ALBERT

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Be It Ever So Humble
 Stephen Merrett with Fred Gray, Owner-Occupation in Britain.Life in the Barriadas
 Susan Lobo, A House of My Own: Social Organization in the Squatter Settlements of Lima, Peru.More about Unemployment
 Philip L. Martin, Labor Displacement and Public Policy.From Goods to Services
 Thomas M. Stanback, Jr. and Thierry J. Noyelle, Cities in Transition: Changing Job Structures in Atlanta, Denver, Buffalo, Phoenix, Columbus (Ohio), Nashville, and Charlotte.Supply-side Housing Program
 James P. Zais, Raymond J. Struyk, and Thomas Thibodeau, Housing Assistance for Older Americans: The Reagan Prescription.Four Case Studies
 Richard Hellman and Caroline J. C. Hellman, The Competitive Economics of Nuclear and Coal Power.Canada and the United States
 Gary Sands, Land-Office Business: Land and Housing Prices in Rapidly Growing Metropolitan Areas.Internal Cleavages
 Kent A. Price, ed., Regional Conflict and National Policy.Development from Below
 Guy Gran, Development by People: Citizen Construction of a Just World.Also of Interest
 Robert E. Looney, Saudi Arabia's Development Potentid: Application of an Islamic Growth Model.Dean E. Mann, ed., Environmental Policy Implementation: Planning and Management Options and Their Consequences.Michael Marien, ed., Future Sumey Annual, 1980–81: A Guide to the Recent Literature of Trends, Forecasts, and Policy Proposals.William H. Miernyk, Regional Analysis and Regional Policy.Caròl A. OConnor, A Sort of Utopia: Scarsdule, 1891–1981.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Women's Work
 Phyllis Andors, The Unfinished Liberation of Chinese Women, 1949–1980.Costs of Change
 Larry Sawers and William K. Tabb, eds., Sunbelt/Snowbelt: Urban Development and Regional Restructuring.Main Street, U.S.A.
 Harley E. Johansen and Glenn V. Fuguitt, The Changing Rural Village in America: Demographic and Economic Trends since 1950.What Is Dangerous?
 Mary Douglas and Aaron Wildavsky, Risk and Culture: An Essay on the Selection of Technological and Environmental Dangers.Becoming Oriented
 Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. Ma, China: The Geography of Development and Modernization.Immigrants and Citizens
 Demetrios G. Papademetriou and Mark J. Miller, eds., The Unavoidable Issue: U.S. Immigration Policy in the 1980s.The Rising South
 Robert J. Newman, Growth in the American South: Changing Regional Employment and Wage Patterns in the 1960s and 1970s.Into the Nineties
 Anthony Downs, Rental Housing in the 1980s.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Copses and Crops
 J. K. Bowers and Paul Cheshire, Agriculture, the Countryside, and Land Use: An Economic Critique.Testimony from True Believers
 William Foote Whyte et al., Worker Participation and Ownership: Cooperative Strategies for Strengthening Local Economies.Bringing It All Together
 Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds., Integrated impact Assessment.Adoption and Diffusion
 Gene F. Summers, ed., Technology and Social Change in Rural Areas, A Festschrift for Eugene A. Wilkening.Clouds over the Sunbelt
 Steven C. Ballard and Thomas E. James, eds., The Future of the Sunbelt: Managing Growth and Change.Blaming the MBAs
 Ira C. Magaziner and Robert B. Reich, Minding America's Business: The Decline and Rise of the American Economy.Geographic Repast
 Rutherford H. Platt and George Macinko, eds., Beyond the Urban Fringe: Land Use Issues of Nonmetropolitan America.Systematic Approach
 Raymond J. Burby et al., Drinking Water Supplies: Protection through Watershed Management.Looking for Lord Bountiful
 Kenneth Davey, Financing Regional Government: International Practices and Their Relevance to the Third World.Neglected Area
 Ross L. Davies, Retail and Commercial Planning.Urban Space Stations
 John A. Dawson, Topics in Applied Geography: Shopping Centre Development.Puzzles in Paradise
 Norman A. Graham and Keith L. Edwards, The Caribbean Basin to the Year 2000: Demographic, Economic, and Resource-Use Trends in Seventeen Countries.The Body Politic in the Far
 North Thomas A. Morehouse, Gerald A. McBeath, and Linda Leask, Alaska's Urban and Rural Governments.Also of lnterest
 John B. Anderson, The American Economy We Need— And Won't Get from the Republicans or the Democrats.James E. Annable, Jr., The Price of Industrial Labor: The Role of Wages in Business Cycles and Economic Growth.Gordon K. Douglas, ed., Agricultural Sustainability in a Changing World Order.Kevin Lynch and Gary Hack, Site Planning, 3rd ed.John F. McDonald, Employment Location and Industrial Land Use in Metropolitan Chicago.William Millsap, ed., Applied Social Science for Environmental Planning.Eugene Nelson White, The Regulation and Reform of the American Banking System, 1900–1929.Martin Wynn, ed., Housing in Europe.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Understanding and Action
 Peter Marris, Community Planning and Conceptions of Change.Policy Fad?
 George W. Gau and Michael A. Goldberg, eds., North American Housing Markets into the Twenty-First Century.View from the Inside
 W. G. Roeseler, Successful American Urban Plans.Theory Kickers
 Philip L. Clay and Robert M. Hollister, eds., Neighborhood Policy and Planning.Invisible Hand
 Albert M. Church, Conflicts over Resource Ownership: The Use of Public Policy by Private Interests.Beyond Growth Poles
 Dennis A. Rondinelli, Secondary Cities in Developing Countries: Policies for Diffusing Urbanization.Clearing Obstacles
 Max Neiman and Barbara J. Burt, eds., The Social Constraints on Energy-Policy Implementation.Causes and Relationships
 Richard J. Cebula, Geographic Living-Cost Differentials.The Separatists
 Pierre Clavel, Opposition Planning in Wales and Appalachia.International Buffet
 Lawrence Susskind and Michael Elliott, Paternalism, Conflict, and Coproduction: Learning from Citizen Action and Citizen Participation in Western Europe.Social Impact Assessment
 Steve H. Murdock, F. Larry Leistritz, and Rita R. Hamm, eds., Nuclear Waste: Socioeconomic Dimensions of Long-Term Storage.Two Environmental Problems
 Partha Dasgupta, The Control of Resources. Cambridge

