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  • Articles  (1,672)
  • Springer  (1,599)
  • Annual Reviews  (73)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science
  • American Geophysical Union (AGU)
  • 1980-1984  (1,672)
  • 1935-1939
  • 1983  (1,672)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (1,672)
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  • Articles  (1,672)
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Years
  • 1980-1984  (1,672)
  • 1935-1939
Year
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  • 1
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 3 (1983), S. 125-154 
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 2
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 3 (1983), S. 35-52 
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 3
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 3 (1983), S. 289-307 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 4
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 3 (1983), S. 413-432 
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 3 (1983), S. 433-466 
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 6
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 3 (1983), S. 1-34 
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 7
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 3 (1983), S. 71-96 
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 8
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 3 (1983), S. 97-124 
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 9
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 3 (1983), S. 341-412 
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 10
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    Annual Review of Nutrition 3 (1983), S. 187-212 
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 11
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    Annual Review of Nutrition 3 (1983), S. 233-259 
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 12
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 3 (1983), S. 261-288 
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 13
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 3 (1983), S. 309-339 
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 14
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    Annual Review of Phytopathology 21 (1983), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 15
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    Annual Review of Phytopathology 21 (1983), S. 13-20 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 16
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 21 (1983), S. 21-27 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 17
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 21 (1983), S. 29-43 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 18
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    Annual Review of Phytopathology 21 (1983), S. 45-64 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 19
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    Annual Review of Phytopathology 21 (1983), S. 65-85 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 20
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    Annual Review of Phytopathology 21 (1983), S. 87-116 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
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  • 21
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    Annual Review of Phytopathology 21 (1983), S. 117-136 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 22
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    Annual Review of Phytopathology 21 (1983), S. 137-152 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 23
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 21 (1983), S. 153-178 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 24
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 21 (1983), S. 179-200 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 25
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 21 (1983), S. 201-220 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 26
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 21 (1983), S. 221-242 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 27
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 21 (1983), S. 243-270 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 28
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    Annual Review of Phytopathology 21 (1983), S. 289-315 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
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  • 29
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    Annual Review of Phytopathology 21 (1983), S. 271-288 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 30
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    Annual Review of Phytopathology 21 (1983), S. 317-340 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 31
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 21 (1983), S. 341-362 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
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    Annual Review of Phytopathology 21 (1983), S. 363-384 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Annual Review of Phytopathology 21 (1983), S. 385-410 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 34
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    Annual Review of Nutrition 3 (1983), S. 53-70 
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 35
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 3 (1983), S. 155-185 
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 36
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 3 (1983), S. 213-231 
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 37
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    European journal of wildlife research 29 (1983), S. 48-54 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A full translation of Y Naw Helwriaeth is presented for the first time in German, and the contents, sources and significance of this old Welsh hunting code are discussed in detail. Y Naw Helwriaeth is a unique conflation of old Welsh, Anglo-Norman and Middle English sources, which was compiled in the mid sixteenth century byGruffudd Hiraethog.
    Abstract: Résumé Une traduction complète et fidèle en allemand du »Y Naw Helwriaeth« est présentée pour la première fois et le contenu, les sources et la signification de cet ancien code de chasse du Pays de Galles font l'objet d'une discussion approfondie. »Y Naw Helwriaeth« constitue une compilation unique d'éléments provenant de sources galloises anciennes, anglo-normandes et moyen-anglaises rassemblés au 17ème siècle parGruffudd Hiraethog.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine vollständige und getreue Übersetzung von Y Naw Helwriaeth wird zum ersten Mal auf Deutsch vorgestellt, und der Inhalt, die Quellen und die Bedeutung dieses alten walisischen Jagdkodexes werden eingehend diskutiert. Y Naw Helwriaeth sind eine einzigartige Kompilation aus alten walisischen, anglo-normannischen und mittelenglischen Quellen, die mitten im 16. Jahrhundert vonGruffudd Hiraethog zusammengestellt wurde.
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  • 38
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    European journal of wildlife research 29 (1983), S. 62-62 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 39
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    European journal of wildlife research 29 (1983), S. 95-110 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Rye, barley, potatoes, turnips and maize were cut back with scissors, by one-third and two-third to simulate browsing by game; in each case all plants in a plot were cut back by 30 % and 60 % respectively. In addition, the pulling-out of the plants by game was simulated, at rates of 80 %, 40 % and 20 %. Generally, in all cultivated plants, there were significant reductions of yield, almost exclusively in those plots in which 80 % of the plants had been removed. An influence on the ability of the plants to recover is exercised by the weather of the year and the timing of the damage. Analyses of the structure of the cereal crops showed that the influence on the stand density of the crop is greater than on the number of the heads per are or on the weight of 1000 heads.
    Abstract: Résumé Pour les besoins d'une simulation, du seigle, de l'orge, des plants de pommes de terre, des betteraves et du maïs furent recoupés aux 1/3 et aux 2/3 à raison de 30, 60 et 100 % des plantes d'une parcelle. En outre, on simula l'arrachage de plantes par le gibier à raison de 20, 40 et 80 %. Des pertes significatives furent généralement enregistrées parmi toutes les cultures dans les seules parcelles où 80 % des plantes avaient été écartées. La faculté de régénération des plantes est influencée par les conditions climatiques ayant prévalu au cours de l'année ainsi que par l'époque à laquelle les dégâts se sont situés. Des analyses de la récolte des céréales montrent que l'influence sur la densité des brinsest plus importante que sur le nombre de grains par are et par poids de mille grains.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Roggen, Gerste, Kartoffeln, Rüben und Mais wurden zur Simulation des Wildverbisses mit Scheren um 1/3 und 2/3 zurückgeschnitten; jeweils alle Pflanzen, 60 % und 30 % der Pflanzen einer Parzelle. Zusätzlich wurde das Herausziehen der Pflanzen durch Wild simuliert, und zwar in den Stufen 80 %, 40 % und 20 %. Durchgehend in allen Kulturpflanzen zeigten sich signifikante Ertragsverluste fast ausschließlich in den Parzellen, in denen 80 % der Pflanzen entfernt worden waren. Einen Einfluß auf die Regenerationsfähigkeit der Pflanzen haben die Jahreswitterung und der Zeitpunkt des Schadens. Ertragsstrukturanalysen in Getreide zeigten, daß der Einfluß auf die Bestandesdichte größer ist als auf Kornzahl je Ähre und Tausendkorngewicht.
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    European journal of wildlife research 29 (1983), S. 120-122 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A report is given on the occurrence of feral farm minks escaped from farms in Schleswig-Holstein. 230 captures, killings and sightings have been recorded since 1950. It is uncertain if there are already existing self-sustaining populations.
    Abstract: Résumé Des visons échappés d'élevages s'observent en parcours libre dans le Schleswig-Holstein depuis 1950. 230 captures, tirs ou observations ont été enregistrés jusqu'a présent. Il n'est pas établi clairement s'il existe pour autant des populations stables et autonomes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Entwichene Farmnerze kommen in Schleswig-Holstein seit 1950 im Freiland vor. 230 Fänge, Erlegungen und Beobachtungen wurden bisher registriert. Es ist unklar, ob bereits stabile, sich selbst erhaltende Populationen bestehen.
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    European journal of wildlife research 29 (1983), S. 111-119 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Court hunting in the Dukedom of Westfalia in the time of the Electors of the House of Wittelsbach (1583–1761) required a large number of dogs talented and well-trained in many respects. Insofar as these were controlled by the staff of the Westfalian hunting office, the Electoral Oberkellner office in Arnsberg covered the maintenance of the pack. The costs amounted to around 3000 Reichstaler per year. In the course of the development of full state sovereignty, “dog-service” was introduced, involving around 90 farms, each of which either had to take and care for one of the Elector's dogs without payment or otherwise had to pay “dog-money” of 1 Reichstaler a year. Apart from farmers, the executioners and the bailiffs and several monasteries were also obliged to do “dog-service”, which in general was fulfilled by cash payments. The executioners paid 64 Reichstaler and the monasteries 252 Reichstaler a year. A particular form of “dog-service” was the dog-loan. Farmers and burghers were arbitrarily forced under threat of penalties to lend their dogs, insofar as they were suitable, to the hunts organized by the Elector or by the hunting office, without payment. Sporadic opposition to the “dog-service” had no success. It was only lifted, with all the other hunting burdens by a law, the Prussian Diocharge Act (Ablösungsgesetz) in 1850.
    Abstract: Résumé La chasse courtoise dans le Duché de Westphalie à l'époque des princes-électeurs de la Maison des Wittelsbach (1583–1761) exigeait un grand nombre de chiens aux dispositions variées et dressés de façon polyvalente. Dans la mesure où la conduite en était assurée par le personnel de chasse de Westphalie, l'entretien de ces chiens était pris en charge par l'intendance du prince-électeur d'Arnsberg. Les frais s'élevaient à quelque 3000 «Reichstaler» par an. Lors de l'instauration de la pleine souveraineté, 90 fermes furent tenues d'héberger chacune un chien seigneurial à titre gratuit ou sinon de s'acquitter d'une redevance annuelle d'1 «Reichstaler». En dehors des fermiers, le bourreau et son valet de même qu'une série de couvents étaient appelés à assurer une pension aux chiens, laquelle était le plus souvent monnayée: les bourreaux payaient 64 «Reichstaler», les couvents 252 «Reichtstaler» par an. Une servitude cynégétique particulière était constituée par le prêt de chiens. Fermiers et bourgeois étaient arbitrairement contraints sous la menace de sanctions, de mettre leurs chiens, à titre gratuit et pour autant qu'ils conviennent à cet usage, à la disposition de chasses organisées par le prince-électeur ou par ses services. Les protestations qui s'élevèrent de-ci de-là contre cette servitude restèrent sans effet. Ce n'est que lors de la promulgation de la loi prussienne de remplacement de 1850 que cette servitude ainsi que toutes les autres charges liées à la chasse furent abolies.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die höfische Jagd im Herzogtum Westfalen in der Zeit der Kurfürsten aus dem Hause Wittelsbach (1583–1761) erforderte eine große Zahl vielseitig veranlagter und ausgebildeter Hunde. Soweit diese durch das Personal des westfälischen Jagdamtes geführt wurden, bestritt die kurfürstliche Oberkellnerei in Arnsberg ihren Unterhalt. Die Kosten beliefen sich auf etwa 3000 Rtlr (Reichstaler) im Jahr. Im Zuge der Ausbildung der vollen Landeshoheit wurde die Hundelege eingeführt, von der etwa 90 Bauernhöfe betroffen waren, die entweder je einen kurfürstlichen Herrenhund unentgeltlich aufzunehmen und zu versorgen oder statt dessen ein Hundegeld von 1 Rtlr im Jahr zu zahlen hatten. Außer Bauern waren auch die Scharfrichter und Büttel sowie eine Reihe von Klöstern zum Hundedienst verpflichtet, der freilich im allgemeinen durch Geldzahlungen abgelöst wurde. Die Scharfrichter zahlten 64 Rtlr, die Klöster 252 Rtlr im Jahr. Eine besondere Form des Hundedienstes war die Hundeleihe. Bauern und Bürger wurden willkürlich unter Androhung von Strafen gezwungen, ihre Hunde, sofern sie dazu geeignet waren, zu den vom Kurfürsten oder vom Jagdamt abgehaltenen Jagden unentgeltlich herzuleihen. Vereinzelt sich regender Widerstand gegen den Hundedienst führte zu keinem Erfolg. Er wurde erst zusammen mit allen übrigen Jagdlasten durch das preußische Ablösungsgesetz von 1850 aufgehoben.
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    European journal of wildlife research 29 (1983), S. 130-130 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    European journal of wildlife research 29 (1983), S. 131-136 
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    European journal of wildlife research 29 (1983), S. 137-142 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The report deals with experiments on the beginning of reproductive capability of individually marked male and female fallow deer juveniles during the period 1979 to 1982. The animals lived as a juvenile group without any adults being present. The study revealed under the conditions of the experiment: 1.) male and female yearlings are as a general rule capable of reproduction at the age of 17 to 20 months; 2.) female yearlings who do not come into heat are weak individuals who are last in the line of priority, which is not pronounced in fallow deer; 3.) the reproduction activity takes place in the juvenile group without any obvious species-typical rutting behaviour; 4.) in 1 1/2 #x2013;2 1/2 year-old females, the reproductive period begins at the end of the 2nd third of November and lasts, as far as is known to date, until the end of the 2nd third of February. In a fallow deer group without adults there is no sharply limited rutting period: the reproductive period lasts at least 3 months; 5.) the late births to be seen again and again lie with the young females; 6.) 2–2 1/4 year-old females calving late require 2 further reproductive cycles until the calving time evens out at June; 7.) contrary to red deer, late calving fallow deer mothers can rear their calves successfully.
