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  • Articles  (1,932)
  • Springer  (1,704)
  • Ovid Technologies  (143)
  • Annual Reviews  (85)
  • American Geophysical Union (AGU)
  • 1980-1984  (1,932)
  • 1984  (1,932)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (1,932)
Collection
  • Articles  (1,932)
Source
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1980-1984  (1,932)
Year
Journal
Topic
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compartmentalization: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding How Trees Grow and Defend Themselves (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 189-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.22.090184.001201
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Newer Laboratory Methods for Assessing Nutriture of Selected B-Complex Vitamins (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 377-407 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.002113
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolism (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 409-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.002205
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Relevance of Non-Host-Specific Toxins in the Expression of Virulence by Pathogens (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 215-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.22.090184.001243
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Role of Recognition in Plant Disease (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 273-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.22.090184.001421
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Critical Analysis of Durable Resistance (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 309-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.22.090184.001521
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reactions of Mycorrhizal Fungi and Mycorrhiza Formation to Pesticides (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 331-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.22.090184.001555
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wall-Less Prokaryotes of Plants (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 361-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.22.090184.002045
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acidic Precipitation Effects on Terrestrial Vegetation (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 397-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.22.090184.002145
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Government Regulation of the Integrity of the Food Supply (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 1-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.000245
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultratrace Elements in Nutrition (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 21-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.000321
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Epidemiology of Vitamin A Deficiency and Xerophthalmia (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 183-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.001151
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Function and Metabolism of Vitamin K (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 281-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.001433
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vitamin B Metabolism (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 455-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.002323
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutrition of the Domestic Cat, a Mammalian Carnivore (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 521-562 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.002513
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Home Parenteral Nutrition (HPN) (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 69-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.000441
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Disease Incidence and Severity Relationships (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 133-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.22.090184.001025
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant Diseases Caused by Flagellate Protozoa (Phytomonas) (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 115-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.22.090184.000555
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nematode Chemotaxis and Possible Mechanisms of Host/Prey Recognition (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 95-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.22.090184.000523
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant Viral Double-Stranded RNA (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 151-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.22.090184.001055
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Landmarks in the Development of Phytobacteriology (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 169-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.22.090184.001125
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant Response to Air Pollutant Mixtures (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 421-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.22.090184.002225
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Role and Importance of Pathogens in Natural Plant Communities (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 443-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.22.090184.002303
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Diagnosis and Treatment of Food Allergy (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 233-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.001313
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vitamin D: Metabolism and Biological Actions (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 493-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.002425
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dietary Intake and Bioavailability of Fluoride (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 115-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.000555
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutritional Energetics of Animals (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 101-114 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.000533
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Nutritive Factors on Metabolic Processes Involving Bioactivation and Detoxication of Chemicals (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 207-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.001231
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutrition and Biochemistry of Trans and Positional Fatty Acid Isomers in Hydrogenated Oils (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 339-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.002011
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calcium and Osteoporosis (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 471-491 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.002351
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exploring Tropical Rice Diseases: A Reminiscence (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 1-11 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.22.090184.000245
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
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    Pioneer Leaders in Plant Pathology: E. C. Stakman (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 11-19 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.22.090184.000303
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
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    Pioneer Leaders in Plant Pathology: Cynthia Westcott, Plant Doctor (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 21-26 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
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    Infectivity Titration with Bacterial Plant Pathogens (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 35-52 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.22.090184.000343
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  • 35
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    The Interaction Between Environmental Stress Injury and Biotic Disease Physiology (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 53-75 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
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  • 36
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    Pioneer Leaders in Plant Pathology: James Johnson (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 27-34 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.22.090184.000331
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
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    Mutations, The Abberant Ratio Phenomenon, and Virus Infection of Maize (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 77-94 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.22.090184.000453
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  • 38
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    Concepts and Methods Regarding Host Plant Resistance to Arthropods and Pathogens (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 247-272 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.22.090184.001335
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
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    Protein and Energy Nutrition During Lactation (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 43-67 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.000355
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  • 40
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    An Update of Concepts of Essential Amino Acids (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 137-155 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.001033
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  • 41
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    Adverse Effects of Excessive Consumption of Amino Acids (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 157-181 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.001105
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    The Nutritional Biochemistry of Selenium (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 257-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.001353
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    Bentazon influence on selected metabolic processes of isolated bean leaf cells (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of plant growth regulation 3 (1984), S. 121-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Time- and concentration-course studies were conducted to determine the effect of bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,l,3,-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] on photosynthesis, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and lipid synthesis using enzymatically isolated leaf cells of red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Photosynthesis and RNA synthesis were inhibited about 75% at 1 μM bentazon at the 30 min treatment period. This was the lowest concentration and shortest time that significantly inhibited any of these four processes. The degree of inhibition of photosynthesis was greater than the degree of inhibition of RNA synthesis at higher concentrations and/or longer time periods. At 10 μM bentazon, protein synthesis and lipid synthesis were also inhibited. Lipid synthesis was stimulated at 0.1 and 1 μM at 120 min.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02041997
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    Effect of perfluidone on metabolism of lipids in maize (Zea mays L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of plant growth regulation 3 (1984), S. 111-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Treatment of germinating maize seedlings with 0.126 mM of the herbicide Perfluidone (Destun) (1,1,1-trifluoro-4′-[phenylsulfonyl]-methanesulfona-o-toluidide) for 2 days in the dark, then 3 days in the light, at 25°C causes decreases in fresh weight, dry weight, shoot length, and in total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents; in contrast, sunflower seedlings seem not to be affected. Perfluidone causes marked decreases in total lipids and in glyco- and phospholipids of maize seedlings. In sunflower cotyledons, total lipids and pigments (chlorophyll, carotenoids) are not affected, but there is an increase in glycolipids at the expense of phospholipids. After Perfluidone treatment, a significant increase in the fatty acid mole ratio (18∶0+18∶1+18∶2)/18∶3 was found for the maize glycolipids, monogalactosyl diacylglycerol (MGD), digalactosyl diacylglycerol (DGD), and sterol glycoside (SG) + esterified sterol glycoside (ESG), and for the phospholipid, phosphatidylcholine (PC). In sunflower seedlings, however, only the fatty acid mole ratio of ESG + SG showed an increase and that of phosphatidylserine (PS) showed a large decrease. The differential response of the two plant species to Perfluidone suggests that the control of linolenic acid biosynthesis may vary depending on plant species and/or on plant tissues.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02041996
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    Enzymic glucosylation of gibberellins (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of plant growth regulation 3 (1984), S. 127-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Starting from the well-known conversion of exogenously applied free gibberellic acid (GA3) to its 3(O)-glucoside by intact immature fruits of runner beans (Phaseolus coccineus L.), a protein fraction has been prepared from this plant material possessing glucosylating activity towards GAs. This glucosyltransferase is located in the pericarp only and utilizes preferably UDP-glucose as a sugar donor. The product formed enzymically from GA3 and UDP-glucose could be identified by derivatization and comparison with the authentic compound to be GA3-3(O)-glucoside. Among 15 native or chemically modified GAs, the enzyme glucosylates only GA3 and to a lower extent GA7 and GA30, indicating a high enzyme specificity with regard to the A ring of gibberellins. The physiological significance of the enzymic GA3-3(O)-glucoside formation inPhaseolus coccineus is not clear, since this glucoside is not known to be endogenous in this plant. The enzyme preparation did not glucosylate substances of phenolic structure, such as hydroquinone, aesculetin, and quercetin. Glucosylation of GA3 was achieved also by enzyme preparations fromVigna sinensis and from cell suspension cultures ofDigitalis purpurea. A number of other plant materials showed no activity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02041998
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  • 46
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    Abscission-inducing properties of methyl jasmonate, ABA, and ABA-methyl ester and their interactions with ethephon, AgNO3, and malformin (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of plant growth regulation 3 (1984), S. 157-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The biological activities of methyl jasmonate, ABA, methyl abscisate, and malformin were compared in a variety ofVigna radiata abscission tests. Although each compound diminished or completely negated the antiethylene properties of Ag+, differences in potency were observed. ABA and ABA-Me stimulated leaf abscission in the dark, potentiated abscission with low concentrations of ethephon, and interacted synergistically with malformin, whereas methyl jasmonate was inactive in each of these tests. Methyl jasmonate was most active in potentiating leaf abscission induced by high ethephon concentrations and stimulated petiole abscission, whether applied proximally or distally, from debladed explants. In two tests, negation of Ag+ activity and interaction with malformin, ABA concentrations as low as 0.1 μM were biologically active and indicated that ABA can be a highly active abscission-inducing compound. Based on differences in biological activity, it was concluded that the modes of action of methyl jasmonate, ABA, and malformin were different.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02042000
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  • 47
