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  • Articles  (12,732)
  • 1980-1984  (12,732)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1925-1929
  • 1984  (12,732)
  • Economics  (6,609)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (6,493)
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  • 1980-1984  (12,732)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SPACE AND TIME COMPARISONS OF PURCHASING POWER PARITIES AND REAL VALUES (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The calculation of purchasing power parities and quantity comparisons for a given year provides interesting information about the relative importance of countries. However, it is necessary to make these estimates annually in order to enable users to apply these parities for international comparison of annual data expressed in national currency. The paper deals with the problems related to merging spatial comparisons and temporal volume and price movements for the countries of the European Community. For these countries full information was collected in 1975 and in 1980, whereas in the intermediate years some price data were collected and price indices at a detailed level have also been collected. First the theoretical problems of consistency between the spatial results and temporal indices are discussed. Because no immediate consistency can be obtained, several methods are proposed to achieve consistency, by estimating one unique set of spatial and temporal indices. The available information for the period 1975-80 has been used in order to test the numerical differences between two sets of parities and price indices over time. Besides theoretical reasons for inconsistency, it is also necessary to take into account errors in the price observations or in the price indices. The results presented in the paper should be considered as provisional and further work will be undertaken to obtain better insights into the inconsistency between these sets of data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1984.tb00477.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE HIDDEN ECONOMY: STATE AND PROSPECTS FOR MEASUREMENT (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: To know the size and development of the hidden or underground economy is important for policy making, mainly because the measures undertaken may be misdirected if they are based on biased official statistics. The hidden economy can be measured by considering indicators. The direct methods are based on voluntary surveys and on tax auditing and other compliance methods. The indirect estimation methods rely on the identification of residuals with respect to income and expenditures, as well as in the labor and money markets. The strengths and weaknesses of each of these measurement approaches are discussed and the resulting estimates of the size of the hidden economy are compared. A different approach to measurement is to look at the determinants leading to the existence and growth of the hidden economy. Finally, the method of “unobserved variables” allows the combination of the two approaches by simultaneously considering the determinants and indicators of the under- ground economy. The results show a considerable range of sizes for a given country and year. Though there is a broad range of size estimates, there is general agreement that the hidden economy's size has been growing for all countries over recent decades. Further progress in quantitative knowledge about the hidden economy requires the development of a theoretical model which analyses the interdependencies between the official private sector, the hidden economy, and the public sector.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1984.tb00474.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DECOMPOSING THEIL'S INCOME OF INCOME INEQUALITY INTO BETWEEN AND WITHIN COMPONENTS: A NOTE (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1984.tb00479.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Capital Transfer Tax: Adieu (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1984.tb00589.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Impact of the 1984 Budget on the Household Sector (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1984.tb00387.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Progressivity and Graduation in Income Tax (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1984.tb00392.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    The 1984 Budget, the Finance Bill and Corporate Finance: A Correction (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1984.tb00395.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inequality in Family Earnings (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1984.tb00587.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    After Dawson (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: At the first residential conference of the Institute for Fiscal Studies, which was held at St. Edmund Hall, Oxford, in September 1983, Mr Stewart Bates, QC, spoke on the implications of the decision of the House of Lords in the case of W. T. Ramsay Ltd v CIR. A report of those proceedings was held over until the decision of the House of Lords in the case of Furniss, v Dawson was known. The following report is based upon Mr Bates' address and the comments of Mr Stephen Oliver, QC, Mr John Avery Jones and Mr Adrian Shipwright who spoke at a lunchtime seminar convened by the IFS on 9 March 1984 to consider the decision in Furniss v Dawson. This report does not reflect the opinions of the IFS, which has no corporate views.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1984.tb00585.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    The Analytical Foundations of the Medium-Term Financial Strategy (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1984.tb00384.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Chancellor's Arithmetic (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1984.tb00388.x
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  • 12
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    The 1984 Budget, the Finance Bill and Corporate Finance (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1984.tb00389.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Privatisation: Analysing its Appeal and Limitations (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1984.tb00376.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Government and the New Hybrids: A Trail of Unanswered Questions (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1984.tb00380.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    THE STRUCTURE OF AMERICAN INCOME INEQUALITY (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Income inequality is examined using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and a consistent decomposition analysis. I only use inequality measures that satisfy the Principle of Transfers, have the property that a ceteris paribus increase in inequality within any subgroup increases overall inequality, and are independent of the scale of income and population. Decompositions are carried out by family size and by age of head for several definitions of income and income recipient. Whilst changing the time unit over which income is measured has a substantial impact on inequality, the effect of removing the between-age-group component of inequality is relatively slight.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1984.tb00556.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ICP 1980—A BRIEF ACCOUNT FROM AUSTRIA (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper discusses Austria's experiences in connection with the 1980 round of the UN International Comparison Project, in which comparisons were first made within regions and the regions then linked. Austria played a dual role, as (a) the linking country between Group I (the European Community) and Group II (selected middle and eastern European countries), and (b) the base country for Group II. The paper consists of two principal parts. The first part reports, at the 3-digit commodity level, on the success achieved in finding comparable items, both within Group II and between Austria and Group I. The second part discusses a number of methodological problems that were encountered in carrying out the comparison. Chief among these was the treatment of social services that are marketed in some countries and provided free of charge or at nominal prices in others. Other questions touched upon include the treatment of output for own consumption, rents, drugs and medicines, and tourist expenditures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1984.tb00484.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HUMAN CAPITAL INVESTMENT IN HEALTH: A MEASUREMENT FRAMEWORK AND ESTIMATES FOR THE UNITED STATES, 1952–78 (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Lack of a conceptual basis for measuring human capital investment in health has hampered efforts to expand national accounting systems to include human capital investment. This paper presents a conceptual basis for developing estimates of this health investment, an estimation methodology consistent with the conceptual basis, and preliminary estimates for the United States for 1952-78.While much work remains to be done before comprehensive estimates of investment in health are achieved, it is clear that previous estimates based on answers to the question, “What improves health?” have included some inappropriate expenditures while excluding others that should be included.The conceptual basis presented here leads to a methodology for separating health care costs (not the costs of illness) into maintenance and gross investment. Gross investment can be further separated into net investment and the sum of damages and depreciation but empirical implementation of this step is not attempted here.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1984.tb00476.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    QUANTITY AND PRICE EFFECTS IN AN ANALYSIS OF WORLD TRADE BASED ON AN ACCOUNTING MATRIX (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper describes the construction of an accounting matrix for the world economy in 1977, cast along similar lines to SNA National Accounts, but one in which trade flows replace inter-industry flows as intermediate demand. The matrix distinguishes ten regions. Institutional accounts are presented for three of these, the European Community, North America and Japan. This matrix is used to provide the basis of a linear model in which average propensities to import and consume are replaced by estimated marginal propensities. Use is made of standard estimates of the income effects of terms of trade changes in order to distinguish substitution from income effects in the model, and a means is suggested for separating the full as well as the impact effects of a terms of trade change into income and substitution effects. The estimated import equations are used to derive estimates of regional growth rates compatible with external balance in each region. Multiplier matrices are calculated from the model showing regional interdependence of the world economy reflecting the pattern of trade which is identified in the marginal propensities to import.The effects of various aid policies are calculated using the model. It is shown that the cost of aid to any region is radically altered by taking into account the feedback effects of changes in demand. A policy of tied aid pursued by EEC, North America and Japan can actually lead to an improvement in Japan's balance of payments position. Finally the effects of movements in relative prices are illustrated by means of two examples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1984.tb00478.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Macroeconomic Aspects of the 1984 Budget (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1984.tb00383.x
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Savings Taxation: The Chancellor's “Middle Way” (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1984.tb00386.x
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    Does Dividend Policy Matter? (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1984.tb00373.x
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
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    What is the Public Sector Worth? (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1984.tb00374.x
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  • 23
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    Electronic Resource
    The 1984 Corporation Tax Reform (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1984.tb00385.x
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Has Nigel Lawson Really Reformed Business Taxation? (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1984.tb00390.x
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  • 25
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    The Effect of Increasing Tax Thresholds on the Poverty and Unemployment Traps (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1984.tb00375.x
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
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    Airlines and Airports: Privatisation, Competition and Regulation (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1984.tb00378.x
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  • 27
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    GROWTH ACCOUNTING AND PRODUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper compares the growth accounting approaches to aggregate productivity measurement and analysis of three major researchers: E. F. Denison, D. W. Jorgenson, and J. W. Kendrick. The investigetors are compared in terms of their treatment of a number of crucial elements, including measurement of output and of capital and labor inputs (including composition or quality changes), total factor productivity growth, economies of scale, and intensity of demand (for output). Judged by the standard of the neoclassical economic theory of production-the only generally accepted basis for input aggregation-Denison departs significantly from the production theory framework in his measurement of output and capital input, Kendrick to some degree in his measure of capital input, and Jorgenson not at all. The effects of these departures are illustrated with reference to the recent productivity slowdown. The probable near-term future utility of growth accounting methods for productivity analysis is assessed, and some related econometric modeling issues are noted.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1984.tb00554.x
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  • 28
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    MEASURING ECONOMIC GROWTH—A CRITIQUE OF THE VIEWS OF FELL AND GREENFIELD (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1984.tb00557.x
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  • 29
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    PROCEDURES FOR UPDATING THE RESULTS OF INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This article reviews the problems involved in updating the results of international comparisons, in terms of an analytic framework focusing upon the sources of differences between various forms of extrapolation and direct comparisons. The factors identified as important are conservation of prices of the base period and weight inconsistency. The reliability of updating is undoubtedly affected by the length of the period over which the data are extrapolated. A program of regular benchmark comparisons at approximately five-year intervals with updating for the intervening years is attractive, since it permits checking by forward and backward interpolation. Where there are large deviations, however, averaging is not an acceptable solution.
