thermolysin and a low homology (18%) to B. subtilis neutral protease A. The enzyme may therefore be suitable for structural comparison with thermolysin in order to study factors affecting thermostability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252506
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetic properties of β-glucosidase from Aspergillus ornatus (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 25 (1986), S. 25-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Kinetic properties of extracellular β-glucosidase from Aspergillus ornatus were determined. The pH and temperature optima for the enzyme were found to be 4.6 and 60°C, respectively. Under these conditions, the enzyme exhibited a K m (p-nitrophenyl-β-glucoside) value of 0.76±0.11 mM. The activation energy for the enzyme was 11.8 kcal/mol. Several divalent metal ions inhibited β-glucosidase activity, some of which showed inhibition of enzyme activity only at higher concentrations. Ag2+ was the most potent inhibitor. A metal chelating agent, EDTA, also inhibited β-glucosidase activity. Except for trehalose, glucose, glucono-δ-lactone, cellobiose, gentiobiose, laminaribiose, maltose and isomaltose inhibited β-glucosidase activity. Glucose was found to be a competitive inhibitor, whereas glucono-δ-lactone and other β-linked disaccharides were noncompetitive (mixed) inhibitors of the enzyme.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252507
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Effect of alcohols and temperature on the hopanoid content of Zymomonas mobilis (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 25 (1986), S. 32-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The influence of different culture conditions on the hopanoid content of Zymomonas mobilis was investigated in batch cultures. With a gas-liquid chromatographic method it could be shown that the content of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxypentane-29-hopane (THBH) reached a maximum value in the stationary phase due to the high level of ethanol accumulated in the medium. The hopanoid content increased sharply with the addition of ethanol to the culture. Ethanol was shown to be the most effective of the alcohols tested in causing an increase of the hopanoid content. Furthermore, an alteration of the incubation temperature from 14° to 37°C also caused an increase of the amount of hopanoids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252509
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    The reducing capacities of cyanobacteria for aldehydes and ketones (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 25 (1986), S. 52-54 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Several strains of filamentous and unicellular cyanobacteria are capable of converting aldehydes and ketones into their corresponding alcohols during the active growth phase. Efficient conversions have been observed with aliphatic aldehydes, methyl and ethyl ketones. Cyanobacteria proved to be potent reducters of nor-carotenoids, acyclic monoterpene aldehydes and ketopantolactone. Neither bicyclic monoterpene ketones nor aromatic aldehydes have been reduced by any cyanobacterial strain so far tested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252512
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Phosphorus-31 NMR studies of maltose and glucose metabolism in Streptococcus lactis (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 25 (1986), S. 43-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Streptococcus lactis ferments glucose in a homolactic fashion but a heterolactic fermentation pattern is observed when it is grown on maltose. Using in vivo phosphorus-31 and carbon-13 NMR studies of glucose-metabolizing cells we confirmed that fructosediphosphate (FDP) is the major glycolytic intermediate and that the production of lactate causes major changes both in the intra- and extracellular pH values. Starved cells contain mainly 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA) and some phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). Metabolism of maltose also brings about major changes in pH, but it was unclear from the poorly resolved in vivo spectra if FDP was the main glycolytic intermediate present. This question was further studied by analyzing perchloric acid extracts by phosphorus-31 NMR. These studies showed that glucose-metabolizing cells have higher levels of FDP and lower levels of inorganic phosphate (P i ) than maltose-metabolizing cells. 3-PGA always remained present in the latter cells suggesting that these exist in a semi-starved state which is probably the reason for their heterolactic fermentation pattern. In the course of these studies we also examined the effects of the inhibitors 2-deoxyglucose, fluoride and iodoacetate. We could demonstrate that by judicious choice of carbon sources and inhibitors one could completely reduce the intracellular P i pool. This suggests that one should be able to regulate the shift from heterolactic to homolactic fermentation, as P i is considered to be the most potent inhibitor of pyruvate kinase in these cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252511
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  • 18
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    Bioreclamation of chlorophenol-contaminated soil by composting (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 25 (1986), S. 68-75 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Microbiological decontamination of technical chlorophenol-containing soil by composting was studied. In two 50 m3 windrows the concentration of chlorophenols went down from 212 mg kg-1 to 30 mg kg-1 in 4 summer months and after the second summer of composting it was only 15 mg kg-1. All chlorophenol congeners present in the technical chlorophenol were degraded, but the main dimeric impurities, polychlorinated phenoxyphenols were recalcitrant. The contaminated soil was found to contain chlorophenol-degrading microbes, 5x106 cfu g-1 of dry windrow soil. Laboratory experiments with samples from the windrow compost showed that chlorophenols were truly degraded and that chlorophenol loss by evaporation was less than 1.5% under the circumstances studied. Laboratory experiments also showed that degradation of chlorophenols (120 mg kg-1) was accelerated when sterilized contaminated soil was inoculated with Rhodococcus chlorophenolicus (mineralizer of several chlorophenols) or naturally occurring microbes of the field composts. Biomethylation of chlorophenols in the composts was insignificant compared to biodegradation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252515
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  • 19
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    Effects of trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene and dichloromethane on enzymatic activities in soil (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 25 (1986), S. 76-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Enzyme assays for β-glucosidase, β-acetylglucosaminidase, phosphatase, phosphodiesterase, and proteinase were made in soil samples incubated for two months after contamination with trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and dichloromethane. These volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons were added at doses of 10, 100, and 1000 μg per 100 g dry soil, respectively. Almost no effect was observed in soil sample contaminated with 10 μg of the chemicals when compared with control soil. When 100 μg of the volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons was added, the activity of β-glucosidase, β-acetylglucosaminidase and, in part, also of proteinase, was reduced during the first 28 days of incubation but returned to the same or slightly higher level than in the control soil after 2 months. Trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and dichloromethane at a concentration of 1000 μg per 100 g soil primarily inhibited activity of all enzymes under test. However, after two months, the enzymatic activities especially in soil samples contaminated with tetrachloroethylene and dichloromethane were found to be at the same or higher level than in the control soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252516
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  • 20
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    Effect of aeration rate and influence of pCO2 in large-scale cultures ofCatharanthus roseus cells (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 25 (1986), S. 101-105 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Catharanthus roseus cells were grown at various aeration rates using normal or CO2-enriched air. Kinetic data showed a detrimental effect of the increase of the gassing rate on the growth characteristics due to CO2 stripping. When the CO2 partial pressure in the culture was maintained at a constant level of 20 mbar, better growth and enhanced conversion yields were obtained.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01982832
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  • 21
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    Performance assessment of two patent strains ofZymomonas mobilis in batch and continuous fermentations (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 25 (1986), S. 106-115 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The performance ofZymomonas mobilis strains ATCC 31821 and ATCC 31823 was assessed in batch and continuous culture. In batch culture using a medium containing 250 g/l glucose, identical maximum specific growth rates of 0.16/h were found, though final biomass concentration and growth yield were significantly lower for ATCC 31 823 than for ATCC 31 821. Final ethanol concentrations in this medium were about 110 g/l vor both organisms. In continuous culture at increasing dilution rates using a medium containing 100 g/l glucose, no significant differences were seen between the two strains with respect to the fermentation parameters studied. For ATCC 31 821, maximum rates of glucose uptake (Qs) and ethanol produktion (Qp) of 8.7 g glu/g/h and 4.4 g eth/g/h, respectively, were found. Both strains showed a similar performance at a fixed dilution rate of 0.1/h, where maximum ethanol concentrations of about 68 g/l were reached at a feed glucose concentration of about 139 g/l. At this dilution rate the maximum values of Qs and Qp were about 5.8 g glu/g/h and 2.8 g eth/g/h, respectively. Test tube experiments showed that growth, measured as optical density, decreased with increasing concentrations of exogenous ethanol with complete inhibition of growth at ethanol concentrations 〉8% (v/v). As evidenced by the results presented here, we have been unable to practice the invention as described in U.S. Patent 4,403,034 (Rogers and Tribe 1983).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01982833
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  • 22
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    High levels of inducible expression of cloned β-galactosidase ofKluyveromyces lactis inSaccharomyces cerevisiae (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 25 (1986), S. 124-131 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The LAC4 gene ofKluyveromyces lactis CBS2360 coding for β-galactosidase was isolated from aK. lactis gene bank. The gene was when cloned in a yeast expression vector pBCL26, derived from pLG2 (Guarente 1983), under the control of the inducible GAL1-10 USA/CYC1 yeast hybrid promoter. Two constructions were obtained, pBCLG2 and pBCLG4, that bear the LAC4 gene in the two opposite orientations and we have studied the expression ofK. lactis β-galactosidase in yeast cells transformed with these two plasmids and under different growth conditions. High levels of expression induced by galactose were observed with pBCLG2, which bears the LAC4 gene in the correct orientation, while a low constitutive level of expression was observed in pBCLG4 transformants both in glucose and in galactose media. The expression of the heterologous protein, under induced conditions, appears to be strongly influenced by the growth phase of the culture, with a sharp increase of the specific activity of the enzyme and of its level, calculated as percent of total protein, at the beginning of the stationary phase of growth, during which time the β-galactosidase reaches a level of 15% of total cellular protein.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01982835