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    Effects of dimethipin, a defoliant and desiccant, on stomatal behavior and protein synthesis (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of plant growth regulation 3 (1984), S. 141-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The first visible macroscopic effect of a foliar spray of dimethipin (2,3-dihydro-5,6-dimethyl-1,4-dithiin 1,1,4,4-tetraoxide) on kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Back Valentine) was a severe loss of leaf turgor followed by desiccation and, ultimately, abscission. Dimethipin-treated leaves had higher rates of transpiration than control leaves when the leaves received treatments that cause stomatal closure (e.g., darkness, water stress, or exogenous abscisic acid). The higher rates of water loss from the dimethipin-treated leaves were not due to a massive nonspecific disruption of leaf cells, since dimethipin-treated leaves maintained turgor for 24 h if the plants were placed in a chamber of 100% relative humidity. These results indicate that the dimethipin-induced loss of leaf turgor is due, at least in part, to a loss in stomatal control. The earliest detectable biochemical effect of dimethipin was an inhibition of the incorporation of14C-leucine into protein. In both kidney bean leaf discs and oat (Avena sativa L. cv. Garry) coleoptiles, greater than 50% inhibition of14C-leucine incorporation into protein was observed 1 h after the start of incubation in 1 mM dimethipin. Dimethipin had a substantially smaller effect, however, on the incorporation of3H-uridine into RNA, suggesting that dimethipin acts primarily on the processes associated with translation rather than transcription. Cycloheximide also caused a loss of stomatal control, and both dimethipin and cycloheximide retarded the degradation of chlorophyll in senescing oat leaf segments in the dark, indicating similar mechanisms of action for the two compounds. In summary, the evidence suggests that an initial inhibition of protein synthesis is responsible for the loss of stomatal control associated with high rates of transpiration and loss of leaf turgor. The possible role for dimethipin-induced loss of turgor in abscission is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02041999
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    Decreased lipolysis in peanuts by a pyridazinone bioregulator (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of plant growth regulation 3 (1984), S. 183-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Peanut,Arachis hypogaea, plants were treated in the field with the bioregulator BAS 105 00W, 4-chloro-5-dimethylamino-2-phenylpyridazin-3-one, a substituted pyridazinone, at different times of development. The seeds were harvested, dried, hand-shelled, and analyzed for lipoxygenase activity and conjugated diene hydroperoxide content. Reduced lipoxygenase activity occurred when the bioregulator was applied to the plants at flowering and pegging. The conjugated diene hydroperoxide content decreased the most in peanuts when the bioregulator was applied at pegging. The apparent Km for lipoxygenase of treated peanuts with linoleic acid as substrate was the same as that for untreated peanuts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02042002
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    Investigation on the role of nodule cytokinins in regulation of nitrate reductase activity ofPhaseolus mungo (L.) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of plant growth regulation 3 (1984), S. 237-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of some nodular cytokinis, zeatin (Z), zeatin riboside (ZR), N6 (Δ2-isopentenyl) adenine (IPA), and N6 (Δ2-isopentenyI) adenosine (IPAS) on nitrate reductase (E.C 1.9.6.1) activity of root nodules ofPhaseolus mungo were investigated. The cytokinis were also tested for their effect on nitrate uptake by nodules. The results show that IPAS is the most effective of all the four cytokinins tested. Z and IPA, which caused higherin vivo activity than ZR and IPAS, stimulated uptake of nitrate by nodules. The other two (ZR and IPAS) while inhibiting uptake showed greaterin vitro activity than Z and IPA. It may be concluded that some cytokinins, in addition to their direct effects on the enzyme, may increase the substrate availability to it, whereas others may have only an direct effect on the enzyme activation or degradation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02042008
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  • 50
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    Leaching of soluble salt during infiltration and redistribution (1984)
    Springer
    Irrigation science 5 (1984), S. 15-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The paper reports an experimental study of miscible displacement of soluble salts during infiltration and redistribution of water in vertical, homogeneous columns of sandy, sandy loam and clay soils with initially uniform salt and moisture contents. Calcium chloride, mixed uniformly in initially dry and moist soils, was leached with water under transient and steady infiltration conditions. The salt and water profiles were determined immediately following infiltration and after matching total infiltration and redistribution times. Irrespective of different flow conditions and soil types, the “centre of mass” of salt front coincided with the “piston front” that would exist given perfect displacement of water initially present in the soil by the water being infiltrated (piston-flow model). Furthermore the advance of “centre of mass” of salt front was independent of the water application rate and initial soil water content in all soils following both infiltration and redistribution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00275034
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    Responses of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) and mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) to irrigation (1984)
    Springer
    Irrigation science 5 (1984), S. 61-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Cowpea and mung bean were subjected to three irrigation schedules during summer dry months (May–June). In general, cowpea had higher rates of net photosynthesis (P n ,Figs. 1, 2), dark respiration (R d ,Table 1), absorption of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, Table 2), and growth (Fig. 7) than mung bean. Mung bean reflected more PAR and maintained a slightly cooler canopy than cowpea (Table 2). Moisture stress decreased P n , R d ,absorption coefficient of PAR, evaporative cooling and growth in both the species. However, the reductions in P n rates of stressed leaves were more than the decreases in R d .Restoration of water supply to stressed cowpea resulted in a more rapid recovery of growth as compared to mung bean.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00275038
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    Book reviews (1984)
    Springer
    Irrigation science 5 (1984), S. 73-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00275039
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    Water use, growth and rubber yields of four guayule selections as related to irrigation regimes (1984)
    Springer
    Irrigation science 5 (1984), S. 95-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary There has been renewed interest in cultivating guayule (Parthenium argentatum G.) for rubber production. Water use, growth and rubber yields of four guayule selections (593, 11.591, 11 646 and 4265 XF) were evaluated for two years in nonweighing field lysimeters at El Paso, TX. Four irrigation treatments were evaluated; these involved irrigation when about 40, 60 or 90% of available water was depleted, and the fourth treatment was irrigated at 60% depletion using saline water containing 3,300 mg of dissolved salts per liter. Water use for the two year period for these treatments amounted to 219, 147, 96 and 132 cm, respectively, plus biennial rainfall of 32 cm. Shrub and resin yields increased linearly with increasing irrigation, while rubber contents generally decreased with irrigation. Resultant rubber yields were highest under the lowest stress treatment, yielding about 840 kg/ha. Rubber yields with other treatments averaged 560 kg/ha with no significant yield differences among the tested selections. The salt treatment increased rubber contents of the shrubs, but caused reductions in shrub and rubber yields. Guayule plants survived well under low soil moisture, but water requirement to produce unit quantities of biomass was high (about 15 cm to produce one ton of dry shrub per ha). Guayule should not be regarded as a low water consuming crop if high yields per land area are to be achieved.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00272548
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    Studies on the nitrogen and water relations of wheat II. Effects of varying nitrogen and water supply on growth and grain yield (1984)
    Springer
    Irrigation science 5 (1984), S. 105-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wheat was grown in field and glasshouse experiments to assess the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on yield when water stress occurred in the later half of the growth. N application was deferred until the main culm apex of the plant was at the double-ridge stage of development. In the glasshouse water stress was imposed by altering the watering regime; in the field it was anticipated as naturally occurring and compared to an irrigated control. The response to deferred N was much stronger at adequate water supply giving rise to a significant positive N X W interaction effect. This positive N X W interaction was shown by number of ears, leaf area index, green area duration, water use and root growth, as well as grain yield. In both the glasshouse and field, N increased post-anthesis green area duration (PGD) which was highly correlated with grain yield, but since the components of grain yield determining the response to N were largely established by anthesis (number of ears), PGD does not appear to increase grain yield, which was rather caused by increased survival of tillers. In concert with its effect on PGD, deferred N resulted in greater root survival and/or growth at deeper layers late in the season. Water stress as measured in these experiments was insufficient to cause decreases in yield from use of N at low water supply. However, in the field nitrogen application did lower plant water potential late in the growing season.
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    The effect of sowing date, irrigation and cultivar on the growth and yield of wheat in the Namoi River Valley, New South Wales (1984)
    Springer
    Irrigation science 5 (1984), S. 123-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A factorial experiment which examined the effects of sowing date, cultivar and irrigation frequency on the growth and grain yield of irrigated wheat was conducted at Narrabri, New South Wales. Irrigation scheduling was based on morning values of leaf water potentials (Ψl): plots were watered when Ψl, had fallen to either −0.8 MPa or −0.4 MPa or were not irrigated during the season. Maximum leaf areas, tiller numbers and total dry matter production were increased by more frequent irrigation, but subsequent tiller death and leaf senescence were generally not reduced by increasing watering. A delay in sowing from 23 June to 23 July reduced yields by 20%, on average. More frequent irrigation increased yields at both sowing dates, but a high protein, locally bred wheat (Songlen) responded less than a cultivar derived from the CIMMYT program (WW 15). The highest yield for Songlen was 570 g m−2 which was lower than the highest yield for WW 15 (730 g m−2); both were obtained from the −0.4 MPa treatment sown on 23 June. Compared with irrigated wheat grown in Mexico or southern New South Wales, dry matter production after anthesis at Narrabri was low. It was suggested that high temperatures after anthesis may limit post-anthesis productivity and subsequently, grain yields. The results of this experiment suggested that yields of irrigated wheat in the lower Namoi Valley can be improved through better irrigation management and varietal improvement, but the magnitude of this response may be limited by high spring temperatures.
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    Book review (1984)
    Springer
    Irrigation science 5 (1984), S. 147-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00272552
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    Canopy temperature and water stress of cotton crops with complete and partial ground cover (1984)
    Springer
    Irrigation science 5 (1984), S. 37-46 
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    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The use of canopy and air temperature differences to compute a crop water stress index (CWSI) for assessing plant water status was investigated using cotton crop canopies that either fully or partially covered the ground. The complete ground cover canopy condition was studied in a well watered moisture regime in a rainout shelter with measurements made on six Texas cotton race stocks. The partial ground cover canopy situation was investigated in a well watered moisture regime of a commercial cotton variety ‘Paymaster 266’ grown in the field. The slope of the nonstressed baseline of the CWSI for a cotton canopy with about 50% ground cover was approximately one-half that reported for full canopies. Values of CWSI calculated with “theoretical” and “empirical” procedures agreed more closely under a complete canopy condition than under a partial canopy situation. Values of aerodynamic resistance (r a ) and canopy resistance for well watered soil moisture conditions (r ep )were estimated in order to use the theoretical procedure of computing CWSI. Values of r a ranged from 10 to 15 sm−1 and r cp from 50 to 60 sm−1. Both the theoretical and empirical procedures showed much promise, but more information is needed to develop techniques for evaluating r a and r cp under differing canopy and environmental conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00275036
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    Responses of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) and mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) to irrigation (1984)
    Springer
    Irrigation science 5 (1984), S. 47-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Cowpea and mung bean were grown on sandy loam soil under three irrigation schedules during summer dry season (May-June). Mung bean maintained higher leaf water potential, turgor potential, leaf conductance, and evapotranspiration (ET) but lower water use efficiency (WUE) than cowpea (Figs. 3, 4 a, b, 6; Table 1). Leaf water potential was linearly related to soil water potential in cowpea, but showed lack of response to soil water potential during later stages of growth in mung bean (Fig. 5). Although stomata in both species started to close at higher vapour pressure deficits, the stomatal apparatus of mung bean was more sensitive to leaf moisture stress than cowpea (Fig. 8). An increase in the frequency of irrigation resulted in higher soilplant water status (Figs. 2, 3, 4 a, b), leaf conductance (Fig. 6), number of stomata per unit leaf area (Table 3), ET (Table 1) and dry matter production (Fig. 9). However, the WUE decreased with the increase in the frequency of irrigation, except in cowpea in which maximum values were under mild stress conditions (Table 1). Soil moisture extraction decreased with the depth of soil profile. An increase in moisture stress increased the soil moisture use from deeper soil layers relatively, but not absolutely. Mung bean extracted more moisture from deeper soil layers under stress conditions than cowpea (Table 1). Cowpea used less water but produced more dry matter than mung bean (Table 1, Fig. 9).
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    Yield related interpretations of irrigation uniformity and efficiency measures (1984)
    Springer
    Irrigation science 5 (1984), S. 161-172 
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    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A number of irrigation performance parameters have been used to quantify irrigation uniformity and efficiency. These parameters are usually regarded as performance indices only, without a physically significant interpretation. Common irrigation uniformity and efficiency measures can be related to expected yields from non-uniform irrigation of certain hypothetical crops. Calculation of these measures is equivalent to, or closely related to, calculation of expected yields with non-uniform irrigation for the water-yield functions of Fig. 1. This relationship between performance measures and expected yield lends physical significance to irrigation uniformity measures, and suggests useful generalizations of traditional uniformity and efficiency measures that are directly related to crop yield.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264605
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    Sodium adsorption ratio-exchangeable sodium percentage relationships in a high potassium saline-sodic soil (1984)
    Springer
    Irrigation science 5 (1984), S. 173-179 
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    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and sodium absorption ratio (SAR) values were obtained from 692 soil samples and their saturation extract solutions. All samples were from a Declo silt loam (coarse, loamy, mixed, mesic, Xerollic Calciorthids) phase that was saline-sodic and very high in potassium (K). Some samples contained as much as 80 meq K/1 in the saturation paste extract. In those samples where the Na : K ratio was less than 4 : 1 the measured ESP was considerably lower at a given SAR than is usually observed in high Na soils. As the soluble salts were leached from this soil in lysimeters and under field conditions, with or without Ca amendments, the soil did not become sodic nor have decreased infiltration rates when irrigated with low salt water (200 μunhos/cm). The exchangeable K was more tightly held on the exchange sites than were Ca, Mg, or Na, thus reducing the high Na effects.
