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  • aquatic Oligochaeta  (35)
  • Column liquid chromatography  (26)
  • Springer  (61)
  • Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 1980-1984  (61)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1920-1924
  • 1984  (61)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (61)
  • Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Years
  • 1980-1984  (61)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1920-1924
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Liquid chromatography of isomers of aromatic acids on microbore column packed with anion-exchange resin (1984)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 18 (1984), S. 633-636 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Aromatic acid isomers ; Low capacity ion-exchange resin ; Microbore packed columns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A low-capacity, anion-exchange, porous-polymer resin was used as the packing material in a microbore column. Using a phosphate buffer containing various organic modifiers, retention behavior of substituted benzoic acid isomers with amino, chloro, methyl, nitro and carboxylic groups was investigated. The effect of ethanol, acetonitrile and sodium dodecylsulfate used as organic modifiers on the retention behavior at various eluent pH values was studies and optimum separations of the positional isomers reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02261979
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of pressure on sorption equilibrium: HPLC column packing-mixed eluent (1984)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 18 (1984), S. 668-672 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Mixed eluents ; Preferential sorption of eluents ; Pressure effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Pronounced base line perturbations were repeatably observed in LC both in alternating recycling and in backflushing experiments when binary eluents and refractometric detectors were used. The perturbations which we call eigenzones appeared immediately after operating the recycling or the backflushing valve, and their size and shape depended on the nature of both the column filling and the mixed mobile phase as well as on the pressure drop across the column. Experimental results presented confirm that the primary causes of the eigenzones were the pressure changes in the columns which influenced the sorption equilibrium of mixed eluent components within the column packing. Some practical consequences of this effect are briefly discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02265811
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Effect of stationary phase properties and solute molecular size on retention of PAHs in reversed-phase liquid chromatography (1984)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 18 (1984), S. 677-679 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; Column liquid chromatography ; Polyphenyl bonded phases ; Retention and carbon content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The relationship between the retention of PAHs having various molecular sizes and the carbon contents (%) of bonded stationary phases with various types of ligands were investigated. The examined stationary phases were phenyl, diphenyl, triphenyl and benzyl-bonded silicas. The data indicated that sometimes it is not true that the retention of any solute relates linearly to the carbon content of the stationary phase. As the result, it is suggested that the pore size distribution of the silica support, the bulkiness of the ligand bonded to the silica and the molecular size of solute should also be considered before any precise statement can be made.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02265813
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  • 4
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    Implications of on-line FTIR detection in the separation of coal-derived products via HPLC with polar modifiers (1984)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 18 (1984), S. 175-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Fourier transform IR ; Polar compounds ; Coal products
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) was utilized as a detection system for high-performance liquid chromatography of polar compounds on a normal bonded-phase system. In addition to FTIR, UV (254 nm) and refractive index detection were employed in the separation of model compounds containing oxygen and nitrogen atoms in their molecules (phenols, alcohols, neutral and weakly basic nitrogen compounds). A polar amino-cyano (PAC) bonded-phase column was employed with a binary mobile phase (98:2 CDCl3:CH3CN). The separations and the information gained from each detector is discussed, including interactions between sample material and mobile phase. A polar fraction of a coal-derived product is also chromatographed under identical conditions. The results based on FTIR detection and chromatographic retention behavior suggest the exclusive presence of hindered and unhindered phenols.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02276729
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Microcomputer-assisted retention prediction system in reversed-phase HPLC (1984)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 18 (1984), S. 211-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Alkylbenzenes ; PAHs ; Retention prediction ; Microcomputer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The microcomputer-assisted retention prediction system in C18 reversed-phase HPLC is described. The system is based on the use of the hydrophobic parameter and the correlation factor of alkylbenzenes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which are highly correlated to their retention in reversed-phase HPLC. The system is evaluated by comparing the retention data between measured and predicted values. One of the typical examples applied for PAH analysis in the extracts of diesel particulate matter shows the high potential of the system investigated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02276735
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  • 6
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    The synthesis and characterization of aliphatic sulfonic acid cation exchangers for HPLC (1984)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 18 (1984), S. 216-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Cation exchangers ; Column liquid chromatography ; Exchange capacity, determination ; Organic peroxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Two oxidation procedures for the synthesis of silicabased aliphatic sulfonic acid cation-exchangers for HPLC are described. Several reaction conditions for oxidizing a terminal-bonded thiol with organic peroxides are provided along with their yields, capacities, reproducibility, and chromatographic behavior. Also, three methods for determining exchange capacity are discussed, and their relationship to the capacity factors of charged solutes is compared. The maximum capacity determined by the titration of the bonded silica was 0.34 meq/gram. The general problems of synthesizing cation-exchangers, measuring their efficiencies and exchange capacities, and evaluating their overall performances are outlined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02276736
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  • 7
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    Equilibria effects in the dynamic ion-exchange separation of metal ions (1984)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 18 (1984), S. 369-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Ion exchange ; dynamic ; Metal ions ; Equilibria effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Equilibria occurring during the dynamic ion exchange separation of metal ions were examined, and their effect on the chromatography of the metal ions was evaluated. Bonded reversed-phase silica, pure organic reversed phase, and silica columns were used to differentiate between the role of silica and the reverse phase. The results show that system peaks had the most important influence on the applicability of dynamic exchangers to quantitative metal ion determinations. The response of system peaks to sample composition (pH, ionic strength, matrix effects) was complicated and could not be predicted easily. Equilibria effects that can cause analytical errors were identified and recommendations for elimination of such errors are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02262483
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  • 8
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    Detectability of phenols and amines by normal phase microbore HPLC-FTIR employing hihgly IR transparent solvents (1984)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 18 (1984), S. 396-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Amines ; Phenols ; Fourier transform I.R.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Several chromatographic parameters have been examined as to their effect on detectability for microbore high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry. Detection limits for several compound classes are presented as amount injected. Improvements in detectability for this technique are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02262489
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  • 9