Notes: Book Reviews in This Article. Dynamics of Urban Development, by L. H. Klaassen, W. T. M. Molle, and J. H. P. Paelinck (eds.). British Regional Development since World War I, by Christopher M. Law. Nonmetropolitan America in Transition, by Amos H. Hawley and Sara Mills Mazie (eds.). Revitalizing Cities, by H. Briavel Holcomb and Robert A. Beauregard. Gentrification Amid Urban Decline: Strategies for America's Older Cities, by Michael H. Lang. Migration and Economic Growth in the United States. National, Regional, and Metropolitan Perspectives, by Michael J. Greenwood. Land Office Business, Land and Housing Prices in Rapidly Growing Metropolitan Areas, by Gary Sands. Energy Forecasting for Planners: Transportation Models, by W. Patrick Beaton, Jon H. Weyland, and Nancy Neuman. The City: Patterns and Processes in the Urban Ecosystem, by Christopher Exline, Gary L. Peters, and Robert P. Larkin.

Notes: Book Reviews in This Article. Reviving the Industrial City: The Politics of Urban Renewal in Lyon and Birmingham, by Jerry A. Webman. Future Cities: Spatial Analysis of Energy Issues, by John R. Beaumont and Paul Keys. Input-Output Analysis in Developing Countries: Sources, Methods and Applications, by Victor Buhner-Thomas. Regional Conflict and National Policy, by Kent A. Price (ed.). Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities, by Jon Van Til.

Notes: An exact expression is derived for the optimal spacing between interfering wells in a rectangular well field in an ideal confined aquifer. A simple, practical method for determining the optimal spacing is presented. The optimal spacing is shown to be substantially different from the spacing determined by use of the Theis formulation. The economic savings resulting from use of the revised approach are evaluated and found to be considerable, especially when the number of wells is large and the transmissivity of the aquifer low.

Notes: Abstract. A hydrologic test system has been designed to measure the intrinsic permeabilities of individual fractures in crystalline rock. This report contains the design schematics and specifications necessary to build and/or modify this test system for other similar field applications. This system is used to conduct constant pressure/declining flow rate and pressure pulse hydraulic tests. The system is composed of four distinct units: (1) The Packer System, (2) Injection System, (3) Collection System, and (4) Electronic Data Acquisition System. The apparatus is built in modules so it can be easily transported and reassembled. It is also designed to operate over a wide range of pressures (0–300 psig) and flow rates (0.2–1.0 gal/min). This system has proved extremely effective and versatile in its use at the Climax Facility, Nevada Test Site.

