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  • Articles  (2,721)
  • 2020-2022
  • 2000-2004  (713)
  • 1980-1984  (2,008)
  • 1925-1929
  • 2002  (713)
  • 1984  (2,008)
  • Political Science  (2,721)
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  • Articles  (2,721)
Source
Publisher
Years
  • 2020-2022
  • 2000-2004  (713)
  • 1980-1984  (2,008)
  • 1925-1929
Year
Journal
Topic
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plans, performance information and accountability: the case of Best Value (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The current UK government emphasizes the importance of mechanisms of accountability that involve the planning and public reporting of performance. One example of this is the Best Value performance plan. However, there has been little evaluation of the quality of the information provided in this type of document. This paper draws on literature on stakeholding and user needs to identify the data required for accountability. It then assesses whether the plans produced by Best Value pilot authorities in Wales provide appropriate information. The analysis shows that very few of the plans contained the relevant material. Interviews in the pilot authorities highlighted two key reasons for the poor level of data: a lack of performance indicators prior to Best Value and limited staff expertise in performance measurement. The evidence suggests that documents such as performance plans currently make little contribution to the accountability of public organizations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00324
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The health care state in the information age (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The computerization of the medical record has important implications for the governance of health care, and the importance of health care means that changes wrought there are indicative of changes in government as a whole. This paper draws on work in public policy, medical sociology and studies of science and technology, as well as on cross–national empirical research in Britain and France. It describes the recent development of information policy in health care as an exercise in state–building, realized specifically in the governance of the health professions. The paper concludes with a discussion of what is both new and not so new in the form and extent of state power which emerges.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00327
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The EU ‘partnership principle’: still a sustainable governance device across multiple administrative arenas? (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This article analyses the ‘partnership principle’– which is of particular importance for multilevel governance interpretations of European integration – as it evolved in EU regional policy–making. After sketching in the crucial analytical lines of the current debate on ‘partnership’ on the example of the implementation of the EU structural policy in Germany, I examine how it functions. A closer look at two important sub–fields of ‘partnership’–‘societal participation’ and ‘policy evaluation’– reveals that theoretical expectations regarding its transforming potential, in terms of pitting supranational and subnational actors against central state authority and thereby circumventing the latter, have not materialized. On the contrary, recently rising resentment and out–and–out conflict between the European Commission and regional authorities so far point to theoretically unexpected limitations of ‘partnership’, calling into question whether it is an appropriate and sustainable inter–administrative co–ordination device – at least when viewed from the perspective of the EU multilevel governance thesis. In the light of the reported insights into the practice of ‘partnership’, this ‘new mode of EU governance’ thus needs to be reassessed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00328
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Annual report 2001 (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The report describes the flow of manuscripts and the contents of the journal before briefly surveying each section of the journal. It ends with a résumé of changes during the year and a thank you to the many people who have helped.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00330
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alphabetical Index (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00332
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Life is a lottery: New Labour’s strategy for the reform of devolved governance (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Drawing on insights from grid–group cultural theory the article argues that New Labour’s approach to government units beyond Westminster and Whitehall rests on a fatalistic reading of its environment that specifies its key features in terms of low–trust relationships and a lack of predictability about the success of a range of potential reforms. New Labour’s response in these circumstances resembles that of strategy based on the principles of a lottery. The strategy has allowed a plethora of decentralization units and reform initiatives to find favour but none to dominate. The article explores the nature of this strategy, how it was established and the prospects for its maintenance. The key point is not that New Labour’s polices have been ad hoc or even that they have been confused. Rather, its policies are a chosen course of action aimed at searching for the right reform formula and creating a dynamic for change by encouraging instability but also space for innovation among the institutions of devolved governance. The strategy is aimed at an overarching goal of developing an enabling state form. The adoption of the strategy, in addition, reflects political contingencies. Moreover, the lottery strategy has helped New Labour sustain its coalition of supporters and manage tensions between different reform approaches.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00311
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Public service responsiveness to users’ demands and needs: theory, practice and primary healthcare in England (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Analyses and policy statements about publicly funded services frequently distinguish ‘demands’ from ‘needs’. The distinction has been challenged, calling into question the coherence of formulating welfare policy and evaluating public services in terms of needs. This paper explicates the conceptual distinction between demands and needs in terms of derived demand and information asymmetry. ‘Needs’ can be defined as ‘rational demands’, where ‘rational’ means ‘consistent and evidence–based’, and ‘demands’ as ‘desires’ rather than ‘effective (i.e. economic) demand’. On that basis, practical demand management in needs–based public services would require:1. Knowledge of users’ demands for services;2. Content analyses of users’ demands to identify any misinformed demands;3. Conversion of any misinformed demands into evidence–based specifications of needs;4. Formulating coherent, evidence–based demands on behalf of users who cannot to do so themselves.A study of English NHS Primary Care Groups explores the problems which authorities responsible for publicly funded services face in undertaking these activities. Demand management receives low priority in terms of the incentives and intellectual resources applied to it. Needs assessment has higher priority but is regarded as a branch of evidence–based professional practice, controlled by professionals rather than responsive to users. This separation tends to defeat the purposes of needs–based public services.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00312
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Partnerships and public procurement: building social capital through supply relations (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: As one means of dealing with an increasingly interdependent or shared power ‘noone in charge’ world (Bryson and Crosby 1992) and adapting the public sector to the demands of the global economy, successive administrations in the UK have aimed to develop a more strategic approach to public procurement by emphasizing inter–departmental co–ordination and establishing long–term partnership relations with suppliers. This has proved to be a difficult task, however, as the operating framework and culture of the public sector have hindered the development of interorganizational relationships and trust. By focusing on the co–operative processes and interaction within central government departments and between departments and the private sector, this paper aims to analyse and identify the obstacles to, and opportunities for, implementing long–term supply relations and facilitating departmental co–ordination. While the paper argues that partnership relations can build social capital, it also shows that these resources can have both positive and negative effects for public procurement. To conclude, lessons for developing collaborative arrangements in public procurement are identified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00315
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Leading and learning? Knowledge transfer in the Beacon Council Scheme (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This paper examines the Beacon Council Scheme as a distinct policy element within the UK government’s wide–ranging local government modernization agenda. The aim of the Beacon scheme is two–fold. First, reward for high performing councils and second, the achievement of substantial change by sharing ‘best practice’ from identified centres of excellence. The scheme presupposes an implicit theory of organizational change through learning. The Beacon Council Scheme is based on the assumption that the organizational preconditions exist which will facilitate learning, and through its application to practice, improve service delivery. The paper analyses the presumed and possible conditions which facilitate or impede interorganizational learning and service improvement through the scheme. The paper then examines empirical data from 59 local authority elected members and officers about their attitudes towards and motivation to take part in the Beacon scheme during the first year of its existence. The data indicate that there are differing motivations for participation in the scheme and that these reflect different learning needs. The experiences of local authority participants suggest that the formulators of the dissemination strategy at the heart of the scheme have not yet given sufficient consideration to the processes of interorganizational learning, the conditions that support such learning between authorities and the embedding of new understandings, practices and organizational cultures in the receiving authority. This suggests that the underlying theories of organizational learning and cultural change may be insufficiently developed to create and sustain the kind of transformational change that is intended by central government.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00316
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Making a difference? The role of Statutory Committees in the Northern Ireland Assembly (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This paper seeks to examine some aspects of the early operation of the Northern Ireland Assembly and in particular the role of the Statutory Committees. The particular issue that is used to explore these matters is the review of student finances which the Higher and Further Education, Training and Employment Committee (HFETEC) undertook as its first major investigation. It should be noted here that the Department of Higher and Further Education, Training and Employment changed its name to the Department of Employment and Learning during 2000. The Committee also changed its name to the Employment and Learning Committee. Since the issues discussed took place prior to these changes the original name has been used here. Specifically, the paper examines the Review of Student Finances launched by the Department of Higher and Further Education, Training and Employment (DHFETE), how the Committee tackled the issue, tensions within the Committee, the relationship between the Committee and the Minister, between the Minister and the Department, the public debate, how the Committee Report was subsequently dealt with in the Assembly and the Minister’s response. It is suggested that this example provides some insights into the operation of the distinctive devolved institutions in Northern Ireland and some early evidence of how such Statutory Committees may develop.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00304
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deregulation and the decline of public administration teaching in the UK (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: In 1991 eight polytechnics offered a BA in public administration while five universities provided the degree with either public or social policy. Currently, no higher education institution in Britain offers a BA degree solely entitled ‘public administration’. The subject area is, however, offered in 16 higher education institutions under a variety of names that include, in any order, the words ‘public’, ‘management’, ‘policy’ and ‘administration’. This paper analyses the reasons for the transformation during the 1990s in undergraduate courses for the public sector. It is argued that these changes do not so much derive from academics, employers or students taking on board an enthusiasm for new public management but are as much the consequences of deregulation of student choice and an expansion in student numbers that has not been matched in financial terms. The consequence has been to increasingly move this sector towards business and management teaching geared to private sector interests and away from its more political and social science roots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00309
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vote early, vote often? Tele–democracy in European cities (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This paper presents the detailed results of an empirical survey on tele–democracy in 31 European cities covering 14 states. It shows that progressive city–administrations in Europe are early adopters of tele–democracy with a diffusion rate of 72 per cent. Analysis of the survey results illustrates that cities are using tele–democracy to improve service access and the quality of services. This research shows that electronic or Internet voting is a priority for only a minority of cities. The paper suggests a typology of tele–democracy and makes wide–ranging policy suggestions. In the debate over whether information and communications technologies will have a beneficial or detrimental effect on the quality and legitimacy of local government, this paper takes an optimistic stance based on the evidence of the survey.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00318