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    Determination of thiamine and thiamine phosphates as thiochrome derivatives by reversed-phase chromatography on polystyrene packing materials (1984)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 18 (1984), S. 424-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Polystyrene packings ; Pre-column derivatization ; Thiamine compounds ; UV and fluorescence detection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The chromatography of thiochrome and related phosphate esters was studied on two different polystyrene packing materials. The adsorbents were compared with respect to capacity factors, plate heights and resolution factors measured with different mixtures of phosphate buffer (pH 8.5) and methanol. In contrast with derivatized silica, these phases were found to be stable using an alkaline mobile phase and sample. Fast separations were possible with good peak symmetry at all organic modifier concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02262970
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    HPLC-analyses of plant biomass hydrolysis and fermentation solutions (1984)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 18 (1984), S. 445-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Amino-bonded stationary phase ; Ion-exchange ; Fermentation solution ; Biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary In this work the analytical separation of biomass hydrolysis and fermentation products is described. Aminobonded phase and ion exchange materials (HPX 87H, HPX 42A, μ Spherogel Carbohydrate) were used as HPLC stationary phases for the determination of monomeric and oligomeric carbohydrates, carbohydrate degradation and fermentation products. The HPX 42A and the amino-bonded phase columns are especially suitable for the analysis of the gluco oligomers. The HPX 87H column separates the monomeric sugars and their degradation and fermentation products (e.g. furfurals and ethanol) very well. Using the μ Spherogel Carbohydrate column the lower gluco-oligomers as well as the monomeric sugars and their degradation and fermentation products, can be determined within 35 minutes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02262975
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  • 11
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    High-performance liquid chromatographic resolution of enantiomers on chiral amine-bonded silica gel (1984)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 18 (1984), S. 459-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Chiral bonded phase ; Racemate resolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A chiral stationary phase with an immobilized, optically active diamine was prepared for the separation of enantiomers. The synthesis of the phase was carried out by bonding (−)trans-1,2-cyclohexanediamine to microparticulate silica gel through the coupling agent 3-glycidoxypropylsilane. The resolution of the racemic compounds catechin, 2,2′-dihydroxy-1,1′binaphthyl and trans-1,2-cyclohexandiol, is reported.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02262978
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  • 12
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    Molecular-shape recognition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in reversed phase liquid chromatography (1984)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 18 (1984), S. 495-498 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; PAHs ; Molecular shape recognition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The molecular-shape recognition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons has been studied on various stationary phases in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The examined stationary phases were phenyl-, diphenyl-, triphenyl- and benzyl-bonded silicas. The results of regression analysis inidcated that triphenylsilica is the best packing material to recognize the difference in the molecular-shape of structural isomers. This fact was confirmed by the separation of 4-ring isomers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02267234
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  • 13
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    Effect of the chain length of chemically bonded phases on the retention of substituted benzene derivatives in reversed-phase liquid chromatography (1984)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 18 (1984), S. 499-502 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Retention data ; Substituted benzene derivatives ; Correlations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The capacity factors of substituted benzene derivatives on bonded phases of various chain lengths in the reversed-phase mode have been measured and correlation of retention data between four stationary phases has been investigated by linear regression analysis. As a result, a difference in the retention mechanism between phases of shorter chain length and octadecylsilica was observed. In addition, it is also apparent that the multicombination treatment between retention data and descriptors such as π, HA, HD and σ promises the possibility of predicting the retention of substituted benzene derivatives on various reversed-phase stationary phases.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02267235
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  • 14
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    High-speed analysis of dansyl derivatives of polyamines (1984)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 18 (1984), S. 525-527 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Polyamines ; Dansyl derivatives ; Peak compression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Analytical conditions for the high-speed, reversed-phase, liquid chromatographic of a diamine (putrescine) and polyamines (spermine and spermidine) were determined. Various elution modes were employed using the same mobile phase constituents: 20mM sodium heptane sulfonate and 20mM acetic acid as solvent A and, pure acetonitrile as solvent B. Samples were derivatized with dansyl chloride before injection. Under isocratic conditions, the separation of the three polyamines was achieved in 7 min. The use of a linear elution gradient led to the same analytical time but with a better resolution of the putrescine peak from non-polyamine frontal peaks. For these measurements, the sample size was 5μl. This volume was increased to 20μl and the use of a steep gradient combined with the peak-compression technique allowed a fast analysis in 2–3 minutes, which may be compared with a 30 min run time necessary when a conventional column is used.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02267240
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  • 15
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    The position of the Haplotaxidae in the evolution of oligochaete annelids (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 25-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; annelids ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Haplotaxidae have all the characteristics to support the hypothesis that they are the living descendents of the stem forms from which all of the Oligochaeta Clitellata (Orders Lumbriculida, Haplotaxida, Lumbricida, Tubificida) can be derived. The Aphanoneura are distinct from the Clitellata and are raised to a separate Class. There is no evidence to support the view that the elaborate setae of many Tubificida are derived from a polychaete ancestry; both are held to be independent modifications to aquatic life derived from a simple burrowing protoannelid with lumbricine setae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027889
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  • 16
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    Oligochaete communities as biological descriptors of pollution in the fine sediments of rivers (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 127-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; biological quality indices ; large rivers ; pollution ; fine sediments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study emphasizes the usefulness of Oligochaeta communities as descriptors of pollution in the fine sediments of large rivers. Two indices of biological quality of fine bottoms are proposed and are related to chemical parameters of the water. Tentative proposals are made for an empirical classification of polluted fine sediments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027906
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  • 17
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    Aspects of the phylogeny of the marine Tubificidae (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 37-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; Tubificidae ; phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A tentative phylogeny of the oligochaete family Tubificidae, with emphasis on the marine representatives, is presented. The scheme is based on the morphology and arrangements of prostate glands and the setal patterns. The rhyacodriline, more or less diffuse prostates are regarded as a primitive stage in prostate evolution, preceded only by the aprostate condition assumed for the ancestor of the family. An early split of the subfamily Rhyacodrilinae supposedly led to (1) a marine branch, from which evolved the highly diverse, exclusively marine subfamilies Phallodrilinae and Limnodriloidinae, and (2) a freshwater branch, which later divided into the Telmatodrilinae, Tubificinae and Aulodrilinae. The marine subfamilies invariably lack hair setae, whereas about half of the species within the other, freshwater subfamilies possess such setae in their dorsal bundles. Some marine genera, such as Monopylephorus (Rhyacodrilinae), Tubificoides and Clitellio (both Tubificinae) are regarded as recent off-shoots from the main freshwater stock. The families Naididae and Opistocystidae are considered likely to have evolved from rhyacodriline Tubificidae, whereas Phreodrilidae, the fourth family within the suborder Tubificina, is regarded as a sister group to the Tubificidae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027890