Notes: Field and laboratory analyses of pH, alkalinity, and specific conductance from water samples collected from the Columbia aquifer on the Delmarva Peninsula in eastern Maryland were compared to determine if laboratory analyses could be used for making regional water-quality interpretations.On the basis of 170 field pH and specific conductance measurements, 165 laboratory pH and specific conductance measurements, and 86 field and 135 laboratory alkalinity measurements, a significant difference at the 0.1-percent level was found between laboratory and field analyses of pH and specific conductance. No significant difference was found between laboratory and field analyses of alkalinity. In most samples, laboratory pH was greater than field pH, laboratory specific conductance was less than field specific conductance, and laboratory alkalinity was equally likely to be less than, the same as, or greater than field alkalinity.Kruskal-Wallis tests of field and laboratory data grouped by north-south and east-west coordinates and by land use indicate that the difference between field and laboratory values is usually not enough to affect the outcome of the statistical tests. Thus, laboratory measurements of these constituents may be adequate for making certain regional water-quality interpretations, although they may result in errors if used for geochemical interpretations.

Notes: Preliminary vadose zone nitrate extraction experiments have revealed the extractant (2N KCl) volume affects the determination of nitrate and its nitrogen isotope ratio.In five cores, extractable NO3-N concentrations increased an average of 1.7 times after the soil-to-extractant ratio was increased from 1:1 to 1:10. An increased extractant volume resulted in a large positive shift of stable nitrogen values (δ15N), which averaged +6.2%.An underestimation of available NO3-N for leaching and transport through the vadose zone and a biased source interpretation from the δ15N values probably would occur if a procedure which leads to incomplete extraction of nitrate is used.

Notes: Currently, one of the most popular methods of containing contaminated ground water is through use of subsurface impermeable barriers. These barriers can take one of three forms: slurry walls, grout curtains, or steel sheet piles. Successful operation of these barrier systems is dependent upon three basic criteria. First, the barrier must be truly impermeable and remain so over time even upon exposure to the contaminated ground water. Second, there must exist an underlying impermeable formation, at a reasonable depth, to which the barrier can be connected. Third, an adequate connection between the barrier and the underlying formation must be assured.This paper presents the results of the analysis of the movement of contaminated ground water under or through an imperfect barrier. The first phase of the analysis consists of the development of an analytical solution for the flow of ground water under a barrier and a simple numerical integration technique for developing concentration breakthrough curves. This simple solution algorithm was applied to the cases of variable recharge rates and lengths, variable depths of penetration of the barrier, and anisotropic soils. The second phase of the analysis involves applying a numerical solute transport model to analyze the performance of a barrier with and without the effects of hydrodynamic dispersion, and in the presence of a layered soil, and finally the performance of a fully penetrating but partially permeable barrier.

Notes: Hydrogeologic and ground water quality data obtained from a gas-driven multilevel sampler system and a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) monitoring well nest with the same aquifer communication intervals are compared. All monitoring points are in close proximity to each other.The study was conducted at an eight-acre uncontrolled hazardous waste site. The site is located in an alluvial valley composed of approximately 40 feet of alluvium overlying shale bedrock. The ground water at the site is contaminated with various organic constituents.A ground water monitoring network consisting of 26 conventional monitoring wells, nine observation well points, and six multilevel gas-driven samplers was established to characterize the hydrogeologic regime and define the vertical and horizontal extent of contamination in the vicinity of the abandoned chemical plant. As part of this study, a multilevel monitoring system was installed adjacent to a well nest. The communication zones of the multilevel samplers were placed at the same elevation as the sand packs of the well nest. The multilevel sampler system and well nest are located in a contaminated area directly downgradient of the site. A comparison of the vertical head distribution and ground water quality was performed between the well nest and the multilevel sampling system.The gas-driven multilevel sampling system consists of three gas-driven samplers that monitor separate intervals in the unconsolidated materials. The well nest, composed of two PVC monitoring wells in separate boreholes, has the same communication interval as the other two gas-driven samplers.Hydraulic head information for each multilevel sampler was obtained using capillary tubing. This was compared with heads obtained from the well nest utilizing an electric water level indicator.Chemical analyses from the PVC and multilevel sampler wells were performed and compared with one another. The analyses included organic acids, base neutrals, pesticides, PCBs, metals, volatile organics, TOX, TOC, CN, pH and specific conductance.