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    The accuracy of evapotranspiration estimated with the FAO modified penman equation (1984)
    Springer
    Irrigation science 5 (1984), S. 223-233 
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    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The FAO modified Penman equation has gained acceptance as a standard method of estimating reference crop evapotranspiration. Although theoretically sound the Penman equation becomes increasingly empirical when parameters or variables have to be estimated. When evapotranspiration estimates are being used for practical purposes the uncertainties introduced by these empirical factors and relationships should not be neglected. Evapotranspiration estimates for north-east Sri Lanka are used to illustrate the importance of the empiricisms in the FAO modified Penman equation. It is shown that the different empirical relationships used to estimate net radiation and the wind function in the FAO modified Penman equation and in the Penman (1963) equation produce a 23% difference in the estimate of annual reference crop evapotranspiration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00258176
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    Simulation of possible adaptive mechanisms in crops subjected to water stress (1984)
    Springer
    Irrigation science 5 (1984), S. 251-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The dynamics of stress development in crops involves a decrease in turgor potential of leaves which causes decreases in leaf expansion, photosynthesis, and transpiration. A study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of three possible adaptive mechanisms in maintaining turgor potential and growth. These mechanisms — osmotic adjustment, increased root growth, and increased stomatal resistance at full turgor — were examined by a simulation experiment using a dynamic model of the soil-crop-atmospheric system. Osmotic adjustment was found to be ineffective in maintaining turgor for crops grown in a sandy soil because of the rapid development of stress. When a ten-day drying cycle was simulated for a clay soil, cumulative transpiration, photosynthesis and growth were increased by osmotic adjustment, indicating an improved ability of the crop to maintain turgor under the simulated conditions for the clay soil. increased stomatal resistance was ineffective for the simulated conditions because of a concomitant decrease in photosynthetic rate. Increased soil volume occupied by roots was found to be the most effective adaptive mechanism for maintaining turgor, transpiration, photosynthesis and growth of crops in both soil types.
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    Dissertationen und Diplomarbeiten (1984)
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    Journal of pest science 57 (1984), S. 102-103 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01906837
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    Buchbesprechungen (1984)
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    Journal of pest science 57 (1984), S. 103-104 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01906838
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    Mitteilungen (1984)
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    Journal of pest science 57 (1984), S. 104-104 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01906839
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    Welche Nutzorganismen sind in Europa für den blologischen Pflanzen- und Gesundheitsschutz verfügbar? (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of pest science 57 (1984), S. 105-111 
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    ISSN: 1612-4766
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Angesichts fehlender Information über die kommerzielle Verfügbarkeit in Europa von Biopräparaten (auf der Basis von Mikroorganismen einschl. der Viren) und von nützlichen Metazoen für biologische Maßnahmen zur Unterdrückung von Schadorganismen wurde an die amtlichen Stellen, ausnahmsweise an Einzelexperten in folgenden Ländern eine Umfrage gerichtet: Frankreich, Großbritannien, Italien, Österreich, Rumänien, Jugoslawien, Schweden, die Schweiz, die Niederlande, Finnland und Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Die Ergebnisse werden in 2 Teilen als ein Momentbild des Zustandes Anfang 1984 vorgelegt. Im Begleittext wird für die Annahme einer Europäischen Zulassungsordnung für Biopräparate plädiert (die als Entwurf bereits vorliegt), um Zeit und Geld zu sparen. Zwischen den einzelnen Ländern bestehen sehr große Unterschiede bezüglich der Verfügbarkeit biotischer Agentien für biologische Verfahren. Einige vielversprechende neue Entwicklungen werden kurz in der Hoffnung vorgestellt, daß sie stimulierend wirken. Allen Kollegen, die bei der Umfrage geholfen haben, sei besonders gedankt.
    Notes: Abstract In view of the lack of information concerning the commercial availability in Europe of biopreparations (based on microorganisms including viruses) as well as of beneficial metazoa for biological control of pest organisms, an inquiry was started for the following countries: France, Great Britain, Italy, Austria, Rumania, Yugoslavia, Sweden, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Finland and Germany Fed. Rep. Results are presented as a momentary picture of the situation in early 1984. A plead is made for the acceptance of an European protocol for registration of biopreparations (which has already been drafted) in order to save money and time. There are great differences between countries in the availability of biotic agents for biological control. Some very promising new developments are briefly reviewed and considered to act in a stimulating way. Thanks are due to those colleagues who helped to obtain the information here presented.
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    Rundschau (1984)
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    Journal of pest science 57 (1984), S. 118-119 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01942377
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    Buchbesprechungen (1984)
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    Journal of pest science 57 (1984), S. 119-120 
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    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01942378
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    Mitteilungen (1984)
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    Journal of pest science 57 (1984), S. 120-120 
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    ISSN: 1612-4766
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01942379
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    Prüfung der Wirkung von Pflanzenbehandlungsmitteln auf die NutzarthropodeCoelotes terrestris (Wider) (Araneida, Agelenidae) mit Hilfe eines Glasplattentests (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of pest science 57 (1984), S. 111-117 
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    ISSN: 1612-4766
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Forderung eines weitgehenden Schutzes von Nutzarthropoden (Räuber und Parasiten) vor Pflanzenbehandlungsmitteln hat ethische und ökonomische Gründe. Sie ist im Pflanzenschutzgesetz verankert. Ein Initialtoxizitätstest (Glasplattentest) zur Beurteilung der Nebenwirkung von Pflanzenbehandlungsmitteln auf die in Waldökosystemen häufige SpinnenartCoelotes terrestris wird vorgestellt. Die Prüfung von 10 Insektiziden und Akariziden, 5 Fungiziden, 4 Herbiziden und 3 Wachstumsreglern ergab innerhalb der Insektizide und Akarizide große Unterschiede in der Wirkung aufC. terrestris. Für diese Art sind von den 10 auf ihre Initialtoxizität untersuchten Insektiziden/Akariziden nach dreitägiger Expositionszeit 5 unschädlich, 3 schwach schädigend und je 1 mittelstark und stark schädigend. Nach einer Expositionszeit von 6 Tagen auf den pestizidbehandelten Glasplatten sind nur noch 4 Mittel unschädlich, 2 schwach, 1 mittelstark und 3 stark schädigend. Alle 5 untersuchten Fungizide, die 4 Herbizide und 2 der 3 Wachstumsregulatoren zeigten bei beiden Expositionszeiten keine oder nur eine schwach schädigende Wirkung. Nur Prosevor 85 ist als mittelstark (dreitägige) oder stark (sechstägige Expositionszeit) schädigend zu beurteilen. Für das standardisierte Testverfahren wird eine sechstägige Expositionszeit für Testspinnen auf den begifteten Glasplatten empfohlen. FürCoccygomimus turionellae sind von den 10 Insektiziden/Akariziden 5 unschädlich und 5 stark schädigend. Von den Fungiziden erwiesen sich 4 als unschädlich und 1 als mittelstark unschädlich, während 1 schwach schädigend wirkt. Zwei von den 3 Wachstumsregulatoren erwiesen sich als unschädlich, während das 3. als stark schädigend zu beurteilen ist. Die beiden Tierarten, die sich in den jeweils untersuchten Stadien in Körpergröße und Gewicht recht ähnlich sind, zeigen bei einer Expositionszeit von jeweils 6 bzw. 8 Tagen mit wenigen Ausnahmen ähnliche Reaktionen auf die Pflanzenbehandlungsmittel. Die Ergebnisse und die Bedeutung der Nützlingsprüfung für den konventionellen und integrierten Pflanzenschutz werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The demand for a comprehensive protection of beneficial arthropods (parasites and predators) against pesticides has economical and ethical reasons. It is established in the plant protection law. An initial toxicity test on glassplates for the evaluation of side-effects pesticides have on the juveniles of the spider speciesCoelotes terrestris, living frequently in forest ecosystems, is presented. The test results with 22 pesticides are compared with those of an initial toxicity test made with the females of the hymenopteran speciesCoccygomimus turionellae. ForCoelotes terrestris five of the 10 investigated insecticides/acaricides are harmless after a time of three days on the treated glassplates, 3 are slightly harmful, 1 is moderately harmful and the last one is harmful. After a time of 6 days in the test cages only 4 of the 10 pesticides show a harmless action, 2 are slightly harmful, 1 is moderately harmful and 3 are harmful. All of the 5 fungicides, the 4 herbicides and 2 of the 3 growth regulators showed none or only a weak action. Only Prosevor 85 has to be named moderately harmful or harmful, depending on the time the juvenile spiders stayed in the test cages. For a normal test procedure with this spider species a test period of 6 days followed by a time of feeding control of 9 days is suggested. Five of the 10 insecticides/acaricides are harmless forCoccygomimus turionellae and the other 5 are harmful. Of the 5 fungicides four showed to be harmless and 1 moderately harmful. Three of the 4 examined herbicides are harmless too, whereas 1 acted moderately harmful. Two of the 3 growth regulators showed to be harmless, whereas the third one was harmful. The weight and size of the 2 test species in the investigated stadiums is nearly the same, so after a time of 6 or 8 days on the treated glassplates they show nearly the same reaction to the pesticides. The results and the significance of the tests with beneficial arthropods for the conventional and integrated plant protection are discussed.
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    Untersuchungen zur Biologie vonLiposcelis divinatorius (Psocoptera, Liposcelidae) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of pest science 57 (1984), S. 121-127 
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    ISSN: 1612-4766
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die durchschnittliche Entwicklungszeit der Eier vonL. divinatorius schwankt zwischen 70 Tagen bei 15°C und 6,9 Tagen bei 32,5°C. Die Eientwicklung ist bei Feuchten ≧50% bis zu 35°C möglich. Bei 30% rel. Feuchte konnten sich Eier noch zwischen 20 und 27,5°C entwickeln; bei 20% rel. Feuchte gelang dies nur bei 27,5°C. Der Entwicklungsnullpunkt liegt bei 14,6°C. Larvalentwicklung sowie Lebensdauer und Fertilität adulter Tiere sind stark von Temperatur und Feuchtigkeit abhängig. Die minimale Dauer der Larvalentwicklung schwankte zwischen 85 Tagen bei 17,5°C und 70% rel. Feuchte und 6 Tagen bei 32,5°C bzw. 35°C und 80% rel. Feuchte. Das Maximum durchschnittlicher Lebensdauer betrug 207,5 Tage bei 22,5°C und 70% rel. Feuchte. Die höchsten Eizahlen wurden bei 90% rel. Luftfeuchte und Temperaturen zwischen 22,5 und 30°C beobachtet. Der optimale Entwicklungsbereich vonL. divinatorius lag zwischen 18 und 32°C und zwischen 70 und 90% rel. Feuchte. Als besonders geeignetes Zuchtsubstrat erwiesen sich Weizenschrot, Mais, Roggen, Weizenkeime und Malz.