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  • 18
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    Specific criteria in Grania (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 45-50 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; oligochaete taxonomy ; Enchytraeidae ; Grania
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The structure of the penial bulb and male efferent duct system of Grania species may be used in addition to setal pattern and spermathecal shape to distinguish species. Six penial bulb types are distinguished: (1) a simple, small, glandular bulb surrounding the male pore; (2) a small, glandular bulb, with a large, associated, dorso-medial gland mass; (3) a small glandular bulb, medial to the male pore, with an elongate male bursa (the aglandular sac), the vas deferens exitting directly into the invaginated male pore; (4) a glandular bulb with an aglandular sac and a small, cuticular stylet embedded in the bulb, extending from the ectal end of the vas deferens; (5) a glandular bulb and an aglandular sac with a long stylet extending from the vas deferens, through the bulb into the sac; and (6) glandular bulb reduced or absent, with or without an aglandular sac; with a long stylet and other prominent modifications, usually muscular, of the vas deferens. The details of the male duct structure were consistent within specimens grouped on the basis of setal distribution and shape and detailed spermathecal structure. Diverse male duct patterns are found within the polytypic species G. macrochaeta and G. postclitellochaeta. The positions of the spermathecal and male pores in their respective segments are distinctive for some species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027891
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  • 19
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    Capilloventer atlanticus gen. et sp.n., a member of a new family of marine Oligochaeta from Brazil (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 51-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; Capilloventer ; Capilloventridae ; new family ; new genus ; Tubificida
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Specimens of a previously undescribed oligochaete from the Bay of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil were determined to belong to a new family of microdiles within the order Tubificida, suborder Enchytraeina. The specimens are characterized by dorsal and ventral hair setae, spermathecae in VII, testes in XI, ovaries in XII, and a clitellum. The number of primitive characters present in the new species indicate that it is a primitive member of the order that diverged early from the evolutionary line leading to the Enchytraeidae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027892
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  • 20
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    A method of identifying immature specimens of marine Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta) by vital staining of epidermal glands (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 55-58 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; marine Enchytraeidae ; recognition of immature stages ; epidermal glands ; vital staining ; Neutral Red
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Epidermal glands in Enchytraeidae are arranged in several transverse rows in each segment. These glands are more or less inconspicuous. It is possible to show up the gland cells by vital staining with Neutral Red (dilution 1:25 000 to 1:200 000 in tap- or sea-water, pH 6.0–6.8). Studies using this staining method have shown that there is a distinct pattern of epidermal glands for each species of marine Enchytraeidae investigated. The possibility of distinguishing immature specimens of different marine enchytraeid species, found in one particular locality, is demonstrated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027893
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  • 21
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    Cytological aspects of oligochaete spermiogenesis (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 59-64 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; spermatozoa ; spermatogenesis ; cell differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Spermiogenesis in Oligochaeta occurs with peculiar modalities, common to all the species studied in this group. Gonial cells, produced in the testes, drop into coelomatic cavities (usually seminal vesicles) where they undergo a series of mitotic divisions, without cytodieresis, and finally meiosis. In the seminal vesicles, a series of ‘morulae’ is present, composed of 2, 4, 8, 18, 32, ... cells. The number of spermatids produced is variable, but is constant for each species. The process of spermiohistogenesis involves many steps, including: nuclear shaping, chromatin condensation, production of an acrosome, reduction of the number of mitochondria. The present knowledge of the mechanisms of cell differentiation, and the problem of the presence of two different sperm lines in some species is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027894
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  • 22
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    Life-cycle and karyology of Branchiura sowerbyi Beddard (Oligochaeta, Tubificidae) (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 65-69 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; Tubificidae ; life-cycle ; karyology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Data on the life-cycle of a population of Branchiura sowerbyi Beddard in a water-lily tank at the Botanical Garden in Padua are reported. The breeding period is from April to July, after which the reproductive system is partially resorbed (August–September) and reformed later in the autumn. The karyology of the species was also studied, and revealed 38 mitotic chromosomes in the gonia, and 19 bivalents in the primary spermatocytes and in the primary oocytes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027895
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  • 23
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    Diet and histophysiology of the alimentary canal of Lumbricillus lineatus (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 71-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; nutrition ; sediment ; histophysiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lumbricillus lineatus selectively ingests masses of organic and inorganic interstitial particles from a sand-clay substratum in the upper littoral zone. Particle-masses are ingested, passed along the esophagus and into the anterior intestine where the pH becomes acid. A- and C-esterases, acid β-galactosidase, acid phosphatase and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase are present in the epithelium, while the rotating food masses are surrounded by a membrane of sulphated, acid glycoprotein. These enzymes, with the exception of acid phosphatase and the addition of aminopeptidase M, are also present in the epithelia of the mid and posterior intestinal regions where the pH is alkaline. The cells in the ventral wall of the mid intestinal region contain high concentrations of alkaline phosphatase, acid β-galactosidase and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase. The food consists of absorbed organics and bacteria with absorption and intracellular digestion occurring along the intestine, particularly in the mid ventral region.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027896
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  • 24
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    The gutless oligochaete Phallodrilus leukodermatus Giere, a tubificid of structural, ecological and physiological relevance (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 83-89 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; gutless oligochaetes ; structure ; ecology ; physiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phallodrilus leukodermatus is not only characterized by the complete absence of mouth, gut, anus and nephridia, but also by an exceptional dermal ultrastructure which is associated with gram-negative bacteria. The vertical distribution of the worms from Bermudian carbonate sands is also unusual in attaining population maximum at oligoxic or anoxic depths around the redox discontinuity (RPD) layer, where extremely high concentrations of amino acids and sugars are to be recorded. Based on results from current ecophysiological and ultrastructural studies, an interpretation of the unique biology of the worms is attempted.