Notes: A total of four vertical electrical soundings were conducted in a layered andesitic rock aquifer known in places to yield ground water with total dissolved solids (TDS) in excess of 2,000 milligrams per liter (mg/L). The objective of the soundings was to locate zones of moderate to high permeability but with acceptable chemical quality.The resistivity of a geologic unit is a function that includes the quantity of total dissolved solids in the interstitial water and the distribution of the water within the unit. Thus, the resistivity of most granular soils and rocks is controlled more by porosity, water content and water quality than by the conductivity of the matrix materials.The electrical data delimited a drill site where it was believed that ground water of acceptable chemical quality could be expected. Completion and test pumping of two exploration wells confirmed the electrical sounding results.The first test well drilled prior to the survey yielded only small amounts of ground water with total dissolved solids in excess of 2,000 mg/L. The second exploration well drilled at the site as a result of the electrical study yielded in excess of 100 gallons per minute of ground water with total dissolved solids of 830 mg/L.

Notes: An advanced two-way radio link (transceiver units) and data logging system have provided a powerful means of real-time series data collection and analysis. The application of this telemetry system to surface tiltmeter surveys provides significant cost savings for testing and analysis of deep, large-scale horizontal anisotropic permeability and heterogeneity determinations.The determination of horizontal anisotropic properties requires one pumping well and eight to 10 tiltmeter monitoring stations. The validity of the depth of the test may reach 4,000 feet below land surface. With the addition of one partially penetrating observation well, the entire three-dimensional anisotropic permeability can be determined. With the addition of a fully penetrating well, the storage coefficient can be determined as well as leakage property (including vertical permeability of the confining layers). An example test case was analyzed for horizontal anisotropic permeability with remarkable success despite relatively unfavorable detection conditions.A thorough understanding of the geology overlying the aquifer system must be made in order to assess the applicability of the surface tiltmeter survey to large-scale horizontal anisotropic permeability determinations.

Notes: This paper describes a new system for ground water monitoring, “the BAT System,” which includes the following functions: (a) sampling of ground water in most types of soils, (b) measurement of pore water pressure, and (c) in situ measurement of hydraulic conductivity. The system can also be used for tracer tests. The system utilizes a permanently installed filter tip attached to a steel or PVC pipe. Installation is normally performed by pushing the tip down to the desired depth. The filter tip can also be buried beneath a landfill. The primary feature of the new system is that the filter tip contains a self-sealing quick coupling unit, which makes it possible to temporarily connect the filter tip to adapters for various functions, e.g. water sampling and for measurement of pore pressure and hydraulic conductivity. The new technique makes sampling of both pressurized water and gas possible. Samples are obtained directly in hermetically sealed, pre-sterilized sample cylinders. Sampling of ground water and measurement of pore pressure can be repeated over a long period of time with undiminished accuracy. This technique is also well-adapted for taking water samples from different strata in a soil profile, in both the saturated and unsaturated zones. Actual installations range from 0.5 to 60m depth.

Notes: State-of-the-art analytical techniques are capable of detecting contamination In the part per billion (ppb) range or lower. At these levels, a truly representative ground water sample Is essential to precisely evaluate ground water quality. The design specifications of a ground water monitoring system are critical in ensuring the collection of representative samples, particularly throughout the long-term monitoring period.The potential interfaces from commonly used synthetic well casings require a thorough assessment of site, hydrogeology and the geochemical properties of ground water. Once designed, the monitoring system must be installed following guidelines that ensure adequate seals to prevent contaminant migration during the installation process or at some time in the future. Additionally, maintaining the system so the wells are in hydraulic connection with the monitored zone as well as periodically Inspecting the physical integrity of the system can prolong the usefulness of the wells for ground water quality. When ground water quality data become suspect due to potential interferences from existing monitoring wells, an appropriate abandonment technique must be employed to adequately remove or destroy the well while completely sealing the borehole.The results of an inspection of a monitoring system comprised of six 4-inch diameter PVC monitoring wells at a hazardous well facility Indicated that the wells were improperly installed and in some cases provided a pathway for contamination. Subsequent down hole television inspections confirmed inaccuracies between construction logs and the existing system as well as identified defects in casing materials. An abandonment program was designed which destroyed the well casings in place while simultaneously providing a competent seal of the re-drilled borehole.