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reviews (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Books Reviewed:Stephen P. Osborne (ed.), Public–private partnerships. Theory and practice in international perspectiveNeill Nugent, The European CommissionAnne Stevens with Handley Stevens, Brussels bureaucrats? The administration of the European UnionMichelle Egan, Constructing a European market – standards, regulation and governanceR.A.W. Rhodes, Control and power in central–local government relationsSteve Ludlam and Martin J. Smith (eds), New Labour in governmentHuw T.O. Davies, Sandra M. Nutley and Peter C. Smith (eds), What works? Evidence–based policy and practice in public services
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00320
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maintaining a distinctive public administration: the Isle of Man civil service since 1962 (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Emphasis on ‘globalization’ within academic literature is reflected in the contention within public administration that the prescriptions of the New Public Management are an inescapable fact of life from which states have little scope for resisting. However, variation persists both between and within countries. Since 1997, devolution within the UK and novel intergovernmental structures occasioned by the Belfast Agreement for Northern Ireland have transformed the territorial governance of the UK and the wider British Isles, providing further evidence of the differential impact of NPM. In seeking a better understanding of these differences, examination of the administrative arrangements of small communities or micro states can offer fascinating comparative insights into the workings of larger states, especially those with whom they enjoy a direct relationship. Frequently, however, small communities are overlooked in favour of studies of countries with more political weight. The micro states of the British Isles (namely, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands) illustrate the point. However, with a few notable exceptions, relatively little is published. To correct this deficiency, this article seeks to explore developments in the Isle of Man, specifically its civil service. In so doing, the article aims to broaden our understanding of the changing governance not only of the Isle of Man, but also of the UK and beyond.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00303
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the nature of power: an examination of the governing elite and institutional power in Spain, 1939–92 (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This article summarizes a study of the political, bureaucratic and economic elites in Spain, from the Franco regime through the democratic transition to the socialist governments of the 1990s. Data on the people holding posts in one or more of these elite groups were used to test and extend the theory of elite circulation first formulated by Vilfredo Pareto. The data confirms that Spanish elites became more open to others in the democratic period. Up to the present time, they continue to be integrated through multi-positionality – many bureaucrats also hold political or economic posts – though to a lesser extent than in the past. Our empirical findings enable finer distinctions to be made about the different modes of elite circulation. These results show the changing nature of the networks that form when posts in different sectors become associated through multiple post-holding. These networks are an important component of the social fabric in Spain and elsewhere and deserve further investigation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00306
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Privatization, Chinese-style: economic reform and the state-owned enterprises (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This article reviews ‘corporatization’ and ‘marketization’, shorthands for privatization, in the Chinese economy. In particular it concentrates upon the most recent round of state-owned enterprise reforms, the Modern Enterprise System and Group Company System, aimed at transforming China’s largest state-owned enterprises into internationally competitive corporations. This represents a partial privatization, given that the state will retain majority ownership, while acquiring domestic and foreign capital via sharelistings and foreign and domestic joint ventures.Drawing upon interview material from a five-year study of state-owned enterprises, the authors will indicate that such part privatization has been pragmatic and relatively slow. It has been constrained and circumscribed by broader economic and social reform programmes and accompanied by political decentralization and reforms. Ultimately, the reform and pace of reform is shaped by the desire to avoid political and social unrest which could, potentially, threaten the harmony of the Chinese central state apparatus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00308
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reviews (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: David McKay, Designing Europe – comparative lessons from the federal experienceHellmut Wollmann and Eckhard Schröter (eds), Comparing public sector reform in Britain and Germany: key traditions and trends in modernisationChristopher Pollitt and Geert Bouckaert, Public management reform – a comparative analysisMichael Moran, Governing the healthcare state: a comparative study of the United Kingdom, the United States and GermanyRobert Hazell (ed.), The state and the nations: the first year of devolution in the United KingdomLuc Rouban (ed.), Citizens and the new governance: beyond new public managementNeal D. Finkelstein (ed.), Transparency in public policy: Great Britain and the United StatesGraeme A. Hodge, Privatization: an international review of performanceJohn Stewart, The nature of British local governmentRichard A. Chapman (ed.), Ethics in the public service for the new millenniumClive Gray, The politics of the arts in BritainKenneth Dyson, The politics of the Euro-Zone: stability or breakdown?Roger Levy, Implementing European Union public policy
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00310
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Governance in Whitehall (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Governance theory raises conceptual and theoretical questions about the coordination of complex social systems and the evolving role of the state within that process. A central aspect of the governance debate focuses on the ability of national governments to address salient social issues. This article examines the British Labour governments’ attempts to facilitate cross-departmental inter-organizational collaboration within Whitehall in an attempt to develop innovative responses to seemingly intractable social problems. The government’s desire and strategy to increase its capacity to orchestrate ‘joined-up’ government can be interpreted as both an acceptance and a response to the challenges of modern governance. The article locates the structural, procedural and cultural responses to this challenge within the theoretical and analytical framework of governance theory. It concludes by suggesting that meaningful change in the way public policy is designed and implemented may well demand a more deep seated reappraisal of the structure of Whitehall and the dominant values of the British political elite than is currently anticipated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00294
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contingent and Non-Contingent Working in Local Government: Contrasting Psychological Contracts (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Given that the contingent worker is likely to be a familiar presence in the public service workplace of the future, this paper explores the consequences of contingent work arrangements on the attitudes and behaviour of employees using the psychological contract as a framework for analysis. Drawing upon survey evidence from a sample of permanent, fixed term and temporary staff employed in a British local authority, our results suggest that contract status plays an important role in how individuals view the exchange relationship with their employer and how they respond to the inducements received from that relationship. Specifically, contingent employees are less committed to the organization and engage in organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) to a lesser degree than their permanent counterparts. However, contrary to our hypothesis, the relationship between the inducements provided by the employer and OCB is stronger for contingent employees. Such findings have implications for the treatment of contingent and non-contingent employees in the public services.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00295
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  • 20
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    Path Dependencies in European Integration: A Constructive Response to German Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: There is no doubt about the political necessity of the Eastern enlargement of the European Union and corresponding reforms of its political institutions. By contrast, the shape and content of these reforms is a subject that is highly contested between the member states. In this context, when the German Foreign Minister, Joschka Fischer, presented his vision of future development for Europe his ideas were refreshingly welcome. However, Fischer’s ideas imply, in many respects, a turning away from hitherto accepted paths to European integration. The main claim we want to make in this paper is that, against the backdrop of this breach with the present European-level institutional system, the chance that the Fischer initiatives could come to political fruition must be viewed with scepticism. On the basis of this finding, which rests essentially upon a historical-institutionalist analysis, we develop an alternative concept for a European constitution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00297
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  • 21
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    Transforming Administrative Policy (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Administrative policies and practices may evolve and change slowly and incrementally or they may be transformed intentionally. Intentional efforts to change administrative policy by transforming the structure, processes, or personnel of public sector organizations define an active administrative policy. Ideally, an active administrative policy takes as given that the organizational form to be used is open to choice, that administrative goals are clear, that a tight coupling exists between ends and means, that different organizational forms have different effects, and that there are criteria that may be used to assess those effects. This article focuses on the fulfilment of these preconditions in the three national contexts – Norway, Sweden and the United States of America – in order to determine the relevance of a transformative perspective for understanding the process of administrative change. We examine what impact constraints like polity features, historical-institutional traditions and external pressure, particularly through popular international administrative doctrines like New Public Management ideas and financial crises, have on the possibilities to enhance an active national administrative policy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00298
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measuring Innovation – Applying the Literature-Based Innovation Output Indicator to Public Services (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Governments have been encouraging public service organizations to innovate. However, little is known about the extent of innovation in public service organizations. A private sector approach to the measurement of innovation - the literature-based innovation output indicator (LBIOI) - is applied to public service organizations to address this significant information gap. The method is described and then explored in one public service sector, English housing associations. A sample of 257 innovations is constructed and then subject to analysis. This initial testing of the LBIOI indicates that the approach can be applied across public services to create longitudinal data sets, which will enhance the communication of good practice and the use of evidence in public policy, management and research. This methodology is demonstrated to offer initial insights to public service innovation and would allow relationships to be explored notably innovation and performance, a relationship central to government’s promotion of innovation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00300
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  • 23
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    The Relationship between Corporate Governance, Transparency and Financial Disclosure (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 10 (2002), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
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    Overcoming Poor Value Executive Remuneration: resolving the manifest conflicts of interest (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 10 (2002), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8683.00290
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    The Science of Corporate Governance (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Transaction Byte Analysis (TBA) is introduced as a basis to ground corporate governance in the science of information and control described as cybernetics. TBA provides fundamental criteria for evaluating the governance integrity of any type of organisation because all individuals possess physiological and neurological limits to receive, store, manipulate and transmit information measured in bytes. Cybernetics laws of requisite variety in com"munication channels, decision–making centres and control agents provide strategies for overcoming human variations and their limitations in managing complexity. The paper identifies the cybernetic advantages of compound boards and concludes that a unitary board cannot reliably govern complex firms.