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  • 30
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    ON THE ACCURACY OF INDEX NUMBERS (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Index number accuracy is affected by formula specification and sampling error. The authors argue that an index formula should be “ideal” and “exact” (with reference to the range of economically plausible aggregator functions) to be economically justified. These indices are invariant in the homothetic case, as well as in certain non-homothetic scenarios. Empirically, based on foreign trade data for Egypt from 1885-1961, the set of economically justified indices are virtually identical, supporting the theoretical argument that “instrumental error” or “formula variance” should be a negligible factor contributing to index number error. In a discussion of sampling error, on the other hand, the authors criticize earlier work and propose an upper and lower bound. Using the same data, these limits imply that sampling error may be a serious problem for many indices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1984.tb00475.x
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  • 31
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    AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE CURRENT TREATMENT OF INTEREST AS TRANSFER IN THE UNITED NATIONS AND CANADIAN SYSTEMS OF NATIONAL ACCOUNTS (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The United Nations (SNA) and the Canadian (CSNA) Systems of National Accounts treat interest as a factor return to capital. The difficulties arising from the use of this concept cast doubt upon the basic premise. For example if the usual method of measuring value added by the summation of primary inputs is applied to industries mainly engaged in the lending of money, the results show negative production. This has led to the necessity of imputing bank interest in order to avoid negative income originating in the banking industry. Arguments are being put forward to extend this practice to certain other financial non-bank areas as well to offset the negative product emerging with increasing frequency as a result of higher levels of interest transactions.The proposed alternative is based on the contention that interest paid and received for the borrowing and lending of money should be treated in the same manner as the purchase and sale of other services. For the production accounts, for example, this would mean that interest paid by business would be treated as an intermediate expense of the paying industry and as revenue of the receiving industry. The adoption of this approach would therefore eliminate the need for the imputation of banking services and clear up the ambiguities encountered in treating interest on the public and consumer debt, issues which are also not unrelated to the present treatment of interest.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1984.tb00487.x
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  • 32
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    ANNOUNCEMENTS (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1984.tb00493.x
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  • 33
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    ESTIMATES OF CAPITAL STOCK BY INDUSTRIES FOR AUSTRIA (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The present investigation is the first attempt to calculate gross capital stocks for 19 industries which together cover the whole Austrian economy. A production-oriented concept of capital formed the basis of the investigation; the estimation procedure follows that of C. Almon et al. In contrast to the traditional perpetual-inventory methods, Almon's modified estimation technique combines the advantages of differentiated cumulation containing a logistical retention function with relatively moderate requirements with respect to investment data. A thorough description of this estimation technique is given in the third section of the paper, combined with a number of comparative model calculations. These demonstrate very clearly that capital stock figures calculated according to the Almon method rarely deviate from those found with the help of the traditional inventory method, which requires considerably more information and uses more complicated calculation procedures. Finally, the sectorally disaggregated capital stock estimates calculated according to the Almon method are presented with some interpretative remarks.
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    INTRODUCTION: THE SPECIAL CONFERENCE ON PURCHASING POWER PARITIES (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF PERSONAL WEALTH IN FRANCE (1977): A FIRST ATTEMPT AT THE ESTATE DUTY METHOD (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper reports upon the first official application of the estate multiplier method of estimating the wealth distribution to French data. It is based upon a sample of estate duty returns filed during the period September-December 1977. The sampling rate was 5 percent for estates under one million francs, and 100 percent for estates over this level, giving a total of 5031 records. The data available did not permit a breakdown by type of asset. It did, however, permit classification of estates by age, sex, and occupation of decedent. Experiments were conducted using five different sets of mortality multipliers. The set of mortality multipliers judged most appropriate leads to an estimate of aggregate net wealth that is 77 percent of that given in the national balance sheet of the national accounts. Comparison of the distributions of wealth derived in these estimates suggest that the figures are consistent with those found in other countries.
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    CLARIFICATION OF MILLER ON CAPITAL AGGREGATION IN THE PRESENCE OF OBSOLESCENCE-INDUCING TECHNICAL CHANGE (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    A BALANCED SYSTEM OF NATIONAL ACCOUNTS FOR THE UNITED KINGDOM (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper describes the construction of a disaggregated system of 262 national accounts for the U.K. economy in 1975. The objective is to remove the discrepancies between income, expenditure, production and financial estimates which occur in practice. This is done with the aid of a generalized least squares algorithm for adjusting national accounts with subjective estimates of reliability of the various account items. The balanced system of accounts provides the cross-section data base needed for the estimation of a consistent multisectoral dynamic model of the U.K. economy and yields the classification converters and input-output tables necessary for such a model.
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    AN ESTIMATE OF THE SIZE ANL STRUCTURE OF THE NATIONAL PRODUCT OF THE EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: On the basis of rough estimates from the expenditure as well as from the income side, it is suggested that the national product per head of the Roman Empire at the death of Augustus (AD 14) was somewhat below 400 sesterces (31 g gold) yielding an aggregate national product of fully HS 20 billion for a population of 55 million and that these figures were approximately valid from the late first century BC to the mid-second century AD. The share of government expenditures in national product was very low, probably not above five percent, and that of gross capital expenditures even lower, probably not in excess of two percent. An attempt is also made to appraise the concentration of personal income and it is estimated that the 600 senatorial families, representing approximately the top 0.04 per m of the population, received about 0.6 percent of total personal income while the share of the top three percent of income recipients was in the order of 20–25 percent of total personal incomes. The second part of the article compares these estimates as well as a few indicators of the standard of living and of welfare in the early Roman Empire with the corresponding figures for a few countries before the industrial revolution and for mid-20th century less developed countries.
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    THE VALUE OF SERVCES PROVDED BY THE STOCK OF GOVERNMENT-OWNED FIXED CAPTAL IN THE UNITED STATES, 1948–79 (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Expanded measures of government product normally include imputations for the services of government capital. This article discusses several approaches to measuring the value of the services of government capital and focuses on the conceptual and empirical difficultes associated with making such imputations. In addition, four sets of alternative estimates for 1948–79 are presented.
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    ON THE ESTIMATION OF PURCHASING POWER PARITIES ON THE BASIC HEADING LEVEL (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The estimation procedure for purchasing power parities is generally divided into two parts, one for calculating transitive PPP's within basic headings and a second beyond this most detailed level up to gross domestic product. This paper only concerns the first step. It provides a description of the work carried out by the European Communities in 1980 within the United Nations International Comparison Project (ICP) framework. The estimated PPI's for basic headings are put forward together with the procedures for product selection and specification, the classification used for these purposes and the impact on the estimation of transitive PPP's. Instead of the country-product dummy (CPD) method used in the ICP, a revised Elteto-Köves-Szulc (EKS) procedure is proposed in which the estimation method and product selection constitute one integrated procedure.