Notes: Transmissivity can be estimated by several well documented methods employing data from rising water level slug tests in wells. A very simple and relatively inexpensive system can be constructed to lower the water level in a well. Compressed air is injected through a sealed device called a well head manifold, which screws onto the casing top and contains an air pressure gauge, an air entry valve, a quick release valve and a multi-channel water level indicator or a pressure transducer. Either of the latter is lowered into the well prior to pressurization.Compressed air is injected into the casing at a low rate through the manifold, depressing the water level a desired amount. After stabilization, the quick release valve is opened and the air pressure inside the casing is reduced to atmospheric pressure instantaneously; the water level then starts to rise. Successive elevations of the rising water level are determined with the indicator or transducer and their elapsed times from valve opening are recorded. Plots of water level recovery vs. time can then be used to estimate transmissivity by the published methods of Cooper, Bredehoeft and Papadopulos (1967), Ferris and Knowles (1954) and Hvorslev(1951).All of the items used for construction, with the exception of the quick release valve, can be bought off the shelf. The valve can be easily constructed in a machine shop. The total cost of the device, exclusive of the transducer, should be less than $500.

Notes: Ground water flow in karst terranes generally occurs in the solution channels of carbonate aquifers. A hydrogeologist may utilize borehole geophysical methods to identify these solution channels in aquifers. Two specific methods that are applicable in karst terrains are:1. Natural gamma ray logging2. Borehole caliper logging.Gamma ray logging can detect the presence of inter-bedded strata in the main limestone unit, such as shale, which emit high levels of gamma radiation. Gamma ray logging can also detect clay deposits in solution channels that may act to restrict the flow of ground water. The areal extent of these rock strata or clay-filled solution channels can be determined when gamma ray logs are conducted at several borehole locations across the site of investigation.Borehole caliper logging can be employed to determine the presences of solution channels within the aquifer when penetrated by a borehole. In addition, since shale layers and clay filling are less resistant than the surrounding limestone, the caliper log may detect both the presence and the thickness of shale or clay layers in the aquifer.Gamma ray logs can be used in conjunction with caliper logs to provide data on the stratigraphic location and thickness of solution channels and clay and shale layers within a limestone aquifer. This information is valuable to the hydrogeologist performing investigations at sites located in limestone terranes because ground water flow preferentially occurs along solution channels.

Notes: Column leaching experiments show that fly ash Interlayered with sulfide-rich tailings can reduce the vertical permeability of tailings by at least three orders of magnitude. Chemical reactions between the fluid, alkaline fly ash from Western coal and pyritic tailings result in a one to three order of magnitude reduction in the dissolved metals content of the effluent solution. Metal precipitation, which produces the dissolved metals reduction, is a significant element in the permeability reduction. The combined factors reduce the metals flux from the tailings by four to six orders of magnitude. We believe that tailings ponds with fly ash layers as amendments can greatiy reduce ground water contamination from pyritic tailings. In addition, concentrated application of fly ash layers near the end of mining should act to restrict infiltration and access of oxygen, thereby enhancing reclamation. Similar results maybe obtainable using other amendments with lower base capacity (lime, crushed limestone, trona).

Notes: This article describes a computer automated, hydrologic analysis system designed to allow the collection of high quality, long-term pumping test data. The instrument solves two of the major problems encountered in the field during aquifer tests: insufficient data, particularly during the early part of a test when drawdown is rapid; and high labor costs associated with long-term monitoring.To illustrate the system's application, results are presented from the test of a highly transmissive aquifer. The aquifer's drawdown response was rapid; thus the time-drawdown curve was essentially flat after the first two minutes of the test, and correspondingly rapid data acquisition was essential for a unique solution of the aquifer's three-dimensional hydraulic conductivities.

Notes: Traditional monitoring methods using chemical analysis of ground water samples to detect pollutant migration are being superseded or used in conjunction with innovative approaches. A need to detect pollutants before they reach the water table has drawn interest to vadose (unsaturated) zone monitoring and brought together hydrogeologists, soil scientists and agricultural engineers who have been working on this subject for years.Recent studies have identified over 50 different types of vadose zone monitoring devices and methods that have optimum utility in varying hydrogeologic settings. In general, measurements made in the vadose zone are trying to define storage, transmission of liquid waste in terms of flux and velocity, and pollutant mobility.Criteria for the selection of alternative vadose zone monitoring methods are important for the development of site-specific systems. These criteria include: type of site; applicability to new, active, and abandoned sites; power requirements; depth limitations; multiple use capability; type of data collection system; reliability and life expectancy; degree of operational complexity; direct versus indirect methods; applicability to alternate media; effect on flow regime; and effect of hazardous waste on sampling or measurements. Application of the selection criteria is discussed in Everett et al. (1982a).