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    Volume Index (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    The Effect of Board Changes on Writedowns of Non–Current Assets: evidence from New Zealand (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 10 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This study reports the results of an empirical study that examined the impact of changes in the board of directors on writedowns of non–current assets. Using 337 annual reports of the firms listed on the New Zealand Stock Exchange for 7 years from 1993 to 1999, the results show that changes in the board of directors is a statistically significant determinant of both writedown decision and the dollar amount of writedowns. The results also show that the regression coefficient and the significance level of board restructure are materially higher when changes in chief executive officer are incorporated in the model estimation. Corporate firm size, as measured by total assets at balance date, is found to be another significant determinant. Other corporate attributes such as leverage, operating performance and term borrowings in the subsequent years are not significant factors. However, a firm's growth opportunities provide some support in explaining the dollar amount of writedowns. The results are robust to alternative proxies and the time effect is not evident over the 7–year period.
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    An Examination of the Role of Audit Committees in the Saudi Arabian Corporate Sector (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 10 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Based on a series of research interviews with academics and external and internal auditors, this paper examines the role of audit committees in the Saudi Arabian corporate sector. The interviewees expressed concerns about the terms of reference of audit committees and the scope of work undertaken. The independence of audit committees was called into question, as was the expertise of audit committee members. Audit committees had failed to establish close working relationships with either internal or external auditors. A particular criticism was that the requirements for audit committees as set out in Ministerial Resolve 903 lacked clarity. It was suggested that the Ministry of Commerce should issue further regulations and guidance in order to improve the effectiveness of audit committees and to enhance corporate governance in Saudi Arabia.
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    Book Reviews (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Books ReviewedJames D. Malcolm, Financial Globalization and the Opening of the Japanese EconomyLaura F. Spira, The Audit Committee: performing corporate governanceEilis Ferran and Charles A. E. Goodhart (eds.), Regulating Financial Services and Markets in the 21st Century
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    Corporate Governance Update (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
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    The Role of the Venture Capitalist as Monitor of the Company: a corporate governance perspective (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 10 (2002), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The monitoring and stewardship role of the owner is an important corporate governance issue that deserves far more attention. Our analysis focuses on the role of the venture capitalist (VC) as monitor of high–tech venture–backed companies. We provide evidence from the literature as well as a qualitative descriptive view of the experiences of Belgian VCs. The position of the VC sheds more light on the plenitude of roles an active owner can play. Furthermore, our findings highlight the need for a better understanding of the governance structure and processes of high–tech companies.
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    Creating Value Through Corporate Governance (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 10 (2002), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Value and governance are such familiar words that we do not often enough reflect on their meanings in a specific situation. This paper will suggest:Value is in the eye of the beholder.The appearance of governance may be preferable to the real thing.In order better to understand value, we will work with a simple question – is it appropriate for a global investor to purchase common shares in Volkswagen? There are many kinds of shareholder, each with distinctive interests that are not always compatible with the interests of the other investors. A global investor is typically the trustee of a pension plan with the simple obligation to collateralise the pension promise by maximising the long–term value of trust assets. The beneficiaries of pension funds are not rich people. Fluctuations in market values are no longer primarily a question as to whether rich people are a bit richer or poorer, they are a question as to whether pensions will be paid to the roughly half of the population of the OECD world who have interests in employee benefit plans. This makes investment a matter of social and political concern. At the end of our trip through the mythology and prospects for adding value to corporate enterprises through effective governance, we come to a very simple conclusion. I bastardise a celebrated principal of physics to conclude that both in science and in business a watched particle behaves differently than one that is not watched. “An observed board behaves differently” and is more likely to generate value for corporate owners.
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    Corporate Directing: governing, strategising and leading in action (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 10 (2002), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This paper elaborates the concept of corporate directing, integrating the processes of governing, strategising and leading by which small groups of people effectively “run” organisations. If governing and strategising are the warp and weft of this fabric, then leading is the textural imprint that is created through the enacting of corporate directing. Based on two ESRC–funded research projects (1987–9 and 1998–2000), it offers data on which this concept is based, drawn from large UK plcs (e.g. Prudential, Marks & Spencer) and selected institutional investors (e.g. Hermes, Philips and Drew).
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    The CEO in Law and in Practice: a study of categorisation and control (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this work is to draw upon empirical evidence supporting concerns over the perception and reality of the power and control exercised by chief executive officers (CEO). It provides a focus on the role of the CEO (the “clout” title) and provides an analysis of the legal framework within which that role is both recognised and controlled. It also tests the assertion that “the law has not fully come to terms with the variety of management structures and practices in modern companies – including terminology” (Farrar’s Company Law 1998).The paper begins by examining the existence in law of the position and power of the CEO. In doing so, the study draws upon the applied and developed principles of agency, attribution and alter ego theories, and the concept of controlling minds in an attempt to provide a category of definition, albeit one of negative recognition and the implications that that might have in developing effective legal controls.Control is then examined in the context of both theory and practice. Practice is based upon the study of 150 listed companies. It builds upon the earlier research undertaken by Franks et al. (1999) and looked to examine the relationship between CEO and executive board turnover and corporate performance, ownership and structure. It seeks to provide some information in terms of a relationship for both recognition and control of CEOs. It identifies categories of “controllers” and categories of “definition” in an attempt to present a contemporary legal framework for recognition and control.
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    Board Dynamics and the Politics of Appraisal (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: While the management literature is accepting of the value of a performance appraisal, there is disagreement in the governance literature as to the role, value and contribution of board appraisals to board effectiveness. This disagreement centres on the politics associated with the “horizontal” appraisal of colleagues implied by board assessment as opposed to the “vertical” appraisal implicit in management. Such disagreement is complicated by the degree of discomfort board members may feel when encountering the more subjective issues of interpersonal dynamics and process as opposed to the more objective measures of performance. However, subjective measures are frequently vital in determining board effectiveness. This paper proposes a conceptual model for the evaluation of boards. It then explores the implications of different approaches to the evaluation of board effectiveness by highlighting selected methodologies for the evaluation of board processes and procedures, individual directors, the chair and the chief executive. In this, the implications of different types of performance measure are considered in the context of the type of organisation, its purpose, reporting requirements, ethos and style of operation. A set of suggestions as to approaches to board evaluation is provided together with reactions of experienced directors to these ideas.
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    The Institutional Shareholder – Best Practice: the National Investment Funds’ experience (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: One of the most important achievements of the National Investment Funds’ Programme – the implementation of the Mass Privatisation Programme – is its input into the process of building a Polish corporate governance infrastructure. Experience in the creation and operation of corporate governance systems as accumulated by the National Investment Funds (NIFs) is a valuable source of knowledge on a group of shareholders in Polish companies that is continuously expanding and diversifying in terms of identity. The action model applied to the National Investment Funds made possible the collecting of the first Polish experiences regarding the behaviour of institutional investors in supervisory processes. In its turn, the positioning of the Funds in such a role matched observations of world trends where ownership functions are concentrating in the hands of institutional investors. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the experience of National Investment Funds in the context of the achievements of institutional investors acting in mature market economies in the realm of corporate governance. Experience accumulated by the NIFs shows that the process of building efficient corporate governance structures is not a simple task. Analysis of their achievements in safeguarding their interests from the point of view of the institutional investor has confirmed the importance of an active stance in this sphere.