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    Asexual propagation and reproductive strategies in aquatic Oligochaeta (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 91-95 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; asexual reproduction ; genetical-ecological mechanisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A great variety of asexual reproductive modes are known among aquatic oligochaetes. The main types of these modes are shortly described. Based upon observations on natural populations, the possible genetical and ecological implications of asexual reproduction are discussed. The following points are emphasized: (1) The often expressed expectations of a strong predominance of one particularly adaptive genotype is not born out. (2) In most cases, a number of genetically distinct clones are present in each population, and they show a strong differential distribution in heterogeneous environments, indicating an effective exploitation of the available resources. (3) Most cases of asexual propagation are reproductive strategies of their own and not escape mechanisms. (4) The mechanisms underlying asexual propagation are complex and involve many aspects of the life history. The great variety of types among aquatic oligochaetes offer particularly useful models for the study of these problems.
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    Parthenogenesis in Tubificidae (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 97-99 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; Tubificidae ; parthenogenesis ; experiment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ability of tubificids to reproduce parthenogenetically following or in place of bisexual reproduction has been proved. During parthenogenesis the spermatogenesis ceases at an early stage of sexual cell development, which, together with some peculiarities of the structure of the sexual system, rules out the possibility of self-fertilization in the worms. For two years of cultivation the life cycles of 3 parthenogenetic generations in Tubifex tubifex and 2 in Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri were traced.
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    Potential age of aquatic Oligochaeta (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 101-104 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; life-cycle ; aquarial cultures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The maximum lifetime of species with exclusively sexual reproduction covers 5–15 years or even more in aquaria, although most specimens die consecutively earlier. The zooids of paratomic species live some weeks or months, their clones usually less than a year, rarely for some years. In the species with facultative architomy (fragmentation) the clonal age also exceeds that of the individual, both lasting for several years. The actual lifetime of worms in nature may be shorter than in cultures.
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    Growth of Stylaria lacustris (L.) (Oligochaeta, Naididae) (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 105-107 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; Naididae ; growth ; experimental
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The peculiarities of the growth in weight and length of Stylaria lacustris (L.) on the basis of observations in experimental vessels are considered. The growth of this species fits a parabolic curve. The equations relating weight to absolute growth rate as well as weight to duration of life are given.
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    The biology of Psammoryctides barbatus (Grube) in English chalk streams (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 109-112 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; Psammoryctides barbatus ; growth ; cocoon production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The tubificid Psammoryctides barbatus is common in the sediments of English chalk streams. The species is primarily a spring and summer breeder with the most intense period of reproduction from April to June throughout its distribution in the river. Recruitment of juveniles takes place chiefly from June to August and most of the worms attain maturity in the following spring. In culture at 15 °C worms had attained 38 mm within 90 days of hatching and showed early signs of maturity. Growth rates and rates of cocoon production in culture are presented.
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    Oxygen demand and long term changes of profundal zoobenthos (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 121-126 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; eutrophication ; oxygen demand ; population dynamics ; zoobenthos of lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The paper attempts to combine the low oxygen content of the hypolimnion during stratification and the oxygen uptake of zoobenthos. Data of declining oxygen content in the hypolimnion and critical limits of respiration are combined for Chironomus anthracinus, Potamothrix hammoniensis and three species of Pisidium, P. casertanum, P. subtruncatum and P. henslowanum. The respiratory adaptation to low oxygen content influences both growth and population dynamics of the different species. The results have important bearing on eutrophication of the Lake Esrom ecosystem and temperate eutrophic lakes in general as well as the composition of profundal zoobenthos and its population dynamics.
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    Cohort cultures of Psammoryctides barbatus (Grube) and Spirosperma ferox Eisen: a tool for a better understanding of demographic strategies in Tubificidae (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 113-119 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; Tubificidae ; experimental ; density regulation ; bionomic strategies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Laboratory research on the tubificids Psammoryctides barbatus and Spirosperma ferox was done. Embryonic development time, growth, time required to attain the first cocoon laying and egg production were estimated at different temperatures and population densities. The results allow us to demonstrate some intrinsic density regulation mechanisms in the profundal tubificid communities and substantiate the hypothesis that the succession from oligotrophic to eutrophic species in the profundal of lakes undergoing eutrophication is mainly based on their biotic characteristics.