    Abstract: Résumé Sont présentées des recherches sur les débuts de l'activité de reproduction chez de jeunes daims mâles et femelles, marqués individuellement, au cours de la période 1979–1982. Les jeunes animaux vivaient entre eux en l'absence de sujets adultes. Dans les conditions de l'étude, les affirmations suivantes peuvent être avancées: 1. les yearlings mâles et femelles sont en état de se reproduire à partir de l'âge de 17 à 20 mois; 2. lorsque des yearlings femelles ne présentent pas d'oestrus, il s'agit de sujets faibles qui, dans la hiérarchie sociale — par ailleurs peu marquée chez le Daim-, occupent la dernière place; 3. l'activité génésique se déroule chez le groupe de juvéniles sans qu'apparaissent des comportements spécifiques du rut; 4. chez les femelles d'1 an 1/2 et de 2 ans 1/2, la période de reproduction débute à la fin de la 2ème décade de novembre et se poursuit, à notre connaissance, jusqu'à la fin de la 2ème décade de février; dans un groupe de daims sans sujets adultes il ne se présente pas de période de rut bien délimitée et la période de reproduction se prolonge pendant au moins 3 mois; 5. les mises bas tardives observées régulièrement chez le Daim sont à mettre au compte des femelles sub-adultes; 6. les femelles de 2 ans à 2 ans 1/4 aux mises bas tardives nécessitent 2 autres cycles de reproduction afin d'amener la période de mise bas à s'articuler autour du début juin; 7. contrairement au Cerf, les femelles du Daim dont la mise bas a été tardive sont à même d'élever leurs jeunes avec succès.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Dargestellt werden Untersuchungen zum Beginn der Fortpflanzungsfähigkeit von individuell gekennzeichnetem jungem männlichem und weiblichem Damwild im Zeitraum von 1979 bis 1982. Die Tiere lebten als Jugendgruppe ohne Anwesenheit adulter Artgenossen. Die Studie ergab unter den Bedingungen des Versuches: 1.) weibliche und männliche Jährlinge sind im Alter von 17 bis 20 Monaten in der Regel fortpflanzungsfähig; 2.) wenn Jährlingsweibchen nicht in den Östrus kommen, handelt es sich um schwache Individuen, die in der beim Damwild an sich schwach ausgeprägten Rangordnung an letzter Stelle stehen; 3.) die Fortpflanzungsaktivität verläuft in der Jugendgruppe ohne deutlich erkennbare arttypische Brunftverhaltensweisen; 4.) bei 1 1/2- und 2 1/2 jährigen weiblichen Stücken beginnt die Fortpflanzungszeit am Ende des 2. Novemberdrittels und dauert, soweit bis jetzt bekannt, bis zum Ende des 2. Februardrittels. In einer Damwildgruppe ohne adulte Individuen gibt es keine zeitlich eng begrenzte Brunftperiode, die Fortpflanzungszeit dauert mindestens 3 Monate; 5.) die beim Damwild immer wieder beobachtbaren Spätgeburten gehen à conto der jungen weiblichen Stücke; 6.) spät setzende 2- bis 2 1/4 jährige Weibchen brauchen 2 weitere Fortpflanzungszyklen, bis die Setzzeit sich auf Juni eingependelt hat; 7.) im Gegensatz zu Rotwild können spätgebärende Damwildmütter ihre Kälber erfolgreich aufziehen.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This paper deals with the occurrence of five species of the genus Anser on Helgoland in the years 1962 to 1982. The actual status of each species is determined and observations from former years are added. In general, observations of geese on Helgoland have been increasing during recent years. Taking together all observations of the species, Geese are more common in autumn than in spring. Most observations date from October. The numbers of Bean Geese(Anser fabalis) on passage have been increasing since 1970, the yearly totals fluctuating considerably. Migration time lasts from the end of September to mid March. The numbers of resting individuals have been increasing likewise. The Pink-footed Goose(Anser brachyrhynchus) has not been recorded every year. Increasing numbers of single individuals can be seen resting on Helgoland. The White-fronted Goose(Anser albifrons) is a scarce species on Helgoland, nevertheless appearing in increasing numbers both on passage and as a resting species. The Grey-lag Goose(Anser anser) is the most common species of the genus Anser. Since 1972 the species has been increasing considerably, nowadays being recorded annually on passage. Grey-lag Geese can be observed every month. A peak of migration occurs in September/October and February/March. In general, the flight distance of resting Grey-lag Geese is decreasing. The Snow-Goose(Anser caerulescens) has been recorded only once on Helgoland.
    Abstract: Résumé Cette contribution est consacrée à la dispersion de 5 espèces d'Anséridés sur l'île d'Helgoland de 1962 à 1982. En complément du statut d'une espèce d'oie on fait état des observations recueillies au cours d'années antérieures. Dans l'ensemble, les observations d'oies sur Helgoland ont augmenté au cours des dernières années. Les totaux révèlent cependant des observations plus massives lors de la migration d'automne, c'est-à-dire en octobre. L'oie des moissons(Anser fabalis) présente une fréquence d'observation croissante depuis 1970 tout en manifestant de fortes variations numériques. Cette oie est observée de fin septembre jusqu'à mi-mars. Le stationnement de cette espèce sur Helgoland est également en augmentation depuis les dernières années. L'oie à bec court(Anser brachyrhynchus) n'est pas observée chaque année. Des individus isolés sont cependant observés de plus en plus fréquemment sur Helgoland. L'oie rieuse(Anser albifrons) s'observe rarement sur Helgoland. Toutefois, tant le passage migratoire que le stationnement de l'espèce montre une tendance à l'accroissement au cours des dernières années. L'oie cendrée(Anser anser) est l'espèce la plus fréquemment observée. Depuis 1972, l'accroissement de l'espèce est net et son passage migratoire s'observe tout au long de l'année avec une pointe en septembre-octobre et en février-mars. D'une façon générale, la distance de fuite des oies qui stationnent sur Helgoland diminue. L'oie des neiges(Anser caerulescens) n'a pu être observée qu'une seule fois sur l'île.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit wird das Vorkommen von fünf Anser-Arten auf Helgoland von 1962–1982 beschrieben. Ergänzend zur Festlegung des Status einer Gänseart werden Beobachtungen früherer Jahre erwähnt. Allgemein haben die Gänsebeobachtungen auf Helgoland in den letzten Jahren zugenommen. In der Gesamtsumme aller Gänsebeobachtungen tritt der Herbstzug deutlicher in Erscheinung als der Frühjahrszug. Die meisten Gänsebeobachtungen fallen in den Oktober. Die Saatgans wird seit 1970 zunehmend beobachtet, schwankt aber stark in ihrem Vorkommen. Saatgänse werden von Ende September bis Mitte März auf Helgoland festgestellt. Das Rastvorkommen der Saatgans auf Helgoland steigt ebenfalls in den letzten Jahren. Die Kurzschnabelgans wird nicht alljährlich beobachtet. Einzeltiere werden zunehmend rastend auf Helgoland angetroffen. Die Bläßgans ist auf Helgoland selten. Sowohl das Zug- als auch das Rastvorkommen zeigt in den letzten Jahren allerdings eine zunehmende Tendenz. Die Graugans ist die am häufigsten beobachtete Anser-Art. Ab 1972 nimmt die Art deutlich zu. Die Graugans ist heute alljährlicher Durchzügler. Ihr Vorkommen verteilt sich über das ganze Jahr. Ein Zugmaximum liegt im September/Oktober und Februar/März.
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  • 46
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    European journal of wildlife research 29 (1983), S. 197-213 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 47
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    European journal of wildlife research 29 (1983), S. 244-247 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary On individually marked fallow dear stags (Dama dama L.), the activity of the alkaline phosphatase (AP) in the serum was examined from throwing of the spikes over 2½ years with 3 another cycles. It was thereby demonstrated that 1) the activity of the AP shows an obvious course over the periods of the year, 2) the peaks of activity over the periods of the year are clearly correlated with the 3 phases of antler formation, and 3) the level of maximum activity is related to the throwing weight of the antlers.
    Abstract: Résumé L'activité dans le sérum de la phosphatase alcaline (AP) depuis le rejet des dagues et tout au long des 2,5 années qui y ont fait suite (recouvrant 3 cycles de développement des bois) a été étudiée sur des daims (Dama dama L.) marqués individuellement. Il apparaît que (1) l'activité de l'AP présente un déroulement circannien caractérisé, (2) que les maxima annuels d'activité sont en corrélation avec les trois périodes de refait des bois et (3) que l'amplitude des variations est liée aux poids des mues.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An individuell gekennzeichneten Damhirschen (Dama dama L.) wurde die Aktivität der Alkalischen Phosphatase (AP) im Serum vom Abwerfen der Spieße an über 2,5 Jahre hinweg mit 3 Geweihzyklen untersucht. Dabei zeigte sich, daß 1. die Aktivität der AP einen ausgeprägten jahresperiodischen Verlauf aufweist, 2. die jahresperiodischen Gipfel ihrer Aktivität deutlich mit den 3 Geweihbildungsphasen korrelieren und 3. die Höhe der Aktivitätsmaxima in Beziehung steht zum Abwurfgewicht der Geweihe.
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  • 48
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    European journal of wildlife research 29 (1983), S. 235-243 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This report from the Forest Office Brilon, formerly Forest Office Bredelar, in the Sauerland, describes experiments on the effect of intense side-shoot gnawing in spruce on the growth of the spruce. The study covered the period 1968 to 1976. Six experiments were set up. In fenced enclosures of in each case roughly 450 m2 (fig. 1), measurements were made annually of the height of up to 16 plants. By way of comparison, up to 32 plants with intense gnawing of side shoots were measured (fig. 2). The results of the height measurements are shown in tables 1 to 6. The extent of the side-shoot gnawing in each case recorded. In all cases there was for at least 1 and for up to 8 years a significant difference between the length of growth on the plants inside the fence and outside the fence. It must therefore be drawn from this that intense gnawing of side-shoots, as was present in the research plot', leads to a reduction of growth. No answer can be given to the question of whether the reduction in growth balances out in later years. The superior growth on the shoots outside the fence for the experiments shown in tables 1 and 2 indicates that such a balancing is possible. The burdens which emerged during the experiment as a result of side-shoot gnawing are an indication of the fact that the roe-deer population was too high, i.e. that it was not supportable.
    Abstract: Résumé Il est rendu compte de recherches exécutées dans l'ancien cantonnement forestier de Brilon, dans le Sauerland (Rhénanie-Westphalie), sur les effets d'un abroutissement intense des pousses latérales sur la croissance en hauteur de l'Epicéa. Les observations se déroulèrent entre 1968 et 1976. Six dispositifs ont été installés. Dans une clôture mesurant chaque fois quelque 450 m2 de superficie (Fig. 1) la longueur des pousses terminales a été mesurée sur pas moins de 16 plants et, à titre comparatif, des mesures furent effectuées sur 32 plants qui subissaient des abroutissements prononcés des pousses latérales. Le résultat de ces mesures est présenté dans les Tableaux 1 à 6. L'intensité de l'abroutissement des pousses latérales est mentionnée à chaque reprise. Dans tous les dispositifs apparaît une différence significative — pendant une à huit années au moins — entre la hauteur des pousses terminales des plants situés sous et hors-clôture. Il en résulte qu'un abroutissement des pousses latérales, tel qu'il a été provoqué dans le cadre de ces essais, entraîne une diminution de la croissance en hauteur. La question de savoir si ce retard de croissance est récupéré par la suite reste ouverte. L'accroissement supérieur des pousses terminales à l'extérieur de la clôture pour les essais renseignés dans les Tableaux 1 et 2 semble indiquer qu'un tel rattrapage est possible. Les charges qui se sont manifestées au cours des essais par suite de l'abroutissement latéral constituent un indice comme quoi la densité de population de chevreuils était excessive et donc intolérable.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aus dem ehemaligen Forstamt Bredelar, heute Forstamt Brilon, im Sauerland in Nordrhein-Westfalen werden Versuche zur Auswirkung eines starken Seitentriebverbisses an Fichte auf das Höhenwachstum der Fichte dargestellt. Die Beobachtungen erstreckten sich über den Zeitraum von 1968 bis 1976. Sechs Versuche wurden angelegt. In einem Gatter von jeweils rund 450 m2 Größe (Abb. 1) erfolgten jährlich Messungen der Höhentriebe an bis zu 16 Pflanzen, zum Vergleich wurden bis zu 32 Pflanzen, die starken Seitentriebverbiß aufwiesen, vermessen (Abb. 2). Das Ergebnis der Höhentriebmessungen ist in den Tabellen 1 bis 6 dargestellt. Der Umfang des Seitentriebverbisses wird jeweils vermerkt. In allen Fällen trat für mindestens 1 und bis zu 8 Jahre ein signifikanter Unterschied der Länge der Höhentriebe für die Pflanzen im Gatter und außerhalb des Gatters auf. Gefolgert werden muß, daß starker Seitentriebverbiß, wie er bei der Versuchsanlage vorhanden war, zu einer Minderung des Höhenwachstums führt. Nicht beantwortet werden kann die Frage, ob die aufgetretene Verminderung des Höhenwachstums in späteren Jahren ausgeglichen wird. Das überlegene Wachstum der Höhentriebe außerhalb des Gatters für die in den Tabellen 1 und 2 nachgewiesenen Versuche spricht dafür, daß ein derartiger Ausgleich möglich ist. Die während des Versuches eingetretenen Belastungen durch Seitentriebverbiß sind ein Weiser dafür, daß der Rehwildbestand überhöht, d. h. auch nicht tragbar war.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: dietary cholesterol ; calves ; serum metabolites ; glucose tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mastkälber (ca. 9 Wochen alt; 3 Tiere pro Gruppe) wurden zweimal pro Tag während einer Periode von 7,5 Wochen mit einem Milchersatzmittel, das 60 % Magermilchpulver und 20 % Fett (Gewichtsprozente auf trockener Stoffbasis) enthielt, gefüttert. Beim Ersatz von 1 % Fett durch Cholesterin in der Diät stieg der Serumcholesteringehalt um 70 %. Sowohl bei den Kontrolltieren als auch bei den cholesteringefütterten Kälbern wurde kein Tagesrhythmus der Serumcholesterinkonzentration beobachtet. Die Serumtriglyceriden waren nach dem Füttern nicht deutlich erhöht, es wurde jedoch bei beiden Diätgruppen während des Tages eine ähnliche, gleichmäßige Erhöhung beobachtet. Cholesterin in der Diät verursachte nach dem Füttern um 8 Uhr eine Senkung der Harnstoffkonzentration im Serum und eine Erhöhung des Aminosäurestickstoffgehaltes. Dies wurde jedoch nach dem Füttern um 20 Uhr nicht beobachtet. Nahrungscholesterin erhöhte signifikant den postprandialen Glukosespiegel in den Mastkälbern. Es wird vorgebracht, daß Hypercholesterinämie eine verminderte Glukosetoleranz verursacht, möglicherweise auch beim Menschen.