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  • 23
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    A study of inulinase activity in theClostridium acetobutylicum strain ABKn8 (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 25 (1986), S. 143-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Several strains ofClostridium acetobutylicum, isolated from sugar beet pulps or Jerusalem artichokes, are able to utilize inulin, a β-polyfructosane polymer of fructose with glucose as the terminal residue. Inulin-degrading activity, which was detected in cultures of one such strain, ABKn8, grown in Basol-medium containing inulin, reached a maximum at the end of exponential phase. Most of the enzyme activity was detected in the supernatant. It was stably maintained in 0.1 M acetate buffer pH 5.0, and was optimal at pH 4.6. The enzyme, inulinase was induced by inulin, but not by xylose, fructose or sucrose and was repressed by glucose. Inulinase was active against inulin, sucrose and raffinose, but not melezitose. It had a higher affinity for inulin (K m : 1.2×10-2 mM) than all the other known inulinases.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01982838
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    Continuous cultivation of rumen microorganisms, a system with possible application to the anaerobic degradation of lignocellulosic waste materials (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 25 (1986), S. 155-162 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary An in vitro continuous fermentation device is described which allows the maintenance of a mixed rumen microbial population under conditions similar to those in the rumen. The differences in flow rates of solids and liquids found in the rumen were established in vitro by means of a simple filter construction. A grass-grain mixture was used as a solid growth substrate. During a test period of 65 days the artificial rumen fermenter showed stable operation with respect to ciliate numbers, fibre degradation and volatile fatty acids production. Values obtained were comparable to those found in vivo. Optimal fibre degradation and volatile fatty acids production were maintained when hydraulic retention times (HRT) ranged from 11 to 14 h. At these HRT-values ciliate numbers were maintained at about 8.5×104 cells per ml. Ciliate numbers declined drastically at HRT-values above 14h. A fermenter inoculated with a small volume of rumen fluid (1:100, v/v) reached normal protozoal numbers, fibre degradation and volatile fatty acids productions after a start up period of only 8 to 10 days. The possible application of rumen microorganisms for an efficient degradation of lignocellulosic waste material in an artificial rumen digester is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01982840
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  • 25
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    Corroding iron as a hydrogen source for sulphate reduction in growing cultures of sulphate-reducing bacteria (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 25 (1986), S. 169-174 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary In anaerobic corrosion experiments, hydrogenase-positiveDesulfovibrio strains, grown with limiting lactate concentrations in the presence of steel wool, formed more sulphide than expected or observed with lactate alone. The additional sulphide obviously originated from sulphate reduction with cathodically formed hydrogen from the steel surface. The hydrogenasenegativeD. sapovorans did not produce additional sulphide. The observations agree with the theory of von Wolzogen Kühr and van der Vlugt (1934) that explains anaerobic corrosion as a cathodic depolarization of iron surfaces by hydrogen-consuming sulphate-reducing bacteria. The influence of the iron surface area, the salt concentration and the pH-value on the utilization of cathodically formed hydrogen was investigated. The significance of an additional organic electron donor for the corrosion of iron in aqueous environments is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01982842
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  • 26
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    Effect of aeration rate and influence of pCO2 in large-scale cultures ofCatharanthus roseus cells (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 25 (1986), S. 101-105 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Catharanthus roseus cells were grown at various aeration rates using normal or CO2-enriched air. Kinetic data showed a detrimental effect of the increase of the gassing rate on the growth characteristics due to CO2 stripping. When the CO2 partial pressure in the culture was maintained at a constant level of 20 mbar, better growth and enhanced conversion yields were obtained.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00938932
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  • 27
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    Production of hydantoinase fromPseudomonas fluorescens strain DSM 84 (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 25 (1986), S. 91-96 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Pseudomonas fluorescens strain DSM 84 was selected as a good hydantoinase (dihydropyrimidinase E.C. 3.5.2.2.) producer from a screening involving 60 collection strains. Optimization of the culture and growth conditions were performed in order to increase the enzyme production. A mineral medium supplemented with 10 g/l of yeast extract having an initial pH of 7.1±0.1 but containing no additional carbon source or inducer was devised. The strain DSM 84 was found to produce the maximal level of hydantoinase in the defined mineral medium within 15 h of incubation at 27°C. When using 5-isopropylhydantoin as substrate, N-carbamyl-valine was detected as the end product of the crude hydantoinase. Conditions leading to the isolation and conservation of a crude hydantoinase as well as its temperature and pH stability are described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00938930
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  • 28
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    Effect of growth temperature on the morphology and performance ofZymomonas mobilis ATCC 29 191 in batch and continuous culture (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 25 (1986), S. 116-123 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Increasing the temperature in chemostat culture ofZymomonas mobilis ATCC 29 191 with low and high glucose concentrations was found to result in a decreasing frequency of septation leading to the formation of long filaments and in increasing outer membrane blebbing. Whether this effect is strain specific or universal inZymomonas is, unknown. Improvements in the fermentation kinetics could be achieved at elevated temperatures, with an optimum at 33°C. Temperatures 〉30°C induced “uncoupled growth” in chemostat cultures ofZ. mobilis ATCC 29 191. The results of this study emphasize the importance of temperature regulation in optimizing the performance of continuous fermentations withZymomonas.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00938934
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  • 29
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    High levels of inducible expression of cloned β-galactosidase ofKluyveromyces lactis inSaccharomyces cerevisiae (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 25 (1986), S. 124-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The LAC4 gene ofKluyveromyces lactis CBS2360 coding for β-galactosidase was isolated from aK. lactis gene bank. The gene was when cloned in a yeast expression vector pBCL26, derived from pLG2 (Guarente 1983), under the control of the inducible GAL1-10 USA/CYC1 yeast hybrid promoter. Two constructions were obtained, pBCLG2 and pBCLG4, that bear the LAC4 gene in the two opposite orientations and we have studied the expression ofK. lactis β-galactosidase in yeast cells transformed with these two plasmids and under different growth conditions. High levels of expression induced by galactose were observed with pBCLG2, which bears the LAC4 gene in the correct orientation, while a low constitutive level of expression was observed in pBCLG4 transformants both in glucose and in galactose media. The expression of the heterologous protein, under induced conditions, appears to be strongly influenced by the growth phase of the culture, with a sharp increase of the specific activity of the enzyme and of its level, calculated as percent of total protein, at the beginning of the stationary phase of growth, during which time the β-galactosidase reaches a level of 15% of total cellular protein.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00938935
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  • 30
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    A study of inulinase activity in theClostridium acetobutylicum strain ABKn8 (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 25 (1986), S. 143-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Several strains ofClostridium acetobutylicum, isolated from sugar beet pulps or Jerusalem artichokes, are able to utilize inulin, a β-polyfructosane polymer of fructose with glucose as the terminal residue. Inulin-degrading activity, which was detected in cultures of one such strain, ABKn8, grown in Basol-medium containing inulin, reached a maximum at the end of exponential phase. Most of the enzyme activity was detected in the supernatant. It was stably maintained in 0.1 M acetate buffer pH 5.0, and was optimal at pH 4.6. The enzyme, inulinase was induced by inulin, but not by xylose, fructose or sucrose and was repressed by glucose. Inulinase was active against inulin, sucrose and raffinose, but not melezitose. It had a higher affinity for inulin (K m : 1.2×10-2 mM) than all the other known inulinases.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00938938
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  • 31
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    Study on the development of methanogenic microflora during anaerobic digestion of sugar beet pulp (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 25 (1986), S. 163-168 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The pattern of increase in cell number in 12 different groups of bacteria was studied during anaerobic digestion of enzymatically prehydrolysed sugar beet pulp in a 70-l fermentor with sequential feeding over a period of 130 days. Glucose-fermenting bacteria accounted for 90% of the total microflora as estimated by direct epifluorescence. Strictly anaerobic bacteria were largely dominant; only 10% were methanogens. Sulphatereducing bacteria accounted for 0.1% of the total microflora. The yield of biogas was compared with the numbers of bacteria.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00938941
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    Ultrafiltration membranes with uniform pores from crystalline bacterial cell envelope layers (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 25 (1986), S. 83-90 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01982829
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  • 33
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    Continuous ethanol production using induced yeast aggregates (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 25 (1986), S. 208-212 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The induction of yeast cell aggregates in a column reactor was initiated by packing yeast cell paste of Saccharomyces uvarum into the column, and then YMP broth was fed into the column from the bottom at a linear flow rate of 2.5 cm/h. Thereafter, yeast cells aggregated in the column within 48 h without a supply of oxygen. When this yeast aggregate column reactor was used for continuous ethanol production, a final ethanol concentration of 10.8% (w/v) was obtained from 23% (w/v) of glucose in a YMP broth with a dilution rate of 0.05 h-1, and 4.9% (w/v) was obtained from 10% (w/v) of glucose with a dilution rate of 0.6 h-1. The theoretical yield was above 97% in both cases. The ethanol production rates were 13 g1 h-1 l-1 and 90 g1 h-1 l-1 for producing 10.8% (w/v) and 4.9% (w/v) of ethanol respectively. This column reactor was maintained at a steady state for more than one month.