    Notes: Abstract The development ofLiposcelis divinatorius was followed at constant temperatures ranging from 15°C to 37.5°C at humidities from 20 to 90% r.h. The lower limit for complete development was about 17°C and 50% r.h. although one egg hatched at 15°C. Development was fastest at 35°C, 90% r.h. The maximal duration of life of imagines was about 207 days at 22.5°C and 70% r.h. The optimum range for complete development is between 18°C to 32°C and from 50 to 90% r.h.
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    Untersuchungen über den Einsatz des Insektenwachstumsregulators Triazin CGA 72662 (Neporex®) zur Bekämpfung von Fliegen im Stall (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of pest science 57 (1984), S. 127-131 
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    ISSN: 1612-4766
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Larvizid CGA 72662 wurde zur Fliegenbekämpfung in 5 Ställen in Süddeutschland verwendet. Die Zahl der Maden, aus denen sich Imagines entwickelten, sank schnell nach der Applikation. Die Fliegendichte in den Ställen sank ebenfalls drastisch, besonders deutlich war der Rückgang in Betrieben mit wenig Zuflug von außen. Resistenz konnte bei keinem der beiden untersuchten Wildstämme festgestellt werden.
    Notes: Abstract The larvicide CGA 72662 was used for stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans L.) and housefly (Musca domestica L.) control in 5 stables in South Germany. The number of hatching flies decreased during day 1–10 after the application in spite of a constant level of maggots in the manure. After day 10, the maggot number also declined rapidly, no flies developed. There was no evidence for insecticide resistance against the larvicide in 2 house fly strains.
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    Ein Beitrag zum Verhalten des BuchdruckersIps typographus L. während der Flugphase (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of pest science 57 (1984), S. 131-134 
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    ISSN: 1612-4766
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Käfer, die im Freiland ihren Geburtsbaum verließen, zeigten ein sehr unterschiedliches Flugvermögen. Ihre Abflugrichtung war abhängig von der optischen Struktur, des Umfeldes. Mit Hilfe von Pheromonfallen ließ sich zeigen, daß die Sommergeneration des Buchdruckrs in der Latenzphase Laubwaldregionen in die Dispersionsflüge einbezieht. Eine relativ hohe Anzahl Käfer wurde am Südrand eines Buchenhochwaldes gefangen, der in 400 m, Breite die Fallen und den nächstgelegenen Fichtenbestand voneinander trennte. Auch in Fallen im Buchenbestand fanden sich regelmäßig Buchdrucker. Ihre Anzahl aber war geringer als am Rand.
    Notes: Abstract In the open air newly emerged beetles showed a very different flight capability. The initial flight was directed by optical structures next to the starting place. The number of caught beetles in pheromone baited traps showed that in the endemic phase the summergeneration ofIps typographus extended the dispersal flight to decidous stands. Relative high numbers of beetles were counted in traps on the southern edge of a beechstand at a distance of at least 400m from the next potential breeding place. Within the beechstand beetles were caught too but in a significant smaller number as on the edge.
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    Experiments to determine effects of predator releases on populations ofOligonychus punicae [Acarina: Tetranychidae] on avocado in California (1984)
    Springer
    BioControl 29 (1984), S. 11-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans l'intention de déterminer l'effet de lâchers de prédateurs dans la réduction de populations d'Oligonychus punicae, 9 espèces prédatrices de phytoseiides ont été lâchées dans un verger d'avocatier, à raison de 1200 acariens par arbre durant une période de 4 semaines, chaque arbre constituant une parcelle expérimentale. Les lâchers n'ont pas eu d'effet significatif sur la densité moyenne d'O. punicae ou sur le total des phytoseiides. Par contre, les pourcentages des espèces lâchées par rappourt au nombre total des phytoseiides ont atteint 40, 38, 19, 28 et 22 respectivement pourPhytoseiulus macropilis Banks,Amblyseius limonicus (Garman & McGregor),Iphiseius degenerans (Berlese),Amblyseius californicus (McGregor) etTyphlodromus occidentalis Nesbitt.Phytoseiulus longipes Evans,Euseius concordis (Chant),E. stipulatus (A.-H.) etE. tutsi (Pritchard & Baker) ont un peu augmenté en nombre après les lâchers.
    Notes: Abstract To determine the effect of predator releases in suppressing populations ofOligonychus punicae (Hirst), 9 species ofPhytoseiidae were released in single-tree replicated plots in an avocado orchard at rates of 1200 mites/tree over a 4-week period. The releases did not significantly affect average densities ofO. punicae or total phytoseiids. However, the percentages of the released species in the total phytoseiid populations reached 40, 38, 29, 28, and 22 forPhytoseiulus macropilis (Banks),Amblyseius limonicus (Garman & McGregor),Iphiseius degenerans (Berlese),Amblyseius californicus (McGregor), andTyphlodromus occidentalis Nesbitt, respectively.Phytoseiulus longipes Evans,Euseius concordis (Chant),E. stipulatus (A.-H.), andE. tutsi (Pritchard & Baker) increased little following the releases.
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    Field evaluation of a granulosis virus for control ofPieris rapae [Lep.: Pieridae] in the United Kingdom (1984)
    Springer
    BioControl 29 (1984), S. 133-144 
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    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un virus des granuloses purifié, isolé dePieris brassicae (L.), a été testé au champ contre une population de larves dePieris rapae (L.) apportées sur choux (cv January King), en petites parcelles expérimentales à Littlehampton, Sussex. Les essais avaient pour but de comparer l'efficacité relative d'une application unique ou répétée de virus (2.1×1012 et 3.7×1012 ou 2.1×1014 et 3.7×1014 capsules virales/ha) en vue de réduire le nombre de larves deP. rapae. Un essai fut mené en Juin 1978 et répété en Août pour coïncider approximativement avec les 2 générations naturelles deP. rapae dans le sud de l'Angleterre. Les populations de larves furent estimées par des comptages réguliers sur les plantesin situ ou rapportées au laboratoire. Dix jours après la pulvérisation de virus, la moyenne des populations larvaires avait décru significativement dans toutes les parcelles traitées, par rapport aux parcelles non traitées. Le nombre de larves diminua plus rapidement avec les traitements à 2.1×1014 et 3.7×1014 capsules/ha qu'avec ceux à 2.1×1012 et 3.7×1012 capsules/ha. Dans le ler essai, 3 pulvérisations de virus à soit 2.1×1012 soit 2.1×1014 capsules/ha ne donnèrent pas un meilleur résultat qu'une seule pulvérisation. Cependant, dans le 2ème essai une seule pulvérisation à 3.7×1012 capsules/ha ne réduisit pas significativement le nombre de larves. Cet échec pourrait être expliqué par une combinaison de la plus importante population deP. rapae, enregistrée à mi-parcours du 2ème essai, et de l'inactivation rapide des dépôts de virus ne laissant ainsi que peu de virus susceptibles d'infecter ces larves. L'inactivation du virus fut si rapide que, 1 jour après l'application, il ne restait plus que 7 à 33% du dépôt de virus. Ces résultats montrent qu'une meilleure compréhension de la formulation, de la persistance et des dosages de ce virus est nécessaire avant de pouvoir l'utiliser rationnellement.
    Notes: Abstract A purified granulosis virus isolated fromPieris brassicae (L.) was tested in the field against an introduced population ofPieris rapae (L.) larvae on cabbage (cv January King) in small experimental plots at Littlehampton, Sussex. Experiments were designed to compare the relative efficacy of single and multiple applications of virus (2.1×1012 and 3.7×1012 or 2.1×1014 and 3.7×1014 virus capsules/ha) in reducing numbers ofP. rapae larvae. An experiment was carried out in June 1978 and repeated in August to coincide approximately with the 2 natural generations ofP. rapae in southern England. Larval populations were monitored by regularin situ assessment of plants and by destructive sampling. Within 10 days of spraying virus there was a significant reduction in the mean larval population on all virus-treated plots compared with untreated controls. Sprays of 2.1×1014 and 3.7×1014 capsules/ha reduced larval numbers more quickly than 2.1×1012 and 3.7×1012/ha treatments. In the 1st experiment, three sprays of virus at either 2.1×1012 or 2.1×1014 capsules/ha gave no increase over the final level of control achieved by a single spray. However, in the 2nd experiment, a single spray of 3.7×1012 capsules/ha did not significantly reduce the numbers of larvae. It is likely that this failure could be accounted for by a combination of the larger “natural” population ofP. rapae recorded midway through the 2nd experiment and the rapid inactivation of virus deposits which left little infectious virus to infect these larvae. Virus inactivation was so rapid that only 7–33 % of the initial virus deposits remained 1 day after application. These results suggest that further understanding of virus formulation, persistence and dosage rates are needed before such a virus can be used in a rational manner.
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    Les aptitudes trophiques et reproductrices des femelles deSemiadalia undecimnotata [Col.: Coccinellidae] (1984)
    Springer
    BioControl 29 (1984), S. 157-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The females of the lady bird beetleS. undecimnotata Schneider ingest an average of 20 mg of aphids per day at a temperature of 22°C and in trophic conditions that are plethoric. In the first days after emergence, this feeding induces an appreciable increase of body-weight that later remains steady. Ovarian growth is depeneent on the number of prey available to females. The release of the first eggs occurs when females have ingested about 70 to 90 mg of prey. During the reproductive stage, a narrow linear relationship links feeding consumption to egg-laying, this being expressed cumulatively in mg. This relationship allows the counting of eggs produced by females to be considered as a means of partly estimating ingestion. In the population studied, the trophic and reproductive capacities are very dissimilar. This variability observed in steady conditions of breeding is not dependent on the initial body-weight of the females and seems to have a genetic source. In this eventuality, it is perhaps possible to select the females according to their trophic efficiency or to their reproductive capacities.