    Notes: Summary Veal calves (aged about 9 weeks; three animals per group) were fed twice a day-liquid diets containing 60 % skim milk powder and 20 % crude fat (w/w) for 7.5 weeks. Addition of 1 % cholesterol to the diet, at the expense of fat, caused a 70 % increase in the level of serum cholesterol. Both in the control and cholesterol-fed calves, no diurnal rhythm in the concentration of cholesterol in the serum was observed. Serum triglycerides were not clearly elevated after feeding, but a steady increase during the day was observed, the increase being similar in both dietary groups. Cholesterol feeding seemed to induce lower postprandial levels of urea and higher levels of amino acid nitrogen, but this was only observed after feeding in the morning (8.00 a.m.), but not after feeding in the evening (8.00 p.m.). Dietary cholesterol significantly elevated postprandial glucose levels in veal calves. It is suggested that hypercholesterolemia effects an impaired glucose tolerance, possibly also in man.
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  • 50
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    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 78-84 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: ADP-ribose ; liver ; nuclei ; NAD ; protein-ADP ribosylation ; riboseprotein bonds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Aus der Rattenleber isolierte Zellkerne werden mit NAD⊕ inkubiert, dessen beide Ribosen mit jeweils3H oder14C markiert sind. Enzymatischer (Phosphodiesterase) und/oder chemischer (Hydroxylamin) Abbau markierter ADP-ribosylierter Proteine und Identifizierung der aus Zellkernrückständen freigesetzten Bruchstücke erweist, daß AMP nach Hydroxylaminolyse sowie iso-ADP-Ribose nach Phosphodiesterase und Hydroxylamin — bei Fehlen nachweisbarer Mengen an Ribose-5-phosphat — das Vorkommen zusätzlicher Bindungsformen zwischen Protein und Ribose in in vitro ADP-ribosylierten Zellkern-Proteinen verlangen: Neben C-1″ (Hayaishi u. a., Stocken u. a.) noch C-2′ und/oder C-3′ (Purin-nahe) und weiterhin C-2″ und/oder C-3″ (Pyrimidin-nahe), und dies nicht nur am Kettenende, sondern auch in der Mitte der Kette von Oligo-ADPR.
    Notes: Summary Nuclei isolated from rat liver were incubated with NAD⊕ whose two ribose moieties were respectively labeled with3H or14C. By enzymatic (phosphodiesterase) and/or chemical (hydroxylamine) attack on doubly labeled ADP-ribosylated nuclear proteins and identification of fragments released from nuclear residues, AMP was found after hydroxylaminolysis as well as iso-ADP-ribose after phosphodiesterase plus hydroxylamine, in the absence of detectable amounts of ribose-5-phosphate. This is taken to indicate the existence of additional ribose-protein binding sites in in vitro ADP-ribosylated nuclear proteins: Besides C-1″ (Hayaishi et al., Stocken et al.) C-2′ and/or C-3′ (purine-near) as well as C-2″ and/or C-3″ (pyrimidine-near), not only at the end but also within the chain of oligo-ADPR.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: 13C-Atemtest ; natürlicher Isotopengehalt von Nahrungsmitteln ; 13CO2-Gehalt der Atemluft ; parenterale Ernährung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The long-term variation of the mean δ13C-value of breath-CO2 of Europeans (base value −26‰) was ±1‰ over a period of several months. However, the ingestion of products from corn, a C4-plant, caused remarkably higher shifts. In a fasted state and during rest a stability of the base value of ±0.3‰ could be attained for several hours. Longer fasting periods imply a shift of the CO2-δ-value due to the metabolism of body products. — By a change of the main energy source to corn products the δ13C-base line could be shifted to −18‰ within one day. After this shift even the metabolism of products from C3-plants could be investigated. The degradation curve and the integral degradation of fats were largely dependent on the method of application, and the base value largely interfered with the results. The period of maximum disintegration for a naturally and uniformly labelled fat was different from that of an artificially labelled trilinoleate. The results shall be used for the adjustment and the correction of the base line in13C-breath tests, especially with patients under parenteral nutrition.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der mittlere δ13C-Wert im CO2 der Atemluft von Europäern (Basiswert −26‰) zeigt eine Langzeitschwankung über mehrere Monate von ±1,0‰; der Verzehr von Produkten aus C4-Pflanzen (z. B. Mais) hat allerdings erheblich höhere Änderungen zur Folge. Im Nüchternzustand und in Ruhe wird während 6 h eine Stabilität des Basiswertes von ±0,3‰ erreicht; nach längeren Nüchternphasen kann aber der Abbau körpereigener Substanzen zu Verschiebungen führen. Durch Umstellung der Energieversorgung auf Maisprodukte ist es möglich, den Basiswert innerhalb eines Tages auf −18‰ zu heben; dann läßt sich auch der Abbau von Substanzen aus C3-Pflanzen verfolgen. Der Verlauf und die Rate des Abbaues von markierten Fetten sind stark von der Art der Applikation abhängig, und die Messung des Gesamtumsatzes wird durch den Untergrund stark beeinträchtigt. Der Zeitpunkt des maximalen Abbaues von uniform markiertem Fett (Sojaöl) unterschied sich von dem eines in der Carboxylgruppe markierten Trilinoleats. Die Resultate sind Grundlage zur Einstellung bzw. Korrektur von Basiswerten bei13C-Atemtests, besonders bei Patienten mit parenteraler Ernährung.
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  • 52
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    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 116-123 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Zn deficiency ; 3′,5′-cyclo AMP content ; energy metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Loss of appetite, strongly reduced feed intake, and stop in weight gain are characteristic signs of alimentary zinc deficiency. The present paper investigates some parameters of the energy metabolism of Zn-deficient rats in order to obtain information on possible disturbances. The blood of Zn-deficient rats showed an increased activity of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) in comparison to ad-libitum- and pair-fed control animals. Therefore the concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was reduced and the concentration of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) increased in deficient animals. As a consequence, the ratio ATP/ADP was strongly reduced in Zn-deficient rats compared with both control groups. The concentration of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) was reduced in the blood of Zn-deficient rats. The levels of c-AMP in serum and urine were markedly increased in Zn-deficient rats in comparison with both control groups. Key enzymes of energetic utilization of carbohydrates such as fructose-1,6-biphosphatase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were reduced in their activities in livers and kidneys of Zn-deficient animals. The results show that alimentary Zn deficiency impairs some parameters of the energy metabolism. The problems of reduced feed intake in Zn deficiency still remain unsolved.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Appetitlosigkeit, stark reduzierte Futteraufnahme und Wachstumsstopp sind charakteristische Zeichen eines alimentären Zn-Mangels. Um Hinweise zu erhalten, inwieweit hierbei Störungen im Energiestoffwechsel auftreten, wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit bei Zn-Mangel-Ratten einige Parameter des Energiestoffwechsels untersucht. Im Blut der Zn-Mangel-Ratten zeigte sich gegenüber den Ad-libitum- als auch Pair-fed-Kontrolltieren eine erhöhte Aktivität der Adenosintriphosphatase (ATPase). Die Konzentration an Adenosintriphosphat (ATP) war deshalb bei den Mangeltieren reduziert und die Konzentration an Adenosindiphosphat (ADP) erhöht. Infolgedessen war das Verhältnis von ATP/ADP bei den Zn-Mangel-Ratten im Vergleich zu beiden Kontrollgruppen stark reduziert. Auch die Konzentration an Adenosinmonophosphat (AMP) war im Blut der Zn-Mangel-Ratten erniedrigt. Die Gehalte an 3′,5′-cyclo-AMP waren bei den Zn-Mangel-Ratten gegenüber beiden Kontrollgruppen in Serum und Urin stark erhöht. Schlüsselenzyme zur energetischen Verwertung der Kohlenhydrate, wie die Fructose-1,6-Diphosphatase und die Glucose-6-phosphat-Dehydrogenase, waren in ihrer Aktivität bei den Zn-Mangel-Tieren sowohl in der Leber als auch in der Niere reduziert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß alimentärer Zn-Mangel einige Parameter des Energiestoffwechsels beeinträchtigt, wobei das Problem der reduzierten Futteraufnahme bei Zn-Mangel nach wie vor ungelöst bleibt.
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  • 53
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    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 169-184 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Fetternährung ; Aminosäurekonzentrationen im Blut ; 3-Methylhistidinausscheidung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Earlier studies in man could demonstrate that intravenous lipids decreased the concentration of amino acids in plasma (to 50%). In short- and long-term experiments in rat the effect of orally applied olive-oil on the concentration of amino acids in blood, on the excretion of 3-methylhistidin and of total nitrogen into urine was measured. Two control groups were used: rats with total restriction of food and rats which were fed ad libitum. 2 ml olive-oil given to rats within 12 hours decreased the concentration of alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine. Whereas food restriction increased the excretion of 3-methylhistidin into urine and the blood concentration of leucine, isoleucine, valine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, threonine, and glutamine, the oil-fed rats showed no increase of amino acid levels in plasma and no increase of 3-methylhistidine excretion into urine. These experiments suggest that lipid application inhibits proteolysis in muscle, and thus diminishes the amino acid levels in blood.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Einfloß von Fetternährung auf das Verhalten der Plasmaaminosäurekonzentrationen sollte bei Ratten geprüft werden. In vorausgegangenen Untersuchungen am Menschen war beobachtet worden, daß nach Lipidinfusionen die Konzentration der Aminosäuren im Plasma bis zu 50% vermindert war. In Kurz- und Langzeitversuchen wurde der Einfluß von Olivenöl auf die Konzentrationen der Aminosäuren im Plasma, auf die Ausscheidung von 3-Methylhistidin und von Gesamtstickstoff im Harn gemessen. Als Kontrollgruppen dienten hungernde Ratten und ad libitum ernährte Versuchstiere. In Kurzzeitversuchen konnte gezeigt werden, daß 2 ml Olivenöl über 12 Stunden einen kontinuierlichen Konzentrationsabfall von Alanin, Valin, Leucin, Isoleucin bewirkte. In mehrtägigen Versuchen stieg bei den Hungertieren die 3-Methylhistidin-Ausscheidung an, und im Blut werden die Konzentrationen von Leucin, Isoleucin, Valin, Tyrosin, Phenylalanin, Treonin, Glutamin erhöht. In den ölernährten Ratten blieb der Anstieg der Aminosäuren im Plasma aus. Da auch die 3-Methylhistidin-Ausscheidung während der Ölernährung unvermindert niedrig blieb, wird aus den Versuchen auf eine Hemmung der Proteolyse durch die Fetternährung geschlossen. Die Ursache der verminderten Aminosäurespiegel im Blut ist somit auf eine verminderte Bereitstellung von Aminosäuren in der Muskulatur zurückzuführen.
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    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 147-156 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: cholesterol ; β-carotene ; coronary heart disease ; fibre ; non-cardiovascular disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um das mit Lipoprotein verbundene Risiko von koronarer Herzerkrankung zu vermindern, sind Ernährungsempfehlungen für Populationen mit Empfänglichkeit für Atherosklerose und seine Komplikationen dargelegt worden. Da solche Empfehlungen möglicherweise weitverbreitet anzuwenden sind, müssen diese gründlich untersucht werden, um sowohl Risiken als auch Vorteile zu bestimmen. Die vorliegende Arbeit bespricht epidemiologische, klinische und experimentelle Daten über Beziehungen zwischen diesen Nährstoffen und nichtkardiovaskulären Erkrankungen, mit Nachdruck auf Krebsmortalität. Veränderungen der Aufnahme von Fett (polyungesättigtes Fett mit eingeschlossen), Cholesterol, Kohlenhydraten, Natrium und β-Carotin werden diskutiert, und Beweise für eine Beziehung zwischen Serumcholesterol-Konzentration und Krebs werden geprüft. Es wird beschlossen, daß die jüngsten Ernährungsempfehlungen zur Verminderung von koronarer Herzerkrankung leidlich zuverlässig sind.