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    IMPROVED INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF REAL PRODUCT AND ITS COMPOSITION: 1950–1980 (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A set of international comparisons is developed for 124 countries over the three post World War II decades, 1950-80. A Data Table is presented which gives, for most countries and most years, real product estimates for three different national income concepts and for the major subaggregates consumption, investment, and government. Detailed comparative price level estimates are provided as well.
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    ANNOUNCEMENTS (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Economics
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    Tax Reform in Ireland (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    Organising the Finance of Hospitals by Simulated Markets (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    Privatisation Techniques and the PSBR (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    Privatisation, Regulation and Competition (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Express Coaching since 1980: Liberalisation in Practice (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    Policy Towards Contracting-Out: The Lessons of Experience (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    On the Reform of the Taxation of Husband and Wife: Are Incentives Important? (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    Tax Evasion and Avoidance on Earned Income: Some Survey Evidence (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    Deep Discount Bonds—Or How to Get an Interest-free Loan (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    The Budget and the Economic Strategy (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    TRENDS IN THE CONCENTRATION OF PERSONAL WEALTH IN THE UNITED STATES, 1958 TO 1976 (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The trend in the concentration of U.S. wealth from 1958 through 1976 is examined in some detail and summary data are used to extend the period over which the trend is observed back to 1922. The data suggests a long-run secular decline in the concentration of U.S. wealth with a rather sharp decline in 1976, the last year for which measurements were made. Although the secular decline in wealth concentration is supported by numerous observations across 50 years, the precipitous decline measured between 1972 and 1976 should be interpreted with caution because it undoubtedly reflects the substantial downward revaluation which occurred in the stock market from 1972 (most recent previous observation) to 1976. This is not to argue that wealth holders at the top of the distribution were not made significantly less affluent by the revaluation, but that the 1976 observation includes a large cyclical component. Future observations which include the subsequent upward revaluation in the stock market are expected to show levels of concentration comparable to or only slightly below those for 1958 through 1972.
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    NEW DEVELOPMENTS TOWARDS RESOLVING THE COMPANY-ESTABLISHMENT PROBLEM (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The paper begins by stating various aspects of the national economic accountant's “company-establishment problem.” Six possible approaches to the problem are briefly outlined. The paper concentrates on one approach based on new developments in business accounting theory and practice, namely divisional-reporting procedures. The division represents the smallest operating entity capable of reporting both a complete set of production (income) statistics and a set of related financial (balance-sheet) statistics. When companies are owned and controlled by the same interests, namely the enterprise, each division reports on an enterprise-wide basis. In this important case, the traditional company-establishment problem has an enterprise-division-establishment resolution.There is considerable emphasis on clarifying the issues needed for systematic development of divisional-reporting to meet the requirements of a national statistical agency. Key aspects are the provision of appropriate conceptual distinctions relating to statistical structure of corporate organizations and patterns of intercorporate ownership consolidation. Practical experience gained by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission's line of business reporting program is also highlighted. Two tables show details with respect to a proposed divisional income statement and balance-sheet statement that a systematically developed division-reporting unit can provide. The tables are related to existing statistics yielded by traditional company- and establishment-reporting units. In effect the paper is part of a movement giving national economic accounting more microdata dimensions. Future research must integrate the proposed new statistical reporting unit within systems of national accounts presently constructed on the basis of a dual sectoring classification.
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    International Meeting on “Problems of Compilation of Input-Output-Tables” (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ON AGGREGATION METHODS FOR INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper brings together discussions of Geary–Khamis indexes now available only in scattered sources, and considers their application to a range of uses. The first section traces the development of the method from its initial proposal by Geary in 1953, with the aid of a numerical example illustrating differences among various formulations. The second section considers the least squares properties of Geary-Khamis indexes and some related variants. The final section considers adjustments to the method required for regionalization and spatio-temporal bilateral and multilateral comparisons, as well as to take account of the nature of available data.
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    The impact of low numbers of leatherjackets on grass yield (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Experiments were carried out on seven sites in Fermanagh to investigate the yield loss caused by leatherjackets in grassland. Populations on the sites ranged from 65,000 to 865,000 ha−1 and significant damage was recorded from all sites except the least populated. Greater yield increases were obtained by controlling leatherjackets in September when compared with control in March. Regression models were fitted and it was found that 125,000 leatherjackets ha−1 in March caused a yield loss of 50 kg herbage dry matter (DM) ha−1 by mid-May. Based on these figures the average yield loss to leatherjackets in Northern Ireland, from 1965 to 1982, was 208 kg DM ha−1. Controlling leatherjackets in September, rather than March, increased the potential avoidable yield loss by a factor of 2.72. The average yield loss at first silage cut is therefore 566 kg DM ha−1. On average, 100,000 ha grassland in Northern Ireland may be suffering an annual loss of 1t herbage DM ha−1.
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    The utilization of sown and indigenous plant species by sheep and goats grazing hill pastures (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The utilization of sown and indigenous plant species was studied in three experiments in which plots were stocked with similar live weights of sheep and goats. In the first experiment the animals grazed plots containing 0–5 ha of rush (Juncus effusus)- infested reseeded pasture and 0–5 ha of unimproved blanket bog. The second and third experiments took place on old rush-infested improved pasture; in one experiment two levels of herbage mass of grass were provided while in the other the rushes were cut in spring or remained uncut.The goats grazed the rushes readily in all three experiments. Reduction in herbage mass of grass increased utilization of rushes by goats although these animals still grazed rushes when grass supply was plentiful. Sheep scarcely grazed J. effusus even when hard-pressed by shortage of grass. Both sheep and goats grazed J. acutiflorus.In Experiment I sheep utilized reseeded pasture more heavily than did goats. Sheep grazed similar proportions of the leaves of grass and clover while goats grazed a lower proportion of clover leaves as compared with grass. Among the grasses sheep discriminated in favour of Lolium perenne whereas goats did not. On the blanket bog vegetation, Eriophorum vaginatum and Calluna vulgaris were grazed both earlier in the season and more heavily by goats than by sheep.The relationships between sward structure and grazing height in accounting for differences in species selection by sheep and goats are briefly discussed. The possibility of using goals to control coarse weeds in hill pasture and for strategic grazing to manipulate floristic composition is outlined.
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    A comparison of a rising-plate meter and an electronic capacitance meter for estimating the yield of pastures grazed by dairy cows (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The performances of a rising-plate meter and a single-probe electronic capacitance meter were compared for estimating the herbage mass of irrigated pastures both before and after grazing by dairy cows. Mean CV for the rising plate meter and the single-probe meter were 12.7% and 13.3% respectively when herbage mass was measured before grazing, and 21.8% and 15.4% respectively immediately after grazing. These coefficients of variation indicate that while the performance of the two meters was similar when herbage mass was measured before grazing, the single-probe meter was a more precise instrument for estimating herbage mass after grazing.Trampling of herbage prior to measurement had a major effect on the regressions of both meters; the regression intercept was increased by 2800 kg dry matter (DM) ha−1 for the rising-plate meter and by 2580 kg DM ha−1 for the single-probe meter. The slopes of the graphs, however, remained unchanged.It was concluded that while the single-probe meter performed better than the rising-plate meter for estimating the mass of post-grazing herbage when trampling was negligible, the large effect that trampling had on the post-grazing calibration regressions precluded both instruments from general use in dairy cattle research. This indicates that another technique is required in circumstances in which pastures are heavily trampled.
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    Potential pasture production in the uplands of Wales (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Only a very limited number of species, including red fescue (Festuca rubra), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), timothy (Phleum protense) and white clover (Trifolium repens) are considered as suitable for wet hill land. Detailed comparison of red fescue, perennial ryegrass and timothy on contrasting acid brown earth and stagnogley soils from 1966 to 1969 at Pant-y-dŵr Hill Centre (305 m OD) highlighted the advantages of red fescue in annual DM production and its more even distribution over a longer growing season but also indicated drawbacks of slow initial establishment and lower feed quality. In vitro DOMD of red fescue averaged 645 g kg−1 over the year compared with 690 g kg−1 for perennial ryegrass and timothy. Assessment of a narrow range of species under surface seeding conditions on a stagnogley soil from 1971 to 1975 confirmed the value of red fescue in DM production and persistence. The results are discussed in relation to the characteristics required in herbage species for hill land improvement.