    Notes: Résumé Les femelles de la coccinelleSemiadalia undecimnotata Schneider ingèrent environ 20 mg d'aphides par jour à 22°C lorsqu'il y a surabondance de proies. Dans les premiers jours qui suivent la mue imaginale, ces prises alimentaires provoquent une augmentation sensible du poids corporel des femelles qui par la suite oscille autour d'une valeur moyenne relativement stable. La rapidité de la maturation dépend de la ration alimentaire disponible pour les femelles. L'émission des premiers œufs se produit lorsque les femelles ont ingéré de 70 à 90 mg de proies. Pendant la période de ponte, il existe une relation linéaire étroite entre la consommation alimentaire et la ponte exprimées en poids frais et sous forme cumulée. Elle pourrait permettre d'envisager le dénombrement des œufs produits par les femelles comme un moyen d'estimer partiellement leur activité trophique. Toutefois au sein de la population considérée, les aptitudes reproductrices sont très hétérogènes. Cette variabilité, qui est observée dans des conditions constantes d'élevage et qui est indépendante du poids initial des individus, pourrait être d'origine génétique: dans cette éventualité, il est peut-être possible de sélectionner les femelles en fonction de leur efficacité trophique ou de leurs capacités reproductrices.
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    Agressivite deConidiobolus obscurus via-a-vis du puceron du pois III. Activites enzymatiques exocellulaires (1984)
    Springer
    BioControl 29 (1984), S. 185-201 
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    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The chitinase, protease and lipase activities of aggressive (Ag+) and non-aggressive (Ag−) strains ofConidiobolus obscurus (Hall & Dunn) Remaudière & keller have been studied in agar and agitated liquid cultures. The strains produced different quantities of proteases, but no relationship could be established between protease activity and pathogenicity. In contrast, the lipase-esterase activity of Ag− strains observed in liquid media is greater than that of Ag+ strains. All Ag+ strains produced a chitinase and are capable of metabolising the N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG) liberated. In contrast, of the Ag− strains, some do not possess chitinase activity while others secrete this enzyme but cannot metabolize the NAG liberated.
    Notes: Résumé Les activités chitinasique, protéasique et lipasique de souches deConidio bolus obecurus (Hall& Dunn) Remaudière & Keller ont été étudiées en milieu gélosé et en culture liquide agitée. Les souches sécrètent des protéases à des taux diffℰrents mais aucune relation n'a pu être établie entre l'intensité des protéases étudiées et l'agressivité des souches. Par contre, l'activité lipasique-estérasique des souches non agressives (Ag−) observée en milieu liquide est plus importante que celle des souches agressives (Ag+). Toutes les souches Ag+ produisent une chitinase et sont capables de métaboliser la N-acétylglucosamine (NAG) libérée. Au contraire, les souches Ag− n'ont pas d'activité chitinasique ou celles qui excrètent cette enzyme ne peuvent métaboliser la NAG libérée.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372108
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    Laboratory rearing of the predatory coccinellidCleobora mellyi [Col.: Coccinellidae] for biological control ofParopsis charybdis [Col.: Chrysomelidae] in New Zealand (1984)
    Springer
    BioControl 29 (1984), S. 237-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cleobora mellyi Mulsant a été introduit en Nouvelle-Zélande pour tenter de lutter contreParopsis charybdis Stal, ravageur des forêts d'eucalyptus. Des milieux artificiels et la méthode utilisés pour l'élevage de cette coccinelle australienne prédatrice, sont décrits.
    Notes: Abstract Cleobora mellyi Mulstant has been introduced into New Zealand in an attempt to controlParopsis charybdis Stål. Artificial diets and a practical method for rearing the predatory Australian ladybird,C. mellyi, are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372111
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    Spécificité des hyphomycètes entomopathogènes pour les larves de lepidoptèresNoctuidae (1984)
    Springer
    BioControl 29 (1984), S. 451-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Bioassays were carried out on 1st instar larvae to determine the relative susceptibility of 4 noctuid species,Mamestra brassicae L.,Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval,Spodoptera exigua Smith andScotia ipsilon Hübner to 10Paecilomyces fumoso-roseus, 6Nomuraea rileyi, 1Metarhizium anisopliae and 1Beauveria bassiana isolates. Neonate larvae, 2 to 16 h old, were exposed for 24 h to leaf pieces treated with conidial suspensions of each fungal strain and then transferred to untreated foliage at 25±1°C. When tested at 3×105 conidia/cm2, pathogenic activity of hyphomycetes towards noctuids showed high variability depending on both host-species and fungal isolate.M. brassicae was more susceptible to tested isolates than the other 3 noctuids. In contrast,S. littoralis was the most resistant species. The most active pathotypes had LT 50 values ranging from 2 to 3,5 days at the concentration of 3×105 conidia/cm2 and LD 50 values ranging from 103 to 104 conidia/cm2 (mortality recorded at 6 days post exposure). According to these data, there were 5P. fumoso-roseus isolates (nos 13, 32, 39, 40 and 45) highly active againstM. brassicae, oneN. rileyi isolate (no 5) againstS. littoralis, oneP. fumoso-roseus isolate (no 32) againstS. frugiperda and oneM. anisopliae isolate (no 139) againstS. ipsilon. Bioassays establishing the high virulence of the FloridaN. rileyi isolate (no 5) to the Egyptian cottonworm and its pathogenic activity against the other tested noctuids, confirmed the interest for this fungal entomopathogen which has been demonstrated on noctuid populations in the southeastern United States. Moreover results of the host range assays of European isolates ofP. fumoso-roseus showed that this species appears to be an other potentially valuable microbial control agent against noctuid pests.
    Notes: Résumé L'étude de la sensibilité des 4 espèces de noctuelles,Mamestra brassicae L.,Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval,Spodoptera frugiperda Smith etScotia ipsilon Hübner, aux hyphomycètes a été conduite avec 10 souches dePaecilomyces fumoro-roseus (Wize) Brown & Smith, 6 deNomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson, 1 deBeauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. et 1 deMetarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sor. Les chenilles nouvelles-nées âgées de moins de 16 h ont été exposées pendant 24 h sur des rondelles de feuilles contaminées par aspersion des inoculums, puis élevées individuellement à 25±1°C. A la dose de 3.105 conidiospores/cm2, l'activité pathogène des germes sur les chenilles varie dans de larges proportions suivant l'espèce-hôte et suivant l'isolat considérés. L'espèce la plus sensible à la plupart des souches estM. brassicae et la plus résistanteS. littoralis. Les germes les plus performants présentent des temps létaux 50% compris entre 2 et 3,5 j (à la dose de 3.105 spores/cm2) et des doses létales 50% de 103 à 104 conidiospores/cm2 (mortalités cumulées le 6e j après traitement); ce sont les isolats:P. fumoso-roseus no 13, 32, 39, 40 et 45 pourM. brassicae, N. rileyi no 5 pourS. littoralis; P. fumoso-roseus no 32 pourS. frugiperda etM. anisopliae no 139 pourS. ipsilon. La virulence élevée du pathotypeN. rileyi no 5 pourS. littoralis et son agressivité à l'égard des 3 autres noctuelles, confirment l'intérêt de cet hyphomycète en dehors de son aire d'origine (Sud-Est des Etats-Unis). Par ailleurs, les aptitudes des souches européennes deP. fumoso-roseus montrent que cette espèce présente des potentialités pour la lutte biologique contre divers noctuides.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372168
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    Key to Indian genera of the familyChalcididae [Hym.: Chalcidoidea] (1984)
    Springer
    BioControl 29 (1984), S. 431-438 
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    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les chalicidens de l'Inde de la famille desChalcididae comprennent maintenant 30 genres incluant 4 nouveaux. Une clé dichotomique pour l'identification de ces 30 genres est présentée en mentionnant les sous-familles et les tribus. Les synonymes de ces genres sont signalés.
    Notes: Abstract The Indian chalcid wasps of the familyChalcididae now comprise 30 genera including 4 new records. An illustrated key to the identification of these 30 genera is provided along with relevant subfamilies and tribes. Synonyms of the genera are also provided.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372165
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    The biology ofHyperaspis jucunda [Col.: Coccinellidae] an exotic predator of the cassava mealybugPhenacoccus manihoti [Hom.: Pseudococcidae] in southern Nigeria (1984)
    Springer
    BioControl 29 (1984), S. 87-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La biologie deHyperaspis jucunda (Muls.) a été étudiée à 27°C. La période moyenne d'incubation fut de 5,1 j. Les ler, 2e, 3e et 4e stades larvaires ont duré en moyenne 2,5; 2,8; 3,4 et 5,0 j, respectivement. L'état larvaire a demandé 13,8 j et l'état nymphal 7,7 j. La moyenne du temps total de développement fut de 26,4 j. La longévité a été de 100 et 101 j en moyenne pour les adultes mâles et femelles respectivement. Une période de 19–24 h précède l'accouplement chez les femelles fraîchement écoloses. La période de préoviposition a duré 6,3 j. Le cycle d'une génération (période de l'œuf à l'œuf) fut de 32,8 j en moyenne et la période moyenne d'oviposition de 93 j durant laquelle une femelle pond 456 œufs.
    Notes: Abstract The biology ofHyperaspis jucunda (Muls.) was studied at 27°C and the incubation period averaged 5.1 days. The 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th larval instar averaged 2.5; 2.8; 3.4 and 5.0 days respectively. Larval development was completed in about 13.8 days while it took 7.1 days for the pupae. The total developmental time averaged 26.4 days. Mean longevity was 100 and 101 days for males and females respectively. The premating period was 19–24 h while the preoviposition period averaged 6.3 days. The generation cycle (egg to egg) averaged 32.8 days. The oviposition period was about 93 days during which an average female laid 456 eggs.
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    La lutte contre l'onchocercose humaine et les perspectives d'integration de la lutte biologique (1984)
    Springer
    BioControl 29 (1984), S. 121-132 
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    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An insecticide or biological agent for use in Onchocerciasis control must have certain caracteristics including mass production at a realistic cost, a formulation which can be easily applied and is fully effective against vectors, stability during several months storage in the tropics and moderate toxicity to man and non-target organisms. The widespread use of one chemical insecticide in West Africa has caused resistance in 2 vector species of theSimulium damnosum complex. Cross-resistance subsequently appeared which limited the number of usable insecticides. Recourse to biological control was therefore necessary.Bacillus thuringiensis H14 de Barjac fulfilled the above mentioned requirements for a control agent. It is being used operationally for the control of insecticide-resistant populations. Its use should be extended by improving performances of available formulations and increasing cost-effectiveness. The prospects for biological control agents other than spore-forming bacteria (mermithids, fungi, microsporidia) cannot be evaluated presently as long as a number of questions remain unanswered viz. host-parasite specificity, degree of efficacy, mass production and storage stability.