    Notes: Summary In order to reduce the lipoprotein-related risk of coronary heart disease, nutritional recommendations have been formulated for use by communities prone to atherosclerosis and its complications. As such recommendations are potentially of widespread application they require careful scrutiny to assess possible risks as well as benefits. Epidemiological, clinical and experimental data concerning relationships between these nutrients and non-cardiovascular diseases are reviewed with emphasis on cancer mortality. Changes in intake of fats, including polyunsaturated fat, of cholesterol, carbohydrate, fibre, sodium and β-carotene are discussed, and evidence of a relationship between serum cholesterol concentration and cancer is examined. These considerations offer reasonable reassurance as to the safety of recent dietary recommendations for the reduction of coronary heart disease.
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    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 213-218 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 205-212 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Schwermetallwirkung ; Malatdehydrogenase ; Glutamatdehydrogenase ; Glycerinaldehyd-3-phosphatdehydrogenase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The difference between cadmium, zinc, lead, and mercury in regard of their effects on the activity of the enzymes tested is very slight. Concentrations higher than 10−5 M reduce significantly the activity of the enzymes, and concentrations of approximately 10−3 M inhibit it completely. An increase of the activity cannot be detected. The addition of combinations of cadmium, zinc, and lead results in a summing up of the toxic effects, whereas the interaction between mercury and the other three heavy metals shows a cumulative effect, which is appointed nearly completely by the heavy metal more toxic. The findings suggest that under in-vitro conditions there exists a direct interaction between the heavy metals and the enzymes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vier Schwermetalle Cadmium, Zink, Blei und Quecksilber unterscheiden sich in ihrer Wirkung auf die Aktivität der untersuchten Enzyme nur sehr wenig. Konzentrationen über 10−5 M vermindern die Enzymaktivität signifikant, und Konzentrationen von etwa 10−3 M unterbinden sie völlig. Eine Steigerung der Enzymaktivität läßt sich nicht feststellen. Die Zugabe von Cadmium-, Zink- und Bleikombinationen führt zu einer Addition der toxischen Effekte, während bei der Interaktion zwischen Quecksilber und den anderen drei Schwermetallen die Gesamtwirkung fast ausschließlich durch das stärker hemmende Schwermetall allein bestimmt wird. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, daß es unter Invitro-Bedingungen zu einer direkten Wechselwirkung zwischen den Schwermetallen und den Enzymen kommt.
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    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 219-233 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Ostersche Hypothese ; Xanthinoxidase ; homogenisierte Kuhmilch ; Arteriosklerose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Oster has postulated that the enzyme xanthinoxidase in homogenized cow's milk is the cause of myocardial infarction and angina pectoris. This enzyme may be absorbed by ingestion, especially of the small particles of the fat globules, and then carried by lymph streams to the arterial vascular system, where it is deposited into the myocardium. Then it destroys the aldehydes liberated from the cell membrane-based plasmalogens. This results in the intimal damage to the cell membranes of the arterial intima and the myocardium and ultimately in the development of typical atherosclerotic lesions in the arteries. The presented review is a critical approach to this hypothesis. The following factors are discussed: the influence of conditions prevailing in the intestine and the stomach on the activity of the xanthinoxidase in milk, the possibility of this enzyme being absorbed in the intestine, the formation of antibodies against absorbed xanthinoxidase and the behaviour of xanthinoxidase administered intravenously. Compared with present knowledge, this theory gives little evidence only.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der amerikanische Arzt Oster hat das Enzym Xanthinoxidase in der homogenisierten Kuhmilch beschuldigt, für das Entstehen der Arteriosklerose und von koronaren Herzkrankheiten verantwortlich zu sein. Dieses Enzym soll durch den Verzehr der zerkleinerten Fettkügelchen im Magen-Darm-Kanal absorbiert und über die Lymphe zum Herzen transportiert werden, wo es abgelagert werde. Dort zerstöre es die aus den Plasmalogenen stammenden Aldehyde. Dadurch würde die Zellmembran geschädigt, und es würden sich schlußendlich typische arteriosklerotische Läsionen in den Arterien entwickeln. In diesem Übersichtsartikel wird zu dieser Hypothese kritisch Stellung genommen. Es werden dabei diskutiert: der Einfluß der Verhältnisse im Magen und Darm auf die Xanthinoxidase-Aktivität der Milch, die Möglichkeit einer Absorption dieses Enzyms im Darm, die Antikörperbildung gegenüber absorbierter Xanthinoxidase und das Verhalten von intravenös verabreichtem Enzym. Aufgrund der heutigen Kenntnisse ist die Beweiskraft dieser Hypothese als gering anzusehen.
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    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 1-5 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: zinc ; hair ; malnutrition ; Libya
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Haarzinkgehalt wurde in Haaren von Kindern aus Nord- und Südlibyen bestimmt. Der Zinkgehalt betrug 213±36 μg/g bei libyschen Neugeborenen. Es bestand kein Unterschied zwischen den Werten von Neugeborenen aus Nord- und Südlibyen. Der Zinkgehalt fällt während der Säuglingszeit ab. Bei Klein- und Schulkindern lag der Zinkgehalt bei 88±35 μg/g bzw. 89±25 μg/g. Diese Werte sind so niedrig wie die bei amerikanischen kleinwüchsigen Kindern oder fast so niedrig wie bei den ägyptischen und persischen Zwergen mit vermindertem Zincstatus.
    Notes: Summary Hair zinc has been investigated in children of North and South Libya. The hair zinc content amounts to 213±36 μg/g in newborns. There is no difference between the values of newborns from North Libya and newborns from South Libya. The hair zinc values decrease during infancy. In toddlers and school-children the hair zinc content is 88±35 μg/g, 89±25 μg/g resp. These values are as low as those reported in American children with low height percentiles or nearly as low as those found in dwarfs with poor zinc status from Egypt and Iran.
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    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 14-26 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: branched chain α-keto acids ; 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate, 3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate ; 3-methyl-2-oxobutyrate ; dehydrogenation ; transamination ; pharmacokinetics ; absorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Michaelis-Konstanten und Aktivitäten von Dehydrogenasen und Transaminasen der drei verzweigten α-Ketosäuren Keto-Valin, Keto-Leucin und Keto-Isoleucin in Leber, Niere, Skeletmuskel und Gehirn von Ratten werden mitgeteilt. Nach oraler Zufuhr passieren nur 11–22% der Ketosäuren unverändert die Leber. Aus pharmakokinetischen und Resorptions-Untersuchungen erhaltene Blutspiegel an Ketosäuren werden zu den Michaelis-Konstanten in Beziehung gesetzt. Bei den geringen Konzentrationen an Ketosäuren nach oraler Zufuhr kann angenommen werden, daß die oxidativen Prozesse in den nichthepatischen Geweben über die Transaminierung überwiegen. Daten über die Wachstumseffizienz von verzweigtkettigen α-Ketosäuren im Vergleich zu den entsprechenden Aminosäuren stimmen mit dieser Vorstellung überein. Bei intravenöser Verabreichung müßten die Voraussetzungen für Transaminierung besser sein als nach oraler Zufuhr. Auf der Basis von Daten aus der Literatur werden die Übertragbarkeit unserer Befunde auf den Menschen und die verschiedenen Faktoren, welche die Effizienz der verzweigten α-Ketosäuren durch Einwirkung auf ihren Stoffwechsel beeinflussen können, diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Miehaelis-constants and enzyme activities for dehydrogenation and transamination of the three branched chainα-keto acids in liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, and brain of rats are reported. After oral load only 11–22 % of the keto acids pass the liver unchanged. Blood levels in pharmacokinetic and absorption studies are related to the Michaelis-constants. At the low keto-acid concentrations after oral application, dehydrogenation in the non-hepatic tissues is supposed to prevail over transamination. Data on feed efficiency of branched chain α-keto acids reported in the literature support this view. The chance for transamination is better after intravenous administration. The transferability of our data to humans, and various factors influencing the efficiency of branched chain α-keto acids are discussed in connection with data reported in the literature.
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  • 61
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    Keywords: Zn-Citrat ; Zn-Picolinat ; Zn-Bindungskapazität ; alkalische Phosphatase ; Serum-Zn ; Gewebe-Zn-Konzentrationen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 12 groups of 8 young male Sprague-Dawley rats received a semisynthetic casein-diet, whose zinc concentration (1.3 ppm) was adjusted to 5, 10 and 15 ppm by supplementation of various Zn complexes or salts like Zn citrate, Zn picolinate, Zn 8-hydroxyquinolate and Zn sulfate. After 24 days all animals were killed and examined on parameters of zinc supply status. The weight gain of the animals with 5 ppm dietary zinc was strongly reduced compared to groups with the higher dietary zinc content. The type of the supplemented Zn compound showed in no way an influence on the live-weight of the animals. The zinc concentration of the tissues, too, was only dependent on the level of the dietary zinc concentration and not on the type of supplemented zinc compound. The activity of the alkaline phosphatase in serum, a zinc metalloenzyme, was altogether reduced in the zinc-deficient animals with 5 ppm dietary zinc content, but showed a significant higher activity in the citrate and 8-hydroxyquinolate group than in the sulfate and picolinate group. Also the percent zinc-binding capacity of serum, a good indicator for estimating the zinc supply status of rats, showed a better zinc supply of the citrate group with 5 as well as 10 ppm dietary zinc, compared with the other groups on the same dietary zinc content. The serum zinc concentration of rats with 5 ppm as Zn citrate was more than twice higher than in animals given zinc as picolinate, 8-hydroxyquinolate or sulfate. The results indicate a better utilization of zinc chelated by citric acid than by picolinic acid, 8-hydroxyquinoline or as salt like sulfate. But the higher bioavailability of zinc in human milk should not only be attributed to the presence of citrate.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 12 Gruppen zu je 8 jungen Sprague-Dawley-Ratten erhielten eine halbsynthetische Caseindiät, deren Zn-Gehalt (1,3 ppm) durch Zulage verschiedener Zn-Komplexe bzw. -Salze wie Zn-Citrat, Zn-Picolinat, Zn-8-Hydroxychinolat und Zn-Sulfat auf 5, 10 und 15 ppm eingestellt wurde. Nach 24 Versuchstagen wurden die Tiere getötet und auf Parameter zur Bestimmung des Zn-Versorgungsstatus untersucht. Die Gewichtsentwicklung der Tiere mit 5 ppm Diät-Zn war im Vergleich zu den höher mit Zink versorgten Gruppen stark reduziert, wobei aber die Art der zugeführten Zn-Verbindung keinerlei Einfluß auf das Lebendgewicht der Tiere hatte. Auch die Zn-Konzentrationen der Gewebe war nur von der Höhe der Diät-Zn-Konzentration abhängig und nicht von der jeweils verabreichten Zn-Verbindung. Die Aktivität der alkalischen Phosphatase im Serum, ein Zn-Metalloenzym, war bei den Zn-Mangeltieren mit 5 ppm Diät-Zn-Gehalt zwar insgesamt reduziert, aber bei der Citrat- und 8-Hydroxychinolatgruppe signifikant höher als bei der Sulfat- und Picolinatgruppe. Auch die prozentuale Zn-Bindungskapazität des Serums, ein guter Indikator zur Bestimmung des Zn-Versorgungsstatus von Ratten, zeigte bei der Citratgruppe sowohl bei 5 als auch bei 10 ppm Diät-Zn eine bessere Zn-Versorgung gegenüber den anderen Gruppen mit gleichen Diät-Zn-Gehalten. Der Serum-Zn-Gehalt der Ratten mit 5 ppm als Zn-Citrat war mehr als doppelt so hoch wie bei den Tieren, denen das Zink als Picolinat, 8-Hydroxychinolat oder Sulfat gegeben wurde. Man darf daraus schließen, daß Zink als Citratkomplex etwas besser verwertet wird wie als Picolinat, 8-Hydroxychinolat oder Sulfat. Keineswegs dürfte jedoch die höhere Verfügbarkeit des Zinks in der Humanmilch allein auf die Anwesenheit von Citrat zurückzuführen sein.