Notes: In recent years we have seen major advances in the variety and quality of ground water sampling instrumentation, in almost every case involving increases in sensitivity of one or more orders of magnitude. Software number-crunching ability brings us the capability of running sophisticated mathematical and statistical programs, while modern analytical chemistry routinely makes determinations of metals, organics and radioactive elements accurate in the parts per billion range.The construction of sample points rarely supports these levels of precision. The well is the basic sampling machine for the ground water industry and its ability to produce a truly representative sample underpins all data and conclusions. Regardless of the type of instrumentation employed, a sample point that cannot be shown to be truly representative and that fails to provide a series of reliable samples over the long term–let us say 25 years minimum–is a negative investment.In the authors’professional sampling work, it has been observed that, wherever it is possible to improve the quality of the ground water sample point, a reduction in the measured level of pollutant elements in the sample is found and the confidence level improves. Volatile organic values are the sole exception to this observed reduction in concentration, the reason being that sample point and method improvements capture the fully representative water sample, thus reducing volatile losses.It is not possible to address all hydrogeologic environments and sampling methods in this review. Instead, features were selected that had been found to be important in commercial, high-precision, water quality sampling in Western U.S. environments. In this area, water movement is slow and little or no exchange of water occurs between wells and the surrounding aquifer without artificial stimulation. Water quality stabilization requires multiple casing volume evacuations in wells ranging to 1,000 feet deep. High-volume pumping or mechanized bailing is an economic requirement. Dedicated installations cannot supply the volume of water required for comprehensive analytical programs.It is the nature of these sources, as well as practical recommendations for corrective action, that will be addressed in this article.Any attempted improvement in utilization of data by mathematical processing or statistical treatment will be inadequate because:〈list xml:id="l1" style="custom"〉• Samplings are infrequent and often accumulate at rates of only two or four sample suites per year. Seasonal variations may obscure evidence of passage of a low-intensity pollution front and some years may elapse before the true situation becomes apparent from statistical analyses. By such time, the problem pollutant may have escaped from the treatment area.• Powerful biases occur due to the failure of the sample point to eliminate false contributions to the sample from sources other than the natural environment or a pollution source, most frequently originating in casing materials and annular seal leakage.

Notes: At present, there is no direct evidence of rocks predating the late Paleocene opening of the Norwegian-Greenland Sea on the Jan Mayen Ridge. A review of the available geophysical data, DSDP drilling results and plate tectonic reconstructions convincingly indicates a continental nature of the northern part of the ridge. On the other hand, there is still considerable uncertainty about the southern part of the ridge and its possible continuation towards Iceland. Two reflectors, A and O, have been mapped regionally. A appears to reflect an unconformity of middle Oligocene age. Most investigators have indicated that O forms a late Paleocene rift unconformity associated with the opening of the Norwegian-Greenland Sea. By analogy with the North Sea and the continental margin off Norway we propose that it should be investigated whether this reflector might be older, relating to an earlier Mesozoic regime of tension.

Notes: Finds of pumice on raised beaches in the inner Isfjorden area are reported. Pumice is abundant in two zones, and four levels can be distinguished in some areas. The highest lying level has the greatest concentration of pumice and is dated to a maximum of 6, 500 years B.P. Tentative correlations with pumice levels from other places in Svalbard indicate approximate ages of 6, 000, 4, 100, and 3, 100 years for the lower levels in inner Isfjorden. A shoreline displacement curve based on the pumice levels and on 10, 000 year old driftwood is presented.

Notes: Aristoptychites kolymensis (Kiparisova) is investigated and described in detail from collections made at Botneheia, Spitsbergen, where it occurs at the top of the Botneheia Formation (Daonella Shale). It is a rather small species and the stratigraphically highest representative of the genus in Spitsbergen. Its suture line is remarkable by its possession of the additional U.-lobes between the internal lobe and the first umbilical lobe. A lobe of this kind has so far been described only once, with Arcestes (Proarcestes) bicarinatus by Schindewolf (1968), which suggests affinities between Ptychitidae and Arcestidae.

Notes: Precipitation and runoff samples were collected for 13 storms in a nonindustrial urban area in Central Pennsylvania between July 1980 and June 1981. Runoff was collected from tree surfaces, a residential roof and street, a shopping mall parking lot, a downtown business district alley, and a heavily traveled street. Analysis of the water samples showed 10 to 25 percent of the nitrogen, 25 percent of the sulfate, and less than 5 percent of the phosphorus, potassium, and calcium in water below a tree was deposited by the precipitation. The residential roof caused insignificant changes in water chemistry. The results for the four paved areas showed that all the nitrogen, and from 16 to 40 percent of the sulfate and 13, 4, and 2 percent of the phosphorus, potassium, and calcium, respectively, in runoff was deposited by the precipitation. Precipitation can also be an important source of sulfate and phosphorus in runoff. All of the surfaces raised the pH of the runoff, with the largest increases, from a pH of 4 to about 7, occurring in runoff from the paved areas. Precipitation and runoff chemistry was not related to antecedent conditions such as the length of the preceding dry period.

