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  • Articles  (38,718)
  • 1980-1984  (38,718)
  • 1984  (38,718)
  • Medicine  (32,109)
  • Economics  (6,609)
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  • 1980-1984  (38,718)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SPACE AND TIME COMPARISONS OF PURCHASING POWER PARITIES AND REAL VALUES (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The calculation of purchasing power parities and quantity comparisons for a given year provides interesting information about the relative importance of countries. However, it is necessary to make these estimates annually in order to enable users to apply these parities for international comparison of annual data expressed in national currency. The paper deals with the problems related to merging spatial comparisons and temporal volume and price movements for the countries of the European Community. For these countries full information was collected in 1975 and in 1980, whereas in the intermediate years some price data were collected and price indices at a detailed level have also been collected. First the theoretical problems of consistency between the spatial results and temporal indices are discussed. Because no immediate consistency can be obtained, several methods are proposed to achieve consistency, by estimating one unique set of spatial and temporal indices. The available information for the period 1975-80 has been used in order to test the numerical differences between two sets of parities and price indices over time. Besides theoretical reasons for inconsistency, it is also necessary to take into account errors in the price observations or in the price indices. The results presented in the paper should be considered as provisional and further work will be undertaken to obtain better insights into the inconsistency between these sets of data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1984.tb00477.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE HIDDEN ECONOMY: STATE AND PROSPECTS FOR MEASUREMENT (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: To know the size and development of the hidden or underground economy is important for policy making, mainly because the measures undertaken may be misdirected if they are based on biased official statistics. The hidden economy can be measured by considering indicators. The direct methods are based on voluntary surveys and on tax auditing and other compliance methods. The indirect estimation methods rely on the identification of residuals with respect to income and expenditures, as well as in the labor and money markets. The strengths and weaknesses of each of these measurement approaches are discussed and the resulting estimates of the size of the hidden economy are compared. A different approach to measurement is to look at the determinants leading to the existence and growth of the hidden economy. Finally, the method of “unobserved variables” allows the combination of the two approaches by simultaneously considering the determinants and indicators of the under- ground economy. The results show a considerable range of sizes for a given country and year. Though there is a broad range of size estimates, there is general agreement that the hidden economy's size has been growing for all countries over recent decades. Further progress in quantitative knowledge about the hidden economy requires the development of a theoretical model which analyses the interdependencies between the official private sector, the hidden economy, and the public sector.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1984.tb00474.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DECOMPOSING THEIL'S INCOME OF INCOME INEQUALITY INTO BETWEEN AND WITHIN COMPONENTS: A NOTE (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1984.tb00479.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE STRUCTURE OF AMERICAN INCOME INEQUALITY (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Income inequality is examined using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and a consistent decomposition analysis. I only use inequality measures that satisfy the Principle of Transfers, have the property that a ceteris paribus increase in inequality within any subgroup increases overall inequality, and are independent of the scale of income and population. Decompositions are carried out by family size and by age of head for several definitions of income and income recipient. Whilst changing the time unit over which income is measured has a substantial impact on inequality, the effect of removing the between-age-group component of inequality is relatively slight.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1984.tb00556.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ICP 1980—A BRIEF ACCOUNT FROM AUSTRIA (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper discusses Austria's experiences in connection with the 1980 round of the UN International Comparison Project, in which comparisons were first made within regions and the regions then linked. Austria played a dual role, as (a) the linking country between Group I (the European Community) and Group II (selected middle and eastern European countries), and (b) the base country for Group II. The paper consists of two principal parts. The first part reports, at the 3-digit commodity level, on the success achieved in finding comparable items, both within Group II and between Austria and Group I. The second part discusses a number of methodological problems that were encountered in carrying out the comparison. Chief among these was the treatment of social services that are marketed in some countries and provided free of charge or at nominal prices in others. Other questions touched upon include the treatment of output for own consumption, rents, drugs and medicines, and tourist expenditures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1984.tb00484.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HUMAN CAPITAL INVESTMENT IN HEALTH: A MEASUREMENT FRAMEWORK AND ESTIMATES FOR THE UNITED STATES, 1952–78 (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Lack of a conceptual basis for measuring human capital investment in health has hampered efforts to expand national accounting systems to include human capital investment. This paper presents a conceptual basis for developing estimates of this health investment, an estimation methodology consistent with the conceptual basis, and preliminary estimates for the United States for 1952-78.While much work remains to be done before comprehensive estimates of investment in health are achieved, it is clear that previous estimates based on answers to the question, “What improves health?” have included some inappropriate expenditures while excluding others that should be included.The conceptual basis presented here leads to a methodology for separating health care costs (not the costs of illness) into maintenance and gross investment. Gross investment can be further separated into net investment and the sum of damages and depreciation but empirical implementation of this step is not attempted here.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1984.tb00476.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    QUANTITY AND PRICE EFFECTS IN AN ANALYSIS OF WORLD TRADE BASED ON AN ACCOUNTING MATRIX (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper describes the construction of an accounting matrix for the world economy in 1977, cast along similar lines to SNA National Accounts, but one in which trade flows replace inter-industry flows as intermediate demand. The matrix distinguishes ten regions. Institutional accounts are presented for three of these, the European Community, North America and Japan. This matrix is used to provide the basis of a linear model in which average propensities to import and consume are replaced by estimated marginal propensities. Use is made of standard estimates of the income effects of terms of trade changes in order to distinguish substitution from income effects in the model, and a means is suggested for separating the full as well as the impact effects of a terms of trade change into income and substitution effects. The estimated import equations are used to derive estimates of regional growth rates compatible with external balance in each region. Multiplier matrices are calculated from the model showing regional interdependence of the world economy reflecting the pattern of trade which is identified in the marginal propensities to import.The effects of various aid policies are calculated using the model. It is shown that the cost of aid to any region is radically altered by taking into account the feedback effects of changes in demand. A policy of tied aid pursued by EEC, North America and Japan can actually lead to an improvement in Japan's balance of payments position. Finally the effects of movements in relative prices are illustrated by means of two examples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1984.tb00478.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GROWTH ACCOUNTING AND PRODUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper compares the growth accounting approaches to aggregate productivity measurement and analysis of three major researchers: E. F. Denison, D. W. Jorgenson, and J. W. Kendrick. The investigetors are compared in terms of their treatment of a number of crucial elements, including measurement of output and of capital and labor inputs (including composition or quality changes), total factor productivity growth, economies of scale, and intensity of demand (for output). Judged by the standard of the neoclassical economic theory of production-the only generally accepted basis for input aggregation-Denison departs significantly from the production theory framework in his measurement of output and capital input, Kendrick to some degree in his measure of capital input, and Jorgenson not at all. The effects of these departures are illustrated with reference to the recent productivity slowdown. The probable near-term future utility of growth accounting methods for productivity analysis is assessed, and some related econometric modeling issues are noted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1984.tb00554.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MEASURING ECONOMIC GROWTH—A CRITIQUE OF THE VIEWS OF FELL AND GREENFIELD (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1984.tb00557.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PROCEDURES FOR UPDATING THE RESULTS OF INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This article reviews the problems involved in updating the results of international comparisons, in terms of an analytic framework focusing upon the sources of differences between various forms of extrapolation and direct comparisons. The factors identified as important are conservation of prices of the base period and weight inconsistency. The reliability of updating is undoubtedly affected by the length of the period over which the data are extrapolated. A program of regular benchmark comparisons at approximately five-year intervals with updating for the intervening years is attractive, since it permits checking by forward and backward interpolation. Where there are large deviations, however, averaging is not an acceptable solution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1984.tb00483.x
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