    Notes: Résumé Pour être utilisable dans la lutte contre l'onchocercose, un insecticide ou un agent de lutte biologique doit présenter impérativement certaines caractéristiques parmi lesquelles: - pouvoir être produit en masse à un coût réaliste, - être correctement formulé afin de pouvoir être appliqué et avoir une efficacité totale contre les vecteurs, - être suffisamment stable pour subir un stockage prolongé sur le terrain en zone tropicale, - avoir une toxicité modérée vis-à-vis des organismes non cibles. L'emploi généralisé d'un insecticide chimique en Afrique de l'Ouest a engendré des résistances chez certaines espèces vectrices. Ultérieurement des phénomènes de résistance croisée ont considérablement restreint l'arsenal des insecticides utilisables. Le recours à la lutte biologique s'est avéré indispensable. LeBacillus thuringiensis H14 de Barjac répond parfaitement aux exigences mentionnées. Il est utilisé opérationnellement pour le contrôle des populations résistantes. Son emploi généralisé serait possible en améliorant les performances des formulations actuelles et en diminuant leur coût d'utilisation. Les perspectives d'utilisation d'autres agents que les bactéries sporogènes (mermithides, champignons, microsporidies) ne peuvent actuellement être évaluées tant que n'aura pas été résolu un certain nombre de questions parmi lesquelles: la spécificité parasitaire, le degré d'efficacité, les possibilités de productions de masse et la stabilité au stockage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372102
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    In vitro rearing ofPimpla instigator [Hym.: Ichneumonidea] 2. Completion of development in semi-artificial conditions (1984)
    Springer
    BioControl 29 (1984), S. 331-339 
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    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des œufs dePimpla instigator F., collectés artificiellement, stérilisés et placés sur un milieu gélosé solide, ont éclos et donné des larves vivantes du 1 er stade. Le taux d'éclosion peut être supérieur à 80% quand les femelles sont jeunes. Le délai de l'éclosion peut être réglé par une modulation de la température. Les larves obtenues dans ces conditions donnent des imagos fertiles si elles sont implantées dans des chrysalides dePieris brassicae L. ou si elles sont alimentées avec un broyat stérile de ces pupes.
    Notes: Abstract When eggs ofPimpla instigator F. collected artificially are sterilized and put on a solid agar medium, they hatch and give living 1 st instar larvae. Hatchability can be higher than 80% when the laying females are young. Time of hatching can be regulated by temperature modulation. The larvae obtained under these conditions give fertile imagos either when implanted into pupae ofPieris brassicae L. or when fed a sterilised homogenate of pupae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372121
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    Etude deTrichogramma dendrolimi [Hym.: Trichogrammatidae], Description d'une nouvelle sous-espèce (1984)
    Springer
    BioControl 29 (1984), S. 369-379 
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    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The interbreeding study between 3 populations ofT. dendrolimi Matsumura issued from France, Japan and China has shown that if some incompatibilities appear between parents, a heavy heterosis exists in hybrids. The esterase analysis by electrophoresis and the morphological study especially of the male antenna and genitalia have allowed to recognize a China subspecies fairly different from the nominal subspecies corresponding to French and Japan strains. The new subspecies is described and namedT. dendrolimi liliyingae.
    Notes: Résumé L'étude des croisements entre 3 populations deT. dendrolimi Matsumura provenant de France, du Japon et de Chine a montré que si quelques incompatibilités apparaissent parfois entre les parents, un fort hétérosis survient chez les hybrides. L'analyse des estérases par électrophorèse et l'étude morphologique, notamment des antennes et genitalia ♂, ont permis de reconnaître une sous-espèce chinoise assez différente de la sous-espèce nominale correspondant aux populations françaises et japonaises. La nouvelle sous-espèce est décrite et nomméeT. dendrolimi liliyingae.
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    Natural enemies ofChenopodium spp. in Pakistan with notes onTrioza Chenopodii [Hem.: Psyllidae], a promising biocontrol agent (1984)
    Springer
    BioControl 29 (1984), S. 409-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les études sur les ennemis naturels desChenopodium spp. au Pakistan ont montré que 40 insectes et 1 champignon sont associés à ces mauvaises herbes. Parmi eux 3 insectes,Trioza chenopodii Reuter,Gasterochisus auriculatus Sahlb.,Haybustria? atriplicis et 1 champignonPhysoderma pulposum Walbr. ont des potentialités pour la lutte biologique.T. chenopodii est l'ennemi le plus efficace desChenopodium. Il présente 5 générations par an et est limité aux genresChenopodium, Atriplex etHalimione.
    Notes: Abstract Investigations on the natural enemies ofChenopodium spp. in Pakistan showed that 40 insects and a fungus were associated with this weed. Of these, 3 insects,Trioza chenopodii Reuter,Gasteroclisus auriculatus Sahlb.Hayhustria? atriplicis (L.) and a fungusPhysoderma pulposum have some potential as beneficial control agents.T. chenopodii was the most effective destroyer of the weed. It developed 5 generations per year and was restricted to the generaChenopodium, Atriplex andHalimione.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372162
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    TestingBessa remota [Dip.: Tachinidae] againstOpisina arenosella [Lep.: Cryptophasidae] and other lepidopterous hosts in India (1984)
    Springer
    BioControl 29 (1984), S. 415-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Bessa remota (Ald.) a été introduit de Malaisie pour expérimentations contreOpisina arenosella Mlk, important ravageur du cocotier en Inde. Son développement a été étudié chezOpisina arenosella élevé en milieu artificiel. Les œufs ont été déposés rapidement sur les larves moyennes à âgées, l'incubation et les stades larvaire et nymphal ont duré en moyenne 2,2, 6.7 et 9,3 j respectivement. Les femelles ont vécu 23 j en produisant 108,3 œufs dont 53,1% ont donné des pupes. Parmi les 8 autres lépidoptères testés 4% à 20% de parasitisme ont été observés chezCrocidolomia binotalis (Z.),Spodoptera litura (Fb.),Sylepta derogata Fb etTrichopulsia ni Hb.
    Notes: Abstract Bessa remota (Ald.) was introduced from Malaysia for trials againstOpisina arenosella Wlk., an important pest coconut in India. Its development was studied onO. arenosella reared on artificial diet. Eggs were laid readily on half to full grown larvae and incubation, larval and pupal periods were 2.18, 6.69 and 9.34 days respectively at 25°±2°C, 60–80% R.H. Females lived for 23 days producing 108.29 eggs, of which 53.10% yielded puparia. Among 8 other lepidopterous hosts tested 4% to 20% parasitism was observed onCrocidolomia binotalis (Z.),Spodoptera litura (Fb.),Sylepta derogata Fb. andTrichoplusia ni Hb.
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    Etude histopathologique et cytopathologique d'une microsporidiose naturelle chez la coccinelle des cucurbitacees d'afrique,Henosepilachna elaterii [Col.: Coccinellidae] (1984)
    Springer
    BioControl 29 (1984), S. 421-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The distribution ofNosema henosepilachnae Toguebaye & Marchand, 1984 (Microsporida, Nosematidae) during development ofHenosepilachna elaterii Rossi, 1794, has been studied by light and electron microscopy. Insects were collected in Senegal, on melon (Colocynthis citrullus L.), then bred in laboratory. The microsporidia develops first in the egg vitellus, then in various tissues of the developing embryo. In larvae and adults it causes a general infection. Numerous spores were found in adipose tissue, Malpighian tubules, muscles, gonades and nervous tissue. Obviously this microsporidiosis is transovarially, venerally and perorally transmitted. It reduces adult fecundity, but does not cause immediately the death of its host.
    Notes: Résumé La distribution deNosema henosepilachnae Toguebaye & Marchand, 1984 (Microsporida, Nosematidae) au cours du développement deHenosepilachna elaterii Rossi, 1794 a été étudiée en microscopie photonique et électronique. Les insectes ont été récoltés au Sénégal sur plants de melon (Colocynthis citrullus L L.), puis élevés au laboratoire. La microsporidie se développe d'abord dans le vitellus des œufs, puis dans les divers tissus des embryons. Chez les larves et les adultes, elle provoque ensuite une infestation généralisée. On trouve de nombreuses spores principalement dans le tissu adipeux, les tubes de Malpighi, les muscles, les gonades et le tissu nerveux. La transmission se fait très probablement par les voies transovarienne, orale et vénérienne. Cette microsporidiose réduit la fécondité des adultes mais ne provoque pas la mort immédiate de son hôte.
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    Influence of adult diet on the fecundity and survival of the predator,Chrysopa scelestes [Neur.: Chrysopidae] (1984)
    Springer
    BioControl 29 (1984), S. 445-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des études de laboratoire ont été menées dans le but de mettre au point un régime pourChrysopa scelestes Banks assurant une fécondité et une longévité maximales et n'affectant pas l'éclosion des jeunes larves. Parmi les 6 régimes essayés, celui qui contient 40 % de miel et du pollen de ricinRicinus communis L. a donné lieu à la ponte la plus abondante de la part des femelles. En moyenne, chaque femelle dépose alors 796 œufs en 36,8 j de ponte. Viennent ensuite les régimes constitués de Protinex£, fructose et pollen, puis du miellat de la cochenille farineusePlanococcus citri (Risso) et de pollen. La nourriture à base de 40% de miel aboutit à une fécondité totale très réduite, tant par une incidence sur la fécondité quotidienne que sur la durée de la ponte. La durée de la période de pré-oviposition subit l'allongement le plus considérable dans le cas de l'alimentation avec 40% de miel, suivi par celui que provoque le miellat deP. citri additionné de pollen. L'éclosion des jeunes larves n'a pas été influencée par les divers régimes imaginaux testés.
    Notes: Abstract Studies were conducted in the laboratory to determine the most suitable diet for adults ofChrysopa scelestes Banks that would result in the maximum fecundity and longevity, without adversely affecting hatchability. Out of 6 adult diets tested, the died containing 40% honey and pollen grains of castor,Ricinus communis L. has influenced upon the female for production of more eggs. On an average, 796 eggs were laid in 36.83 reproductive days, this was followed by Protinex® + fructose + pollen grains and honeydew of mealy bug,Planococcus citri (Risso) + pollen grains. The diet consisting of 40 % honey had little effect either on the per day reproduction or on the effective ovipositional period for total number of egg production. Pre-ovipositional period was observed to be extended in 40% honey followed by honeydew ofP. citri + pollen grains. Hatching of larvae was found to be not affected by various diets.
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    Sensibilité desCulicidae a la β-exotoxine deBacillus thuringiensis (1984)
    Springer
    BioControl 29 (1984), S. 95-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The β-exotoxine ofB. thuringiensis H 1 acts as a larvicide and as an adulticide when ingested at high concentrations byAedes aegypti L.,Anopheles stephensi Liston orCulex pipiens L. Sublethal concentrations of β-exotoxin induce a delay of larval moulting and teratological effects on larvae and pupae. After sublethal application of β-exotoxine to larval stage the next larval generation presents an enhanced sensibility to this toxin.