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    Making a Successful Transition from a Command to a Market Economy: the lessons from Estonia (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: It is now more than ten years since the dismantling of the USSR began, not only in terms of the reasserted independence of the member states, but also in terms of the end of the centralised Soviet command economy. The experiences of a myriad of investors, public and private, who have lost funds they so hopefully made available to emerging enterprises in the Eastern European states, particularly in Russia, have clearly demonstrated to Western observers the difficulties associated with making a transition from a command to a market economy. And yet the transformation in different states has had different degrees of success. For example, in Estonia, the strategies to move from a command to a market economy, adopted by the political leadership throughout the 1990s, have been relatively successful. In this article, the policies that led to this success are identified. It is believed that tentative generalisations from the experiences of Estonia may be helpful in determining the necessary conditions for successful change from a command to a market economy in other countries. To the extent that such transitions contribute to real economic growth, empirical evidence about the conditions necessary for their realisation provides general understanding of the forces underlying economic development. Moreover, it may well be that these generalisations can be used by private and public organisations to obtain a first indication of the probabilities of success of investments that they are contemplating making in a transitional economy, whether measured by return on capital, and/or contribution to general welfare.
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    Corporate Governance in Bahrain (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Corporate governance is developing rapidly in many countries across the world. In this paper we analyse the existing state of corporate governance in a country in the Middle East: Bahrain. We employ a survey methodology, with a questionnaire being sent to all of the companies listed on the Bahrain Stock Exchange Market. An analysis of the responses reveals that Bahraini companies have in place some of the features of corporate governance best practice with boards dominated by non–executive directors, for example, and the separation of the roles of Chair and CEO. However, it is not clear how effective the nomination/appointments process is and directors tend to be fairly entrenched. In terms of risk management and control, the majority of Bahraini companies have an internal audit department and risk management control. Overall, it seems that Bahraini companies have a number of key corporate governance structural features in place, but that there remains further progress to be made.
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    Corporate Governance Update (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
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    Book Reviews (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Books reviewed:Fabrizio Barca and Marco Becht, The Control of Corporate EuropeJ. Schwalbach (ed.), Corporate Governance Essays in Honor of Horst Albach
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    Corporate Governance Practices in Flemish Family Businesses (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 10 (2002), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Corporate governance practices in family businesses (FB) remain a research domain with many unsolved questions. Nonetheless, researchers agree that corporate governance practices are important for family–backed companies. Different family ownership structures and different family generations influence the governance structures installed. So far, no research has been conducted on corporate governance characteristics among Flemish family companies. This study explores the relationships between ownership structure, board and management practices to find out where Flemish family businesses differ from non–family businesses (NFB). Additionally, this research investigates to what extent differences can be found within the group of family businesses based on family ownership and family generation.
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    The Evolving Role of Institutional Investors in South Korean Corporate Governance: some empirical evidence (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 10 (2002), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: South Korea, one of East Asia’s most powerful tigers before the 1997 financial crisis, is in the process of extensive corporate governance reform. The excessive debt financing of the chaebol and the lack of accountability prevalent in Korea’s corporate governance system have been blamed for the country’s economy succumbing to the crisis. The current process of reform is taking place within a global agenda for corporate governance harmonisation, reflected in the publication of internationally acceptable principles for “good” corporate governance by, for example, the OECD and CalPERS. In this paper we present and analyse the findings of a questionnaire survey and a series of interviews conducted in Korea which canvassed the views of fund managers. Our findings indicate that Korea’s financial institutions support initiatives to reform the country’s corporate governance system. Further, they agree strongly that: investor relations need to be improved; chaebol’s accountability to shareholders should be improved; and shareholder activism should be encouraged. They also support the view that the chaebol’s activities were chiefly responsible for Korea succumbing to the East Asian crisis.
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    Conference Review (2002)
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1463-1318.2003.00456.x-i1
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    Editorial: Institutional Investors and the Growth of Global Influence (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
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    Not Badly Paid But Paid Badly (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: There seems to be an increasing disconnection between the expectations of directors and those of investors as to appropriate levels of executive remuneration. This article seeks to understand why this may be occurring. It starts from the basic principles that drive executive pay, tax, time-scales and trust, and then explores how those factors play out in the imperfect market for talent. As US pay structures are increasingly leading the pay schemes of global companies, it asks whether those structures truly act to enhance shareholder value. It is not at all clear that this is the case, and the article points out that it is unfortunate for US tax and accounting structures to be driving pay elsewhere in the world in directions that are not conducive to shareholder value. The article proposes alternative ways forward.
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    Corporate Governance Mechanisms: a plea for less code of good governance and more market control (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This paper provides a critical comparative analysis of corporate governance mechanisms in market-oriented (Anglo-Saxon) and large shareholder-oriented (Continental European) systems of corporate governance. Deficiencies in shareholder protection in the legal systems of both corporate governance systems have been addressed through the use of codes of good governance, a set of norms that regulate the behaviour and structure of the board of directors. However, the lower enforceability of norms in Continental Europe limits the applicability of such codes. Therefore, we argue that in Continental Europe, rather than promoting codes of good governance, it is necessary to expand market control mechanisms to facilitate the maximisation of firm value.
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    Corporate Governance and Capital Structure Decisions of the Chinese Listed Firms (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
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    Notes: This paper studies the relationship between some characteristics of the corporate board and the firm’s capital structure in Chinese listed firms. The findings provide some preliminary empirical evidence and seem to suggest that managers tend to pursue lower financial leverage when they face stronger corporate governance from the board. However, the empirical results of the relationships are statistically significant only in the case of the board composition and the CEO tenure. The results are statistically insignificant in the case of the board size and fixed CEO compensation. This may in general suggest that, up to the time period of our investigation, the corporate board structures and processes in Chinese listed firms might not as yet be fully working in the manner, or as well, as might have been so far assumed on the basis of Western theoretical finance literature.
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    Nascent Stages of Corporate Governance in an Emerging Market: regulatory change, shareholder activism and Samsung Electronics (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
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    Notes: The dynamic state of corporate governance in an emerging market is discussed through an in-depth case study of Korea’s Samsung Electronics Corporation (SEC). This paper covers the influence upon SEC’s corporate governance of recent regulatory changes and the efforts of the People’s Solidarity for Participatory Democracy’s (PSPD), a young but influential minority shareholder activist group. It will show that corporate leaders from Korea are slowly gaining an understanding of the importance of corporate governance, but that for a variety of reasons they still remain reluctant participants, unable and unwilling to change effectively.