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    Continuous acetone-butanol production with free and immobilized Clostridium acetobutylicum (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 25 (1986), S. 186-193 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Acetone-butanol production was carried out with Clostridium acetobutylicum DSM 792 (ATCC 824) in a two-stage stirred tank cascade with 1.25 l and 2.5 l medium volume using free and immobilized cells. The cells were immobilized by alginate, κ-carrageenan and/or chitosan. The cell-containing pellets were dried or chemically treated to improve their long-term stability. Dried Ca-alginate yielded the best matrix system. It remained stable after a fermentation time of 727 h in stirred tank reactors. The solvent (sum of acetone, butanol and ethanol) productivity of 1.93 g l-1 h-1 at a solvent concentration of 15.4 g l-1 with free cells was increased to 4.02 g l-1 h-1 at a solvent concentration of 4.0 g l-1 h-1 with Ca-alginate immobilized cells (25% cell loading, 12 g l-1 pellet concentration, 3 g l-1 wet cell mass concentration). With 0.5 mm pellet diameter, the biocatalyst efficiency was lower than 50%.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00253646
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    2,3-Butanediol production from Jerusalem artichoke, Helianthus tuberosus, by Bacillus polymyxa ATCC 12 321. Optimization of k L a profile (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 25 (1986), S. 197-202 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Optimization of d-(-)-2,3-butanediol production from the Jerusalem artichoke, Helianthus tuberosus, by Bacillus polymyxa ATCC 12 321 is described. The effects of initial sugar concentration and oxygen transfer rate were examined. The latter appears to be the most important parameter affecting the kinetics of the process. The best results (44 g·l-1 2,3-butanediol, productivity of 0.79 g·l-1·h-1) were obtained by setting an optimal k L a profile during batch culture.
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  • 36
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    Glutamate excretion by Corynebacterium glutamicum: a study of glutamate accumulation during a fermentation course (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 25 (1986), S. 220-223 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Corynebacterium glutamicum was used in fed-batch fermentation for glutamate production. Both intracellular and extracellular concentrations were determined which allowed us to study the repartition of the amino acid according to the culture conditions and in the presence or absence of surfactants. A decrease in cell volume was observed after addition of surfactants during the exponential phase of growth; glutamate accumulates in the cell, whereas in standard industrial conditions the glutamate concentration in the medium during the production phase can be 30-fold higher than that found inside the cell. The level of excretion is compatible with industrial production.
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    Effect of inoculum on yeast cell aggregation (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 25 (1986), S. 232-237 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Saccharomyces uvarum, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Candida sp. were induced to form cell aggregates in a column. The conditions for this induction were high cell density and slow flow rate; with K. marxianus and Candida sp., the presence of ethanol in the growth medium was also required. When these aggregated cells were inoculated into a fresh growth medium, the ability of the progeny cells to aggregate depended on the state of the inoculum. If the aggregates were not disrupted, the progeny cells remained as aggregates, and if the aggregates were dispersed by vortexing before inoculation, the progeny cells because a free cell suspension.
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  • 38
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    Use of formate gradients for improving biomass yield of Pichia pinus growing continuously on methanol (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 25 (1986), S. 238-244 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Investigations were made into the improvement of growth yield (Y) of Pichia pinus MH 4 growing continuously on methanol by feeding formate so as to create an increasing concentration gradient (transient state). Under particular formate supply conditions, Y could be increased from 0.37 g·g-1 on methanol alone to 0.55 and 0.47 g·g-1 in the presence of formate at dilution rates (D) of 0.045 and 0.075 h-1, respectively. These differences could be explained as being due to a limiting formate consumption rate of 50–60 nmol·min-1·g-1 dry wt., coupled to a net-energy generation independent of D. Any further formate oxidation proceeded without energy gain. Deviations from optimum conditions of biomass increase are discussed in terms of different formate oxidizing systems and uncoupling properties of formate itself. These results are compared to and confirmed by steady-state considerations.
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    Column cellulose hydrolysis reactor: An efficient cellulose hydrolysis reactor with continuous cellulase recycling (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 25 (1986), S. 250-255 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The use of a column cellulose hydrolysis reactor with continuous enzyme recycling was demonstrated by incorporating a continuous ultrafiltration apparatus at the effluent end of the column reactor. Using this setup, over 90% (w/v) cellulose hydrolysis was achieved, resulting in an average sugar concentration of 6.8% (w/v) in the effluent stream. The output of the system was 1.98 g of reducing sugar/l/h with a ratio of 87% (w/v) of the reducing sugars being monomeric sugars. Batch hydrolysis reactors were less effective, resulting in 57% (w/v) of the cellulose being hydrolyzed. The output of the batch reactor was 1.33 g of reducing sugar/l/h with similar product concentrations and percentage of monomeric sugars. The ratio of reducing sugar/filter paper unit of cellulase activity for the column method was 69.1 mg/U as compared to only 21.2 mg/U for the batch reactor.
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    Column cellulose hydrolysis reactor: Cellulase adsorption profile (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 25 (1986), S. 256-261 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A column cellulose hydrolysis reactor was set up using a single passage of cellulase enzyme which was followed with a continuous percolation of buffer. Hydrolysis rates were found to decline precipitously upon the removal of the non-adsorbed cellulase components. By comparing specific activities of the cellulase before and after adsorption on the cellulose column, it was concluded that the adsorption efficiencies for the cellulase components decreased from exoglucanase (1,4-β-d-glucan cellobiohydrolase EC 3.2.1.91) to endoglucanase [1,4-(1,3;1,4)-β-d-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.4] to β-glucosidase (β-d-glucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.21). Of the adsorbed cellulase components, the rate of endoglucanase leaching from the cellulose column was 20 times that for the exoglucanase despite the greater adsorption efficiency of the latter. By analysing the cellulase components which were bound and not bound by the cellulose column and comparing them with a purified exoglucanase enzyme on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels, it was confirmed that the major cellulase component adsorbed to the cellulose column was an exoglucanase component. The resultant loss of other cellulase components from the reactor was probably the cause for the much reduced rate of cellulose hydrolysis when these components were flushed out of the column.
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    A new expression vector for the production of fused proteins in Escherichia coli (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 25 (1986), S. 267-271 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The construction of a new expression vector for fused proteins production in Escherichia coli is reported. This new vehicle uses the trp promoter-operator control region for the high level expression of a DNA fragment that codes for the amino terminal fragment of the cI λ repressor protein. This truncated polypeptide is accumulated as inclusion bodies that are easily purified. To probe the benefits of the system, synthetic DNA that codes for the human insulin B chain, was cloned at the end of the DNA coding region for the cI truncated peptide. The hybrid peptide thus produced after induction, allowed an easy and reproducible purification of active insulin B chain.
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  • 42
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    Adaptation of Candida shehatae and Pichia stipitis to wood hydrolysates for increased ethanol production (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 25 (1986), S. 300-304 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Candida shehatae ATCC 22984 and Pichia stipitis CBS 5776 were tested for ethanol production from xylose, glucose-xylose mixtures, and aspen wood total hydrolysates. Adaptation of these yeasts to wood hydrolysate solutions by recycling resulted in improved substrate utilization and ethanol production. Compared to the non-adapted cultures, recycled C. shehatae and P. stipitis in aspen hydrolysate increased g ethanol/g sugar consumed from 0.39 and 0.41 to 0.45 and 0.47; while ethanol production from a 70:30 glucose-xylose solution (total sugars 140 g/L) was 45 g/L in 24 h and 60 g/L in 72 h with the adapted yeasts compared to 15 g/L and 28 g/L in the same times with the parent strains.
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    Changes in the bacterial community after application of oily sludge to soil (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 25 (1986), S. 295-299 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The changes in the bacterial flora after application of oily sludge and fertilizer to two different soils, both sandy, but one somewhat richer in organic material, have been studied. Application of oily sludge and fertilizer to the soils had no influence on direct counts. The CFUs increased in the low-organic soil when sludge was applied, but did not change in the richer soil by the same treatment. When both sludge and fertilizer were applied together, strong increases in CFUs were found in both soils. Application of fertilizer together with sludge excluded sporeforming rods and actinomycetes from the poorer soil and strongly stimulated pleomorphic rods+ cocci and non-sporeforming regular rods. The same treatment of the richer soil resulted in an enhancement of CFUs of all tested groups.