    Notes: Résumé Cette étude vise à élargir les connaissances du potentiel toxique de la β-exotoxine deB. thuringiensis Berliner sur lesCulicidae et particulièrement surAedes aegypti (L.),Anopheles stephensi (Liston) etCulex pipiens (L.). La toxicité par ingestion de la β-exotoxine deB. thuringiensis H 1 à 1 mg/ml est totale, sur les adultes mâles et femelles. La sensibilité des stades larvaires est proportionnelle à la concentration. La descendance des adultes, issus de larves traitées à une dose sublétale, présente une sensibilité accrue à l'exotoxine. La β-exotoxine induit un effet retard sur les mues larvaires ainsi que des effets tératogènes à la nymphose.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372214
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    The effect of prey density on food intake by adultCheilomenes sulphurea [Col.: Coccinellidae] (1984)
    Springer
    BioControl 29 (1984), S. 179-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La consommation de proie par les mâles deCheilomenes sulphurea (Ol.) est étudiée dans 3 types d'enceintes dont l'espace expérimental est de 210, 476 et 2973 cm2, avec 3 densités de proie offerte chaque jour: 40, 80 et 120 individus du puceronAphis fabae, Scopoli. La quantité de proies a modifié la consommation de manière plus importante que la taille de l'espace expérimental utilisé. Les mâles deC. sulphurea ont démontré ainsi une capacité à trouver la proie très élevée. Les niveaux de densité de proie sont évidemment près du seuil de saturation définis dans les courbes II et III de la réaction fonctionnelle deHolling.
    Notes: Abstract The feeding rate of males of the coccinellidCheilomenes sulphurea (Ol.) was checked in 3 types of exposure arenas of 210, 476 and 2973 cm2, at 3 levels of prey offered daily (40, 80, 120Aphis fabae Scopoli aphids per arena). Prey numbers affected the feeding rate much more than the size of the exposure arena.C. sulphurea males thus showed a rather high searching efficiency. The data are apparently near to the satiation threshold whereHolling's functional response curves of type II and III resemble each other.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    The parasitoid complex [Hym.: Ichneumonoidea] ofToxoptera aurantii [Hom.: Aphidoidea] in the Mediterranean area (1984)
    Springer
    BioControl 29 (1984), S. 203-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le complexe parasitaire du puceron noir des agrumes (Toxoptera aurantii B.d.F.) dans la région méditerranéenne a été réexaminé sur la base d'échantillonnages effectués dans le sud de l'Italie et au Liban. Ce complexe est actuellement constitué de 10 espèces d'Hymenoptères Ichneumonoïdes appartenant aux genresAphidius Nees,Diaeretiella Starý,Ephedrus Haliday,Lipolexis Förster,Lysiphlebus Förster,Praon Haliday etTrioxys Haliday. Le parasitoïdeAphidius colemani Viereck, en dépit de sa diffusion dans la région méditerranéenne, a été observé comme ennemi naturel deT. aurantii seulement au Proche-Orient (Israel, Liban). L'espèce néarctiqueLysiphlebus testaceipes est actuellement localisée en Espagne, dans le Midi de la France, en Corse, et dans l'Italie du Centre et du Sud. En Italie, ce parasitoïde a interféré avec les espèces dominantes indigènesLysiphlebus confusus Tremblay & Eady etL. fabarum (Marshall). A cet égard on a évalué le type d'association existant entreL. testaceipes etL. fabarum dans les échantillons collectés en Italie. Les résultats de l'examen indiquent que l'association entre ces 2 espèces est du type négatif, c'est-à-dire que l'abondance de l'une des 2 espèces augmente la probabilité que l'autre puisse diminuer en nombre. De plus, les données concernat l'abondance relative des 2 espèces dans la même région montrent qu'un déplacement en faveur deL. testaceipes s'est effectué entre 1977 et 1978. Le parasitoïde américain semble pouvoir déplacer les 2 autres espèces deLysiphlebus en vertu d'un mécanisme de compétition biologique qui est en cours d'étude.
    Notes: Abstract The parasitoid complex of the Black Citrus Aphid,Toxoptera aurantii (B.d.F.) in the Mediterranean area has been complemented on the basis of samples collected in South Italy and Lebanon. To the complex presently belong 10 Ichneumonoid species of the generaAphidius Nees,Diaeretiella Staryý,Ephedrus Haliday,Lipolexis Förster,Lysiphlebus Förster,Praon Haliday andTrioxys Haliday. Of these,Aphidius colemani Viereck, in spite of its wide distribution in the Mediterranean region, seems to be restricted to Near East (Israel and Lebanon) asT. aurantii parasitoid. The nearctic speicesLysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) is localized in Spain, South France, Corsica, Central and South Italy, including Sicily. In Italy, this endoparasitoid has heavily interfered with the local dominant congeneric speciesLysiphlebus confusus Tremblay & Eady andLysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall). The possible associative relationships betweenLysiphlebus testaceipes andL. fabarum have been examined in the samples collected in South Italy. The results of the examination suggest that the 2 species are negatively associated with each other, i.e. the abundance of 1 of the 2 species makes it more likely that the other will decrease in numbers. Moreover, the data concerning the relative abundance of both species in the same area indicate that a shift may have occurred in favour ofL. testaceipes between 1977 and 1978. The nearctic parasitoid seems to be able to displace the 2 congeneric species by a competitive biological mechanism which is still in course of investigation.
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  • 92
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    Literature review ofOoencyrtus kuvanae [Hym.: Encyrtidae], an egg parasite ofLymantria dispar [Lep: Lymantriidae] (1984)
    Springer
    BioControl 29 (1984), S. 249-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Compte est rendu ici de la documentation mondiale au sujet de l'Ooencyrtus kuvanae. Des références entre les années 1900 et 1983 sont comprises, notamment de l'Asie, du Japon, de l'Europe, de l'Afrique, et de l'Amérique du Nord. L'information est divisée selon les thèmes suivants: taxonomie, étendue régionale de l'hôte, répartition et implantation, cycle de dévelopement et biologie, appropriation de l'hôte, comportement et répartition régionale, efficacité et dynamique (forces motrices) de la population. On présente également de nouvelles suggestions pour des recherches futures.
    Notes: Abstract Literature onOoencyrtus kuvanae (Howard) from throughout the world is reviewed. References from Asia, Japan, Europe, Africa, and North America, covering the years 1900–1983, are included. The information is divided into the following subject areas: taxonomy, host range, distribution and introductions, biology and life history, host suitability, behavior and spatial distribution, effectiveness, and population dynamics. Suggestions for future research are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372112
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    Recent work in Europe on biological control ofHypericum perforatum [Guttiferae] for Australia (1984)
    Springer
    BioControl 29 (1984), S. 145-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des souches supplémentaires deChrysolina hyperici Suffrian,C. quadrigemina Förster (Chrysomelidae), Anaitis efformata Guénée (Geometridae) etAgrilus hyperici Greutzer (Buprestidae) climatiquement adaptées, ont été introduites des régions subméditerranéennes de France en Australie pour être lâchées dans les régions oùHypericum perforatum L. n'est pas encore suffisamment contrôlé par des moyns biologiques. Des tests de spécificité supplmentaires de la noctuelle,Actinotia hyperici Schiffermeyer surEucalyptus spp. s'avèrent nécessaires. L'ériophyidePhyllocoptes hyperici s'est révélé être un important agent de contrôle deH. perforatum en France et les premiers tests de spécificité donnent à penser que son introduction en Australie serait sans danger. L'effet combiné deP. hyperici et deAg. hyperici devrait causer en une décennie environ le déclin des populations d'H. perforaturm.
    Notes: Abstract Additional climatically adapted strains of the chrysomelidsChrysolina hyperici Suffrian andC. quadrigemina Förster, the geometrid,Anaitis efformata Guenée, and the buprestidAgrilus hyperici Greutzer from submediterranean regions of France have been introduced into Australia for release in regions whereHypericum perforatum L. is still insufficiently controlled biologically. Further safety testing of the noctuid,Actinotia hyperici Schiffermeyer revealed that additional testing againstEucalyptus spp. would be necessary. The eriophyid,Phyllocoptes hyperici Liro, was found to be a major controlling agent forH. perforatum in France and preliminary safety testing strongly suggests it could be safe to introduce into Australia. In France the combined effect ofP. hyperici andAg. hyperici causes the decline ofH. perforatum populations to low levels within 10 years in aging stands of the weed. The importance of these organisms and others in regulating populations ofH. perforatum is discussed.
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  • 94
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    Novel biochemical avenues for enhancingBacillus thuringiensis endotoxin potency againstSpodoptera littoralis [Lep.: Noctuidae] (1984)
    Springer
    BioControl 29 (1984), S. 171-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des moyens biochimiques simples sont utilisés pour accroître l'action deBacillus thuringiensis Berliner par une optimisation des conditions dans le tube digestif de l'insecte, de façon à obtenir la formation de fractions toxiques à partir de l'endotoxine intacte non toxique. Ce processus a été réalisé par l'addition à l'endotoxine dans l'aliment, soit de composés alcalins naturellement présents dans l'intestin moyen, en général des activateurs de la protéolyse, soit de produits moyennement toxiques de nature minérale (borax) ou organique (acide tannique). Une augmentation nette de l'activité deB.t. var.entomocidus HD 635 HD 635 etaizawai HD 133, contreSpodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) a été notée en présence d'une concentration de 0,5% de carbonate de potassium. Par contre, le carbonate de sodium a été moins actif aux concentrations étudiées. Parmi les activateurs de protéolyse testés, l'ion magnésium a eu un effet proportionnel à la concentration. Le pouvoir toxique des préparations à base de δ-endotoxine de HD 635 et HD 133 a été accru de 2 à 3 fois avec l'addition de 1% de chlorure de magnésium. Un effet moindre a été enregistré avec 0,5% et il n'y a pas eu de modification de l'activité avec 0,25%. Des tendances analogues ont été notées avec du chlorure de calcium dans l'aliment. L'addition de borate de sodium ou d'acide tannique s'est révélée hautement efficace pour l'accroissement de 2 à 4 fois du pouvoir toxique des préparations de spores et d'endotoxine utilisées.
    Notes: Abstract Simple biochemical means were used to enhance the endotoxin effect ofBacillus thuringiensis Berliner through optimization of conditions present in the insect gut required for release of intoxicating fragments from nonpoisonous intact endotoxin. This was achieved through the addition of either alkaline compounds naturally occurring in the insect midgut, general proteolytic activators or midly toxic compounds of inorganic (e.g. borax) and organic (e.g. tannic acid) nature along with endotoxin in the diet. A marked increase in the potency ofB.t. vars.entomocidus HD-635 andaizawai HD-133 againstSpodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) was obtained in the presence of 0.5% concentration of potassium carbonate. On the other hand, sodium carbonate was less effective at the tested concentrations. Among the tested proteolytic activators, the effect of magnesium ion was proportional to the concentration of the incorporated salt. Thus the potencies of δ-endotoxin preparations of HD-635 and HD-133 were increased 2–3 times after the addition of 1% concentration of magnesium chloride. A lesser effect was noted at 0.5%, whereas virtually the potency did not change at 0.25% concentration of the salt. Similar trends were noted with the incorporation of calcium chloride along with the endotoxin in the insect diet. The addition of sodium borate or tannic acid was highly effective in enhancing the potency of the tested sporeδ-endotoxin preparations with 2–4 fold increase.