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    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 138-144 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 124-137 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Cu-Versorgung ; Fe-Versorgung ; Cu-Fe-Wechselwirkung ; Fe/Cu-Organgehalte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the course of a series of experiments on factorial Fe and Cu supply (0, 25, 250 and 625 μg Fe/g; 0, 10, 100 and 250 μg Cu/g), the effects on Fe and Cu contents of liver, spleen, kidney, and heart of growing rats were examined. Total contents as well as concentrations in these organs depended not only on the supply with the respective trace element but also on interactions between both trace elements. Iron doses of 250 and 625 μg/g resulted in an accumulation of Fe in the liver of Cu-deficient animals, but in reduced Fe contents in spleen, kidney, and heart. Following supplements of 250 μg Cu/g diet, liver Fe contents were significantly decreased under these conditions, whereas those of the other organs were not changed at all. On the other side, Cu doses of 100 μg/g and more caused a significant increase of liver Cu contents, if Fe supply was deficient or, partially, suboptimal. Total Cu of spleen and kidney and, as a rule, in heart, too, was significantly reduced in these animals. Variations in the retention behaviour of the different organs were observed concerning the interrelationships of the concentrations of Fe and Cu. A strongly inverse reaction of the two elements was observed in the liver of Cu-deficient as well as in sufficiently or excessively Cu-supplied rats. Both Fe and Cu concentrations in kidney and heart, however, increased when the Cu supplement was 10 μg/g or more. Cu deficiency caused reduced heart values, whereas in kidney a minimal increase was still observed. In spleen, no interrelationship in any direction was found.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Rahmen einer Versuchsreihe mit faktorieller Fe- und Cu-Versorgung (0, 25, 250 und 625 μg Fe/g; 0, 10, 100 und 250 μg Cu/g) wird über deren Auswirkung auf die Fe- und Cu-Gehalte von Leber, Milz, Nieren und Herz wachsender Ratten berichtet. Die Gesamtgehalte wie auch die Konzentrationen in allen untersuchten Organen waren sowohl von der Versorgung an dem jeweiligen Spurenelement als auch von Wechselwirkungen zwischen den beiden Spurenelementen abhängig. Eine Fe-Zufuhr von 250 und 625 μg/g bewirkte in der Leber der Cu-Mangel-Tiere eine Akkumulation von Eisen, verringerte Fe-Gehalte dagegen in Milz, Niere und Herz. Durch Zulage von 250 μg Cu/g Diät waren unter diesen Bedingungen die Leber-Fe-Gehalte deutlich reduziert, die der übrigen Organe blieben weitgehend unverändert. Durch Cu-Gaben von 100 μg/g und mehr erfolgte ein deutlicher Anstieg der Leber-Cu-Gehalte, wenn die Fe-Versorgung mangelnd — teilweise auch suboptimal — war. Demgegenüber gingen die Cu-Gesamtgehalte in Milz und Niere, in der Regel auch im Herz, deutlich zurück. Aus der wechselseitigen Beziehung zwischen den Konzentrationen an Eisen und Kupfer lassen sich Unterschiede im Retentionsverhalten der einzelnen Organe erkennen. So wurde für die Leber sowohl bei Cu-Mangel-Versorgung als auch bei ausreichender und exzessiver Cu-Zufuhr eine stark gegenläufige Reaktion der Konzentrationen an beiden Spurenelementen beobachtet. In Herz und Nieren stiegen dagegen die Fe-Konzentrationen mit der Cu-Konzentration, wenn die Cu-Zulage mindestens 10 μg/g betrug. Im Cu-Mangel verhielten sich die Werte im Herz gegenläufig, in der Niere war nur noch ein minimaler Anstieg zu verzeichnen. In der Milz wurde keine gerichtete Beziehung festgestellt.
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    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 157-168 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Kostformen ; Butter ; Margarine ; Reduktion von Körpergewicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The effect of a fat-modified diet with 1100 kcal (4600 kJ) on the reduction of bodyweight and body fat was studied. A low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet with predominant animal fat (diet T) was compared with a low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet with predominant vegetable fat (diet P). Diet T was composed of 52.1% of the energy as fat, 20.7% as protein and 27.2% as carbohydrates. Diet P was composed of 54.1% of the energy as fat, 18.9% as protein and 27.0% as carbohydrates. More than two-thirds of the fat in diet T was butter, in diet P margarine. The study was carried out with 30 subjects (8 men) over two 21-day periods. With diet T, men had a mean weight loss of 7.1kg ≙ 338 g/d, of which 3.2kg ≙ 152g/d were proved to be body fat, while women had a mean weight loss of 4.4 kg ≙210g/d, of which 2.3 kg ≙ 110 g/d were proved to be body fat. With diet P, men had a mean weight loss of 7,6 kg ≙ 362 g/d, of which were 3.9 kg ≙ 186 g/d body fat, while women lost 3.8 kg ≙ 181 g/d of body weight on average, of which were 2.0 kg ≙ 95 g/d body fat. An improvement of blood pressure was also found. Significant differences of the reduction of body weight and body fat between the diet with mostly animal fat and the diet with mostly vegetable fat were not found.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Auswirkungen einer fettmodifizierten Diät zur Reduktion von Körpergewicht und Körperfett mit einem Brennwert von rund 1100 kcal (4600 kJ) je Person und Tag wurden untersucht. Dabei erfolgte ein Vergleich einer kohlenhydratreduzierten, fettreichen Kostform mit Fetten nahezu ausschließlich tierischer Herkunft (Kostform T) mit einer kohlenhydratreduzierten, fettreichen Kostform mit Fetten nahezu ausschließlich pflanzlicher Herkunft (Kostform P). Kostform T beinhaltete 52,1% der Energie als Fett, 20,7% als Protein und 27,2% als Kohlenhydrate. Kostform P beinhaltete 54,1% der Energie als Fett, 18,9% als Protein und 27,0% als Kohlenhydrate. Mehr als zwei Drittel des Fettgehalts in Kostform T war Butter, in Kostform P Margarine. Die Studie wurde über zwei je 21 Tage dauernde Versuchsperioden mit je 30 Probanden, davon 8 männlichen, durchgeführt. Im Mittel war bei den Männern bei Verzehr der Kostform mit Fetten vorwiegend tierischer Herkunft eine Gewichtsreduktion von 7,1kg ≙ 338g/d zu konstatieren, davon 3,2kg ≙ 152g/d Körperfett, bei den Frauen zeigte sich eine Gewichtsreduktion von 4,4 kg ≙ 210 g/d, davon 2,3 kg ≙ 110 g/d Körperfett. Bei Verabreichung der Kostform mit Fetten vorwiegend pflanzlicher Herkunft betrug die Gewichtsreduktion bei den männlichen Teilnehmern 7,6 kg ≙ 362 g/d, davon 3,9 kg ≙ 186 g/d Körperfett, bei den weiblichen Probanden 3,8 kg ≙ 181 g/d, davon 2,0 kg ≙ 95 g/d Körperfett. Eine Verbesserung der Blutdruckwerte ist ebenfalls nachzuweisen. Signifikante Unterschiede in der Reduktion von Körpergewicht und Körperfett zwischen der Kostform mit Fetten vorwiegend tierischer Provenienz und der Kostform mit Fetten vorwiegend pflanzlicher Herkunft sind nicht festzustellen.
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    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 185-194 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: sugar substitutes ; D-glucose ; bioavailability ; D-glucitol (D-sorbitol) ; D-mannitol ; Palatinit® ; D-glucosyl-α(1→1)-D-mannitol ; D-glucosyl-α(1→6)-D-glucitol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Vertiefung des Verständnisses vom Stoffwechsel des Zuckeraustauschstoffes Palatinit® wurden seine zwei Bestandteile D-Glucosyl-α(1→1)-D-mannit und D-Glucosyl-α(1→6)-D-glucit [D-Glucosyl-α(1→6)-D-sorbit] nach dem Verfahren von Karimzadegan et al. auf ihre Glucose-Bioverfügbarkeit an ketotischen Ratten untersucht. Bei Umwandlungsraten in Glucose von 6 bzw. 20 % für Mannit und Glucit (Sorbit) sowie von 39 bzw. 42% für Glucosylmannit und Glucosylglucit erhält demnach der metabolische Glucose-Pool nicht das volle Glucose-Äquivalent aus diesen Verbindungen. Von dem Anteil an präformierter Glucose in den Glucosylhexiten — theoretisches Maximum 50 % — sind nur 36 % aus Glucosylmannit bzw. 32 % aus Glucosylglucit bioverfügbar. Die im Vergleich zur Theorie verminderte Bioverfügbarkeit von Glucose aus Palatinit® wird auf partiellen mikrobiellen Abbau in unteren Darmabschnitten zurückgeführt. Die an Ratten erhaltenen Ergebnisse werden auch für alle anderen Spezies gelten, welche in Caecum und/oder Colon Kohlenhydrate vergären. Die Unterschiede zwischen D-Glucosyl-α(1→1)-D-mannit und D-Glucosyl-α(1→6)-D-glucit werden durch unterschiedliche Verzögerung der Glucoseresorption im Dünndarm, wo auch D-Glucit angreift, bedingt. Die Ermittlung der Glucose-Bioverfügbarkeit gewährt weitgehende Einblicke in das Schicksal von Kohlenhydraten einschließlich der Symbiose zwischen Säugetier und Mikroorganismen im Dickdarm. Da ein ziemlich vollständiger Überblick über die metabolischen Konsequenzen nach ihrer Zufuhr erhalten wird, sollte das Verfahren zur Messung der Bioverfügbarkeit von Glucose daher bei Abschätzungen der Lebensmittelsicherheit anderer Zuckeraustauschstoffe ebenfalls angewandt werden.
    Notes: Summary For the sake of metabolic insight into the fate of the sugar substitute Palatinit®, its two components D-glucosyl-α(1→1)-D-mannitol and D-glucosyl-α(1→6)-D-glucitol [D-glucosyl-α-(1→6)-D-sorbitol] were assayed for glucose bioavailability by the procedure of Karimzadegan et al. using ketotic rats. With conversion rates into glucose of 6 and 20 %, respectively, for free mannitol and glucitol (sorbitol), 39 % for glucosylmannitol and 42 % for glucosylglucitol, the metabolic glucose pool of the rat does not receive the full carbohydrate complement of these compounds. The preformed glucose moiety of the glucosylhexitols is bioavailable by 36 and 32 %, respectively, from glucosylmannitol and glucosylglucitol, with 50 % as theoretical maximum. Less than theoretical bioavailability of glucose from Palatinit® is ascribed to microbial attack in the hindgut. The data on rats are held valid also for other species demonstrating carbohydrate fermentation in the caecum and/or colon. Differences between D-glucosyl-α(1→1)-D-mannitol and D-glucosyl-α(1→6)-D-glucitol are caused by a differential delay of glucose absorption in the small intestine, also exerted by D-glucitol. The deep metabolic insight offered by the glucose bioavailability assay into the fate of carbohydrates includes the mammal-microbial symbiosis in the large bowel. Since a rather complete survey of the metabolic consequences after their intake can be obtained, the assay system should be generally applied in assessments of food safety also of other sugar substitutes.
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    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 241-254 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Krankenernährung ; Organisation der Krankenernährung ; Ernährungsdiagnostik ; Ernährungskonzepte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Hospital diet is an essential part of modern therapy in all medical departments. It comprises both the so-called normal diets which are prepared according to modern nutritional knowledge, dietetic foods and the various forms of artificial nutrition (nutrient-defined and chemically defined diets, parenteral and combined nutrition, i.e. enterai and parenteral nutrition). The integration of nutritional therapeutic problems into the treatment of patients requires optimal scientific and practical forms of organisation of nutrition in the clinic. For that purpose, cooperation of clinical, technical, economic and pedagogic divisions is of prime importance. The organisation of patient nutrition in the St. Georg District Hospital in Leipzig is described as a feasible model.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Krankenernährung ist ein wesentlicher Bestandteil einer modernen Therapie aller medizinischen Fachbereiche. Sie umfaßt sowohl die sogenannten Normalkostformen, die nach modernen ernährungswissenschaftlichen Kenntnissen hergestellt werden, die Diätkost und die verschiedenen Formen der künstlichen Ernährung (nährstoffdefinierte — und chemisch definierte Diäten, parenterale und Kombinationsernährung, d. h. enterai und parenteral). Die Einbeziehung der ernährungstherapeutischen Prinzipien in den Behandlungsplan der Patienten erfordert wissenschaftlich und praktisch optimale Organitionsformen der Krankenernährung. Dafür ist die Zusammenarbeit klinischer, technisch-wirtschaftlicher und pädagogischer Disziplinen Voraussetzung. Als praktikables Modell wird die Organisation der Krankenernährung im Bezirkskrankenhaus St. Georg Leipzig beschrieben.