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    Corporate Governance Update (2002)
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    Corporate Governance, Institutional Investors and Socially Responsible Investment (2002)
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    Book Review (2002)
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed:James P. Hawley and Andrew T. Williams, The Rise of Fiduciary Capitalism
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8683.00274
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    Factors Associated with the Development of Board Sub–committees (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 10 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This study examines the factors associated with the presence of board sub–committees, specifically audit, remuneration and nomination committees. Factors which are hypothesised in this study to affect sub–committee presence are Big 6 auditors, non–executive directors, non–executive chairmen, number of intercorporate relationships of the board and shareholder type. Company size, number of board members and leverage are employed as control variables as suggested by earlier research.An analysis of board sub–committees in the Australian corporate environment is relevant to other jurisdictions as there are no mandatory requirements on either board composition or board sub–committees. There is, however, a mandatory requirement to disclose corporate governance practices which allows for a study of this type to be reliably conducted. A sample of 361 Australian companies drawn from the largest 500 public companies is employed.Audit committee presence is found to be positively associated with Big 6 auditors and the number of intercorporate relationships of the directors of the board. Remuneration committees are also found to be associated with Big 6 auditors and intercorporate relationships and also higher levels of institutional investment. The presence of nomination committees is not associated with auditors, directors or investors, but is associated with board size and leverage. The study concludes that audit committees are a highly developed and mature governance mechanism, and that remuneration committees can be classed as a developing and maturing structure whilst nomination committees are relatively immature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8683.00263
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    Non–executive Directors on Boards in Ireland: co–option, characteristics and contributions (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 10 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This paper reports research conducted to analyse the selection and characteristics of non–executive directors in Ireland. It links these themes to the three roles of the board (agency and control, strategic decision and policy support, resource acquirer). The study was carried out through in–depth interviews and repertory grids with 26 prominent non–executive directors and chairmen. The study confirms that non–executive directors are co–opted primarily through “the old boys network”. The repertory grid showed that, according to the study participants, the most important characteristics of effective non–executive directors were: (i) incisive thinking, the ability to size up a complex issue clearly, (ii) the ability to make a beneficial contribution to the company inside and outside the boardroom, and (iii) practical business experience. Interpersonal skills, international experience and lateral thinking were less prominent. The cognitive process structures of the repertory grids revealed remarkable homogeneity among the study participants in their way of thinking about the whole issue. The repertory grids showed a positive relationship between the participants’ ideas of what the “ideal” non–executive director is like, and themselves, indicating good self–esteem and satisfaction with themselves as non–executive directors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8683.00264
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    Book Reviews (2002)
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    Corporate governance 10 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Books reviewed:Philip Stiles and Bernard Taylor, Boards at Work – how directors view their roles and responsibilitiesRobert Monks, The New Global InvestorsElaine Sternberg, Just Business: Business Ethics in Action
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8683.00267
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    A Conceptual Framework for Corporate Governance Reform in South Korea (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 10 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: South Korea is currently undergoing reform of its corporate governance (CG) system, reflecting attempts to harmonise at a global level. Since the financial crisis in 1997, the need for reform has been emphasised and the Government is leading a policy which targets the traditional structure of the chaebol, as well as the system of corporate ownership and control in South Korea. In this paper, we outline the traditional system of CG in South Korea and review the broad agenda for CG reform which is currently taking place. From our review, we develop a conceptual framework which makes the implicit CG reforms in South Korea explicit. The framework comprises two inter–related models which represent the forces driving reform, the need for reform and the specific initiatives instrumental to reform. On the basis of our review and conceptual framework, we conclude by making a number of policy recommendations for the future direction of CG reform in South Korea. Specifically, we suggest a policy of corporate governance awareness involving a more penetrating policy of reform and incorporating the establishment of a CG forum. Our recommended policy should result in the reforms working from within the chaebol and CG system, rather than from without. For reform to have a permanent effect, the policies need to address the business culture, traditions and internal structure of the system. We suggest that this can only be achieved by increasing general awareness of the need for CG and the reasons underlying the current policy as well as by nurturing mutual trust and understanding between the parties involved.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8683.00265
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    Corporate Governance Update (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 10 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
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    Corporate Killing as a Corporate Governance Issue (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 10 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: In May 2000 the government proposed the introduction of a new offence of corporate killing founded on the concept of “management failure”. Two specific corporate risks are investigated; the risk that the company’s operations will kill one of its employees or a member of the public and the risk that the company will be convicted of an offence indicating corporate responsibility for that killing. The article demonstrates, firstly, that the risks associated with corporate killing fall within the ambit of the Turnbull Guidance. More importantly, it uses this particular, not directly financial, example to illustrate the proposition that Turnbull should not be associated with closure; rather it should be associated with the opening of a new level of corporate governance debate that will focus on corporate behaviour rather than corporate policy.
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    ‘Sir Douglas in Euroland’. Treasury officials and the European Union, 1977–2001 (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: ‘… every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main; if a clod be washed away by the sea, Europe is the less …’John DonneThe European Union (EU) is now, in the author’s view, a pervasive part of the UK Treasury’s culture, much more than is generally recognized. Drawing on personal experience as a Treasury official, the author describes the impact of the EU on the Department’s culture, organization and work. Relations with other departments, finance ministries in other member states and the EU institutions are examined in order to demonstrate the depth and complexity of Treasury involvement in the EU. Key policies are discussed, to illustrate how Treasury culture has changed in recent decades.
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    Thermometer or sauna?: Performance measurement and democratic assistance in the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This article presents a case study of performance measurement in the United States Agency for International Development’s (USAID’s) democracy and governance program. Its purpose is to illustrate the juxtaposition (and sometimes contradiction) between the high standards of causal logic and accuracy required of performance measurement, and the untidiness involved in the ‘politics of democratization’. Based on USAID experiences in numerous countries, the article concentrates on four specific themes drawn mainly from the literature on re-engineering but also from new public administration. These are: the complexity of politics; the challenge of attribution; the danger of distortive incentives; and the interrelated questions of product and process and quantitative and qualitative measures. Problems of measurement are clearly complicated by the fact that the Agency does not deliver service directly, has limited control over its expenditures, and, in the case of democracy assistance, by the need to operate in a complex and sensitive area, across international borders and diverse political systems and cultures. The article includes a discussion of some innovative qualitatively-oriented USAID responses to these problems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00302
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    Reviews (2002)
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    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Books Reviewed:Keith Hoggart and Terry Nichols Clark (eds), Citizen responsive governmentHoward Elcock, Political leadershipMichael Th. Greven and Louis W. Pauly (eds), Democracy beyond the state? The European dilemma and the emerging global orderRoy Gregory and Philip Giddings (eds), Righting wrongs; the ombudsman in six continentsHans A.G.M. Bekke and Frits M. van der Meer (eds), Civil service systems in Western EuropeJ. Steven Ott (ed.), The nature of the nonprofit sector: an overviewJon Pierre and B. Guy Peters, Governance, politics and the stateTamas M. Horvath (ed.), Decentralization: experiments and reforms. Local governments in Central and Eastern EuropeGerry Stoker (ed.), The new politics of local governanceRobert Leach and Janie Percy–Smith, Local governance in Britain
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    Chronological Index (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00333
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    Policy networks and policy change in organic agriculture: a comparative analysis of the UK and Ireland (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This paper takes a comparative case–study approach, located within the literature on policy networks, to organic agriculture policy in the United Kingdom and Ireland since the late 1980s. An examination of policy development for the organic sector focuses primarily on regulatory arrangements. The core of the analysis applies some prominent themes in the policy network literature to the organic sector: the debate about sectoral and sub–sectoral networks, the relationship between networks, context and outcomes, and the role of the state and ideas in promoting policy change.
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    Going privately: partnership and outsourcing in UK public services (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Public private partnerships provide an important illustration of the way the traditional role of government as employer and service provider is being transformed. While policy–makers argue that the growing role of the private sector is not driven by ideological thinking – that, in fact, both public and private sector organizations can benefit from working together in partnership relations – in practice it is the norms and rules of private sector management that underpin reforms. This paper assesses evidence from two detailed case studies of partnerships and demonstrates, first, that there is little evidence of mutual gains from partnership arrangements and, second, that because of an imbalance of power between public and private sector partners, any gains achieved are not distributed equitably. These results suggest that current reforms need to be refocused around building on the distinctive qualities of services provision in the public sector, rather than expanding the private sector world of markets and contracts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00314
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    Public–private transformations. Institutional shifts, cultural changes and altering identities: two case studies (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The central question of this article is which changes in cultural orientation arise during institutional transformation within public–private hybrid organizations. The article presents a theoretical review, using the Dutch interaction model, in which various models of institutional transformation and cultural change are brought up. We present two case studies which are part of an inter–university study of hybridization and processes of privatization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00317
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    The influence of institutions and culture on health policies: different approaches to integrated care in England and The Netherlands (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The concept of integrated care has assumed growing importance on the policy agendas both in England and The Netherlands and elsewhere. It is characterized as health and health care-related social care needed by patients with multi-faceted needs. This article compares policy approaches to integrated care in England and The Netherlands. Differing political strategies and conditions for integrated care correspond to the dissimilarities in the institutional structure and culture of their health care systems. Health care systems are understood as specific national and historical configurations. We review the last decade’s relevant policy processes, using the concepts of hierarchy, market and network. The state health care system in England relies mainly on hierarchical steering, thus creating tight network structures for integrated care on the local level. The Netherlands, with its health care system in a public-private mix, has set incentives for voluntary, loosely coupled and partly market-driven cooperation on the local level. Implications for success or failure are mixed in both configurations. Policy recommendations have to be tailored to each systems’ characteristics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00307
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    Evaluation, Policy Learning and Evidence-Based Policy Making (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The increasing emphasis on the need for evidence-based policy indicates the continuing influence of the ‘modernist’ faith in progress informed by reason. Although the rationalist assumptions of evidence-based policy making have been subject to severe challenge from constructivist and post-modernist perspectives, it is argued that the attempt to ground policy making in more reliable knowledge of ‘what works’ retains its relevance and importance. Indeed, its importance is enhanced by the need for effective governance of complex social systems and it is argued that ‘reflexive social learning’ informed by policy and programme evaluation constitutes an increasingly important basis for ‘interactive governance’. The expanded use of piloting of new policies and programmes by the current UK Government is considered to provide limited scope for evaluation to derive reliable evidence of whether policies work. There is a need for greater clarity about the role of evaluation in situations where piloting essentially constitutes ‘prototyping’. More emphasis should be placed on developing a sound evidence base for policy through long-term impact evaluations of policies and programmes. It is argued from a realist position that such evaluation should be theory-based and focused on explaining and understanding how policies achieve their effects using ‘multi-method’ approaches.