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    Conductimetric assessment of the biomass content in suspensions of immobilised (gel-entrapped) microorganisms (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 168-173 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The problem of obtaining a rapid estimate of the microbial content of an immobilised cell suspension is addressed. The “low-frequency” conductivity of free-living cell suspensions of Clostridium pasteurianum is lower than that of the medium in which they are suspended, by an amount conforming to the Bruggeman relation. The conductivity of the cell wall makes a negligible contribution to the measured conductivity under the conditions used. Calcium alginate beads (lacking microbial cells) lower the conductivity of a solution with which they have been equilibrated by an extent which is a function of the concentration of alginate gel used in forming the beads. When this is taken into account, the ratio of the conductivity of a suspension of gel-immobilised cells to that of the suspending medium can be used to give a rapid and convenient assessment of the amount of microbial biomass present.
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    The effect of methanol on citric acid production from galactose by Aspergillus niger (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 203-205 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The effect of methanol on the ability of several strains of Aspergillus to produce citric acid from galactose has been investigated. In the absence of methanol, very little production (less than 1 g/l) was observed. In the presence of methanol (final concentration 1% v/v), however, citric acid production and yeilds were increased considerably. Strong relationships were observed between citric acid production and the activities of the enzymes 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase in cell-free extracts. During citric acid production, in the presence of methanol, the activity of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase was low and that of pyruvate carboxylase high. In the absence of methanol, where little citric acid was produced, the reverse was true. It is suggested that the presence of methanol may increase the permeability of the cell to citrate, and the cell responds to the diminished intracellular level by increasing production via repression of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase.
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    By-products in the fermentation of sucrose by different Zymomonas-strains (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 240-244 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Eight Zymomonas strains were compared with respect to their sucrose hydrolysing activity and subsequent ethanol, levan and sorbitol formation. The ethanol yields obtained were within narrow limits, 0.40–0.43 g·g-1 of sucrose. The distribution of by-products differed significantly between the strains tested. A low sucrose hydrolysis rate seemed to be associated with the formation of levan and a high sucrose hydrolysis rate with the formation of sorbitol through accumulation of monomeric sugars. Fructo-oligomers consisting of two fructose and one glucose unit represented the greatest loss of sucrose in the fermentation conditions used.
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    Extrachromosomal genetics of Cephalosporium acremonium (1986)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 280-287 
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    Notes: Summary A hybrid vector carrying a 1.9 kb ars from the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Cephalosporium acremonium was shown to be relatively stable in yeast even without selective pressure. Subcloning of parts of this 1.9 kb fragment indicated that ars activity (i.e., high transformation rate) is associated with a 675 bp HinfI-fragment. Sequence analysis of the ars-subfragment revealed several ars-typical features, a long open reading frame and, most interestingly, homology to a mitochondrial origin of replication.
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    Comparative studies of flocculation and deflocculation of Saccharomyces uvarum and Kluyveromyces bulgaricus (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 269-273 
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    Notes: Summary Flocculation of Kluyveromyces bulgaricus and Saccharomyces uvarum occurred when these yeasts were grown in a peptone glucose medium enriched with calcium ions. K. bulgaricus and S. uvarum flocculated at the beginning and at the end, respectively, of the exponential growth phase. After growth, both yeasts were washed with an EDTA solution, flocculated again in an acetate buffer, and optimum flocculation was obtained at pH 4.5 in the presence of 3.75 mM Ca++. K. bulgaricus flocculation was irreversibly suppressed by incubation at 80° C for 6 min. S. uvarum needed an incubation at 100° C for 20 min to be irreversibly deflocculated. For both yeasts, flocculation stability depended on the presence of sugars. Mannose, mannose 6P and oligosaccharides bearing a mannose in a terminal non-reducing position reversed flocculation of S. uvarum, while galactose, galactose 6P and oligosaccharides bearing a galactose in a terminal nonreducing position reversed flocculation of K. bulgaricus. It is suggested that sugars specifically reverse flocculation because cell-to-cell aggregation of these yeasts is a lectin-carbohydrate-linked mechanism; not any sugar is capable of deflocculating any yeast, but the mechanism is specific.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261927
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    pUC12-STOP: An expression vector with portable translation stop signals (1986)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 294-296 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A DNA linker with TAA translational stop codons in all three reading frames was inserted into the polylinker region of pUC12. The new plasmid pUC12-STOP is useful for the expression of DNA in cases where defined translational stops are desired. The STOP linker is flanked by unique restriction sites and thus can be excised as ‘portable STOP linker fragments’. The STOP linker was used to express in Escherichia coli a truncated form of the Herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein D antigen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261931
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    Fermentation procedure of a crude oil in continuous culture on seawater (1986)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 302-304 
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    Notes: Summary The crude oil was degraded (80%) in continuous culturing and non sterile conditions by a mixed bacteria community. The fermentation process relies on a step of pre-emulsification of the substrate before it is introduced into the reactor. The emulsification indispensable for degrading crude oil is performed by the mixed bacteria community during its growth on hydrocarbons. On the other hand, the use of an ultrafiltration device allows the obtention of high cell concentrations (7.6 g·l-1) and high degradation rates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261933
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    Biodegradation of oily sludge in Norwegian soils (1986)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 297-301 
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    Notes: Summary The degradation rate of oily sludge in soil under Norwegian conditions has been studied in field experiments during a 32 months' period. The experimental plots were added 0, 200, 400, and 600 kg N per ha. In uncultivated soil the oil content was reduced by respectively 4, 9, 22, and 26% during the first 9 months. In the same period the corresponding biodegradation in cultivated soil were 10, 15, 39, and 45%. At the end of the experiment only minor differences between the two different soil types were found. The mean degradation in percent was now 35, 50, 74, and 83, respectively. The optimum temperature for oil degradation in soil was found to be about 18°C. About 2/3 of the optimum activity was retained at 12°C. No leaching of oil or lead through soil columns infiltrated with oily sludge could be observed. A close relationship between oil content of the soil and the rate of water infiltration was found. Due to the extremely high content of lead in this oily sludge, a second application of sludge could not be recommended.
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    Morphological examination of immobilized Streptomyces aureofaciens during chlortetracycline fermentation (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 305-310 
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    Notes: Summary Immobilized spores of Streptomyces aureofaciens ATCC 10762 were grown in situ and formed micropellets under the gel surface. The latter was covered with a membrane-like coat of alginate material, while the bead interior was almost completely free of mycelial growth. High spore concentrations caused a decrease in antibiotic production which might be correlated with the morphological development of cells in the gel. Scanning electron micrographs showed the morphological development of the immobilized cells.
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    Continuous production of itaconic acid by Aspergillus terreus immobilized in a porous disk bioreactor (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 311-314 
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    Notes: Summary Aspergillus terreus NRRL 1960 was grown on porous disks rotating intermittently in and out of the liquid phase. This immobilized fungal cell bioreactor was used to produce itaconic acid from glucose in a continuous operation. The effect of temperature, pH, disk rotation speed, and feed rate on the itaconic acid concentration and volumetric productivity were studied. The highest itaconic acid concentration and volumetric productivity obtained were 18.2 g/l and 0.73 g/l·h, respectively, under the following conditions: temperature at 36°C, pH 3.0, disk rotation speed at 8 rpm, and feed rate at 60 ml/h. These results are better than those by conventional fermentation or by other immobilized method.
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    Continuous production of acetone and butanol with shear-activated Clostridium acetobutylicum (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 315-321 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary When using shear activation of Clostridium acetobutylicum by pumping the cells through capillaries, the cell growth, glucose consumption and product formation rates are considerably increased. Shear-activated continuous cell culture can be used as an inoculum with a welldefined fermentation activity for batch cultures. Different runs of such batch cultivation yield well-reproducible results which could not be obtained from inocula of other cultures or even of heat-shocked spores. The cells can attain a growth rate higher than 1.6 h-1. The shear-activated continous culture growth is affected already at a butanol concentration lower than 1.6 g/l-1.
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    Organic acid production during methylotrophic growth of Eubacterium limosum B2: displacement towards increased butyric acid yields by supplementing with acetate (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 330-335 
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    Notes: Summary During anaerobic growth on methanol/CO2 the fermentative bacterium Eubacterium limosum B2 produced mixtures of acetic and butyric acids as overflow metabolites. The proportion of each product was shown to vary according to the initial acetate concentration. At low concentrations, acetate provoked a displacement of the organic acid ratio culminating in homobutyric fermentations at 100 mM initial acetate. This metabolic shift was accompanied by a proportionate increase in the methanol dissimilated to CO2, enabling a constant NAD(P)H2/NAD(P) metabolite pool to be maintained. Higher initial acetate concentrations could not be balanced by further changes to the substrate stoichiometry and resulted in less rapid growth. The yield of butyric acid was enhanced further by some consumption of acetate. A mathematical model is presented relating initial acetate concentration to butyric acid production.