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    Orchardgrass and perennial ryegrass with applied nitrogen and in mixtures with legumes (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: High-yielding grass-legume mixtures play an important role in forage-animal systems but finding compatible and adapted species can sometimes be difficult. The objective of this study was to examine productivity of perennial ryegrass and orchardgrass in pure stands with N and in mixtures with legumes.Broadcast sowings were made on conventionally prepared seedbeds in August 1979 and May 1980 on a Hagerstown silt loam soil (fine, mixed mesic Typic Hapludalf). When sown alone orchardgrass cv. Pennlate and perennial ryegrass cv. Reveille received rates of N ranging from 0 to 448 kg ha−1 a−1. The grasses were also grown in mixtures with alfalfa cv. Arc, red clover cv. Arlington, or birds foot trefoil cv. Viking. The same legumes were sown alone. Four legume seed rates were used in both the pure legume and mixed stands.Orchardgrass-N swards were more productive than ryegrass-N swards over 3 years. More dry matter (DM) was harvested from pure stands of
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    The effect of autumn fungicide application on spring dry matter accumulation in perennial ryegrass cv. S24 (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Fungicide applied to plots of perennial ryegrass cv. S24 in the autumn of 1981 significantly increased tiller number and total dry matter accumulation in February and March of 1982. However, fungicide application in the autumn of 1982 failed to increase tiller number or dry matter accumulation in the spring of 1983. It is suggested that fungicide application in autumn 1981 prevented the death of tillers caused by fungal attack after snow covered the plots in December 1981.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01695.x
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    Errata (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01698.x
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  • 64
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    The effect of stocking rate and fertilizer usage on income variability for dairy farms in England and Wales (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A mathematical model of grass production and utilization on a dairy farm is described. Using the model an assessment has been made of the extent to which financial uncertainty arising from year-to-year variability in grass yields, coupled with a preference among farmers for minimizing risks, may explain the relatively low stocking rates and observed nitrogen usages on many dairy farms in England and Wales. The degree of risk has been equated with the probability of profits in a particular year being less than those required to cover the consumption needs and short-term borrowing requirements of the farmer. The results of the analysis indicate that a strategy of minimizing risks may lead to a significantly lower stocking rate than one of maximizing profits. Thus, considerations of risk may lead to stocking rates which are suboptimal from the viewpoint of economic and biological efficiency. However, there is no evidence to suggest that the comparatively low average usage of nitrogen on dairy farms in the UK is determined by risk considerations. On the contrary, increasing nitrogen usage lowers the apparent financial risk at a given stocking rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01673.x
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  • 65
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    Dry matter and quality of herbage harvested from Holcus lanatus and Lolium perenne grown in monocultures and in mixtures (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The herbage dry matter (DM) harvested, N response and herbage quality of monocultures and mixtures of Holcus lanatus (local ecotype) and Lolium perenne (cv. S24) were compared in a field experiment. The species were seeded in the proportions 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0: 100; three rates of N were applied (150, 300 and 450 kg ha−1) and five or six cuts were taken in each of four harvest years. H. lanatus established poorly in the seeding year and in the first full harvest year L. perenne contributed 1, 54, 76, 89 and 99% of the total herbage DM harvested from the five sward types (mean of N treatments). Only a small decline in the L. perenne content of the swards occurred during the experiment.Total amounts of herbage harvested were significantly lower for H. lanatus monoculture than for the other sward types in three of the four harvest years However, L perenne monoculture yielded significantly more total DM than mixtures with H lanatus in only one of the four harvest years. The five sward types did not differ overall in response to N fertilization. Nitrogen, phosphate and potassium content of the herbage was greatest for H. lanatus monoculture and decreased with increasing proportions ofL perenne present in the mixtures.Thus the presence of a high proportion of H. lanatus in mixture with L. perenne cv. S24 had
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 66
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    The mineral metabolism of sheep fed high- and low-magnesium selections of Italian ryegrass (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Two experimental populations of Italian ryegrass selected for high and low magnesium content were established as swards, harvested fresh daily and offered to sheep. Chemical analysis of the crops showed a 44% higher Mg and a 22% higher Ca concentration in the high-Mg selection but no significant differences between the selections for the other minerals.Blood and rumen contents were sampled throughout the feeding period and voluntary intake, digestibility and mineral balances for Na, K, Mg, Ca and P were determined. Magnesium intake, apparent availability and retention were significantly greater with the high-Mg selection. There were no significant differences in the plasma-mineral concentrations and all were within the normal range. Rumen fluid from animals fed the high-Mg selection had a higher proportion of soluble Mg and a higher Na:K ratio in the supernatant liquor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01681.x
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  • 67
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    Changes in the structure and physiology of a perennial ryegrass sward when released from a continuous stocking management: implications for the use of exclusion cages in continuously stocked swards (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A perennial ryegrass sward was managed by continuous stocking with sheep (April–September) for 4 successive years after sowing. The sward was grazed to maintain a leaf (lamina) area index (LAI) close to 1.0. Areas of the sward were released from grazing on three occasions: once during summer in the third year after sowing, and twice during spring and summer in the fourth year after sowing. There were marked changes in the structure and physiology of the continuously stocked sward following release from grazing. After several successive years of continuous stocking, the sward comprised a large population of small tillers and the small LAI resulted in consistently low rates of photosynthesis. Following release from grazing, photosynthesis increased markedly as the LAI increased but this change was associated with the loss of a large proportion of the population of tillers. There were seasonal differences in the pattern of changes in photosynthesis and tiller numbers following release from grazing which were not apparent under continuous stocking. The changes in the structure and physiology of the sward following release from grazing suggest that the net accumulation of herbage in areas of sward from which the animals are excluded, for instance using cages, may be an unreliable estimate of production under continuous stocking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01658.x
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  • 68
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    A comparison of unwilted and wilted grass silages offered to beef cattle without and with monensin sodium (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A randomized block experiment was conducted to compare unwilted and wilted grass silages and the effects of the feed additive monensin sodium on the silage intake and performance of finishing beef cattle. Two regrowths from a predominantly perennial ryegrass (cv. S24) sward were ensiled either without wilting or after field wilting for 3 d (dry matter (DM) concentrations 161 and 266 g kg−1 respectively). Both silages were treated with formic acid (2·6 and 30 litre t−1 respectively) and were well preserved. The silages were offered ad libitum to forty-eight Charolais-cross cattle (thirty-two steers and sixteen heifers, mean initial live weight 351 kg) for 145 d. All animals received 2·2 kg concentrates per head daily and half of those on each silage treatment received in addition 200 mg monensin sodium per head daily. Silage DM intake was 5.04, 504. 5·48, 5·63 ± 0.134 kg d−l; fasted liveweight gain was 0·69, 0·77. 0·64 and 0·73 ± 0.033 kg d−l and carcass gain was 0·47, 0·50, 0·40 and 0·45 ± 0·020 kg d−1 for the unwilted silage without and with monensin and the wilted silage without and with monensin respectively. It is concluded that wilting grass of low DM concentration for 3 d prior to ensiling reduced the performance of finishing beef cattle below that obtained from well-preserved unwilted silage in spite of a higher DM intake being achieved with the wilted silage. The inclusion of monensin sodium in a silage-based diet increased performance without significantly affecting feed intake.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01662.x
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  • 69
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    The antimicrobial spectra of organic compounds with respect to their potential as hay preservatives (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Formic acid, sodium diacetate, propionic acid and two of its ammonium salts, ammonium isobutyrate and tributyl phosphate, were examined for their antimicrobial effects with cultures of micro-organisms typical of the microflora of moist hay. The assays, which were conducted at pH 5, 6, 7 and 8, revealed that all potential preservatives discriminated against actinomycetes in particular and were least effective against fungi. In addition, it was apparent that antimicrobial properties were enhanced under slightly acid conditions and for this reason the use of mixtures of organic acids and salts in commercial hay preservatives is justified. Tributyl phosphate not only had the strongest antimicrobial properties of the compounds tested but was also the least affected by pH.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01667.x