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    The Northern Ireland Civil Service: Characteristics and Trends Since 1970 (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: “This is a damned funny country. There’s one crowd singing ‘Wrap the Green Flag Round Me’ and another crowd sings ‘Rule Britannia’ and there’s a lot of bloody civil servants up there in Stormont drawing twenty pounds a week and laughing at the lot of us.”Comment made in 1939 to Patrick Shea, cited in Shea 1981, p. 205.This paper offers a summary of research on the Northern Ireland Civil Service (NICS) that has been undertaken as part of an ESRC-supported project examining the changing nature of civil services throughout the British Isles. Not since Gladden’s seminal work in 1967 have studies of the British Civil Services offered sufficient coverage of the long-existing variations within the UK. The weaknesses in coverage are particularly visible with respect to the Northern Ireland Civil Service (NICS), which is accorded either footnote status in most work or even ignored altogether. A compelling case for closing the gap in the literature is underscored by the political devolution that was introduced after 1998. Far from being the unitary state associated with the Westminster model, the UK exhibits the features of a differentiated polity in which figure the contradictory impulses of centralization and fragmentation. In illustrating ‘parity with particularity’, the civil service arrangements obtaining within the Province of Northern Ireland clearly exemplify the differentiation with the UK. Moreover, with devolved fora now established for both Scotland and Wales, with associated pressure for more distinctive and even separate civil arrangements in each, Northern Ireland’s experience offers valuable lessons on how the UK civil service may develop in Scotland and Wales.
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    The Competent Boundary Spanner (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Inter-organizational frameworks of intervention dominate the resolution of complex societal problems facing the UK and many other countries. Strategic alliances, joint working arrangements, networks, partnerships and many other forms of collaboration across sectoral and organizational boundaries currently proliferate across the policy landscape. However, the discourse is positioned at an institutional and organizational level, and comparatively little attention is accorded to the pivotal role of individual actors in the management of inter-organizational relationships. This paper attempts to redress this balance by focusing on the skills, competencies and behaviour of boundary spanners. A critical review of the relevant literature, both from an institutional and relational perspective, is undertaken. This is complemented by some new empirical research that involves an engagement with groups of particular types of boundary spanner using a combination of surveys and in-depth interviews. Finally, a discussion makes connections between the existing literature and the research findings and offers suggestions for future areas of enquiry.
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    Executive Succession and the Performance of Public Organizations (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: A theoretical framework is developed for the analysis of the impact of executive succession in public organizations. The central concepts in the model are the motives of chief executives, the means at their disposal and the opportunities available for influencing performance. The main hypothesis that flows from the model is that the effect of executive succession is likely to be small but significant. Furthermore, the strength of the impact of succession is contingent on a variety of external and internal circumstances. Seventeen testable hypotheses concerning these contingency effects are presented as a research agenda for studies of top management change in the public sector. The theoretical arguments are illustrated with reference to UK local government.
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    Reviews (2002)
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Books reviewed:Kevin Theakston, Leadership in WhitehallCris Shore, Building Europe. The cultural politics of European integrationMaureen Mackintosh and Rathin Roy (eds), Economic decentralization and public management reformChristopher Pollitt, Xavier Girre, Jeremy Lonsdale, Robert Mul, Hilkka Summa and Marit Waerness, Performance or compliance? Performance audit and public management in five countriesJohn Loughlin (ed.), Subnational democracy in the European Union. Challenges and opportunitiesP.H.A. Frissen, (trans.) Chris Emery, Politics, governance and technology: A postmodern narrative on the virtual state (Virtuele staat, politiek, bestuur, technologie)René Torenvlied, Political decisions and agency performanceBent Flyvbjerg, Making social science matter: why social inquiry fails and how it can succeed againM. Arnott and C. Raab (eds), The governance of schooling. comparative studies of devolved schoolingWalter J.M. Kickert and Richard J. Stillman, II (eds), The modern state and its study. New administrative sciences in a changing Europe and United StatesDilys M. Hill, Urban policy and politics in BritainG.C. Peden, The treasury and public policy 1906–1959June Burnham, Whitehall and the civil service: issues for the Millennium and beyond
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    Knowledge management and communities of practice in the private sector: lessons for modernizing the National Health Service in England and Wales (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The National Health Service (NHS) in England and Wales has embarked upon a radical and far–reaching programme of change and reform. However, to date the results of organizational quality and service improvement initiatives in the public sector have been mixed, if not to say disappointing, with anticipated gains often failing to materialize or to be sustained in the longer term. This paper draws on the authors’ recent extensive research into one of the principal methodologies for bringing about the sought after step change in the quality of health care in England and Wales. It explores how private sector knowledge management (KM) concepts and practices might contribute to the further development of public sector quality improvement initiatives in general and to the reform of the NHS in particular. Our analysis suggests there have been a number of problems and challenges in practice, not least a considerable naïvety around the issue of knowledge transfer and ‘knowledge into practice’ within health care organizations. We suggest four broad areas for possible development which also have important implications for other public sector organizations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00322
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    Delivering joined–up government in the UK: dimensions, issues and problems (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: In the UK, joined–up government (JUG) was a central part of the first Blair government’s programme for public sector reform. It remains a pivotal, if more muted, feature of the second term. We will identify the range of disparate activities that have been branded as ‘joined up’. We then look at the variety of official guidance coming from the centre of government to highlight the overlapping and competing strategies that underpinned the implementation of joined–up government. Various competing strategies have been advocated and implemented at any one time. Therefore the situation was more fluid and more contested than might be inferred from the use of the homogenizing term ‘joined–up government’. We conclude by briefly considering what this implies for our understanding of intra–state relationships, of the relationships between public agencies and civil society, and the relationship between JUG and the politics of the Third Way.
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    Rethinking local political leadership (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The changing nature of local political leadership in Britain over the past 25 years has received scant attention from political scientists. This article argues that changes in the roles and functions of local authorities have had a marked impact on the nature of local political leadership. Three phases (operational, transitional and collaborative) are identified and leadership roles are related to changes in the political context of local government. The fundamental tasks of leadership have not changed but what has changed is the balance or relative emphasis between them and the way they have been interpreted. While elected local authorities cannot ignore the implications of the changed external agenda – notably the advent of new forms of executive leadership – the way they respond still bears the mark of the local political culture.
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    Higher Education Funding Council (HEFC) methods in the 1990s: national and regional developments and policy implications (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The Higher Education Funding Councils (HEFCs) were established to implement a devolved higher education funding policy. Over the 1990s, HEFC funding methods evolved to reflect government aims of expanding student places and reducing unit costs, while increasing equity, access and competition as well as teaching and research quality. This analysis tests the achievement of Funding Council methods and resulting block grant allocations against these goals. While research funding became more influenced by Research Assessment Exercise scores, student numbers continued to be a main force in the allocation of teaching grants. Despite variations in allocations between regions and institutional types, HEFC funding methods reinforced research and teaching funding differences between institutions.