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    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 288-292 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 271-286 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Tocopherole ; Ubichinone ; β-Sitosterin ; Fettarten ; Vitamin-EStatus ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In experiments with male Wistar rats the influence of the non-saponifiable constituents of dietary fats: dl-α-tocopherol (60 ppm), dl-γ-tocopherol (480 ppm), ubiquinone (96 ppm) and β-sitosterol (3035 ppm) on the tocopherol status was investigated, considering the fatty acid composition of the tested fats. For a test period of eight weeks the animals were fed isoenergetic diets containing three types of dietary fats: corn oil (60% PUFA), a kind of “stripped corn oil” (60 % PUFA) and butter (nearly 5% PUFA). Independent of the PUFA-content of the diet, the tocopherol supplementations were able to stabilize the erythrocyte membrane; the calculated hemolysis rates were about 2%. The absence of tocopherols in the diets (“stripped corn oil”, butter) caused an increase of the hemolysis rate up to 70% after two weeks. The original amounts of tocopherols in corn oil tended to minimize the hemolysis. Ubiquinone and β-sitosterol did not reduce the hemolysis rates when they were applied without tocopherols. With respect to creatine-phosphokinase activity, creatine and creatinine excretion the results were similar. Plasma and erythrocyte levels of α- and γ-tocopherol were determined in all groups and discussed in connection with the other examined parameters of tocopherol status. The ultimate result of this experiment is that the content of tocopherols in dietary fats is not always adequate to keep vitamin E status normal, especially if polyunsaturated fatty acid content is high in the diet. Reflecting the vitamin E adequacy of dietary fats, not only α-tocopherol but also γ-tocopherol should be much more considered than previously.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In Experimenten an männlichen Wistar-Ratten wurde die Wirkung der unverseifbaren Komponenten DL-α-Tocopherol (60 ppm), DL-γ-Tocopherol (480 ppm), Ubichinon (96 ppm), β-Sitosterin (3035 ppm) auf den Tocopherolstatus in Abhängigkeit vom Fettsäuremuster der zugeführten Nahrungsfette getestet. Über einen Versuchszeitraum von acht Wochen wurden die Tiere mit isoenergetischen Diäten ernährt, die als Fettart Maisöl (60% PFS), synthetisches Triglyceridgemisch (Fettsäuremuster wie Maisöl) oder Butter (5% PFS) enthielten. Unabhängig vom Polyenfettsäuregehalt der Kost lag die Hämolyserate der Erythrozyten bei α- und γ-Tocopherolgaben im Normalbereich. Das Fehlen dieser Komponenten schlug sich bei den T- und B-Gruppen in einer über 70 %igen Hämolyserate schon nach der zweiten Woche nieder. Die maisöleigenen Tocopherolgehalte konnten die Hämolyserate abschwächen. Keinen Einfluß auf die Membranstabilität hatten Ubichinon und β-Sitosterin, wenn sie ohne Tocopherole verabreicht wurden. Entsprechende Resultate erbrachten die Messungen der Creatinkinaseaktivität und der Creatin- und Creatininausscheidung. Die α- und γ-Tocopherolgehalte von Plasma und Erythrozyten wurden für alle Gruppen bestimmt und in Bezug zu den anderen Parametern diskutiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Tocopherolgehalte von Nahrungsfetten nicht immer ausreichend sind, um einen normalen Tocopherolstatus aufrechtzuerhalten. Dies trifft besonders zu, wenn der Polyenfettsäuregehalt der Nahrung zu hoch ist. Für die Beurteilung des Vitamin-E-Gehaltes eines Nahrungsfettes sollte neben dem α-Tocopherol auch das γ-Tocopherol mehr Beachtung finden als bisher.
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 2 (1983), S. 59-71 
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Five GAs, GA1, GA3, GA19, GA20, and GA29, were identified in extracts from mature leaf and shoot apical meristem of flowering and non-flowering sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) by combined GC/MS. The presence of ABA was also confirmed.
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 2 (1983), S. 9-17 
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A combined foliar application of ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) at 0.8 kg/ha and daminozide (butanedioic acid mono (2,2 dimethylhydrazide) at 3.2 kg/ha inhibited the vegetative growth of Black Valentine bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) without the leaf chlorosis and necrosis caused by ethephon alone. This antagonistic interaction was further evaluated by examining the effect of ethephon and daminozide on respiration and lipid synthesis of isolated leaf cells. Ethephon (1.0 mM) promoted14CO2 evolution from cells incubated with14C-glucose for 14 h by approximately 75%. Characterization of this response with Black Valentine bean mitochondria indicated that the observed stimulation could not be attributed to the existence of a major cyanide insensitive pathway or the possibility of ethephon acting as an uncoupler, which supports the view that ethephon (or ethylene) acts in the cytosol rather than in mitochondria. Daminozide at 30.0 and 60.0 mM inhibited14CO2 evolution of isolated cells by 30 and 70%, respectively. Ethephon in combination with daminozide (1.0+60 mM) resulted in a 32% inhibition of respiration. Daminozide (60.0 mM) inhibited the incorporation of14C-glucose into chloroform-methanol soluble products by 47%, but did not affect the incorporation of14C-acetate. The results suggest that daminozide may reduce or overcome any stimulatory effect of ethephon on respiration and support an active inhibitory site for daminozide in mitochondria.
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 2 (1983), S. 19-29 
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A new plant growth retardant, the norbornenodiazetine derivative 5-(4-chlorophenyl) - 3,4,5,9,10 - pentaaza - tetracyclo - 5,4,1,02.6,08.11- dodeca - 3,9 - diene (NDA) was tested for its effects on growth ofZea mays suspension cultures. It was shown that NDA could inhibit cell division almost completely at a concentration of 5× 10−5 M, while 80% of cells could be considered viable. Tracer experiments revealed that NDA inhibited thymidine, uridine, and leucine uptake into cells after 30 min of application. In contrast, amino acid incorporation into proteins was reduced only after one day of treatment and incorporation of precursors into DNA and RNA still later. Since NDA stimulated DNase, RNase, and protease activity in the cells simultaneously, an enhancement of DNA and RNA in cells possibly was prevented. That NDA affected protein synthesis indirectly seemed to be proved by the late point in time of its action on leucine incorporation and by only slight effects on cell free translation. An explanation of these findings could be an alteration in or inhibition of sterol biosynthesis caused by NDA, because it is known that sterols play an important role in controlling permeability of plant membranes as well as in maintaining normal protein synthesis. Thus we tested NDA for its effects on sterol production in maize cells and demonstrated that the composition of the sterol fraction, mainly stigmasterol and β-sitosterol, was clearly changed qualitatively as well as quantitatively.
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 2 (1983), S. 47-57 
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract (±)-Dihydrozeatin was synthesized in a 3-step synthesis by: (1) a Michael condensation of methyl methacrylate with nitromethane to give (±) - methyl 2 - methyl - 4 - nitrobutyrate, which was (2) reduced to (±) - 4 -amino - 2 - methylbutan - 1 - ol and (3) reaction of the aminoalcohol with 6-chloropurine. Hydrolysis of racemic nitroester gave (±) - 2 - methyl - 4 - nitrobutyric acid, which was resolved by means of (+) - and (-) -α -methylbenzylamine salts. Conversion of the salts to the corresponding methyl esters and subsequent reductions yielded optically active 4 - amino 2 - methylbutan - 1 - ols. Examination of the NMR spectra of the resolved methyl 2 - methyl - 4 - nitrobutyrates in the presence of a chiral shift reagent established their optical purities to be greater than 98%. The specific rotations at 589 nm of theS- (−) andR- (+)- dihydrozeatins derived from optically active butanols were appreciably lower than previously reported. Application of the Drude equation to ORD values from 320 to 589 nm verified the low 589 nm rotations of the dihydrozeatin enantiomers. The biological activities of (R), (S) and (R,S) dihydrozeatins in the betacyanin stimulation assay withAmaranthus parallel the activities found in other cytokinin bioassays.
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  • 73
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The metabolism of zeatin and that of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) have been compared in oat leaf segments in relation to the markedly differing ability of these cytokinins to retard senescence of such segments. Free BAP and a highly active senescence-retarding metabolite of BAP were detected in oat leaf segments supplied with BAP. The metabolite was identified by mass spectrometry and chromatography as 3-β-D-glucopyranosyl-BAP. The major metabolite of BAP was the 9-glucoside, but this lacked significant senescence-retarding activity. In contrast, in leaf segments supplied with zeatin, no free zeatin and no senescence-retarding metabolite of zeatin were detectable. The major metabolites of zeatin were adenosine, adenine nucleotides, the 9-glucoside, and unidentified polar metabolites. The differing activities of zeatin and BAP in the oat-leaf senescence bioassay appear to be, at least partially, a consequence of their differing metabolism and are not attributable to differences in uptake.
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  • 74
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The association of the level of ACC and the ethylene concentration in ripening apple fruit (Malus sylvestris Mill, var. Ben Davis) was studied. Preclimacteric apple contained small amounts of ACC and ethylene. With the onset of the climacteric and a concomitant decrease in flesh firmness, the level of ACC and ethylene concentration both increased markedly. During the postclimacteric period, ethylene concentration started to decline, but the level of ACC continued to increase. Ethylene production and loss of flesh firmness of fruits during ripening were greatly suppressed by treatments with low O2 (O2 1–3%, CO2 O%) or high CO2 (CO2 20–30%, O2 15–20%) at the preclimacteric stage. However, after 4 weeks an accumulation of ACC was observed in treated fruits when control fruit was at the postclimacteric stage. Treatment of fruit with either low O2 or high CO2 at the climacteric stage resulted in a decrease of ethylene production. However, the ACC level in fruit treated with low O2 was much higher than both control and high CO2 treated fruit; it appears that low O2 inhibits only the conversion of ACC to ethylene, resulting in an accumulation of ACC. Since CO2 inhibits ethylene production but does not result in an accumulation of ACC, it appears that high CO2 inhibits both the conversion of ACC to ethylene and the formation of ACC.
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 2 (1983), S. 117-120 
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The root differentiating properties of various benzyl alcohols were studied using a bean rooting test. The results showed that the methoxy derivatives enhanced rooting more efficiently than did the hydroxy derivatives. Only 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol inhibited rooting, but the addition of IAA at 10−5M nullified the inhibition. Root promotion by the alcohols with a hydroxy group in the o-or p-position was increased by the addition of IAA. Auxin did not modify the rooting stimulation caused by the methoxy derivatives. The position of the methoxy group did not influence the rooting activity.
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 2 (1983), S. 129-135 
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies showed that 2-ethyl-3-methoxycarbonyl-1-(p-tolylcarbamoyl) isourea acts as a potent GA3-synergist in stimulating shoot growth of rice seedlings. Studies with several structurally related compounds show that the alkoxycarbonylcarbamoyl-isourea or -isothiourea skeleton is required for biological activity. Any chemical deletion from this skeleton causes complete loss of activity. From present and previous data it seems that alkoxycarbonylcarbamoyl-isourea or -isothiourea is converted by intramolecular cyclization in the rice seedlings into the corresponding triazinone that serves as the active form.
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 2 (1983), S. 137-149 
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the herbicide chlorsulfuron on phenylpropanoid titer and metabolism and the role of endogenous ethylene in this response was examined in light-grown sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seedlings. Application of chlorsulfuron to the apex resulted in large increases in both total phenolic and hydroxycinnamic acid content in hypocotyls isolated from the treated seedlings. Both of these parameters were increased within 24 h of herbicide treatment, and both reached a maximum level 3–4 days post-treatment. An increase in ethylene evolution was found to proceed in parallel with the alterations of phenolic content. The extractable activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase,trans-cinnamic-4-hydroxylase, and soluble peroxidase were increased by chlorsulfuron treatment. Chlorsulfuron had little effect on total phenolic content when administered directly to isolated hypocotyl segments. Exogenous ethylene had no effect on the endogenous titer of phenolic compounds. Root-fed cobalt chloride (5 × 10−4 M) inhibited chlorsulfuron-induced ethylene production by 92% and also inhibited the accumulation of phenolic materials by 56%. Exogenous ethylene was unable to reverse the inhibition caused by cobalt chloride. It was concluded that chlorsulfuron-induced increases in phenolic compounds were not mediated solely by endogenous ethylene.
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    Notes: Abstract The germination of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seeds was greatly reduced when the seeds were heated at 97°C for 30 h prior to imbibition. This dormancy was effectively released when ethylene (1–100 ppm) or benzyladenine (BA) (0.005–0.05 mM) was applied during the imbibition period. Ethylene was not required during the early part of imbibition, but was essential during the period immediately prior to radicle protrusion. Treatment with 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) (0.1–10 mM) stimulated germination, but was not as effective as ethylene or cytokinin treatment. During the germination of nondormant lettuce seeds, ethylene production increased rapidly and reached a peak at 24 h, which coincided with the emergence of the radicle, and then declined; the level of ACC increased as ethylene production rate increased, but remained at a high level after radicle protrusion. In heat-pretreated dormant lettuce seeds, the increases in percent germination, ethylene production, and ACC levels were all delayed and lower than those of nondormant seeds, and these increases were accelerated by treatment with ethylene or cytokinin.
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    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 27-33 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: wheat ; lysine ; carnitine ; lipids ; mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 32 abgesetzte männliche Albinoratten wurden in 4 Gruppen eingeteilt, um die Wirkung einer lysinarmen Weizendiät (AW), einer Weizendiät mit 0,4 % Lysin (LW) oder 0,2 % Carnitin (CW) sowie einer Caseindiät auf den Stoffwechsel von Lipiden in verschiedenen Geweben zu untersuchen. Nach 8 Wochen Fütterung der verschiedenen Diäten unter Anwendung der „paired feeding technique“ wurden Veränderungen in den Gesamtlipiden, den Lipidbestandteilen, den einzelnen Fettsäuren und dem Lipidgehalt der Mitochondrien des Herzens, der Skelettmuskeln, der Lungen und des Fettgewebes der Tiere bestimmt. Die lysinarme Weizendiät (AW) bewirkte eine Lipidanreicherung (vor allem an Acylglyzerinen) im Herzen, in der Leber, den Skelettmuskeln sowie eine Lipidabnahme im Fettgewebe. Die Diäten mit 0,4 % Lysin (LW) oder 0,2 % Carnitin (CW) zeitigten die entgegengesetzte Wirkung, wobei CW wirkungsvoller erschien als LW. LW und CW erhöhten die relativen Anteile von C14∶0-, C16∶0- und C16∶1-Fettsäuren und verkleinerten diejenigen von C18∶1-, C18∶2- und C18∶3-Fettsäuren, während die Anteile unter der AW- und Caseindiät ab- bzw. zunahmen. Die Fettsäurezusammensetzung des Fettgewebes war bei allen Gruppen gleich. Die AW-Diät vergrößerte die relativen Anteile von C14∶0- und C20∶4- und verringerte die von C16∶0-, C16∶1- und C18∶3-Fettsäuren in den Lungen. Die AW-Ergänzungsdiäten verringerten die relativen Anteile von C16∶0-, C16∶1-, C18∶3-sowie auch der C18∶1-Fettsäuren. Der Lipidgehalt der Mitochondrien von Leber, Herz, Skelettmuskeln und Lunge verringerte sich unter der AW-Diät und erhöhte sich unter den LW- und CW-Diäten.