Notes: Because of their proximity to necessary supplies of cooling water, nuclear power plants are susceptible to riverine flooding. Greater flood hazards exist where plants are located downstream of large dams. The consequences of the Quabbin Reservoir dam failure on the Haddam Neck Nuclear Power Plant situated on the Connecticut River were investigated using a dam break flood routing model. Reasons for selecting a particular model are presented and the input assumptions for the modeling process are developed. Relevant information concerning the level of manpower involvement is presented. The findings of this analysis demonstrate that the plant is adequately protected from the consequences of the postulated flood event.

Notes: The shallow Fairmont Lakes in southern Minnesota have been treated with copper sulfate for 58 years to reduce excessive algal growth. Copper sulfate was applied to five lakes at cumulative rates upo to 1647 kg/ha (1470 1b/acre), totaling 1.5 million kilograms. Data collected since treatment of the Fairmont Lakes began in 1921 provide alarming insights into lake responses to sustained chemical treatment with copper sulfate. Short-term and long-term effects have occurred. Short-term effects include: a) the intended temporary killing of algae, b) dissolved oxygen depletion by decomposition of dead algae, c) accelerated phosphorus recycling from the lake bed and recovery of the algal population within 7 to 21 days, and d) occasional fish kills due to oxygen depletion or copper toxicity or both. Long-term effects are shown to include: a) copper accumulation in the sediments, b) tolerance adjustments of certain species of algae to higher copper sulfate dosages, c) shift of species from green to blue-green algae and from game fish to rough fish, d) disappearance of macrophytes, and e) reductions in benthic macroinvertebrates. The conclusion is that while copper sulfate treatments enjoy great popularity because they kill and remove algae almost instantaneously, other immediate or cumulative side effects can be harmful to many other aquatic organisms.

Notes: SAGE, a proposed method for environmental assessment, focuses on eliciting and incorporating value weights in multiple-objective decision making. In this method, the value weights are inferred from the tradeoffs that people make in choices about alternatives. These weights are applied to scaled scores for accounts based on measurable attributes of each objective. In order to indicate the political ramifications of decisions and to facilitate sensitivity analysis, the values held by various groups are presented in matrix from arrayed by group affiliation or by judgment types that share common values. Results of a trial application of SAGE to a land use/watershed management problem in a growing urban area are presented.

Notes: This study describes and demonstrates two alternate methods for evaluating the relative costs and benefits of artificial groundwater recharge using percolation ponds. The first analysis considers the benefits to be the reduction of pumping lifts and land subsidence; the second considers benefits as the alternative costs of a comparable surface delivery system. Example computations are carried out for an existing artificial recharge program in Santa Clara Valley in California. A computer groundwater model is used to estimate both the average long term and the drought period effects of artificial recharge in the study area. For the example problem, the benefits of reduced average annual pumping lifts and reduced incremental subsidence are greater than the total costs of continuing the existing artificial recharge program. Benefits for reduced subsidence are strongly dependent on initial aquifer conditions. The second analysis compares the costs of continuing the artificial recharge program with the costs of a surface system which would achieve the same hydraulic effects. Results indicate that the costs of artificial recharge are considerably smaller than the alternative costs of an equivalent surface system. In evaluating a particular program, consideration should also be given to uncertainties in future supplies and demands for water as well as to the probability of extreme events such as droughts.

Notes: The entire water resources field is not contemplated, although reference thereto will be registered. Water supply for potable and hygienic purposes will be presented as symbolic of the global issues confronting 4.8 billion people. Some two billion of these live in the so-called developing or less favored countries. They are either underserved or not served at all by utility systems of whatever grade. Targets for meeting their needs were exemplified by the international agencies in the International Water and Sanitation Decade of 1980-1990. Some successes are apparent, but, in general, hopes are not fulfilled. The pace of accomplishment is very slow. Constraints will be reviewed in some detail. Challenges for reducing these and increasing pace of installations are presented. The potential for a global public works program unprecedented in history is reviewed.Several issues will not be discussed in this paper. Their omission rests primarily upon the fact that their resolution is improbable for decades ahead, if ever.Economists have categorized water as any other economic commodity - and should always be subject to benefit-cost scrutiny. I do not share that view. People could well live without the telephone or the automobile, a destroyer. Without water, their survival is a matter of days. Cost-benefit seems unreal and singularly inappropriate under such circumstances.Secondly, the search for quantifying the health impact of safe water goes on forever. My view is that the results speak for themselves - while sturdy souls continue to seek out the exact correlation figure. Thirdly, the population explosion, although softened a bit, proceeds apace while I write. Lastly, the exposition herein is restricted to potable water and its associated sanitation aspects. Other major uses of water, obviously highly important, are not addressed.