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    Purification and properties of the lipases from Rhodotorula pilimanae Hedrick and Burke (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 348-354 
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    Notes: Summary The Rhodotorula pilimanae CBS 5804 strain secretes into the culture medium two lipases: their pH optima are 4 and 7. The two lipases were purified by precipitation with acetone followed by chromatography on SP-Sephadex C50 and Sephadex G200. The purification factors achieved in comparison with the supernatant culture were x74 for lipase I and x90 for lipase II. The molecular weights were estimated at 172,800 and 21,400 for lipase I and lipase II, respectively. Their activities are optimal between 45°C and 55°C. The activation energies were 5.9 kcal·mole-1 for lipase I and 12.4 kcal·mole-1 for lipase II. The inactivation energies were about 21.9 and 17.7 kcal·mole-1 for lipase I and lipase II, respectively. The enzymes are slightly inhibited by Cu2+, Co2+, Hg2+, Mn2+, N-acetylacetone, acetic acid and sodium lauryl sulphate. EDTA did not affect their enzymatic activity. These two lipases are secreted in the culture media in the absence of inducer; their biosynthesis is not inhibited by glucose. These lipases hydrolyse primarily the 1-(or 3-)position of all triglycerides tested.
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    Fluidized bed biomethanation of acetic acid (1986)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 336-341 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of acetate biomethanation was studied in a high recycle ratio biological fluidized bed reactor behaving in practice as a completely mixed reactor. The active biofilm consisted of bacteria from a methane fermenter that after spontaneous immobilization on the bed particles (sand) were adapted to acetate as the only carbon source. The effects of temperature (13°, 20°, 25° and 35°C), substrate concentration (500, 1000 and 1500 mg chemical oxygen demand (COD) l-1) and hydraulic retention time θ (1 to 8 h) on substrate consumption were studied. Maximum substrate consumption (as % COD reduction) amounted from 25% (13°C, 1500 mg COD l-1) to 93% (35°C, 500 mg COD l-1). At 35°C the concentration of attached biomass presented a weakly increase with reactor substrate concentration (from 3.10 g VS l-1 to 4.54 g VS l-1 for 32 and 1150 mg COD l-1 respectively). On the other hand when reducing ∩, a sharp incrase in biomass loss coefficient was observed showing that excess biofilm growth was continuously removed by shearing forces. Thus in the assayed conditions the attached biomass concentration was basically determined by the bed superficial velocity. Result show that diffusional resistances are negligible. Data are fairly well correlated by a variable order kinetic model. The apparent reaction order is a function of temperature and increases from 0.27 to 0.7 when temperature decreases from 35° C to 13°C.
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    Immobilization of Botryococcus braunii in alginate: influence on chlorophyll content, photosynthetic activity and degeneration during batch cultures (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 361-366 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Immobilization of the hydrocarbonrich microalga Botryococcus braunii in calcium alginate beads results in a large increase in chlorophyll content and chlorophyll photosynthetic activity, relative to free cells, at any stage of standard batch cultures. Immobilization exerts a protective influence on ageing cultures both under standard and air lift conditions. Decreases in chlorophyll content and photosynthetic activity are delayed and slowed down; the organization of protein-chlorophyll complexes is stabilized. These positive effects are related to protection of entrapped cells against photoinhibition owing to gel screening and self-shadowing. Entrapped cells show also, immediately after immobilization, a higher photosynthetic activity than free controls. The unusually high activity yield thus achieved probably results from increase in ionic concentration in the microenvironment of B. braunii.
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    Stability of solvent formation in Clostridium acetobutylicum during repeated subculturing (1986)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 369-371 
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    Notes: Summary Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 was submitted to repeated subculturing at 24-hour intervals for 218 days. The organism retained its ability to form solvents, although the fermentation slowly became increasingly acidogenic during the first 200 days. Except for the initial spore inoculum, the cultures were not subjected to heat shocking between the serial transfers. When the inoculum volume was doubled from 3.3% to 6.7% after 200 days of subculturing, the product formation pattern quickly shifted back from acids to primarily butanol. Acetone production also resumed after being undetectable for more than 50 days. The relative formation of acetate and ethanol remained nearly constant throughout the experiments, while the formation of butyrate mirrored that of butanol.
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    Properties of Candida lipolytica mutants with the modified glyoxylate cycle and their ability to produce citric and isocitric acid (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 372-377 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Enzyme activities of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the anaplerotic pathways, as well as the cell cytology of two C. lipolytica mutants with the modified glyoxylate cycle and their parent strain were studied during the exponential growth phase on glucose or hexadecane. Among the TCA cycle enzymes, the key enzyme citrate synthase had the highest activity in all three strains grown on both substrates. NAD-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase had the minimum activity. All strains had well-developed mitochondria. Pyruvate carboxylation was active in the wild strain and mutant 2 grown on glucose, where this reaction is the basic anaplerotic pathway for oxal-acetate synthesis; mutant 1 had actively functioning enzymes for both anaplerotic pathways — pyruvate carboxylase, isocitrate lyase and malate synthase. During hexadecane assimilation, the number of peroxisomes in all strains increased sharply, accompanied by a simultaneous increase in isocitrate lyase activity. The low activities of both isocitrate lyase and pyruvate carboxylase in mutant 2 give reason to believe that this strain has an additional pathway for oxalacetic acid synthesis during the assimilation of n-alkane.
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    Effects of carbon dioxide concentration on anaerobic fermentations of Escherichia coli (1986)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 404-406 
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    Notes: Summary The effect of dissolved carbon dioxide concentration in the anaerobic growth of Escherichia coli was investigated. E. coli was grown anaerobically with the dissolved CO2 concentration controlled over the range from 8x10-6 M to 3.7x10-2 M in the liquid phase. The maximum specific growth rate was 0.75h-1 at 1.3x10-3 M CO2 and the maximum yield of cells on glucose was 0.32 at 1.75x10-4 M CO2. The maximum specific growth rate occurs close to the concentration of CO2 prevalent in the mammalian gut where E. coli naturally resides.
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    High-affinity amylolytic enzymes produced by the mould Trichoderma harzianum (1986)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 400-403 
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    Notes: Summary The apparent substrate constants of the amylolytic enzymes produced by the mould Trichoderma harzianum CBS 354.33 were measured. The value for α-amylase was 64 mg starch·1-1 which is very low as compared with those of other α-amylases. The substrate constant for glucoamylase was 78 mg starch·l-1. Both enzymes were sensitive to Acarbose; 50% inhibition was observed at 2.5 mg·l-1 (α-amylase) and 0.10 mg·l-1 (glucoamylase).
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    A rapid technique for evaluating the biodeterioration potential of polyurethane elastomers (1986)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 407-409 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The technique described provides a rapid method for screening thermoplastic polyurethanes against deteriogenic micro-organisms using thin films (0.4–0.5 mm thick) of plastic prepared in an electric plantens press. The films are inoculated with a spore suspension of Gliocladium roseum and can be viewed directly under the light microscope for evaluation of surface effects; selective staining can be used to reveal fungal mycelium. Results can be obtained within a week which correlate with longer term tests using commercial samples. The technique can also be used to isolate potential polyurethane deteriorating micro-organisms from the environment and to confirm their biodeteriogenic activities.
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    Inulinase (β-fructofuranosidase) production by Kluyveromyces marxianus in batch culture (1986)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 412-412 
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    Mead production by continuous series reactors using immobilized yeast cells (1986)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 438-439 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Two series reactors separately packed with immobilized cells ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae BRL-7 producing alcohol andHansenula anomala producing ethyl acetate were used to produce meads of controlled quality. The rate of alcohol production and the amount of ethyl acetate produced were 6.13 g/h and 61.6 mg/100 ml, respectively, at a dilution rate of 1.36 h−1. Coimmobilized cells ofS. cerevisiae BRL-7 andH. anomala produced alcohol at the rate of 8.02 g/h with 40 mg/100 ml ethyl acetate content at a dilution rate of 2.15 h−1. The process of immobilization, use of dual cultures and series reactors reduced the time period of mead production and eliminated the costlier aging process.
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    Immobilization of photosynthetically active cyanobacteria in glutaraldehyde-crosslinked albumin matrix (1986)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 417-423 
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    Notes: Summary Cryoprotection was afforded to cells ofPhormidium luridum andAnacystis nidulans by preloading them with dimethyl sulphoxide and then performing the immobilization reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide-free medium. Compared with free cyanobacteria cells, matrix-immobilized cyanobacteria exhibit superior temperature tolerance and storage longevity of photoinduced electron transport, while their phycobiliproteins are better protected against thermal denaturation. Photosynthetically activePhormidium spheroplasts capable of interacting with ionic Hill cofactors, were immobilized in crosslinked albumin matrix, with cryoprotection provided by sorbitol.