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    Eutrophication of Lakes Leman and Neuchâtel (Switzerland) indicated by oligochaete communities (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 131-138 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; benthos ; eutrophication ; indicator communities ; lake ; tubificid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In 1978–80, oligochaete communities of meso-eutrophic Lake Léman (Lake of Geneva) were compared to those of mesotrophic Lake Neuchâtel. Worm species were classified into three groups corresponding to their increasing tolerance to eutrophication: (1) oligotrophic species, mostly Peloscolex velutinus, Stylodrilus heringianus; (2) mesotrophic species, mostly Potamothrix vejdovskyi, P. bedoti; (3) eutrophic species, mostly Potamothrix hammoniensis, P. heuscheri, Tubifex tubifex. In both lakes, eutrophic species constituted the bulk of the communities in terms of absolute abundance. However, relative abundance of mesotrophic and eutrophic species was higher in Lake Léman; oligotrophic species were more important in Lake Neuchâtel. These data confirmed the trophic classification of lakes based on chemical parameters. The number of zero values, which perturbated statistical analysis, was reduced by using species groupings instead of isolated species. Thus, making the lakes more comparable even if different species were present in each one. Relative density values based on all samples were distributed among 4 density classes for the 3 species groupings. The 12 resulting frequencies described the community structure expressed in terms of eutrophication. Furthermore, these frequencies may be used for comparison of eutrophication levels in several lakes.
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    Lethal and sublethal tolerances of aquatic oligochaetes with reference to their use as a biotic index of pollution (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 139-144 
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    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; pollution ; indicators ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract A series of recent studies have been completed by the authors involving: 1) determining the lethal tolerances of 12 oligochaete species classified (from ecological studies) as tolerant, moderately tolerant and intolerant to selected chemical toxicants and environmental factors under defined bioassay conditions with and without sediment; 2) determining lethal tolerances of candidate species to toxicants in combination with a range of abiotic factors; 3) measuring respiratory stress imposed by exposure to individual and combined sublethal concentrations of toxicants and environmental factors; and, 4) determining differences in lethal tolerance and respiratory stress between individual and mixed species. Surprisingly few previous studies have been done in this area considering the importance of oligochaetes as field pollution indicators. The results of the above major studies coupled with histopathological work are reviewed. Data from these studies substantiate the present use of oligochaete species assemblages as indicators of organic pollution and suggest their use in the laboratory for toxicant screening tests. The range of responses of different oligochaete species to individual and combined stress is complex, particularly in mixed species, which provides useful indications of specific stress factors. The application of these experimental laboratory studies to field situations is described.
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    Short term dynamics of the dominant annelids in a polyhaline temperate estuary (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 153-158 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; long term changes ; population dynamics ; polychaetes ; recruitment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Weekly sampling over a two year period from a muddy sand bottom in the polyhaline York River, Virginia, U.S.A., clearly identified the pattern of recruitment and survival of the dominant annelid species. Three intermingled recruitment strategies and two survival patterns were observed, ranging from the classic opportunistic life style of mass recruitment over short time periods followed by mass mortality to prolonged recruitment with lower mortality. Qualitatively the annelid assemblage was very similar from year to year with most of the changes being quantitative. Oligochaetes, Tubificoides spp., were the most stable and characteristic members of the annelid assemblage.
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    Oligochaeta of the middle Po River (Italy): principal component analysis of the benthic data (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 145-152 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; benthos ; principal component analysis
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    Notes: Abstract The application of principal component analysis to two types of habitat (the benthos of macrophytes and of central river bed) enabled us to single out some of the factors that affect the dynamics and the structure of the oligochaete population and its various reactions to environmental conditions. As regards macrophytes, the distribution of the variables on the basis of the first component is correlated, to a certain extent, with a seasonal factor without any significant differences among sites. The largest population is most closely correlated with the summer months. In fact, we found that the Naididae and Tubificidae species generally develop in larger numbers at higher temperatures. For the Tubificidae, we could detect a precise seasonal cycle. In the central river bed habitat, the first component was correlated with the river discharge, which determines the granulometric characteristics of the sediment; we noticed a correlation among the sites that have the same characteristics, regardless of sampling site or date. The species which correlate most closely among themselves are the Tubificidae Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, Tubifex tubifex, L. udekemianus and L. profundicola, which are very characteristic of environments that contain abundant organic matter. The second component is correlated with temperature, and hence with the availability of oxygen, which determines the presence and the abundance of more sensitive species.
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    The occurrence of species of semi-aquatic Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta) in Ireland (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 159-170 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; Enchytraeidae ; environmental parameters ; ordination techniques
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Enchytraeidae are essentially terrestrial oligochaetes but many species have marked aquatic tendencies. Over two thirds of recorded Irish species were found in soils which were submerged or frequently flooded and 35% showed a distinct preference for these conditions. Relatively few species were living in soils subject to drought. Red blood was present in 28 species, all but one from soils with more than 55% water. Cognettia sphagnetorum and C. glandulosa developed red blood in very wet conditions. In a survey of Irish wetlands, samples were taken from bog, heath, marsh, fen, margins of lakes and rivers, and saltmarsh. The influence of various environmental parameters was determined using ordination techniques. Magnesium and pH were found to be the most important factors. A high level of magnesium distinguished coastal sites and pH 5.2 separated two clusters representing acid peat and marsh-fen-aquatic sites. Groups of indicator species characterized each of the three clusters. The ecological distribution of the indicator species is described, and their usefulness in classifying enchytraeid communities is discussed.