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    The relationship between politicians and administrators – a logic of disharmony (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The relationship between politicians (elected officials) and administrators (appointed officials) is the cornerstone to understanding the governing process and has always been highly debated in the public administration literature. Traditionally, the debate focuses on Weber’s clear separation between politicians and administrators and a criticism of the basic assumptions of Weber’s model. An alternative model is the Dichotomy–Duality–Model which gives a more varied description of the relationship between politicians and administrators. This article argues that in order to get a more thorough understanding of the complicated interaction between politicians and administrators, it is necessary to pay attention to the two groups’ logic of action. It is argued that politicians are driven by inductive logic of action while administrators are influenced by a deductive logic of action. These two opposites create a logic of disharmony between the two agents. Empirical findings from counties in Denmark support the present and the resistance of the logic, since management tools designed to create a harmonious relationship between politicians and administrators are unable to change the logic of disharmony.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00326
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    Ministerial responsibility and the Scottish Qualifications Agency (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The Scottish Qualifications Agency (SQA) is charged with the task of overseeing school–based qualifications in Scotland. However, for the 2000 exam diet the SQA failed to produce either timely or accurate exam results. The events surrounding this failure, accompanied by the responsible minister’s explanation of his own actions and inactions, brought to the fore issues of responsibility and accountability. The unresolved nature of accountability and responsibility within government, particularly in relation to non–departmental public bodies (NDPBs), became apparent as the inquiries into the SQA took evidence. Utilizing the SQA as a powerful example, this article explores the problematic structures of accountability and responsibility that exist between NDPBs and ministers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00329
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    The governance of urban regeneration: a critique of the ‘governing without government’ thesis (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 80 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This paper offers a critique of the concept of governance as networks. Using the complementary concept of regime governance, it argues that networks are not the primary mode of governance in the politics of urban regeneration in the UK. Drawing on primary and secondary material, it is argued that Central Government is becoming more influential in the local policy arena. In the ‘mix’ of market, hierarchy and network, hierarchy is more pervasive than network. It is therefore argued that partnerships should be treated as a distinct mode of governance. These conclusions demonstrate that despite the fashion for copying urban policies from the USA, local politics in the UK remain very different. Ironically, the transfer of policies developed in the USA has tended to entrench divergent practices and outcomes. The UK does not, therefore, appear to be moving toward the US model of regime politics. It is concluded that the partnership and network/regime models of governance should be subjected to rigorous comparative studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00305
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    Banana Splits: Policy Process, Particularistic Interests, Political Capture, and Money in Transatlantic Trade Politics (2002)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Business and politics 4.2002, 1, art1 
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    ISSN: 1369-5258
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The most intractable and protracted transatlantic trade conflict of the last decade was over bananas, which grow neither on the European nor on the North American continent. Our explanation of the conflict emphasizes the determining role of the domestic politics of the EU and the United States. It was driven not only by the extreme divergence of preferences of Brussels' and Washington's domestic constituencies, rooted in the competitive position of competing banana industries, but also, and critically, by the institutional configuration of (agricultural) trade policymaking on either side of the Atlantic. The EU agricultural trade policy process is characterized by a division of labor that favors agricultural over wider trading interests, sectoral segmentation, and sector-specific issue-linkage. The U.S. trade policy process is characterized by the Congress's growing reassertion of its trade policy prerogatives, the growing institutionalization of firms' access to the trade policy bureaucracy, and the growing volume and role of corporate campaign donations. The combined effect of these different policy process traits has been to facilitate the capture of banana trade policy by highly organized, particularistic, and predominantly trading interests. Although neither the WTO nor the transatlantic trading relationship ultimately "slipped" over bananas, the conflict provides scant reason for optimism concerning the future of this relationship or indeed of the multilateral international trading system, at least in as far as the latter depends on good EU-U.S. relations.
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    Pursuing Regulatory Relief: Strategic Participation and Litigation in U.S. OSHA Rulemaking (2002)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Business and politics 4.2002, 1, art3 
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    ISSN: 1369-5258
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Administrative agencies in the United States have developed highly formalized and complex processes for public participation in rulemaking, especially in areas of social regulation such as the environment and workplace safety and health. This case study considers the significance of participation in formal rulemaking processes by connecting the quality of participation to the strategic possibilities in litigation between private interests and regulatory agencies. Specifically, the strategic possibilities of the leading interest groups engaged in the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's major "Lockout/Tagout" rulemaking illustrate how legal resources are created through the development of evidence and claims in hearings. Written and oral presentations, apparently aimed directly at persuading the agency, indirectly affect agency deliberations by increasing the possibility that courts will constrain agency decisionmaking, thus creating opportunities for negotiated alternatives. The case ultimately serves as a paradigmatic example of how bargaining arises at the micro level of policy systems that are infused with broader legal structures.
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    Business and the Crisis of Peruvian Democracy (2002)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Business and politics 4.2002, 3, art4 
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    ISSN: 1369-5258
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/bap/vol4/iss3/art4
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    Private Ordering on the Internet: The EBay Community of Traders (2002)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Business and politics 4.2002, 3, art1 
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    ISSN: 1369-5258
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: eBay provides an online auction venue for remote and anonymous members of its online community to realize gains from trade. As a venue it never sees the items sold, verifies the item listings, handles settlements, or represents the buyer or seller. Despite the associated market imperfections and incentive problems, over five million auctions are active on an average day. Trading is based on trust among members of the eBay community, and trust is supported by a multilateral reputation mechanism based on member feedback. eBay supplements the reputation mechanism with rules and policies that mitigate incentive problems, reduce transactions costs, and support trust among members and between members and the company. Reputations and the rules and policies provide a private ordering of eBay's community. This paper examines this private ordering in the context of the company's strategy and in the shadow of the public order.
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    The Allocation of Resources by Interest Groups: Lobbying, Litigation and Administrative Regulation (2002)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Business and politics 4.2002, 3, art5 
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    ISSN: 1369-5258
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/bap/vol4/iss3/art5
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    Are PAC Contributions and Lobbying Linked? New Evidence from the 1995 Lobby Disclosure Act (2002)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Business and politics 4.2002, 2, art2 
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    ISSN: 1369-5258
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This paper uses newly available data from the 1995 Lobby Disclosure Act to assess the argument that PAC contributions are used to gain access to legislators. First, we find a much stronger connection between lobbying and campaign contributions than previous statistical research has revealed--groups that have both a lobbyist and a PAC account for 70 percent of all interest group expenditures and 86 percent of all PAC contributions. Second, we find that groups that engage in relatively large amounts of lobbying--and therefore presumably have a high demand for access--allocate their campaign contributions differently than groups that do not. Groups that emphasize lobbying pay more attention to members' positions of power inside Congress, and less attention to members' electoral circumstances, than other groups. Groups that emphasize lobbying also appear to be more bipartisan and less ideological than other groups, giving more equally to both parties and more broadly across the ideological spectrum.
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    Commentary on "Lobbying and Legislative Organization: The Effect of the Vote of Confidence Procedure" (2002)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Business and politics 4.2002, 2, art7 
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    ISSN: 1369-5258
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/bap/vol4/iss2/art7
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    Lobbying and Legislative Organization: The Effect of the Vote of Confidence Procedure (2002)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Business and politics 4.2002, 2, art6 
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    ISSN: 1369-5258
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This paper analyzes how the structure of the legislature affects interest groups' incentives to lobby. Lobbying is modelled as the strategic provision of information by an interest group to a multi-member legislature, and the effectiveness of lobbying lies in the ability of information to change the winning policy coalitions. We show that with a long enough time horizon for policymakers, the distinguishing feature between the U.S. Congress and European parliamentary systems--the vote of confidence procedure--reduces an agenda setter's willingness to change policy coalitions, and thus significantly lowers the incentives for interest group lobbying.
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    Closure and Capture in Federal Advisory Committees (2002)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Business and politics 4.2002, 2, art8 
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    ISSN: 1369-5258
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This paper examines the relationship between interest group membership, source of authorization, and meeting closure in federal advisory committees. Using observed correlations, it seeks to identify the ultimate source of "inappropriate influence" wielded in advisory committees. The worst offenders in recent years are those committees created jointly by Congress and agencies, and especially certain committees in USDA and DOC. However, these findings may be unique to the last six years, during which the number of closed meetings has tripled.
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    Bribes and Fruit Baskets: What Does the Link Between PAC Contributions and Lobbying Mean? (2002)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Business and politics 4.2002, 2, art3 
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    ISSN: 1369-5258
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Strategic Responses to Global Climate Change: Conflicting Pressures on Multinationals in the Oil Industry (2002)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Business and politics 4.2002, 3, art2 
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    ISSN: 1369-5258
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: MNCs are increasingly facing global environmental issues demanding coordinated market and non-market strategic responses. The home country institutional context and individual company histories can create divergent pressures on strategy for MNCs based in different countries; however, the location of MNCs in global industries and their participation in 'global issues arenas' create issue-level fields within which strategic convergence might also be expected. This paper analyzes the responses of oil MNCs to climate change and finds that local context influenced initial corporate reactions, but that convergent pressures predominate as the issue matures.
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    Polish Business Associations: Flattened Civil Society or Super Lobbies? (2002)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Business and politics 4.2002, 3, art3 
    Details
    ISSN: 1369-5258
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This article tests two hypotheses about post-communist business associations. The first predicts weak business associations which are presented with insurmountable collective action problems by the flattened civil society inherited from totalitarianism. According to this hypothesis, no business associations are inherited from the previous regime, and associations are confronted with difficult-to-organize latent groups of large numbers of new small enterprises. The second hypothesis, as proposed by Mancur Olson, predicts strong business associations benefiting from the collective action advantages of the communist economic structure which was composed of small numbers of large enterprises. The hypotheses are tested with case studies of Poland's five most influential business associations. The conclusion is that the flattened civil society hypothesis is best borne out by the evidence. This suggests that, in other countries, political factors, rather than the standard communist economic structure, are more likely to explain the persistence of industrial super lobbies.