    Notes: Summary 32 weanling male albino rats were divided into 4 groups to study the effects of lysine-deficient wheat diet (AW) and AW supplemented with either 0.4 % lysine (LW) or 0.2 % carnitine (CW) as compared to casein diet on metabolism of lipids in various tissues. LW, CW and casein diet groups were pair-fed with AW group. Changes in total lipids, lipid components, individual fatty acids, mitochondrial content in liver, heart, skeletal muscles, lungs and adipose tissue were determined after 8 weeks of feeding. AW diet resulted in accumulation of lipids (mainly acylglycerols) in heart, liver, skeletal muscles and depletion in adipose tissue. The LW and CW diets reversed the effects of AW diet, the CW being more effective than LW diet. The LW and CW diets increased the relative proportion of C 14∶0, C 16∶0, C 16∶1 and decreased that of C18∶1, C18∶2, C18∶3 fatty acids which were decreased and increased, respectively, on the AW and casein diets. The fatty acids composition of adipose tissue was the same in all the groups. The AW diet increased the relative proportions of C 14∶0, C 20∶4 and decreased that of C 16∶0, C 16∶1, C 18∶3 fatty acids in the lungs. Supplemented AW diet decreased the relative proportions of the former group and increased that of the later group including C 18∶1 fatty acid also. The mitochondrial content of liver, heart, skeletal muscles and lungs was decreased on AW and reversed on LW and CW diets.
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    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 59-64 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: mustard oil ; carnitine ; collagen ; mitochondrial monoamine oxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Untersuchung der Wirkungen von Diätformen mit erukasäurehaltigem Senföl (MO), MO + Fischöl und Carnitin (MOFOC) und als Vergleich mit Erdnußöl (GNO) auf die Kollagenbiosynthese in verschiedenen Geweben wurden 3 Gruppen von je 10 Ratten gebildet. Änderungen im Kollagengehalt und in der Monoaminoxidase (MAO) von Herz, Aorta, Skelettmuskulatur, Lungen und Haut wurden nach 24, 60 und 80 Tagen Fütterung untersucht. Der Einbau von U-14C-Prolin in das Kollagen dieser Gewebe wurde ebenfalls untersucht. MO-Diäten erhöhten den Einbau von U-14C-Prolin in das gesamte und säureunlösliche Kollagen von Herz-, Skelettmuskeln und Lungen, aber bei Herz- und Skelettmuskeln war die Erhöhung geringer als die bei den Tieren auf MOFOC-Diät. Das gesamte und säureunlösliche Kollagen in allen untersuchten Geweben mit Ausnahme der Haut wurde durch MO-Diät erhöht, während diese Zunahme durch MOFOC-Diät verzögert wurde. Ähnliche Trends wurden bei der Bestimmung der MAO-Aktivität beobachtet. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, daß die MO-Diät die Biosynthese und Reifung des Kollagens steigert und MOFOC-Diäten diesen Vorgang verzögern. Das Ansprechen der verschiedenen Gewebe war unterschiedlich.
    Notes: Summary 30 rats were divided into 3 groups to study the effects of erucic-acid-rich mustard oil (MO) and MO plus fish oil and carnitine (MOFOC) diet as compared to groundnut oil (GNO) diet on the collagen biosynthesis in various tissues. Changes in collagen content and monoamine oxidase (MAO) of hearts, aorta, skeletal muscles, lungs and skin were determined after 24, 60 and 80 days of feeding, respectively. Incorporation of U-14C-proline into collagen of these tissues was also studied. MO diets increased the incorporation of U-14C-proline into total and acid-insoluble collagen in heart, skeletal muscles and lungs but this increase was of lower magnitude in heart and skeletal muscles as compared with MOFOC diet. Total and acid-insoluble collagen contents in all these tissues, except skin, were increased by MO diet and MOFOC diet retarded this increase. Similar trends were observed in the activities of MAO. The results suggest that the MO diet increases both the biosynthesis and maturation of collagen and MOFOC diet retards this trend. The response of various tissues being variable in this respect.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: dietary cholesterol ; calves ; serum cholesterol ; lipoproteins ; serum phospholipids ; serum triglycerides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mastkälber, etwa eine Woche alt, wurden während 146 Tagen mit Milchersatzmitteln, die mit verschiedenen Cholesterinmengen angereichert waren, gefüttert. Vier Gruppen, bestehend aus 11 oder 12 Tieren, erhielten Diäten, denen 0, 0, 19, 0,56 oder 0,93% (Gewichtsprozente auf trockener Stoffbasis) Cholesterin — auf Kosten des Fettgehaltes — beigefügt wurden. Cholesterin in der Diät erhöhte signifikant den Serumcholesterinspiegel. Dieser Anstieg war entweder linear oder S-förmig über den gesamten Bereich der Cholesterinzudienung, abhängig von der Versuchsdauer, festzustellen. In den cholesteringefütterten Kälbern war das Verhältnis von freiem zu verestertem Cholesterin im Serum signifikant erhöht. Die Aufnahme von Cholesterin erhöhte deutlich die Cholesterinkonzentration von den VLDL-, IDL- und LDL-Fraktionen im Serum. Bei einem Vergleich der 0,93%igen Cholesterindiät mit der 0,56%igen zeigte sich kein weiterer Anstieg der Cholesterinkonzentrationen der IDL- und LDL-Fraktionen. Nachdem die vorher mit Sudanschwarz gefärbten Lipoproteine des Serums mittels Dichtheitsgradient-Ultrazentrifugation getrennt waren, wurde festgestellt, daß Nahrungscholesterin die Dichte der HDL-Partikel (1,063〈d 1,092) erniedrigte. Die Zudienung von Cholesterin verursachte keinen Anstieg der Triglyceridkonzentration im Serum; ein maximaler Anstieg wurde bereits mit der 0,19%igen Cholesterindiät erreicht. Nahrungscholesterin induzierte erhöhte Konzentrationen der Serumphospholipide; diese Erhöhung korrelierte mit dem Cholesteringehalt in der Diät.
    Notes: Summary Veal calves, aged about 1 week, were fed for 146 days milk replacer diets supplemented with various levels of cholesterol. Four groups consisting of 11 or 12 animals received diets to which 0, 0.19, 0.56 or 0.93% (on the basis of air-dry matter) cholesterol was added at the expense of fat. Cholesterol feeding significantly increased the level of serum cholesterol. This increase was either linear or S-shaped over the entire range of cholesterol feeding, depending on the time during which the calves were fed the diets. In the calves fed cholesterol, the ratio of free to esterified cholesterol in the serum was significantly increased. The ingestion of cholesterol markedly increased the cholesterol content of the VLDL, IDL and LDL fractions in the serum. When compared to the 0.56%-cholesterol diet, the inclusion of 0.93% cholesterol in the diet did not further increase the cholesterol concentrations in the IDL and LDL fractions. Upon density gradient ultracentrifugation of serum prestained for lipid with Sudan Black, it was observed that dietary cholesterol caused the HDL1 particles (1.063〈d〈1.092) to shift towards a lower density range. Cholesterol feeding effected an increase in the level of serum triglycerides, the increase being already maximal with 0.19% cholesterol in the diet. Dietary cholesterol induced elevated concentrations of serum phospholipids, the elevation being proportional to the amount of cholesterol in the diet.
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  • 82
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    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 145-146 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Fe-Versorgung ; Proteinversorgung ; Fe-Protein-Wechselwirkung ; Fe-Konzentration in verschiedenen Organen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In a 2×3factorial experiment with growing rats the diet varied for the iron content (5, 25, 625 ppm) and for the protein content (5, 25, 45 %). The diets were fed ad libitum for 35 days. At the end of the experiment the iron content of different organs was determined. Both experimental factors and their interactions influenced the iron concentration as well as fresh weight and dry matter dependent on organ. Especially the influence of deficient protein supply and of insufficient iron supply was very marked. Dependent on the iron supply there are different responses between storage and functional compounds of iron.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einem 2×3faktoriellen Versuch mit wachsenden Ratten variierte der Fe-Gehalt der Diät in drei Stufen (5, 25, 625 ppm) und der Proteingehalt ebenfalls in drei Stufen (5, 25, 45 %). Die Diäten wurden den Versuchstieren 35 Tage ad libitum verfüttert und nach Versuchsende der Fe-Gehalt in verschiedenen Organen bestimmt. Die beiden Versuchsfaktoren und deren Wechselwirkungen beeinflußten die Fe-Konzentration sowie Frischgewicht und Trockensubstanzgehalt je nach Organ. Besonders starken Einfluß übten sowohl eine mangelhafte Proteinzufuhr als auch eine nicht bedarfsgerechte Fe-Versorgung aus. In Abhängigkeit von der Fe-Versorgung zeigten sich zwischen Speicherverbindungen und funktionellen Verbindungen für Eisen unterschiedliche Reaktionen.
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  • 84
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    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 234-240 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Zuckeraustauschstoff ; Palatinit ; Saccharose ; Energiebilanz ; Gaswechsel ; Stickstoffbilanz
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A respiration trial with 12 adult sows was conducted as a balanced incomplete block design to study the effect of Palatinit on energy and nitrogen balance. The treatments were the basal diet fed at maintenance level alone or with the addition of sucrose and Palatinit, respectively. The apparent digestibility of the energy of Palatinit was 91.0 %, whereas sucrose was completely digested. The fecal excretion of nitrogen after feeding of Palatinit increased about 50% as compared to the group's basal diet and basal diet plus sucrose. The urine energy excretion and the methane losses amounted to 1 % of the ingested energy of Palatinit. The efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy was 68.9 % for Palatinit and 75.3 % for sucrose. Altogether, the results show that 62 % of the Palatinit energy and 74.5 % of the sucrose energy were retained as body energy.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einem Respirationsversuch mit 12 ausgewachsenen Sauen wurde die Auswirkung einer Palatinitzulage auf die Energie- und Stickstoffbilanz geprüft. Als Vergleichsdiäten dienten eine gerade den Erhaltungsbedarf deckende Grundration sowie eine zur Palatinitzufuhr isokalorische Saccharosediät. Die scheinbare Verdaulichkeit der Energie lag für Palatinit bei 91,0%, während Saccharose vollständig verdaut wurde. Die fäkale N-Ausscheidung war bei der Palatinitdiät gegenüber der Grunddiät und der Saccharosediät um 50 % erhöht. Die Energieverluste über Harn und CH4 beliefen sich auf etwa 1 % der zugeführten Palatinitenergie. Die Verwertung der umsetzbaren Energie für die Retention von Körperenergie betrug bei Palatinit 68,9%, bei Saccharose 75,3%. Unter Berücksichtigung aller Verluste wurden bei Verabreichung der Energie in Form von Palatinit 62 % und in Form von Saccharose 74,5 % im Körper angesetzt.