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    The oligochaetes (Annelida, Oligochaeta) in a lake and a canal in the agricultural landscape of Poland (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 171-174 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; diversity ; respiration ; production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Data are presented concerning an investigation into the diversity, abundance, production and respiration of the oligochaete fauna in the eutrophic, polymictic Lake Zbechy and in a melioration canal in the Wielkopolska Region, an area of intensive agriculture. It was found that in the canal the average biomass of oligochaetes was about four times higher than in the lake. Oligochaetes expend 1.1–4 times more energy in respiration than in tissue production. Species diversity and species number are positively correlated, while the correlation between diversity and abundance is negative.
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    Oligochaeta of the epigean and underground fauna of the alluvial plain of the French upper Rhône (biotypological trial) (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 175-182 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; biotypology ; French upper Rhône
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Within a framework of interdisciplinary research, a biotypological trial of the epigean and underground fauna (Oligochaeta and Aphanoneura) of the alluvial plain of the French upper Rhône is proposed, according to the partition of this hydrographic complex into superficial and subterranean functional sets.
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    Comparison of different methods of water quality evaluation by means of oligochaetes (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 183-186 
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    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; water quality ; bioindication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using as examples water bodies in different geographical zones (Lake Ladoga, the River Sukhona, shallow-water ponds of the North Caucasus) the known methods of water quality evaluation by means of oligochaetes are considered. There is no unique universal method of pollution bioindication in. this way. In water bodies of all types the mass development of oligochaetes and the reduction of their species diversity are indications of. (1) large quantities of organic matter; (2) favourable oxygen regime; (3) absence or insignificant quantity of heavy metal solids, petroleum substances and agricultural chemicals; (4) intensive self-purification of the water body.
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    On aquatic Oligochaeta Lumbricomorpha in Europe (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 187-190 
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    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; Lumbricomorpha ; biology of aquatic earthworms ; breeding of aquatic earthworms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Twelve species of aquatic earthworms have been found in European inland waters where they occupy different environments. Two species live exclusively in the sapropel, that is in the black fetid asphyctic mud, while four species can be found either in the sapropel or in the more oxygenated gyttja. The remaining species prefer this type of soil, but Eisenia spelaea in Italy lives only within submerged litter in mountain streams. The biology of these earthworms is discussed and the possibility of their utilization by man is considered.
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    Distribution and habitat characteristics of Naididae and Tubificidae in the inland waters of Israel and the Sinai Peninsula (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 197-205 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; Naididae ; Tubificidae ; Israel & Sinai distribution ; habitat characteristics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nineteen species of Naididae and fourteen species of Tubificidae were found in collections from inland waters in Israel and Sinai. The local distribution patterns of the majority of these species were determined. The ranges of several physical and chemical variables characterizing the habitats of each species were defined. A correlation was found between the distribution patterns of some species and the following variables: salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, current velocities and stability of the habitats.
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    Diversity and zoogeography of marine Tubificidae (Annelida, Oligochaeta) with notes on variation in widespread species (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 191-196 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; Tubificidae ; zoogeography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The specific and generic diversities of the marine Tubificidae (Annelida, Oligochaeta) of the NE Pacific are compared to those of the NE and NW Atlantic as well as to those of Heron Island, Australia. Diversity in the NE Pacific is relatively high when compared to that of the NE Atlantic. The Tubificidae of the NW Atlantic (limited to the eastern coast of the USA) show two distinct zoogeographic regions: Florida to Cape Hatteras; Cape Hatteras to Massachusetts. Diversity, both in terms of the number of species and number of genera, is approximately the same in these two regions, and is similar to that of both the NE Pacific and Heron Island. Evidence suggests that the widespread marine species, in particular Tubificoides pseudogaster, have a range of morphotypes across their distributions. The apparent wide distributions of these species may be due to a taxonomy unable to resolve the differences between the morphotypes. The tubificid oligochaete fauna of the NE Atlantic appears impoverished compared to the other regions examined. The NE Pacific, NW Atlantic, and Heron Island regions are not dominated by one group of species while the NE Atlantic fauna is dominated by Tubificoides benedeni and Clitellio arenarius.
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    A taxonomic and faunistic survey of the marine Tubificidae and Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta) of Italy. Introduction and preliminary results (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 207-210 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; Tubificidae ; Enchytraeidae ; zoogeography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract On the basis of material collected along the Ligurian, Tyrrhenian, Ionic and Adriatic coasts of Italy, a tentative list of 26 species (18 tubificids, 8 enchytraeids) of marine Oligochaeta is presented. Most of the species are new to science, and it can therefore be concluded that there is a very high diversity of oligochaetes in the Mediterranean Sea.
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    Ecology and importance of Oligochaeta in the biocenosis of zoobenthos in lakes of the National Park of the Lithuanian SSR (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 211-214 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; distribution according to sediment type
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper aims to describe the ecology and determine the distribution of Oligochaeta according to sediment type, depth and other environmental factors in 21 lakes of the National Park of the Lithuanian SSR. Diagrams are included showing the distribution of the lakes according to the index of density and biomass of Oligochaeta in the trophic structure of biocenosis of the zoobenthos. Light is thrown on the problem of sediment composition as a significant factor in the distribution and development of aquatic Oligochaeta.