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  • 70
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    Herbage yield and animal production from grassland on three commercial dairy farms in South-East England (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Yields of grass were measured on three dairy farms in 1981. Farm 1, on free-draining loamy soil over chalk, produced 10.3 t DM ha−1 using 336 kg N ha−1. Farm 2, on poorly-drained loam over Oxford clay, produced 12.8 t DM ha−1 using 354 kg N ha−1. Farm 3, on loam over clay with some free-draining sandy loam, produced 9.5 t DM ha−1 with 169 kg N ha−1. Allowing for differences in soil nitrogen and summer rainfall these yields were quite close to expectations from experimental results, despite considerable poaching damage to some swards.Animal production records were kept and all livestock were weighed every 6 months, so as to calculate the utilized metabolizable energy (UME) output from grassland on each farm. These were 73, 62 and 59 GJ ha−1 on farms 1, 2 and 3 respectively.The UME output, expressed as a proportion of the yield of grass (converted to ME), was taken as the ‘efficiency of utilization’ of grass. This was 70% on farm 1,44% on farm 2 and 58% on farm 3. Results are presented separately for the summer and winter 6 months. Utilization by grazing appeared to be markedly reduced under very wet soil conditions. Major losses occurred in the conservation of grass.The results begin to establish a valuable base of data from commercial farms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01679.x
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  • 71
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    The influence of seed rate and pesticides on the establishment and growth of white clover slot-seeded into a permanent pasture (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The establishment and growth of white clover (cv. Grasslands Huia) was investigated in two experiments with seeds sown in slots cut in old permanent pasture in early May 1982. In the first experiment, fully protected from pests and diseases, either 50 (low), 100 (medium) or 200 (high) seeds were sown evenly per metre length of slot; 100 seeds were also sown in a clumped pattern unevenly. In the second experiment, the effects of various combinations of molluscicide, insecticide and fungicide were investigated.Nine weeks after sowing there were 27, 37, 34 and 62 seedlings m−1 on the low, medium even, medium uneven and high seed-rate treatments, representing percentage establishments of 54, 37, 34 and 31 respectively. By September, however, there were no significant differences between the dry weights m−l of any of the treatments. In the second experiment, damage by slugs occurred early in treatments without molluscicide and caused a mean reduction of 70% in seedling establishment. As a result significantly smaller dry weights m−1 of clover were recorded in September in these than in other treatments. Failure to protect against insects resulted in smaller seedlings.The results indicated that variations in seed rate within the range investigated were not critical but that failure to protect against pests decreased percentage establishment and subsequent growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01682.x
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  • 72
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    The effect of stocking rate on a lamb production system with February-lambing ewes (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Masham ewes were stocked at 12(L), 16(M) or 20 (H) ewes ha−1, with 1·8 lambs per ewe on average, on two blocks (A and B) in both 1976 and 1977. Silage was offered at pasture to the ewes in early lactation and as stocking rate increased from 12 to 16 and then 20 ewes ha−1, 47, 73 and 100 kg DM per ewe was consumed respectively. Silage was cut mainly in the autumn and 179, 100 and 9 kg per ewe was made for L, M and H respectively. More variation between treatments was measured in net herbage accumulation in summer than spring and 11·4, 10·0 and 9·7t DM ha −1 was grown over the whole season for L, M and H respectively as a mean of both years.High intakes of herbage OM were measured with values up to 40 g per kg live weight for BL lambs in 1976. Rapid lamb growth was achieved. There were effects of stocking rate on lamb performance and for L, M and H the respective growth rates to 4 weeks were 266, 248 and 247 g d−1; growth rates to sale were 274, 263 and 252 g d−1; days to sale were 124, 126 and 129; mean carcass weights were 17·7, 17·1 and 16·7 kg. Most ewes lost weight in early lactation, especially AH and BH in 1976, but there were no stocking rate effects on ewe weight change in 1977.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 73
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    Quantifying the effect of nitrogen fertilizer applications in spring on white clover content in perennial ryegrass-white clover swards (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Data are presented for the fourth (1979) and fifth (1980) harvest years of a trial in which four levels of N fertilizer (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg N ha−1) were applied each spring to swards with grass (perennial ryegrass cv. Barlenna) and each one of four cultivars of while clover (Blanca, Sabeda, Olwen and S100) or grass alone. Results from the first three years have been published.Dry matter (DM) harvested dropped from the fourth to fifth years over all swards by 1 −5 to 2 0 t ha−1 but response to N was maintained (17.4 and 24.4 kg DM (kgN)−l in response to 90 kg N ha−1 in 1979 and 1980 respectively) despite reductions in summer yields relative to unfertilized swards. Blanca swards produced significantly less DM harvested than all other cultivars in 1979 and all cultivars in 1980 except for Olwen. Clover DM harvested continued to fall from 1977, the mean for the unfertilized treatment in 1980 being 55% of that in 1979. Up to 1980 Sabeda swards produced more clover DM harvested than Blanca swards. Linear regressions between annual clover content at zero N and at each spring N level for each sward type over 5 harvest years were very highly significant. It is concluded that all cultivars used responded similarly to spring N. Further work to develop a method for predicting the effect of spring N on clover content of given swards is required.
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  • 74
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    The winter hardiness of Festuca rubra, Holcus lanatus and Agrostis spp. in comparison with Lolium perenne (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Preliminary experiments were conducted to assess the winter hardiness of representative cultivars or populations of Festuca rubra, Holcus lanatus and Agrostis spp. in comparison with a hardy (Premo) and a susceptible (Grasslands Ruanui) cultivar of Lolium perenne. Two controlled-environment tests and a field experiment including two cutting and two fertilizer managements are reported.Grasslands Ruanui andH lanatus suffered most damage in all tests. In the controlled-environment experiments, Premo was at least as hardy as the F. rubra and Agrostis cultivars but in the field Premo was more susceptible. Spring growth of Premo was affected more by the cutting and fertilizer managements applied the previous summer and autumn than was spring growth of F. rubra or Agrostis spp.It was concluded that, whereas use off. F. rubra or Agrostis spp. should not be limited by fears of winter damage, poor winter hardiness may limit the value of H. lanatus for hill and upland reseeding.
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  • 75
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    Defoliation of ryegrass-dominated swards by sheep (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Patterns of defoliation in perennial ryegrass-dominated swards were examined in two experiments. In Experiment I measurements were made on four swards after a single overnight grazing. In Experiment 2 observations were made repeatedly on marked tillers in two continuously stocked swards which were grazed down over a 24-d period. In both experiments the chance of defoliation was related to lamina height both within and between age classes. Lamina angle was measured in Experiment 2 and within age classes the chance of defoliation was also independent of lamina angle. In Experiment 1 tillers most frequently had both of the two youngest laminae grazed; in Experiment 2 tillers with only lamina 1 grazed occurred most frequently, but defoliation of the two youngest laminae was again common.The different frequencies of grazing of the different classes of laminae is interpreted as being a function of their frequency of occurrence within the grazed layer at the top of the sward. The pseudostem apparently restricted the depth of the grazed layer in the very short swards of Experiment 2.Grazing behaviour in relation to sward structure and the patterns of defoliation and their implications for herbage production are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01685.x
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  • 76
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    The nature of competition between perennial ryegrass and white clover (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Perennial ryegrass and white clover were grown in boxes with either no competition, root competition only, shoot competition only, or both root and shoot competition between them, Boxes received either no nitrogen or 200 kg N ha−1 as a split application. The experiment was harvested at 8, 12, 16 and 20 weeks after sowing. Perennial ryegrass was more competitive than white clover throughout the experiment and its overall competitive ability increased with Lime. The effects of root competition were greater than those of shoot competition at the first harvest, with both forms of competition having similar affects at the second harvest, while at the third and final harvests shoot competition had greater effects than root competition. At the later harvests N application increased the overall competitive ability of perennial ryegrass, relative to white clover, mainly owing to the increase in its shoot competitive ability.