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    Application of immobilized cells ofThermoanaerobium brockii for stereoselective reductions of oxo-acid esters (1986)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 424-429 
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    Notes: Summary Cells ofThermoanaerobium brockii were immobilized by entrapment methods as easy-to-handle biocatalyst for stereoselective reductions of oxo-acid esters. Different matrix materials were tested: agarose, k-carrageenan, alginate, polyacrylamide and polyurethanes. The two latter matrices allowed useful lifetimes of the immobilized biocatalysts of more than 2 months at thermophilic operation temperatures (around 65°C). Permeabilization of cells did not improve the catalytic activity. Immobilization of the cells did not enhance the thermostability. Only after a considerable period of operation could the immobilized biocatalysts be fed with medium lacking the complex substrates yeast extract and tryptone. Compared with freely suspended cells, reaction rates were lower. The immobilized system proved to be a relatively stable easy-to-handle biocatalyst, however, the freely suspended cells were superior with respect to flexibility of application and reaction velocity.
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    Comparison of different methods for protein determination inAspergillus niger mycelium (1986)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 445-448 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Protein contents were determined in submerged as well as in surface-grown citric acid producingAspergillus niger mycelia. Various methods (Kjeldahl, Biuret, Lowry and Coomassie Blue) for protein determination were compared. The Biuret method seemed to be more suitable than the others for true protein determination in mycelia. The Lowry method gave lower results in all cases. The Coomassie Blue method did not prove suitable for the material used.
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    Culture fluorescence studies on aerobic continuous cultures ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae (1986)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 440-444 
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    Notes: Summary Fluorometric measurements were performed in continuous aerobic cultures ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae in order to study the effect of substrate concentration and residence time on the intracellular NADH-level. A modified Beyelermicrofluorometer probe (Beyeler et al. 1981) was used for the experiments. It was possible to use this sensor continuously up to five weeks without problems. The relative NADH-values obtained by the on-line monitoring of the NADH-dependent culture fluorescence were compared to the enzymatically determined NADH-content. Biomass estimation from fluorescence data was performed. During oxidative-reductive catabolism the deviation between calculated and measured data were below 5%. The differences between oxidative and oxidative-reductive catabolism were studied regarding glucose addition, dilution rate increase and aerobic-anaerobic transition. For synchronized continuous cultures, changes in dilution rate resulted in changes of the oscillating behaviour. Flow cytometric studies in comparison with fluorometric studies showed changes in budding behaviour during the oscillations.
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    Stability of the recombinant plasmid carrying theBacillus amyloliquefaciens α-amylase gene inB. subtilis (1986)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 456-461 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Theα-amylase gene ofBacillus amyloliquefaciens has previously been cloned into pUB110 to give the recombinant plasmid, pKTH10 (Palva 1982. Gene 19:81–87). Strains transformed by this plasmid are promising candidates for industrialα-amylase production. The stability of pKTH10 was determined in variousB. subtilis strains possessing specific alleles which affect the level ofα-amylase secretion.B. subtilis strains carrying pKTH10 were cultivated in starch-containing medium for up to 50 generations without antibiotic selection and then screened for the presence of pKTH10. The plasmid proved stable enough (〈 1.0% cured after 50 generations) for industrial batchwise enzyme production in two strains, but in asacU9 strain (thesacU9 mutation increases concominantly the production ofα-amylase levansucrase and proteases) 99.9% of cells had lost pKTH10 after 50 generations, although the parental plasmid (pUB110) was stable in this strain (0.09% cured after 50 generations). The instability of pKTH10 in thesacU9 strain seems somehow to be related to high expression of the clonedα-amylase gene: when grown in a medium restrictingα-amylase production, only 0.53% ofsacU9 cells had lost pKTH10 after 50 generations.
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    Growth yields of methanotrophs (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 470-476 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The growth yield ofMethylococcus capsulatus (Bath) on methane was dependent on the availability of copper in the growth medium. In nitrate mineral salts medium the carbon conversion efficiency increased by 38%, concomitant with the transition from soluble to particulate methane monooxygenase, after transfer from low to high copper medium. An increase in growth efficiency was also observed with ammonia as nitrogen source but not when methanol replaced methane as carbon source. The high growth efficiency is attributed to a reduced NADH requirement for methane oxidation. This could only arise if methanol dehydrogenase was capable of electron transfer, either directly or indirectly to the particulate methane monooxygenase (MMO). The carbon conversion efficiency from methanol with nitrate as nitrogen source was as high as theoretically predicted. It is suggested that the previously low yields of methanotrophs grown on methanol resulted from the use, as nitrogen source, of ammonia which was oxidised by the MMO still present under these growth conditions.
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    The effect of yeast dehydration on the activity of a number of enzymes of cell energetic metabolism (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 482-486 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary It has been shown that dehydration markedly affects the activity of a number of enzymes connected with energy metabolism in the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Independently of the drying method used, there was found to be an inverse relationship between the activity of mitochondrial enzymes — NADH-dehydrogenase (EC 1.6.2.1), succinate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.1) and cytochrome C oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) - and the viability of yeast cells at the stationary growth phase. Dehydration led to an increase in activity only in exogenous NADH-dehydrogenase compared with activity in the initial compressed yeast. On the basis of alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1) and catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) as examples, an ambivalent effect of the dehydration process on the activity of cytoplasmic enzymes has been demonstrated. The results obtained lead to the conclusion that the activity of individual electron-transport enzymes in yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae is a sufficiently sensitive to be used as an indicator of the physiological state and to monitor a microbial biomass dehydration procedure.
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    Analysis of amino acid requirements ofClostridium thermocellum (1986)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 496-498 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Clostridium thermocellum is a species able to convert cellulose to ethanol on complex medium. A systematic study of changes in the concentration of amino acids in the medium during growth of the bacterium has permitted us to obtain a chemically defined medium more effective than that hitherto used and to obtain some information about the use of amino acids by this bacterium.
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  • 74
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    Degradation of condensed tannins byCalvatia gigantea (1986)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 502-506 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Calvatia gigantea, an edible puffball, was grown well on simple phenolic compounds and hydrolysable and condensed tannins as sole carbon sources. A new enzymic system was found to be involved in the degradation of catechin, the building unit of condensed tannins. This enzymic system was induced by catechin and displayed no phenoloxidase activity. Crude enzymic preparation functioned optimally at pH 7.5–8.0 and 40–45°C and had an apparentK m , 2.96 × 10−5 M at pH 8.0. The results of this work makeC. gigantea a potential microorganism for the degradation of toxic phenolic and polyphenolic compounds and particularly condensed tannins.
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  • 75
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    The effect of parathion on green algae (1986)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 507-509 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Photosynthetic O2-production by the green algaScenedesmus quadricauda is reduced by the organophosphorous insecticide parathion. Inhibition of photosynthesis, which does not exceed 60%, is dependent upon the parathion concentration. In vitro only the noncyclic electron flow through PS II was inhibited.
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  • 76
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    Effect of cell recycle on continuous butanol-acetone fermentation with Clostridium acetobutylicum under phosphate limitation (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 24 (1986), S. 1-5 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary An overflow filtration unit for cell recycle with Clostridium acetobutylicum was developed. A cellulose-triacetate ultrafiltration membrane with a cut-off volume of 20 000 MW was found to work best. C. acetobutylicum was grown in continuous culture under phosphate limitation (0.74 mM) at a pH value of 4.4 with cell recycle, the cell dry weight in the culture vessel reached 13.1 g/l at a dilution rate of D=0.10 h-1 and 37°C. 377 mM of glucose were fermented to 190 mM butanol, 116.2 mM acetone and 25.8 mM ethanol. Total acids were 47.6 mM. The butanol productivity was 1.41 g/l/h. At a dilution rate of 0.40 h-1 the butanol productivity was increased to 4.1 g/l/h but glucose consumption was decreased to 285 mM and butanol, acetone and ethanol production to 138.2, 97.5, 16.5 mM, respectively.
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  • 77
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    Streptomyces rimosus extracellular proteases 3. Isolation and characterization of leucine aminopeptidase (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 449-455 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A leucine aminopeptidase was purified to homogeneity fromStreptomyces rimosus culture filtrates, which are waste broth of oxytetracycline bioproduction process. Purification procedure includes ultrafiltration and chromatography on CM-Sephadex, AH-Sepharose and FPLC Mono S column. The enzyme is a monomer with molecular weight of 27,500 Daltons and pI of 7.3, stable in broad pH range and up to 70°C. It is a metallo enzyme dependent on Ca2+ ions for its full activity. By its specificity it is a true aminopeptidase active on amino acid amide, arylamide, peptide and ester bonds. The hydrolysing activity shows preference for leucine at the N-terminal position of substrates, also acts on aromatic acids and methionine, but does not release glycine, proline, acidic amino acids orD-amino acid residues.