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    The Allocation of Resources by Interest Groups: Lobbying, Litigation and Administrative Regulation (2002)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Business and politics 4.2002, 2, art4 
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    ISSN: 1369-5258
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: One of the central concerns about American policy making institutions is the degree to which political outcomes can be influenced by interested parties. While the literature on interest group strategies in particular institutions - legislative, administrative, and legal - is extensive, there is very little scholarship which examines how the interdependencies between institutions affects the strategies of groups. In this paper we examine in a formal theoretical model how the opportunity to litigate administrative rulemaking in the courts affects the lobbying strategies of competing interest groups at the rulemaking stage. Using a resource-based view of group activity, we develop a number of important insights about each stage that cannot be observed by examining each one in isolation. We demonstrate that lobbying effort responds to the ideology of the court, and the responsiveness of the court to resources. In particular, (1) as courts become more biased toward the status quo, interest group lobbying investments become smaller, and may be eliminated all together, (2) as interest groups become wealthier, they spend more on lobbying, and (3) as the responsiveness of courts to resources decreases, the effect it has on lobbying investments depends on the underlying ideology of the court.
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    Strange Bedfellows: Communist Party Institutions and New Governance Mechanisms in Chinese State Holding Corporations (2002)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Business and politics 4.2002, 1, art4 
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    ISSN: 1369-5258
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Analyses of corporate governance problems in China's state sector have mainly focused on administrative interference from state agencies. So far the influence of Communist party institutions has received little attention. Although the influence of ideology has diminished greatly, the Chinese Communist party continues to monitor and control economic actors at every level of the state sector. This article shows that the institutional structure through which the party executes its monitoring and control functions has a corrosive effect on the day-to-day governance of the vast majority of state enterprises. The party's management structure aggravates the inadequate monitoring of managerial performance, weakens managerial incentives, and amplifies insufficient corporate transparency, thereby allowing state asset managers to carve out informal spheres of autonomy. These spheres of autonomy create opportunities for insider control, economic corruption, and the illicit privatization of state assets. Effective and sustainable privatization and corporate governance reforms in China's state sector will thus require the party to substantially diminish its authority over state sector executives.
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    Law, Judicial Review, and Formal Models of the Regulation Game: A Comment on de Figueiredo & de Figueiredo (2002)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Business and politics 4.2002, 2, art5 
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    ISSN: 1369-5258
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
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    Global Competition and Strategies in the Information and Communications Technology Industry: A Liberal-Strategic Approach (2002)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Business and politics 4.2002, 1, art2 
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    ISSN: 1369-5258
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This article examines the roles of multinational corporations and the European Union (EU) in structuring global competition around wireless standardization. It analyzes the realities of global competition in information and communications technology (ICT) markets from a more liberal-strategic viewpoint than the subsidy-based industry support promulgated by strategic trade theorists in the 1980s and 1990s. According to a liberal-strategic trade perspective, public actors try to tweak the rules of the world economy to structure global competition in ways that enhance job creation, overall competitiveness in high-technology sectors, and domestic welfare, rather than being primarily concerned about import competition. The story of the European approach to global standardization and competition--and the strategic use of international standards bodies by multinational corporations--primarily represents an aggressive outward-oriented strategy. European actors pursued a globally oriented strategy in the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) with the objective of aligning Europe with market and policy developments in the rapidly growing markets of the Asia-Pacific region. By downplaying the importance of import competition, often stressed by strategic trade theorists a liberal-strategic approach to the ICT industry focuses on the prospect of cutting-edge innovations based on a coherent industry strategy that looks at the creation of internationally competitive technologies in the longer-term rather than at incremental change and current import competition pressure.
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    Lobbying and Information in Politics (2002)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Business and politics 4.2002, 2, art1 
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    ISSN: 1369-5258
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
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    TQM implementation in a public sector entity in Fiji: Public sector reform, commercialization, and institutionalism (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of public sector management 15 (2002), S. 340-360 
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    ISSN: 0951-3558
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: In recent years, many companies have adopted the total quality management (TQM) philosophy for achieving organizational excellence. The paper reports on the findings of a case study concerned with appraising TQM practices in the Housing Authority of Fiji (HA). The HA has been set up to provide affordable shelter and mortgage finance for low and middle-income earners in Fiji. Data collected suggest that following the global trend, as well as being consistent with the government's recent public sector reform policy, TQM systems at the HA made the organization more effective and efficient. The organization was preparing itself to be corporatized. The case study reinforces previous claims that suggest that an organization may adopt a TQM strategy to promote both "institutional" and "quality" cultures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09513550210435700
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    The changing role of local government managers in a transitional economy: Evidence from the Republic of Kazakhstan (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of public sector management 15 (2002), S. 399-411 
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    ISSN: 0951-3558
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: States that public administration reform has been a global phenomenon over the last two decades, but that its justification, impact and effectiveness are strongly contested. Reveals that evidence across developed countries varies, but in developing countries conclusions are more difficult to arrive at. Examines the case of the Republic of Kazakhstan taking into account the views of local government. Concludes that, in the case of Kazakhstan there is considerable support for an enhanced, more autonomous role for local government.
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    The international applicability of "new" public management: lessons from Turkey (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of public sector management 15 (2002), S. 475-486 
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    ISSN: 0951-3558
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: One of the central tenets of "new public management" is that it is universally applicable. Indeed the European Union advocates the adoption of such management approaches for countries seeking entry to the EU. This paper questions this position with reference to the introduction of change in public services in Turkey. From this study it is argued that management change in public services may be more to do with cultural factors which are embedded in the form of public administration of that country. One of the central factors of Turkish life is the state dominance over civil society, including the private sector. In the UK private sector values enter the public sector, whereas in Turkey public service values enter the private sector. The paper concludes that changes in public sector management have to consider the cultural factors of public services and management models cannot be imposed unchanged.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09513550210439625
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    Qualifying for leadership or control masquerading as enlightenment? (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of public sector management 15 (2002), S. 281-295 
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    ISSN: 0951-3558
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The 1988 Education Reform Act marked a fundamental shift in direction for the education service and represented a radical shift from the past. One of the major areas of change has been on existing relationships and the subsequent challenge to traditional structures and practices. Responsibilities and accountability have been decentralised to the individual institution. Subsequently this has led to pressure from sources, such as the Government and teaching profession, for a more articulate approach to leadership and management development. In 1990 Handy warned that not all staff are equally experienced or capable of leadership roles. Williams suggested that the position of principal/headteacher is not necessarily the most appropriate for some members of the teaching profession. This paper looks at a proposed initiative for the development of a qualification for headship in general and the implications for implementation in Northern Ireland in particular, and considers it against existing management literature and practice.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09513550210430237
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    Consumer as king in the NHS (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of public sector management 15 (2002), S. 129-139 
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    ISSN: 0951-3558
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Over the last two decades, in response to political and financial pressures, the NHS has been subjected to considerable changes in its organisation. There is increasing emphases on containing the costs of hospital provision and making the treatment available from hospitals more responsive to consumers' needs. "New" public sector management (NPM) philosophy clearly reflects an ideological shift toward newly valued entrepreneurial attitudes and behaviours, where patients and health service-users are re-defined as "customers" and "consumers". Through a consideration of the recent changes, this paper will argue that the increasing emphasis on efficiency, cost-cutting and most especially consumer satisfaction has transformed how nurses manage their emotions at work, adding new dimensions to their caring role. Nurses now find themselves having to present the detached, calm, but caring, face of the health professional whilst also having to present a smiling face to patients who now behave as demanding customers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09513550210419591
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    The Greater Toronto area revisited: From metropolitan government to unicity (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of public sector management 15 (2002), S. 69-86 
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    ISSN: 0951-3558
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The former municipality of Metropolitan Toronto was Canada's largest government and a unique body. It was abolished on 31 December 1997 and a new unified City was ushered in on 1 January 1998. It consists of all the former municipalities of the Metropolitan Council and has reduced the former two-tier system to a single tier. There was considerable opposition initially to the establishment of a unicity by local politicians and the citizenry at large. This has to be seen against a background of general opposition to some of the policy decisions of the Ontario Provincial Government at that particular point in time. Despite the opposition, legislation was enacted establishing the new City. The councillors initially elected in late 1997, the top management team of the Council and virtually all the residents have since accepted the decision on unification and have committed themselves to building the new City. The transition team appointed by the Province and the political and management component of Toronto have done considerable groundwork in developing the unified City to meet present and future challenges locally, regionally and internationally. The amalgamation of the municipalities has resulted in savings of $150 million resulting from inter alia, reduction of departments and divisions, staff, information technology systems, office space, consolidating of the corporate fleet and the City Service Boards. It should be noted that amalgamated programmes only constituted 27 per cent of the budget of the new City. However, coincidental with the amalgamation process was the implementation of the "Who Does What" policy introduced by the provincial government and the Council had to take on significant additional responsibilities. Provincial assistance was provided by way of a one-off grant of $50 million and a $200 million loan. Consequently, any actual savings achieved initially will have to be viewed in this context.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09513550210414604
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