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  • 77
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    The drying rates of component parts of inflorescence-bearing tillers of Italian ryegrass (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Inflorescence-bearing tillers of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum cv. RvP) were dried in controlled temperature, relative humidity and air speed conditions chosen to be within the range likely to occur in a hay swath drying in the field. After drying for increasing intervals the tillers were separated into inflorescence, exposed flowering stem, leaf-laminae, leaf-sheath and flowering stem enclosed by leaf-sheath and the drying rates of these components in addition to that of whole tillers were measured. There were large differences in drying rate between components, but the differences were similar over the range of drying conditions employed. The drying rate of the inflorescence as well as that of stem enclosed by leaf-sheath was found to be very low and that of leaf-laminae and leaf-sheath very high.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01692.x
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  • 78
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    Book reviews (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Genetic Resources of Forage Plants Edited by J. G. McIvor and R. A. Bray Nutritional Limits to Animal Production from Pastures Edited by J. B. Hacker Herbivory. The Dynamics of Animal-Plant Interactions By Michael J. Crawley
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    The utilized metabolizable energy output of grassland on hill farms in Northern Ireland (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Forty hill farms in Northern Ireland were surveyed to obtain information on stocking rates and output and to identify factors affecting output. The mean farm area of 194 ha was composed of 155 ha hill land and 39 ha inbye land with a mean stocking rate of 0–7 cow-equivalents ha−1.On the average farm most of the grassland (88%) was over 20 years old. The preferred species content of the swards averaged 22% over the whole farm and 42% in cut swards. This latter result may be attributed to the relatively high level of fertilizer N applied to these swards (131 kg ha−1) compared to the mean application rate over the whole farm of only 29 kg N ha−1 and 93 kg ha−1 applied to the inbye land.Output data calculated as utilized metabolizable energy (UME) per unit area for the whole farm and separately for hill and inbye components showed that although only 21% of the farm area was inbye land almost half the annual total metabolizable energy requirements of stock had to be met by grazing inbye. The capacity of herbage to meet stock energy demands was much lower on the hill with supplementary feed having to be provided over the winter.Calculated output from inbye land was 39 GJ ha−1 compared to 7 GJ ha−1 from the hill and 15 GJ ha−1 from the whole farm. UME output of the whole farm was negatively correlated with farm size (r=−0 55) and positively correlated with stocking rate (r = 0 89), applied N level (r = 0 63)
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    An investigation into the effect of cultures of lactic acid bacteria on fermentation in silage (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Forage-harvested crops of perennial ryegrass (200 g DM kg−1) and red clover (163 g DM kg−1) were inoculated with cultures of Streptococcus durans str. 1024, Lactobacillus acidophilus sir. 2356 and Lactobacillus plantarum str. 6, and 1:1 mixtures of the Streptococcus and each of the lactobacilli, at rates of 106 and 106 (g fresh weight)−1 and ensiled in laboratory silos for up to 128 d. The possible influence of these bacteria on fermentation was examined in relation to formic acid at rates of application of 0 and 2.3 g(kg fresh weight)−1, None of the cultures or culture mixtures, either at the low or high rate of application, had any notable influence on microbial development, the rate of acidification or promotion of the homolactic fermentation; they tended to exacerbate loss of insoluble nitrogen and deamination. All silages were well-preserved with no butyric acid being detected, in spite of pH increase during storage. Only formic acid had any consistent and desirable effect on preservation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01676.x
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  • 81
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    Book reviews (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Grass: its Production and Utilization Edited by W. Holmes Fream's Agriculture Edited by C. R. W. Spedding
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01684.x
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    Variability of the in vitro digestibility of standard herbage samples (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The results or estimations of in vitro digestibility of three standard herbage samples, analysed weekly over about 48 weeks per year, have been examined using time-series methods of Box and Jenkins to separate seasonal and non-seasonal trends. The study includes data from March 1971 to February 1981. The dominant feature of variability is the seasonal component with a cycle of 52 weeks; no other significant cycles of longer periods were detected. The model of Box and Jenkins (1976) was found to be the most appropriate in describing the three series. A decrease in the in vitro digestibility of the low standard, which is 10 years old, occurred over the last year or so, although the reasons for this apparent storage effect are unknown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01660.x
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  • 83
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    The antimicrobial spectra of some salts of organic acids and glutaraldehyde in respect to their potential as silage additives (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Salts of formic, acetic and propionic acids and glutaraldehyde were subjected to an assay with representatives of the major groups of silage micro-organisms at pH 4·0, 4·5, 5·0 and 6·0. The antimicrobial spectra of the salts suggested that they are most effective against the least desirable components of the bacterial flora of silage, coliforms, Clostridia and bacilli, and would create conditions for a desirable fermentation in practice. In many instances the activity of the salts was better than the corresponding free acid and it was postulated that, if supplemented with acid, aerobic stability of silage might also be improved. Glutaraldehyde, whilst being less selective as an antimicrobial agent, possesses properties which would encourage a lactic-acid fermentation in silage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01664.x
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  • 84
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    The influence of the epidermis on the drying rates of red clover leaf petioles and stems and of Italian ryegrass stems at low water contents (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Previous results with red clover (Trifolium pratense) leaflets, leaf petioles and stems indicated that the epidermis continued to impose a barrier to water loss at low water contents. Further experiments with red clover leaf petioles and stems suggest that cuticular wax is the epidermal component concerned and that treatments which remove or merely modify this will also increase drying rate. However, when treatments to reduce epidermal resistance were applied to pseudostems and flowering stems of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) the initial increase in drying rate produced was not sustained at low water contents. The pseudostems consisted of three layers of leaf material rolled one within the other and the true flowering stems were surrounded by one leaf sheath. Their pattern of response to treatments suggested that these affected only the outer sheath, which produced an initial acceleration in drying rate, but that this was not sustained after the outer sheath was dry because the lower untreated layers dried in a similar way to untreated controls.The results suggest the possibility of devising practical treatments to increase drying rate at low water contents with crops containing a high proportion of leaf or stem not surrounded by leaf sheath. Devising such treatments for crops with a high proportion of grass pseudostem or flowering stem surrounded by leaf sheath will be considerably more difficult.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01666.x
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  • 85
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    An analysis of the uninterrupted growth of white clover swards receiving either biologically fixed nitrogen or nitrate in solution (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: White clover swards were grown in a freely ventilated glasshouse during August and September 1979. The uninterrupted growth of these swards, which were grown in Perlite with either nitrate or biologically fixed nitrogen, was studied from 5 weeks after sowing until peak dry weights of the live sward components occurred. The dry weight of leaf laminae, petioles, stolons, roots, nodules and dead material was determined weekly together with live leaf numbers and leaf lamina area. The pattern of dry matter accumulation of the yield components of the swards (live leaf laminae plus petioles) was characterized by an initial period of more or less exponential growth up to 6 weeks from sowing dominated by leaf lamina development. This was followed by a linear phase, when petiole weight increased rapidly and a final slowing down period terminated by peak yields of live DM 12 weeks after sowing.The weight of stolons, roots and nodules increased slowly during the period dominated by leaf lamina growth compared with the rapid increase thereafter, which resulted in a two- to three-fold increase in the weight of stolons, roots and nodules by the time the weights peaked. It is assumed that after the leaf area index of the sward had reached a plateau there was a limit to the assimilate supply to the sward components at a stage when they were all apparently competing for photosynthates. There was a progressive slowing down in the rate of dry matter accumu-
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01700.x
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  • 86