Notes: The impoundment of the Kootenai River by Libby Dam caused changes in discharge and water quality in the river downstream from Lake Koocanusa. The changes observed downsteam were largely attributable to the depth of withdrawal from the reservoir and the reservoir's ability to store and mix various influent water masses. The preimpoundment and postimpoundment time series of discharge and six water quality variables were autocorrelated and exhibited strong seasonality. Intervention analysis, a technique employing Box-Jenkins time series models, was used to quantify the nature and magnitude of the changes in water quality after the construction of Libby Dam. The models were developed with data from June 1967 through February 1981 and were able to satisfactorily forecast riverine conditions from March 1981 through January 1982.

Notes: Seven considerations which bear upon the achievement of better water management are discussed. First, separation of judgments of fact from judgements of value is helpful in deciding upon what actions to take. Second, separation of social values from matters of individual or group interest is crucial to institutional design. Third, achieving economically efficient water management may create a surplus of benefits which can be divided among the parties in order to resolve conflicts. Fourth, surpluses also can be used inappropriately, whether to reward undesirable behavior or to penalize unjustly. Fifth, avoidance of external costs is best achieved through restructuring of rewards and penalties. Sixth, technological solutions are too easily selected in place of less costly institutional change. Seventh, water management technology is too often selected in place of more cost-effective, water-related technology. Selected examples of each of these considerations are offered. However, better water management is not easy to define. The social process criterion adopted in this paper is discussed briefly.

Notes: States have the potential to play a major role in moving water conservation from conferences and reports that identify its advantages to actual practice. The research identifies four generic “strategies” that categorize the states' approaches toward conservation and reports on the states' current conservation activities. The four strategies are: reliance on agricultural advisors, leverage incentives, performance standards, and mandatory actions. Four levels of state conservation activity exist. California and Florida maintain the most extensive programs; Arizona, Massachusetts, New Jersey, North Carolina, and Oklahoma also have numerous programs but significantly lower staff commitments; eight additional states maintain moremodest conservation effotts. Elsewhere, state directed conservation actions remain minimal and limited to those provided as agricultural advice. The study found support for water conservation the norm among water supply planners.

Notes: Interregional conflicts over the allocation and transfer of water supplies have occurred with increasing frequency in the contemporary United States. This paper presents the results of a case study of citizen opposition to a proposal to transfer water supplies within Oklahoma. Residents of the area adjacent to Lake Tenkiller in eastern Oklahoma were surveyed concerning their reactions to a proposal of the City of Tulsa to transfer large volumes of water from the reservoir to the city. Results of the survey indicated that a community based concern for preserving local water levels transcended individual self-interests in maintaining Tenkiller's water levels. The results support the recently developed concept of “turf politics,” which suggests that regional and community based considerations tend to dominate interregional locational conflict resolution.

Notes: Although the volume of potable water used at recreation developments is minor relative to total regional water use, very high quality is required and the source is often of limited capacity, such as a mountain spring or small local aquifer. Frequent confrontations between developers and regulatory agencies result from claims by developers that water demand will be very small while regulators tend to treat such developments the same as municipal residence. Almost no published data base exists for resolving such conflicts. Included here are: 1) Water use measurements of various peak period durations (seasonal, monthly, daily, and instantaneous) at several types of recreational developments in Utah and Wyoming (mountain cabins, both ski- and water-based condominiums, and recreation vehicle campgrounds), 2) statistical (frequency) analysis of the data and a comparison with municipal demands in the same region, and 3) analysis of occupancy rates at the various categories of developments.

Notes: Acclimation to varying salinities did not affect the preferred temperature of Saratherodon melanotheron, which had a final preferred temperature of 33.5 C. However, fish acclimated to 25 C and 0, 15, and 30 o/oo salinities had lower lethal temperatures of 15, 13, and 15 C, respectively, and an upper lethal temperature of 37 C. The thermal zone of tolerance for fish acclimated in freshwater was 17-35 C, and was not dependent upon acclimation temperatures. Data suggest this species could expand its range in North America.