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    Les ichneumonides d'israel (1984)
    Springer
    BioControl 29 (1984), S. 211-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Two hundred twelve species of Ichneumonids are recorded from Israel, of which 140 are reported for the first time. Of this, 34 have been recently described byJ.-F. Aubert. The data are based on collections and on citations from literature.
    Notes: Résumé Les recherches poursuivies depuis une vingtaine d'années en collaboration entre le CNRS à l'Université de Paris, les Instituts israéliens de Recherche agronomique à Ilanot, et de Zoologie à l'Université de Tel Aviv, ont permis d'établir un premier bilan de la faune des Ichneumonides d'Israel et de leurs hôtes: 212 espèces sont maintenant connues de ce pays, présentées ici avec leurs hôtes connus et en accord avec les révisions taxonomiques les plus récentes.
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  • 96
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    Brinckochrysa scelestes [Neur.: Chrysopidae] as predator ofMyzus persicae [Hom.: Aphididae] on tobacco (1984)
    Springer
    BioControl 29 (1984), S. 283-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On étudie en laboratoire et en champ de tabac la valeur et l'efficacité deBrinckchrysa scelestes Banks comme agent de lutte biologique contreMyzus persicae Sulzer. Les larves du 2ème stade élevées en laboratoire de ce chrysope à raison de 6 par plante sont les plus actives et réduisent la population de pucerons de 78% en 2 semaines. Les sécrétions des trichomes des feuilles de tabac n'ont pas d'effet sur les larves ni sur leurs mouvements. Les larves se déplacent librement et se nourissent bien; des nymphes ont été trouvées sur tous les plants, ce qui indique que le prédateur est valable contreM. persicae et bien adapté à la culture de tabac.
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory and field studies were conducted to study the suitability and efficacy ofBrinckochrysa scelestes Banks as a predator onMyzus persicae Sulzer in tobacco fields. Laboratory bred 2nd instar larvae ofB. scelestes at 6 per tobacco plant reduced the aphid population to the extent of 78% in 2 weeks. The movement of the predatory larvae on the tobacco plant and leaf was not at all hampered by the glandular trichomes and their secretions. The larvae moved freely and fed well and their pupae were recovered from all over the plant.
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    Epizootic potential for aphids of different isolates of the fungus,Verticillium lecanii (1984)
    Springer
    BioControl 29 (1984), S. 311-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les souches deVerticillium lecanii (Zimm) Viégas à grandes spores (6,7 à 8,4 μm de longueur) et à petites spores (3,9 à 6,7 μm) tuent un nombre analogue de pucerons adultes traités par des suspensions de spores dans l'eau. Cependant, lorsque ces souches sont comparées d'après l'importance de l'infection dans la descendance des adultes traités, c'est-à-dire d'après le potentiel épizootique, il apparait de grandes différences; seules les souches à grandes spores ont un potentiel épizootique égal à celui de la souche étalon, 1.72. Des essais complémentaires montrent que la vitesse de germination, plus rapide chez les souches à grandes spores, intervient dans leur meilleur potentiel épizootique. En plus, le mode de sporulation des souches à grandes spores sur les pucerons morts contribue aussi probablement à une plus efficace dispersion de ces souches. On en tire la conclusion générale que la mesure de l'efficacité d'un agent pathogène à l'égard d'un insecte hôte doit être fondée sur beaucoup de facteurs, en plus de la virulence, agissant sur un seul stade de développement.
    Notes: Abstract Large (6.7–8.4 μm in length) and small (3.8–6.7 μm in length) spored strains ofVerticillium lecanii (Zimm) Viégas killed similar numbers of adults of the aphids treated with aqueous spore suspensions. However, when these strains were compared by determining the proportions of progeny aphids acquiring infection from treated adults, i.e. a measure of epizootic potential, large differences emerged; only large-spored strains exhibited as strong an epizootic potential as the standard strain, 1–72, with mean progeny mortality ratios (test/standard) close to 1.0. Further experiments indicated that the speed of germination, fastest for large-spored strains, accounted for the greater epizootic potential of such strains. In addition, the mode of sporulation of large-spored strains on aphid cadavers probably also contributed to the more efficient spread of such strains. A general conclusion was reached that measurement of the effectiveness of a pathogen against a host insect must be based on many factors, in addition to virulence against a single developmental stage.
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    Greenhouse whitefly control through the combined use of the colour attraction system with the parasite waspEncarsia formosa [Hym.: Aphelinidae] (1984)
    Springer
    BioControl 29 (1984), S. 303-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'emploi combiné d'un piège coloré (assiettes jaunes engluées) et du parasiteEncarsia formosa (Gahan) a réduit à un niveau extrêmement bas la population de la mouche blanche,Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) dans une culture de tomates printanières. Les mouches blanches furent fortement attirées par les assiettes jaunes (diamètre 20 cm) suspendues à raison d'une assiette pour 6,2 m2 de serre. Le parasiteE. formosa n'a pas été attiré, tant qu'un nombre suffisant d'hôtes était présent. Quand ceux-ci sont devenus rares, des adultes d'E. formosa ont été observés sur les assiettes. Le taux de parasitisme a augmenté continuellement pour atteindre 90% environ à la fin de l'essai, ce qui démontre la compatibilité du piège coloré et de la lutte biologique.
    Notes: Abstract The combined use of colour attraction (yellow sticky plates) andEncarsia formosa (Gahan) parasites reduced the greenhouse whiteflyTrialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) population in a spring tomato crop to an extremely low level. Whiteflies were strongly attracted to yellow sticky plates while the parasite,E. formosa, was not attracted so long as suitable and sufficient hosts were present. As the numbers of whiteflies declined, parasites were increasingly trapped by the plates. The percent parasitization increased continuously during the experiment, reaching about 90%, indicating the complete compatibility of colour attraction and biological control.
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  • 99
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    Natural parasitism of the chrysanthemum leaf-minerChromatomyia syngenesiae H. [Dipt.: Agromyzidae] (1984)
    Springer
    BioControl 29 (1984), S. 341-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Vingt et une espèces de parasites larvaires furent élevées à partir de populations naturelles de mineuses des feuilles du chrysanthèmes dans le sud de l'Angleterre. Une espèce supplémentaire fut élevée à partir de plantes provenant de serre infestée de mineuses et exposée dans les habitats naturels. Le complexe parasitaire qui s'installe sur ces plantes fut analogue en toutes autre manières à celle trouvée sur les plantes spontanées. L'intérêt de ce travail pour la lutte biologique contre les mineuses du chrysanthème est discuté.
    Notes: Abstract Twenty-one species of parasites were reared from natural populations of the chrysanthemum leaf miner,Chromatomyia syngenesiae Hardy in Southern England. A further species was reared from glasshouse crop plants infested with leaf-miners and left outside. The parasite community attacking the crop plants was otherwise similar to the natural host plant community. The relevance of this work to the biological control of chrysanthemum leaf-miner is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372122
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    The potential host ranges in Australia of some imported aphid parasites [Hym: Ichneumonoidea: Aphidiidae] (1984)
    Springer
    BioControl 29 (1984), S. 351-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Au moyen d'essais de choix d'hôtes, on a montré que 2 lignées restreintes des parasites aphidiidesLysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall) etL. testaceipes (Cresson), que l'on a importé en Australie comme agents de lutte biologique contreAphis craccivora Koch (puceron de la gourgane), ne sont pas très polyphages. Ainsi, chez ces 2 taxa de parasites, au sens large, il paraît s'agir de 2 complexes de biotypes aux hôtes restreints ou de 2 complexes d'espèces jumelles. Deux de ces lignées deLysiphlebus importées ont pondu volontiers dans des espèces d'Aphis et deToxoptera et leurs larves se sont bien développées en adultes dansAphis craccivora, A. gossypii Glover etT. aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe), mais ils ont échoué dansA. citricola van der Goot, un des pucerons les plus communs en Australie, et à peu près de même dansT. citricidus Ainsi, ces 2 hôtes ont servi de «pièges à ponte» pour lesLysiphlebus. A. nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe s'est montré un hôte convenable pourL. testaceipes mais non pourL. fabarum. NiL. fabarum niL. testaceipes n'ont pondu dansCavariella aegopodii (Scopoli),Brevicoryne brassicae (L.),Brachycaudus helichrysi (Kaltenbach),B. persicae (Passerini),Hyperomyzus lactucae (L.),Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji,A. pisum (Harris),Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) ouM. rosae (L.); etL. fabarum a également échoué chezRhopalosiphum padi (L.) etMyzus persicae (Sulzer). Ainsi, la perspective d'établir efficacement ces 2 parasites en Australie n'est pas bonne. Par contre,Praon volucre (Haliday), aphidiide réputé polyphage que l'on a importé en Australie dans la lutte contreHyperomyzus lactucae (puceron du laiteron), a parasité efficacementMacrosiphum euphorbiae, M. rosae, Acyrthosiphon pisum, A. kondoi, Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach),Myzus persicae etA. craccivora, outreH. lactucae.
    Notes: Abstract Host selection trials on restricted populations of the aphidiid parasites,Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall) andL. testaceipes (Cresson), imported into Australia as biological control agents ofAphis craccivora Koch, the cowpea aphid, have shown that these imported parasites are not widely polyphagous, and thus support a view that the 2 species, as presently recognized, each represent a complex of host-restricted biotypes or of sibling species. Whereas both of the importedLysiphlebus readily oviposited in species ofAphis andToxoptera, and developed successfully to adulthood inA. craccivora, A. gossypii Glover andT. aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe), they failed to complete development inA. citricola van der Goot, one of the most common aphid species in Australia, and only a small number completed development inT. citricidus (Kirkaldy). Both of these hosts, then, act as “egg traps” for theLysiphlebus. A. nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe was a suitable host forL. testaceipes but not forL. fabarum. NeitherL. fabarum notL. testaceipes oviposited inCavariella aegopodii (Scopoli),Brevicoryne brassicae (L.),Brachycaudus helichrysi (Kaltenbach),B. persicae (Passerini),Hyperomyzus lactucae (L.),Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji,A. pisum (Harris),Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) orM. rosae (L.); andL. fabarum did not oviposit inRhopalosiphum padi (L.) orMyzus persicae (Sulzer). The prognosis for the effective establishment in Australia of these 2 parasites is therefore not good In contrast, another purportedly polyphagous aphidiid,Praon volucre (Haliday), imported into Australia to help effect control ofH. lactucae, the sowthistle aphid, successfully and effectively parasitizedMacrosiphum euphorbiae, M. rosae, Acyrthosiphon pisum, A. kondoi, Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach),Myzus persicae andAphis craccivora, in addition toH. lactucae.
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