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    Silage and milk production: a comparison between concentrates containing different amounts of protected protein as supplements for silage of high digestibility (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Grass silage made in late May from S24 perennial ryegrass was offered ad libitum to eight Ayshire cows in a 16-week feeding experiment. The silage had a DM concentration of 244 g kg−1, contained 163 g crude protein (kg DM)−1 with a ruminal degradability of 0.77 and had an in vitro DOMD concentration of 678 g kg−1. In addition, four concentrates each containing 167 g soya-bean meal kg−1 were consumed at a mean daily rate of 6.43 kg DM per cow. The soya-bean meal was either untreated, or ‘protected’ by formalin and mixed in the following proportions, 100:0; 66:34; 34:66; and 0:100 respectively, in the four concentrates. The daily intakes of silage DM were not significantly different on the four treatments and averaged 90 kg DM per cow, giving a mean total daily DM intake of 32.4 g kg−1 live weight. The milk yields were not significantly different on the four treatments and averaged 23.9 kg −1 The treatments had small and non-significant effects on milk composition and live weight. It is concluded that with a high-digestibility, well-preserved grass silage of satisfactory protein content the inclusion of ‘protected’ protein in the supplementary concentrate had no beneficial effects on milk production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01669.x
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  • 87
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    Some effects of fertilizer and frequency of defoliation on the botanical composition and yield of permanent grassland (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Small plots of permanent pasture containing 50%Agrostis capillaris-Festuca rubra were defoliated frequently or infrequently during the growing seasons in 1978–80 and fertilized with 133, 125 and 125 kg N, P2O5 and K2O respectively ha−1 a −1 or not fertilized during 1978–81. Yields of herbage were assessed during 1979–80 and botanical composition assessed on three occasions in 1978, once in April 1979 and once in 1982.Fertilizer application increased annual dry matter (DM) harvested from frequently cut plots by 40%, 53% and 65% in 1978, 1979 and 1980 respectively, and on infrequently cut plots it doubled hay DM harvested in 1978 and increased total DM harvested by 126% and 186% in 1979 and 1980 respectively. Infrequent cutting and fertilizer both decreased the proportion of A. capillaris but only fertilizer decreased the proportion of F. rubra. Fertilizer greatly increased the proportion of Holcus lanatus especially where plots had been cut frequently and of Alopecurus pratensis where they had been cut infrequently. It decreased the proportion of Luzula campestris. Infrequent cutting, especially with fertilizer, discouraged Cerastium fontanum ssp. glabrescens and Trifolium repens but encouraged Rumex acetosa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01701.x
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  • 88
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    Set stocking, rotational grazing and forward rotational grazing by sheep on western Oregon hill pastures (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Data on sheep live weights, herbage standing crop and herbage quality are presented from a 3-year grazing management study comparing set stocking, four-paddock rotational grazing and four-paddock forward rotational grazing systems. In both rotational grazing and forward rotational grazing systems, sheep were sequentially moved from one paddock to the next every 5 days. Lambs were weaned at 12–15 weeks of age in the forward rotationally grazed system and from then on grazed one paddock ahead of the ewes. Herbage mass was consistently greater on the rotationally grazed system than on the set-stocked system, averaging 38.4% more herbage in 1978. 32.8% more in 1979 and 52.7% more in 1980. No differences were observed in ewe live weights at the end of the grazing year between the rotationally grazed and the set stocked systems. Live weights of rotationally grazed lambs were superior to set-stocked lambs only when herbage allowance was low; otherwise no difference existed between these two systems. The forward rotationally grazed lambs generally had lower liveweights than did the rotationally grazed lambs, perhaps due to weaning stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01704.x
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  • 89
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    Further development and use of an automatic recording system in sheep grazing studies (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Comparisons between some aspects of grazing and ruminating behaviour by sheep recorded automatically and by manual observation are reported.Behaviour was recorded manually and automatically on four swards with surface heights of 3, 6, 9 and 12 cm. The automatic recording method gave significantly higher biting rates (78 v 67 ± 2·4 bites min−1) than manual recording. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed. For recordings during ruminating there was no significant difference between the two recording methods.As sward surface height increased biting rate decreased by 4·6 (± 0.65) and 2·9 (± 0·87) bites min−1 cm−1, and masticating rate increased by 4·5 (± 1·13) and 3·7 (± 0·95) chews min−1 cm−1 for the manual and automatic recording methods respectively.It is concluded that the automatic recording system gives higher rates for jaw movements during grazing than manual recording but there is little difference between the two methods for activities recorded during ruminating.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01706.x
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  • 90
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    Growth rate, senescence and photosynthesis of ryegrass swards cut to maintain a range of values for leaf area index (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: An experiment was carried out in which simulated swards of ryegrass (cv. S23) were grown in boxes. In the first instance the swards were cut at weekly intervals to maintain five levels of leaf area index (LAI) from LAI 1 to 4–5 in simulation of continuous grazing. Measurements were made of growth, senescence and net growth rate and of net canopy photosynthesis at constant irradiance. The results showed that the swards adapted to the defoliation regimes mainly by changes in tiller population density and pseudostem length. When the swards had equilibrated to the cutting regime growth rate increased with LAI but, since tiller density and the partitioning of growth between herbage harvested and that lost by sensecence also changed with LAI, net growth rate was constant over the LAI range 2–4·5. Maximum weight of herbage harvested was obtained between LAI 2 and 3.After 10 weeks of weekly cutting all the swards were cut back to LAI 1 and allowed to regrow. Growth rate showed almost no response to the previous culling treatments. The relationship of net canopy photosynthesis to LAI was linear for the frequently defoliated swards and curvilinear for regrowing swards. The reasons for this difference were examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01709.x
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  • 91
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    Effects of defoliation intensity on white clover seedling growth (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: White clover seedlings were defoliated when either two, four or six leaves had opened. There were four defoliation treatments, involving removal of younger laminae, older laminae, all laminae or all laminae and petioles, plus a control (no defoliation).Leaf removal reduced area of subsequently emerging leaves when measured as they became fully opened, though some compensatory expansion occurred after this. Petiole length was also reduced considerably. The magnitude of these effects varied according to severity of the treatment: removal or older laminae had little effect, removal of younger laminae had a similar effect to removing all laminae, but the effect was considerably increased by removing petioles in addition to laminae. The youngest plants showed the greatest reductions in leaf size following leaf removal. Defoliation had little effect on the rate of development of subsequent leaves.The most severe defoliation treatments reduced plant dry matter but younger seedlings appeared to have a capacity for recovery equal to or greater than that of older seedlings.It is concluded that white clover seedlings have a considerable ability to recover from leaf removal, especially if only laminae of old leaves are removed, but the growth reduction following removal of petioles as well as laminae appears to be especially severe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01712.x
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  • 92
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    A comparison of methods of establishing swedes following an early silage cut (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Experiments were carried out over three seasons in which swedes were sown by precision drilling after ploughing and conventional cultivation or by direct drilling with two types of drill at two row widths with and without shallow cultivation. The swedes were sown in June or early July following a first silage cut and sward desiccation with paraquat. Precision drilling with inter-row cultivation and singling gave a uniform weed-free stand and had the highest mean yield of over 8 t DM ha−1 Where hoeing was omitted yields were reduced due to weed competition. Yields following direct drilling were lower than with precision drilling due to uneven plant establishment, weed competition and grass regrowth. A shallow rotavation prior to direct drilling improved uniformity and yields and reduced grass regrowth. Direct drilling produced high numbers of small roots. The highest root yields were associated with sowing in early June and harvesting in December or January. Overall yields from the silage cut plus direct drilled swedes and silage cut plus precision drilled swedes were 12 and 13 t DM ha−1respectively compared with about 14 t DM ha−1expected from a grass sward.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01688.x
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  • 93
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    Orchardgrass and perennial ryegrass with applied nitrogen and in mixtures with legumes (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Botanical composition of swards can markedly affect their productivity, forage quality, and acceptance by animals. The objective of this research was to determine the amounts of dry matter (DM) and N harvested in the different botanical components of swards where perennial ryegrass and orchardgrass were sown alone and fertilized with N, or sown in mixture with legumes.Broadcast sowings were made on conventionally prepared seedbeds in August 1979 and May 1980 on a Hagerstown silt loam soil (fine, mixed mesic Typic Hapludalf). When seeded alone, orchardgrass cv. Pennlate and perennial ryegrass cv. Reveille received rates of N ranging from 0 to 448 kg ha−1 a−1. The grasses were also grown in mixtures with alfalfa cv. Arc, red clover cv. Arlington, or birdsfoot trefoil cv. Viking. The same legumes were sown alone. Four legume seed rates were used in both the pure legume and mixed stands.Legume DM harvests were greater in mixtures with perennial ryegrass than in legume-orchard-grass swards. An exception occurred in the first year as birdsfoot trefoil harvested DM was lower in trefoil-ryegrass swards than in trefoil orchardgrass mixtures, probably owing to vigorous competition from ryegrass in the seedling stage. As legume seed rates were increased, both the legume and grass components of mixed swards produced more DM and N. Grass DM and N harvested in orchardgrass mixtures exceeded those of ryegrass mixtures for the 3-year period.Sward weediness, most prevalent in pure legume stands planted at low seed rates, was sharply reduced by including either grass with the legumes. Volunteer legumes contributed to DM harvested only when the grasses were sown alone and not fertilized with N.Species differences in crude protein (CP) concentration were significant. Birdsfoot trefoil had the highest CP of the legumes, averaging 241 g (kg DM)−1. Alfalfa and red clover averaged 219 and 208 g CP (kg DM)−1 respectively. Perennial ryegrass herbage had a higher CP concentration than that of orchardgrass in both pure and mixed swards. Grass CP increased significantly in response to fertilizer N and to higher legume seed rates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01691.x