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    Universal genetic code evidenced in mitochondria ofChlamydomonas reinhardii (1986)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 462-469 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary With the ultimate intent to establish a transformation system for eukaryotic organelles, the structure and organization of mitochondrial genes from the unicellular algaChlamydomonas reinhardii has been investigated. Using DNA hybridisation and DNA sequencing techniques, 3.9 kb of DNA, comprising about 25% of the mitochondrial genome, have been analysed in detail. By comparing the primary structure of homologous genes from other eukaryotic systems, we were able to identify the continuous genes coding for cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and a NADH dehydrogenase subunit (ND5). The two genes are coded by opposite DNA strands and are not overlapping. The COI and the ND5 genes code for 505 and 567 amino acids, respectively. Interestingly, the comparative analysis with homologous genes from other eukaryotes shows that the universal genetic code is used in mitochondria ofC. reinhardii. This situation is different from all other mitochondrial systems studied so far. The results provide evidence thatC. reinhardii would be the appropriate organism for development of a transformation and expression system, where foreign genes, translated via the universal genetic code, are introduced into mitochondria.
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    Growth yields of methanotrophs 2. A theoretical analysis (1986)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 477-481 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Theoretical predications of methanotrophic growth yields have been derived using modifications of two available methods. Expected efficiencies of carbon incorporation and O2/CH4 or O2/CH3OH ratios have been calculated for cells with methane monooxygenase i) requiring NADH as sole source of reducing power and ii) utilizing reducing power supplied directly by methanol dehydrogenase, with carbon assimilation via the KDPG variant of the RuMP pathway. Comparison with results obtained in this and previous studies suggests that, at least under certain growth conditions, the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde byMethylococcus capsulatus may be linked to production of 2ATP/O. Yields of M. capsulatus grown in high-copper medium are consistent with a direct coupling model ii) operating at reduced efficiency. An alternative model for coupling of methanol to methane oxidation has been presented.
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  • 80
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    The hydrolysis of steamed birchwood hemicellulose by enzymes produced byTrichoderma reesei andAspergillus awamori (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 487-490 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The hemicellulase separated from birchwood by steaming and water extraction comprised mainly of acetyl- and 4-O-methyglucurono-substituted xylo-oligomers. The liberation of the acidic side groups affected the rate and yield of the enzymatic hydrolysis of the xylo-oligomers. The hemicellulase ofTrichoderma reesei was superior to that ofAspergillus awamori both with respect to side group cleavage and xylose yield in hydrolysis.
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  • 81
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    Transport of hemicellulose monomers in the xylose-fermenting yeastCandida shehatae (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 491-495 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Cells ofCandida shehatae repressed by growth in glucose- or D-xylose-medium produced a facilitated diffusion system that transported glucose (K s±2 mM,V max±2.3 mmoles g−1 h−1),d-xylose (K s±125 mM,V max±22.5 mmoles g−1 h−1) and D-mannose, but neither D-galactose norl-arabinose. Cells derepressed by starvation formed several sugar-proton symports. One proton symport accumulated 3-0-methylglucose about 400-fold and transported glucose (K s±0.12 mM,V max ± 3.2 mmoles g−1 h−1) andd-mannose, a second proton symport transportedd-xylose (K s± 1.0 mM,V max 1.4 mmoles g−1 h−1) andd-galactose, whilel-arabinose apparently used a third proton symport. The stoicheiometry was one proton for each molecule of glucose or D-xylose transported. Substrates of one sugar proton symport inhibited non-competitively the transport of substrates of the other symports. Starvation, while inducing the sugar-proton symports, silenced the facilitated diffusion system with respect to glucose transport but not with respect to the transport of D-xylose, facilitated diffusion functioning simultaneously with thed-xylose-proton symport.
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    A rapid method to differentiate between five species of the genusSaccharomyces (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 499-501 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Long-chain fatty acids of 8 yeast strains representing 5 species of the genusSaccharomyces, were extracted from yeast cells by saponification and analyzed as methyl esters by gasliquid chromatography (GLC). When these species were grown under standard conditions, each produced a distinctive mean fatty-acid “fingerprint” characterized by certain fatty acid compositions. With this method, it was possible to distinguish between the 5 species within 4 h after they were obtained from 48 h cultures as compared with 7 to 10 days for more conventional methods. Factors such as speed and sensitivity of this method make it an attractive alternative to conventional laboratory tests for distinguishing between species ofSaccharomyces.
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    Biotransformation of tetramethyl-limonene (1986)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 24 (1986), S. 31-34 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Microorganisms which efficiently oxidize limonene 1, do not attack 3,3,5,5-tetramethyllimonene 4. Gibberella cyanea which converts limonene 1 into 8-p-menthene-1,2-diol 2, transforms 4 into 8,9-epoxy-3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-1-menthenol-6 5 as major product. Although epoxidation is not completely stereoselective, the substituents at C-4 and C-6 are always trans to each other.
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    Influence of cultivation conditions on lipid production by Cryptococcus albidus (1986)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 24 (1986), S. 12-18 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Cryptococcus albidus var. albidus CBS 4517 was able to accumulate lipid under nitrogen-limited as well as excess-nitrogen conditions. The highest lipid-producting capacity was, however, observed in nitrogen-limited cultivations. In nitrogen-limited batch cultures, a lipid content of 34% (w/w) in biomass and a maximum specific lipid productivity of 37 mg lipid/g lipid-free biomass·h, was determined. The yield of lipid from glucose was about 0.15 g/g in nitrogen-limited and 0.11 g/g in excess-nitrogen cultures. In a nitrogen-limited fed-batch culture, 12.4 g/l lipid was produced at 90 h of cultivation and the cells contained 46.3% (w/w) lipid. Higher lipid yield and cellular lipid content were observed when inorganic nitrogen sources were used compared with organic. The choice of carbon source was seen to influence growth as well as lipid production and the highest yields of lipid were obtained when glucose, maltose or mannitol was used. A cultivation temperature of 20°C provided the highest lipid productivity compared to 25°C and 30°C. Addition of citrate to the growth medium was seen to have a stimulating effect on the specific lipid productivity.
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    Microbial transformations of terpenoids with 1-p-menthene skeleton (1986)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 24 (1986), S. 24-30 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Monoterpenoids with 1-p-menthene-structure can be transformed by Corynespora cassiicola DSM 62 474, DSM 62 475, and Diplodia gossypina ATCC 10 936 to chiral 1,2-trans-diols in yields of more than 60% with only minor amounts of side-products. Whereas the substrates (S)-(-)-limonene, α-terpinene, γ-terpinene, and terpinolene are converted to the (1R,2R)-p-menthene-1,2-diols, (R)-(+)-limonene and (R)-(-)-phellandrene yield the (1S,2S)-1,2-diols. For the transformation of (S)-α-terpineol and (S)-α-terpinene-4-ol to the (1S,2S)-1,2-diols Gibberella cyanea DSM 62 719 can be used, which however oxidizes parallel at the 6- and 7-position.
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    Outdoor mass culture of Spirulina maxima in sea-water (1986)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 24 (1986), S. 47-50 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The results of a whole year experiment on the outdoor mass culture of Spirulina maxima strain 4Mx on fertilized sea-water are reported. Carbonate and phosphate precipitation in the sea-water media was prevented by maintaining a low concentration of phosphate and by controlling the pH in the range of 8.0–8.3. The mean annual yield of biomass on sea-water plus urea as nitrogen source was 7.35 g (dry weight) m-2· day-1, a value slightly lower than that obtained on the standard bicarbonate medium (8.14 g · m-2 · day-1). On sea-water plus nitrate the yield was only 5.2 g·m-2·day-1. The nitrogen content of the biomass was higher in summer and lower in winter. The seasonal effect was more evident when nitrate was the nitrogen source.
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    The ligninolytic activities of Lentinus edodes and Phanerochaete chrysosporium (1986)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 24 (1986), S. 51-58 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Two important lignin-degrading fungi with existing or potential applications in the production of food, feed and/or fiber products from wood are Lentinus edodes (Berk.; Sing.=Lentinula edodes [Pegler]) and Phanerochaete chrysosporium (Burds). This study discusses their relative ability to degrade lignin and the factors controlling their ligninolytic activity (synthetic 14C-lignin→14CO2). Ligninolytic activity in P. chrysosporium is known to develop after the fungus ceases vegetative growth, and to require both O2 and an exogenous carbon source such as glucose. It has an extracellular ligninase in high titer which is assayed by the oxidation of veratryl alcohol to veratraldehyde. Here, P. chrysosporium was found to have a high capacity for lignin degradation (it was not easily saturated with lignin). Certain inorganic elements, including Fe2+, Ca2+ and Mo6+, were found to stimulate its ligninolytic activity. Calcium addition was required, with 40 ppm Ca2+ giving the highest activity. As in P. chrysosporium, ligninolytic activity in L. edodes was found to require both O2 and an exogenous carbon source. However, in contrast to P. chrysosporium, L. edodes was only moderately ligninolytic, had a lower capacity for lignin degradation (was more easily saturated with lignin), and showed maximal activity only during the vegetative growth period. Also in contrast to P. chrysosporium, ligninolytic activity in L. edodes was not stimulated by Ca2+. Instead, manganese was required, with 10 ppm Mn2+ giving optimal activity. An extracellular ligninase capable of oxidizing veratryl alcohol to veratraldehyde was not detected in L. edodes.