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    The distribution of aquatic oligochaetes in the fenland area of N.W. Overijssel (The Netherlands) (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 215-222 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; fenland ; cluster analysis ; ecological groups
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A synoptic study of the aquatic ecosystems in the Dutch province of Overijssel revealed the presence of 33 oligochaete taxa in the fendland area of N.W. Overijssel. The material was collected at 101 sampling sites in 1981. Oligochaetes were grouped by means of a normal and inverse cluster analysis. Although most oligochaetes are quite biquitous, differences in occurrence and abundance were observed and related to minor differences in environmental parameters.
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    Oligochaeta from profundal zones of Spanish reservoirs (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 223-230 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; biogeography ; ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The profundal benthic fauna of 63 Spanish reservoirs was studied during 1972–75. Samples were taken in the deepest part of each reservoir with a modified Van Veen grab. The fauna was dominated by tubificid worms and chironomids. Sixteen species of Oligochaeta were found, two of them new for the Spanish fauna (Potamothrix heuscheri and Haber pyrenaicus). This was the first time H. pyrenaicus was found since the species was described in 1974 from the Pyrenees. Four species were frequent in the reservoirs (Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, Tubifex tubifex, L. claparedeianus and Dero digitata) but only the first two were abundant as mature individuals. Another interesting fact is the high abundance of immature animals in all samples, accounting for more than 80% of the total individuals examined. The geographical distribution of all species in Spain and their relationship with the typology of Spanish reservoirs are discussed. There seems to be a correlation between the throphic status of the reservoirs and the relative proportion of L. hoffmeisteri as compared to T. tubifex, the number of individuals of the first species increasing with water eutrophication.
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    Two atavistic characters of some Lumbriculidae and their importance for the classification of Oligochaeta (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 15-17 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; Lumbriculidae ; phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The rudimentary atria, and the posterior sperm funnels and sperm ducts, which occur in some species of the Lumbriculidae, are discussed. It is shown that the posterior location of funnels and sperm ducts is the result of a forward shift of the atria, which refutes Stephenson's supposition that the Lumbriculidae is the most archaic family of the present-day Oligochaeta.
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    A phenetic and cladistic study of spermatozoal ultrastructure in the Oligochaeta (Annelids) (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 3-13 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; oligochaete spermatozoa ; acrosome ; electron microscopy ; phenetics ; phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Spermatozoal ultrastructure of nine oligochaete families has been examined for congruence with phylogenetic and taxonomic systems for the Oligochaeta based on general morphology, particularly the holomorphological hennigian analysis of Jamieson (1978a, 1980, 1983). Estimation of congruence has been made following phenetic and cladistic (phylogenetic) analysis. Correspondence, in phenograms and phylograms, of sperm types with taxonomic and phylogenetic groupings previously recognized is generally good. Departure from this rule in the similarity of the phreodrilid sperm to that of the Lumbricina suggests a corresponding alteration of fertilization biology in the phreodrilids. The results indicate that the Haplotaxidae lie at the base of the opisthopores though they do not unequivocally contraindicate acceptance of a Haplotaxis like form as a stem form of the Haplotaxida (opisthopores and Haplotaxidae) and Tubificida. An even more basal position for prosopores, now represented by the Lumbriculida, cannot yet be dismissed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027886
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    Phylogenetic and taxonomic problems in freshwater Oligochaeta with special emphasis on chitinous structures in Tubificinae (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 19-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; Tubificinae ; phylogeny ; taxonomy ; chitinous penis sheaths
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Setae and chitinous penis sheaths are the main characters used to distinguish genera and species of the subfamily Tubificinae. Genital setae and penis sheaths are of functional importance to facilitate copulation. Similar structures in different genera may be homologous or products of parallel evolution (homoiologous). Form and dimensions of the penis sheaths of many tubificine species are very variable. Transspecific overlap of quantitative species characters can make the determination of specimens in the genus Limnodrilus difficult. The configuration of the distal ends of the penis sheaths is an important character to distinguish Limnodrilus species. The definition of the intraspecific variability of this morphological character is problematic.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027888
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    Microbore columns in quantitative column liquid chromatography (1984)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 18 (1984), S. 574-578 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Microbore column ; Flow rate stability ; Performance ; Quantitative analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Some quantitative implications of the use of microbore columns in column liquid chromatography are investigated. Although for several pumps the flow rate stability at 50 μl min−1 is slightly worse than that of pumps operating at 1 ml min−1, the quantitative performance with respect to repeatability and reproducibility of response factors equals that of conventional liquid chromatography. Thermostatting is strongly recommended for microbore column operation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02265697
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    High-speed assay of amino acids using reversed-phase liquid chromatography (1984)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 18 (1984), S. 62-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Reversed phase ; Microparticulate packing ; Amino acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A procedure is described by which 20 commonly occurring amino acids may be separated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography at room temperature in a total time, including derivatisation with o-phthalaldehyde/2-mercaptoethanol reagent, of approximately 15 minutes. Further, an increase in column temperature enables increased resolution of certain amino acids to be obtained with small but acceptable losses in fluorescence intensity. The only major drawback to the method is that the derivatisation reagent does not react with proline or hydroxyproline.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02268457
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    Ion pair chromatography: A new approach to dynamic equilibrium (1984)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 18 (1984), S. 15-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Ion-pair ; Dynamic equillibrium ; Aqueous and aqueous alcohol eluents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary This work describes the dynamic equilibrium of an ionpair, reverse-phase liquid chromatography system. A given adsorbed quantity of an anionic surfactant can lead to different capacity factors and selectivity for anionic solutes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02279456