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  • 94
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    The reproducibility of in vivo estimates of digestibility and voluntary digestible organic matter intake of grass varieties by sheep (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Four cocksfoot varieties were harvested at three different growth stages and offered ad libitum to yearling Clun wethers in three 24-d feeding trials indoors over a 4-month period. A further cocksfoot variety conserved in bulk was offered concurrently as a control feed.The concentration of digestible organic matter in the dry matter (DOMD) and voluntary intake were measured in each feeding period. There was no significant change in the measured DOMD values between the different feeding periods. Voluntary intake of digestible organic matter (DOMI) increased over the 4-month period for all four varieties and for the control feed. The increase in intake was greatest for the most digestible material, i.e. first-cut harvests. Differences in DOMI were statistically significant between feeding periods for all varieties but the differences could be eliminated by correcting intakes with values from the control feed. It is concluded that comparisons of grass varieties involving intake measurements must either be made in the same feeding period or a control feed included and results corrected according to the control response.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01670.x
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  • 95
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    Sward composition and output on grassland farms (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Records of grassland productivity were kept for 2 years on 136 lowland dairy farms and 131 lowland beef farms. The grassland on each farm was classified according to the proportion of sown (preferred) species. The farms were then ranked on this basis and divided into quarters:On dairy farms the lowest quarter had 31% sown species and utilized metabolizable energy (UME) output from grass of 40.8 GJ ha−1, whereas the highest quarter had 70% sown species and UME output of 45.6 GJ ha−1. Dairy farmers in the lowest quarter used least fertilizer N and differences in output were no greater than would be expected from differences in N input. On beef farms the lowest quarter had 28% sown species and UME output of 32.3 GJ ha−1, and the highest quarter had 63% sown species and UME output of 45.9 GJ ha−1On these farms differences in fertilizer N could not completely account for differences in output.It is concluded that on beef farms botanical composition of grassland is a good indicator of its productivity but is not necessarily a prime cause of differences in output. On dairy farms there is little evidence of a direct benefit resulting from a high proportion of sown species. On such farms the need for deliberate manipulation of the botanical composition of grassland by reseeding or chemical means is questioned.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01671.x
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  • 96
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    An investigation into the effect of cultures of lactic acid bacteria on fermentation in silage (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Twenty-one strains of lactic acid bacteria were subjected to a range of tests based on established criteria to ascertain their suitability for use as inoculants for silage. The tests included a monitor of their growth in the presence of representatives of the microflora of forage crops with which they might have to compete for substrate, and their ability to effect rapid acidification and achieve a low pH in conditions which simulate low and high ensiling potential. In addition, their ability to produce acid from sugars and their action against organic acids found in forage crops, together with their tolerance of acid, elevated temperatures and conditions of low moisture availability (e.g. in wilted material) and possible proteolytic and amylolytic activities were examined. None or these cultures satisfied all of these criteria. However, three strains (Streptococcus durans str. 1024, Lactobacillus acidophilus, str. 2356 and Lactobacillus plantarum str. 6) had a greater potential than the others.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01675.x
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  • 97
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    Silage and milk production: a comparison between unwilted and wilted grass silages (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Three grass silages made in sunny weather in early July from second-harvest perennial ryegrass were compared in a 16-week feeding experiment with twelve Ayrshire cows. The silages were either unwilted or wilted with and without conditioning, and had mean dry matter (DM) concentrations of 201, 261 and 272 g kg−1, and in vitro DOMD concentrations of 650, 669 and 672 g kg−1 DM respectively. All the silages had formic acid (‘Add-F’) applied at a rate of 2.6 litres t−1 and were offered ad libitum plus 6 kg concentrates per cow per d. The daily intakes of silage DM were 905 kg per cow on the unwilted treatment and 9.86 and 9.65 kg on the wilted treatments with and without conditioning respectively. Daily milk yields were 171, 17.6 and 17.4 kg per cow on the unwilted, and wilted with and without conditioning treatments respectively and were not significantly different. Fat concentrations in the milk were not affected significantly by treatment, whereas the crude protein and solids-not-fat concentrations were significantly higher on the wilted than on the unwilted treatment. The efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy for lactation was 6–7% lower with the wilted than with the unwilted silages and it is concluded that the unwilted silage was superior to the wilted silages as a feed for dairy cows.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01680.x
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    Productivity of red clover grown alone and with companion grasses; further studies (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Three diploid—Sabtoron, Violetta and Essex—and three tetraploid—Hungaropoly, Teroba and Red Head—red clover cultivars were sown alone and with each of three companion grasses—timothy (S48), tall fescue (S170) and perennial ryegrass (S24). The productivity and persistence of the red clover cultivars were compared. Results obtained over the first four harvest years were presented in an earlier paper (McBratney, 1981) and this paper presents results from the fifth and sixth (final) harvest years.The low yield obtained in the fifth and sixth year from Essex under each seeding treatment indicated a deterioration in its persistency or vigour or both. In the fifth year the remaining two diploids, Sabtoron and Violetta, were as highly productive and persistent as the three tetraploids but in the sixth year the decrease in productivity was greater in the diploids than in the tetraploids. In the fifth year Teroba, the highest yielder, produced 9 8 t total DM ha−1 over all seeding treatments of which 73% was clover DM; in the sixth year Teroba was again highest yielding, producing 9.3 t ha−l with 67% clover content. Tall fescue was the most consistent companion grass in the mixed swards, in the sixth year contributing 53% grass DM to the total 8 8 t DM harvested ha−1.The trial demonstrates the potential of a number of red clover cultivars grown either pure or with a suitable perennial grass to achieve and maintain a high output of herbage of good quality over a period of 6 years without any application of fertilizer N. The practical agricultural implications of using red clover are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01678.x
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  • 99
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    The distribution of opaline silica bodies in the leaf sheaths of two perennial ryegrass cultivars differing in their susceptibility to attack by dipterous stem-borers (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Leaf sheaths of two cultivars of perennial ryegrass were prepared by chemical oxidation so that the silica bodies in the tissues could be studied. The cultivar Fortis, which is relatively resistant to stem-borer attack, contained many-intercostal silica bodies in the leaf sheath but the more susceptible cultivar S24 contained few. If the pattern of silica bodies affects levels of stem-borer infestation, it may be possible to breed for this characteristic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01683.x
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    Effect of pH and added ammonium hydroxide on in vitro digestibility of roughages of different origin treated with sodium hydroxide and ammonia (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Ammonia and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) have been used to improve the dry matter (DM) digestibility of roughages or to conserve them. These treatments have had incidental effects on pH alone or both the pH and nitrogen contents of the roughages. in the present study, the effects of pH and NH4OH on the in vitro dry-matter digestibility (IVDMD) of eight roughages—four legumes and four grasses—were investigated. The pH levels of approximately 5, 7, 9 and 12 were achieved by adding appropriate amounts of NH4OH or NaOH and H2SO4. Nitrogen levels of approximately 20, 30, 40 and 50 g kg−1 on a DM basis were obtained by adding NH4OH. Results of a multiple regression showed that increasing the pH caused a linear increment in IVDMD and that the added NH4OH reduced the increment of IVDMD. The effects of both pH and N on IVDMD were found to be specific to the individual roughage; the response of grasses to both pH and NH3 was greater than that of legumes
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01659.x
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