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    On-line measurement of culture fluorescence during cultivation of Methylomonas mucosa (1986)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 24 (1986), S. 65-70 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary This paper reports on the measurement of NAD(P)H dependent culture fluorescence during the batch culture of Methylomonas mucosa, a potential polysaccharide producer. The results obtained reveal that there is a high correlation between the fluorescence level and the cell concentration. The logistic equation was also found to be applicable for representing the biomass concentration data during the course of fermentation. A model was then presented for predicting both the biomass concentration and the culture fluorescence with high fidelity.
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    Proline production via the arginine biosynthetic pathway: transfer of regulatory mutations of arginine biosynthesis into a proline-producing strain ofSerratia marcescens (1986)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 24 (1986), S. 153-158 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Proline production via a part of the arginine biosynthetic pathway was examined. About 20 mg/ml ofl-proline was produced by using arginine biosynthetic enzymes. Accordingly, three mutations of arginine biosynthesis, namely, derepression of arginine biosynthetic enzymes (assigned byargR2), feedback inhibition-resistant N-acetylglutamate synthase (assigned byargA2) and defectiveness in N-acetylornithine aminotransferase (assigned byargD −) were introduced by three transductional crosses into a proline-producing strain which produced about 55 mg/ml ofl-proline. The constructed strain produced 62 mg/ml ofl-proline, although about 10 mg/ml ofl-arginine and 1 mg/ml of N-acetylglutamate-γ-semialdehyde were produced as by-products.
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    Stereoselective reduction of non-cyclic carbonyl compounds by some eumycetes (1986)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 24 (1986), S. 175-177 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Twelve strains of Eumycetes were able to perform the reduction of 2-pentanone, acetophenone and ethyl acetoacetate, sometimes in a yield suitable for preparative work. For each substrate, preferential reduction to the R-configurated alcohol was observed with one or more strains.
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    The effect of the methyl substituent on the bioconversion of cyclohexene derivatives (1986)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 24 (1986), S. 178-179 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The absence of the methyl substituent at the 2′position of the cyclohexene ring of TCHP enhances the conversion rate as well as the yields of the 3′-hydroxy product obtained byStreptomyces natalensis and the 3′-keto product obtained byMycobacterium smegmatis.
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    Ethanol production in horizontal bioreactor (1986)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 24 (1986), S. 97-101 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The rate of continuous alcohol fermentation by a mixture of free and immobilized yeast cells was found to be higher in a horizontal flow channel reactor than in a vertical column reactor under the same operational conditions. This higher fermentation rate in the horizontal reactor was attributed to accumulation of yeast cells in the reactor by free sedimentation and incomplete mixing in the direction of liquid flow. It was estimated that most of the ethanol in the horizontal bioreactor was produced by free cells in suspended or settled states. The relatively low ethanol production by the immobilized yeast cells on the ethanol production was considered due to higher product inhibition of fermentation rate within the support.
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    Computer control for continuous cultivation ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae (1986)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 24 (1986), S. 113-116 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary An on-line respiratory quotient control system has been developed for the continuous cultivation of baker's yeast. This system is based on moving identification of the microbial dynamics. The optimal dilution rate that was selected as the control variable was determined by minimizing a performance index. Without resorting to complicated microbial analysis, a simple and practical moving model is obtained by continually updating the input and output data. The experimental results indicate the satisfactory controllability of the present system and the possible extention of the proposed method to other bioprocesses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00938780
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  • 94
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    Spore production ofPenicillium roqueforti in fermentors filled with buckwheat seeds: batch and semi-continuous cultivation (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 24 (1986), S. 134-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The behaviour of a drum fermentor and a column fermentor during the sporulation ofPenicillium roqueforti on buckwheat seeds is presented. The main problem encountered during the course of a cultivation is the free water released (about 0.1 ml/g dry matter) which must be removed from the medium. The rotation of the drum fermentor may disturb the growth and the sporulation. The column fermentor thus represents the best way to perform batch cultivation of the fungus: 109 external spores/g dry matter are obtained. Semi-continous cultivation, with sequential emptying and filling, is performed in 1-liter bottles. This kind of cultivation may give a maximal average productivity close to 9.2·106 external spores/g dry matter per hour. A drum fermentor, rotading only when emptying and filling, could represent an alternative to perform this kind of cultivation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01982556
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  • 95
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    Occurrence of R-plasmids in porcine faecal waste and comparison of their transfer rates in laboratory mating systems and anaerobic digesters (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 24 (1986), S. 149-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Most of the coliform bacteria (77–100%) isolated from porcine faecal waste were resistant to 6 antibiotics. In up to 51% of cases, the genetic determinants for tetracycline, streptomycin and ampicillin resistances were found to be transmissible to a laboratory strain ofEscherichia coli in laboratory mating techniques. Transfer frequency varied according to the mating technique employed. Transfer of resistance determinants during treatment of the faecal waste in a laboratory-scale anaerobic digester was detected erratically in very few cases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01982559
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  • 96
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    Carbon monoxide gasing leads to alcohol production and butyrate uptake without acetone formation in continuous cultures ofClostridium acetobutylicum (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 24 (1986), S. 159-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary When continuous, steady-state, glucose-limited cultures ofClostridium acetobutylicum were sparged with CO, the completely or almost completely acidogenic fermentations became solventogenic. Alcohol (butanol and ethanol) and lactate production at very high specific production rates were initiated and sustained without acetone, and little or no acetate and butyrate formation. In one fermentation, strong butyrate uptake without acetone formation was observed. Growth could be sustained even with 100% inhibition of H2 formation. Although CO gasing inhibited growth up to 50%, and H2 formation up to 100%, it enhanced the rate of glucose uptake up to 300%. TheY ATP was strongly affected and mostly reduced with respect to its steady-state value. The results support the hypothesis that solvent formation is triggered by an altered electron flow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01982561
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  • 97
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    Proline production via the arginine biosynthetic pathway: transfer of regulatory mutations of arginine biosynthesis into a proline-producing strain ofSerratia marcescens (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 24 (1986), S. 153-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Proline production via a part of the arginine biosynthetic pathway was examined. About 20 mg/ml ofl-proline was produced by using arginine biosynthetic enzymes. Accordingly, three mutations of arginine biosynthesis, namely, derepression of arginine biosynthetic enzymes (assigned byargR2), feedback inhibition-resistant N-acetylglutamate synthase (assigned byargA2) and defectiveness in N-acetylornithine aminotransferase (assigned byargD −) were introduced by three transductional crosses into a proline-producing strain which produced about 55 mg/ml ofl-proline. The constructed strain produced 62 mg/ml ofl-proline, although about 10 mg/ml ofl-arginine and 1 mg/ml of N-acetylglutamate-γ-semialdehyde were produced as by-products.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00938788
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  • 98
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    Stereoselective reduction of non-cyclic carbonyl compounds by some eumycetes (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 24 (1986), S. 175-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Twelve strains of Eumycetes were able to perform the reduction of 2-pentanone, acetophenone and ethyl acetoacetate, sometimes in a yield suitable for preparative work. For each substrate, preferential reduction to the R-configurated alcohol was observed with one or more strains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00938791
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  • 99
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    Electronic Resource
    The effect of the methyl substituent on the bioconversion of cyclohexene derivatives (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 24 (1986), S. 178-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The absence of the methyl substituent at the 2′position of the cyclohexene ring of TCHP enhances the conversion rate as well as the yields of the 3′-hydroxy product obtained byStreptomyces natalensis and the 3′-keto product obtained byMycobacterium smegmatis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00938792
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  • 100
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    Ethanol production in horizontal bioreactor (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 24 (1986), S. 97-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The rate of continuous alcohol fermentation by a mixture of free and immobilized yeast cells was found to be higher in a horizontal flow channel reactor than in a vertical column reactor under the same operational conditions. This higher fermentation rate in the horizontal reactor was attributed to accumulation of yeast cells in the reactor by free sedimentation and incomplete mixing in the direction of liquid flow. It was estimated that most of the ethanol in the horizontal bioreactor was produced by free cells in suspended or settled states. The relatively low ethanol production by the immobilized yeast cells on the ethanol production was considered due to higher product inhibition of fermentation rate within the support.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01982549
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