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    Correlation of the retention data of polyaromatic hydrocarbons obtained on various stationary phases used in normal- and reversed-phase liquid chromatography (1984)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 18 (1984), S. 44-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Retention correlation ; Silica ; Normal and reversed phase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The correlation between the retention data of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) obtained in normal-and reversed-phase liquid chromatography is investigated in order to determine the dominant factors controlling the retention. It is clear that the separation of PAHs on various chemically-bonded packing materials in normal- and/or reversed-phase modes is primarily controlled by the molecular structure and shape. The π-electron interaction between the solute and the stationary phase also contributes to the retention, although pure silica shows a somewhat different behavior.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02279465
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    High-performance liquid chromatography of sugars on copper (II) modified silica gel (1984)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 18 (1984), S. 600-602 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Sugars ; Copper (II) complex ; UV detection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A sensitive method of sugar analysis by HPLC is described in which a copper (II) modified silica gel as stationary phase is used. Detection is based on UV absorption of a complex formed between the sugar, copper, and ammonia.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02261971
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    An investigation into the use of semi-microbore reverse-phase 3 μm columns in HPLC (1984)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 18 (1984), S. 695-697 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Semi-microbore columns ; Reverse-phase ; 3 μm packing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The preparation and use of semi-microbore (2mm i.d.), reverse-phase columns in HPLC has been investigated and they have been compared with 5 mm bore analytical columns. Injection valve design, detector cell volume, column loading and column linking are considered for both semi-microbore and analytical systems. Mobile phase flow-rate, detector time constant and column lifetime are also evaluated for small-bore systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02265817
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    Quantitative determination of trace amounts of L-alanine in triglycine sulphate crystals by HPLC (1984)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 18 (1984), S. 701-703 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Quantitative determination of L-alanine ; DABS-Cl ; Tryglycine sulphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A method for the quantitative determination of L-alanine in triglycine sulphate crystals, in the presence of excess amounts of glycine, is described. L-alanine is determined after derivatization with 4-N,N-dimethyl-aminoazobenzene-4′-sulfonyl chloride (DABS-Cl) and in the presence of DABS-valine used as the internal standard. The results obtained indicate that the method permits the determination of alanine in triglycine sulphate crystals at concentrations of about 1%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02265819
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    Packing and performance of microbore columns for adsorption and partition chromatography (1984)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 18 (1984), S. 73-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Microbore columns ; Performance ; High-speed separation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Microbore columns of 1 mm i.d. have turned out to be very suitable for the achievement of efficient columns. The packing procedure for stainless steel 1 mm i.d. columns from 5 to 100 cm in length was studied. Stationary phases used were: pure silica gel, octyl, octadecyl and amino bonded silicas. The main parameters (slurry composition, packing system, choice of materials) are discussed. Short columns packed with 3 or 5μm particles allow high speed separations. A separation in 18 seconds is described. Very high plate numbers can be obtained with long columns. With 7–8μm particles, a 1 m column can produce 50,000 plates (h=3). Columns can be joined without loss of efficiency. 270 000 theoretical plates were obtained on a 6 m adsorption column with a test mixture. In reversed-phase chromatography, bile acid sodium salts can be separated on a 1 m column. In adsorption chromatography, details are given of the separation of a polystyrene oligomer sample, as well as a light and a heavy petroleum distillate samples on a 2 m column with refractive index detection in the last-case.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02268460
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    The evaluation of “reversed phase” high-performance liquid chromatography packing materials (1984)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 18 (1984), S. 84-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Reversed phase ; Stationary phase evaluation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary For the evaluation of reversed phase packing materials a mixture of acetylacetone, I-nitronaphthalene and naphthalene is proposed. This will reveal the usual optimum kinetic chromatographic parameters (the naphthalene peak), the degree of activity or endcapping status of the column (the ratio of the I-nitronaphthalene and naphthalene retention times) and trace metal activity (the shape and intensity of the acetylacetone peak).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02268462
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    A simple test to characterise C8/C18-bonded phases, particularly for toxicological screening (1984)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 18 (1984), S. 81-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Bonded phases ; Characterisation ; Toxicological screening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary This paper describes a test (“DMD-test”) to determine chromatographic properties of C8- or C18-bonded phases. The test was developed to select HPLC columns, for clinical and forensic toxicological screening in particular. The three compounds for the DMD-test are: diphenhydramine, 5-(p-methylphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (=MPPH) and diazepam. The isocratic mobile phase (acetonitrile/buffer pH2.3) is suitable for analysis of biological samples. 24 commercially available columns were tested. From our work this test enables the selection of commercial HPLC columns with reproducible properties. In this way a reference LC retention list can be developed to identify analytical results on an inter- or intralaboratory basis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02268461
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    Retention prediction of substituted benzenes in reversed-phase HPLC (1984)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 18 (1984), S. 90-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Reversed phase ; Retention prediction ; Substituted benzenes ; Molecular parameters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The separation of substituted benzene derivaties on a reversed-phase C-18 column has been examined. The correlations between the logarithm of the capacity factor and several descriptors indicating the molecular size, shape and the physical properties of a solute were determined. The results indicated that hydrophobicity is the dominant factor to control the retention of substituted benzenes. Their retention in reversed-phase HPLC can be predicted with help of the equations derived by multicombination of the parameters.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02268464
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    Air-sampling of aldehydes—Application to chromatographic determination of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde (1984)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 18 (1984), S. 137-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Aldehydes and ketones ; 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-coated silica gel ; Gas chromatography ; Column liquid chromatography ; Pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary After a brief review of several methods described in the literature this paper discusses air-sampling on 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-coated silica gel and identification requirements for aldehydes and ketones most commonly found in industrial pollution. Quantitative analysis of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde either by GC or by HPLC techniques is established using a dynamic system producing test atmospheres and compared with the usual colorimetric determinations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02258770
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