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  • 85
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    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 255-270 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Zimtsäurederivate ; Cholerese ; Metabolismus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Concerning the well-known choleretic effect of ferulic acid, we made further investigations on biliary excretion, metabolism and bile flow after application of ferulic acid and related compounds. In anesthesized bile duct cannulated male Wistar-rats, we studied the biliary excretion of the following 14-C labelled cinnamic acid compounds: caffeic acid (CA), ferulic acid (FA), m-coumaric acid (mCA), p-coumaric acid (pCA), isoferulic acid (IFA), p-methoxycinnamic acid (pMCA), 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid (DMCA), and 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid (TMCA). These compounds were given intraduodenally (128–384 μmoles/kg b. wt.). All of the tested compounds were excreted to some extent in bile, giving a bile to the serum conc. ratio greater than 1. The radioactivity excreted by bile within 2 hours (as percent of the given dose) was about 20% in the case of FA, IF A, DMCA, and TMCA, about 8% for pMCA, and less than 5% for CA, mCA and pCA. The biliary excretion increased in a dose-dependent manner only after FA and IFA, but not after application of the other compounds. A choleretic effect was produced by FA, IFA and DMCA, but not by TMCA although it was excreted to the same extent. There was no linear correlation between the biliary excretion rate and the bile flow, suggesting that choleresis is not explained only by an osmotic effect of the substances excreted into the bile. The compounds with phenolic hydroxyl groups were excreted in the bile mainly as glucuronides. The compounds without hydroxyl groups (pMCA, DMCA, TMCA) appeared in the bile as acid glucuronides, glycin conjugates as well as unconjugated.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von dem bekannten choleretischen Effekt der Ferulasäure untersuchten wir die biliäre Ausscheidung, den Metabolismus sowie den Gallefluß nach Applikation von Ferulasäure und verwandten Derivaten der Zimtsäure. An Wistarratten in Pentobarbitalnarkose mit Gallefistel studierten wir die biliäre Ausscheidung der folgenden14C-markierten Verbindungen: Kaffeesäure (KS), Ferulasäure (FS), m-Cumarsäure (mCS),p-Cumarsäure (pCS), iso-Ferulasäure (i-FS), p-methoxy-Zimtsäure (pMZ), m-methoxy-Zimtsäure (mMZ), 3,4-Dimethoxy-Zimtsäure (DMZ) und 3,4,5-Trimethoxyzimtsäure (TMZ). Die Applikation erfolgte i. duod. Alle Substanzen wurden über die Galle ausgeschieden mit einem Galle-/Serum-Quotienten 〉1. Die über die Galle ausgeschiedene Radioaktivität betrug bei den Verbindungen FS, i-FS, DMZ und TMZ ca. 20%, bei der pMZ 8% und (1) weniger als 5% (2) bei den übrigen Verbindungen. Ein Anstieg des Galleflusses war nach Applikation von KS, FS, i-FS und DMZ festzustellen. Die TMZ war trotz der hohen biliären Ausscheidungsrate choleretisch inaktiv. Die Verbindungen mit phenolischen Hydroxylgruppen wurden vorwiegend an Glukuronsäure gekoppelt über die Galle ausgeschieden, wohingegen im Harn die Glycinkopplung überwog. Die Substanzen mit Methoxygruppen (pMZ, mMZ, TMZ) wurden teilweise entmethyliert und dann an Glukuronsäure gekoppelt. Es konnten aber auch die ungekoppelten Verbindungen in der Galle und im Harn nachgewiesen werden.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: unterschiedliche Fe-Versorgung ; unterschiedliche Proteinversorgung ; Wachstum ; hämatologische Kriterien
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In a two-factorial experiment with growing rats, protein content of diet (5, 25, 45 %) and Fe supply (5, 25, 625 mg/kg diet) were changed. Both factors as well as their interactions influenced growth (p〈0.001). The growth was reduced especially by deficient protein supply but although by inadequate iron supply and in a smaller degree by an excessive protein content of the diet. Hematological values as hemoglobin content, counts and volume of erythrocytes, hematocrit, MCH and MCHC — measured after 35 days of the experiment — were influenced by both factors and their interactions, too (p〈0.001). Again deficient protein supply and insufficient Fe supply have the marked effects. Referring life weight as well as hematological parameters, the deficient protein supply was — independent of Fe supplementation — the limitated factor, whereas in the cause of higher protein content (25, 45 %) an insufficient Fe supply has negative effects.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einem 2faktoriell angelegten Versuch mit Ratten, deren Anfangsgewicht 32 g betrug, wurden als Faktoren die Proteinversorgung (5, 25, 45 %) und die Fe-Zufuhr (5, 25, 625 mg/kg Diät) variiert. Beide Faktoren sowie ihre Wechselbeziehungen beeinflußten die Lebendmasseentwicklung (p〈0,001). Das Wachstum war besonders stark bei mangelnder Proteinversorgung, aber auch bei unzureichender Fe-Versorgung und im geringen Ausmaß auch bei einem überhöhten Proteingehalt der Diät reduziert. Auch die Blutwerte Hämoglobingehalt, Erythrozytenzahl, Hämatokrit, MCV, MCH und MCHC — gemessen nach 35 Versuchstagen — wurden von beiden Faktoren und ihren Wechselbeziehungen beeinflußt (p〈0,001). Am stärksten wirkten sich wiederum eine mangelnde Proteinversorgung einerseits und eine unzureichende Fe-Versorgung andererseits aus. Sowohl bei Lebendmasse als auch bei den hämatologischen Parametern war unabhängig von der Fe-Versorgung die mangelnde Proteinversorgung limitierender Faktor, während bei höherem Proteingehalt eine unzureichende Fe-Versorgung sich negativ auswirkte.
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  • 87
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    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 45-49 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: dietaryl-tyrosine ; blood pressure ; SHR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Blutdruck von spontanen Hochdruck-Ratten (SHR) wurde durch Plethysmographie am Schwanz gemessen. Die Fütterung einer mit 0,6 g%l-Tyrosin supplementierten Futterration an SHR für 15 Wochen nach dem Absetzen ergab eine langsamere Zunahme des Blutdruckes im Vergleich zu Kontrollratten (ohne zugesetztesl-Tyrosin). Der Blutdruck stabilisierte sich nach ungefähr 8 Wochen mit Meßwerten, welche etwa 10 mm Hg tiefer lagen als in den Kontrollen. Futterrationen mit höheren Gehalten anl-Tyrosin (+1,2 und +2,4 g%) erzeugten keine weitere Blutdruckerniedrigung, obwohl das Plasmaniveau dieser Aminosäure zur Zeit der Blutdruckmessung dem Tyrosingehalt des Futters entsprach. In SHR mit ausgebildetem Hochdruck erniedrigte eine Futterration mit 2,4 g% freieml-Tyrosin innerhalb weniger Tage den Blutdruck auf ein ähnliches Niveau wie in Ratten, welchen während der ganzen Versuchsperiode Tyrosin verabreicht wurde. Ein maximaler Effekt ist so schon mit relativ niedrigen Konzentrationen vonl-Tyrosin nach kurzer Zeit der Verabreichung im Futter erreicht. Dieser Effekt ist jedoch ziemlich klein und verschwindet nach Einstellung derl-Tyrosin-Verabreichung rasch.
    Notes: Summary The blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was measured by tail-plethysmography. Feeding SHR a diet supplemented with 0.6 g%l-tyrosine, for 15 weeks after weaning, resulted in a slower increase of blood pressure than in rats fed the control diet (no tyrosine added). The blood pressure stabilized, after about 8 weeks, at values lower by about 10 mm Hg than in the control SHR group. Diets with a higher content of freel-tyrosine (1.2 or 2.4 g%) produced no greater hypotensive effects, despite the fact that the plasma level of the amino acid, at the time of blood pressure measurements, was related to the tyrosine content of the diet. In addition, providing 2.4 g% freel-tyrosine to the diet of SHR with established hypertension, produced within a few days a decrease of blood pressure similar to the one recorded in rats fed the tyrosine-supplemented diet during the whole period of development of hypertension. A maximal effect ofl-tyrosine, in decreasing the blood pressure of SHR, is thus obtained at relatively low concentrations of the amino acid in the diet, and after a short period of consumption. However, this effect is rather small, and rapidly reversed upon removing freel-tyrosine from the diet.
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  • 88
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    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 65-77 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Nahrungsmittelallergie ; nutritive Allergie ; alimentäre Allergie ; intestinale Allergose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Food allergies are to be considered strictly separate from other food incompatibilities, which are not caused immunologically. Mostly allergic symptoms are caused by cow's milk or chicken eggs. Allergic reactions are preceded by sensitizing events; certain characteristics of foodstuffs and conditions in the human body facilitate their development. Gastrointestinal symptoms very often are just accompanying signs. In differential diagnosis the so-called “pseudo-allergies” following food ingestion have to be separated. Most important diagnostic measures are clinical history, prick-/scratch test, RAST, gastrointestinal provocation and abstinence test. The therapeutic program consists of allergen abstinence, avoiding all allergy-arousing factors, oral desensitizing and pharmaceutical treatment.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nahrungsmittelallergien sind streng von anderen, nicht immunologisch bedingten Nahrungsmittelunverträglichkeiten abzugrenzen. Am häufigsten verursachen Kuhmilch und Hühnereier allergische Symptome bzw. Erkrankungen. Allergische Reaktionen setzen eine Sensibilisierung voraus; bestimmte Eigenschaften der Nahrungsmittel und Voraussetzungen des Organismus begünstigen deren Entstehung. Das klinische Bild der Nahrungsmittelallergie kann stark variieren; häufig treten gastrointestinale Symptome nur als Begleiterscheinung auf. Differential-diagnostisch sind vor allem sog. pseudoallergische Reaktionen nach Nahrungsmittelaufnahme abzugrenzen. Wichtigste diagnostische Maßnahmen sind Anamnese, Prick-/Scratchtest, RAST, gastrointestinale Provokationsprobe und Karenztest. Zum therapeutischen Programm gehören Allergenkarenz, Ausschaltung allergiebegünstigender Faktoren, orale Hyposensibilisierung und medikamentöse Behandlung.
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  • 89
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    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 85-96 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: dietary protein ; dietary cholesterol ; rabbits ; serum cholesterol ; serum lipoproteins ; apoproteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde bei Kaninchen eine Hypercholesterinämie erzeugt, indem halbgereinigte Diäten für 4 Wochen verabreicht wurden, die entweder Sojaeiweiß + Cholesterin (0,8 g/kg) oder Kasein enthielten. Anschließend wurden folgende Untergruppen gebildet: Ein Teil der Kaninchen bekam weiterhin die Ausgangsdiäten, während jeweils zwei weitere Gruppen eine Zulage der Aminosäuren Alanin, Arginin und Glycin bekamen, bzw. eine halbgereinigte Diät mit Sojaisolat als Proteinträger erhielten. Der zweite Teil der Versuchsperiode umfaßte einen Zeitraum von 6 Wochen. Bereits 3 Tage nachdem die Tiere von der hypercholesterinämischen Diät auf die Sojadiät umgestellt waren, hatten sie einen signifikant niedrigen Cholesterinspiegel im Serum. Die Werte der Kontrolltiere, die während der gesamten Versuchsperiode eine Sojadiät erhielten, wurden zwei Wochen nach der Umstellung erreicht. Die Zulage der Aminosäurenmischung zur Kasein-sowie zur Cholesterindiät hatte in beiden Fällen nur in der Tendenz einen hypocholesterinämischen Effekt. Nach sechs Wochen der hypocholesterinämischen Periode war in der IDL1-Fraktion (1,006〈d〈1,012 g/ml) und in der IDL2-Fraktion (1,012〈d〈1,019 g/ml) der Gruppe, die in der ersten Periode Sojaisolat + Cholesterin und in der zweiten Periode Sojaisolat bekam, Apo E elektrophoretisch kaum nachweisbar. In der VLDL-Fraktion (d〈1,006 g/ml) hingegen war Apo E nicht sichtbar von der Cholesteringruppe verschieden. Dasselbe gilt für die Gruppe, die eine Zulage der Aminosäurenmischung erhalten hatte. In beiden Gruppen war jedoch der Cholesteringehalt der VLDL-Fraktion auf Konzentrationen gesunken, wie sie auch die Soja-Kontrollgruppe aufwies. Die Cholesterinkonzentration in den IDL- und LDL-Fraktionen war nur in der Sojagruppe gesunken. Der Ersatz von Kasein durch Sojaisolat oder die Zulage einer Mischung der genannten Aminosäuren zum Kasein hatte nicht zur Wirkung, daß Apo E wesentlich in den Fraktionen VLDL und IDL zurückgebildet wurde, obwohl in der VLDL- und LDL-Fraktion die Cholesterinkonzentration der Gruppe, die Soja nach Kasein bekam, reduziert war. Aus den Ergebnissen wurde die Schlußfolgerung gezogen, daß der Gehalt an Apo E und die Konzentration des Cholesterin in den Lipoproteinen sehr geringer Dichte (VLDL) und mittlerer Dichte (IDL) nicht vollständig voneinander abhängig sind, wie frühere Untersuchungen (28) hätten erwarten lassen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen weiterhin, daß die Zulage der Aminosäuren Alanin, Arginin und Glycin zu Kasein in diesen Mengen und in dem hier beschriebenen Zeitraum nur in der Tendenz, nicht aber statistisch gesichert zur Senkung des Cholesteringehalts führt.
    Notes: Summary Hypercholesterolaemia was induced in rabbits by feeding semipurified diets containing soy protein plus cholesterol (0.8 g/kg) or casein for four weeks. Subsequently for a period of six weeks, some of the rabbits were transferred to diets containing soy protein while others continued to receive the hypercholesterolaemic diets to which was added a mixture of amino acids (g/kg feed; glycine, 3.9; arginine, 6.9 and alanine, 1.6). Such additions increased the concentration of these amino acids in the casein diet to that in the hypocholesterolaemic soy protein diet. The cholesterol levels in the serum of the rabbits transferred to the soy protein diets declined rapidly, becoming significantly different from animals remaining on the hypercholesterolaemic diets after only three days. Serum cholesterol levels comparable to those in rabbits fed soy protein throughout the entire experiment were reached after about two weeks. The addition of the amino acids tended to reduce the concentration of cholesterol in the serum of the rabbits made hypercholesterolaemic by feeding the diets containing either casein or cholesterol. However, the effect reached significance only with the diet containing casein to which amino acids were added and then only at one time point. Six weeks after the cholesterol-fed animals were transferred to the cholesterolfree soy protein diet or to the diet containing the additional amino acids, apo E disappeared from the IDL1 (1.006〈d〈1.012 g/ml) and IDL2 (1.012〈d〈1.019 g/ml) fractions, but not from the VLDL fraction. Both with the cholesterol-free soy protein diet and the cholesterol diet fortified with amino acids, cholesterol in the VLDL fraction was reduced to values seen in animals fed the soy protein diet throughout the entire experimental period. The amount of cholesterol in the IDL and LDL fractions was decreased only in the soy protein group. Replacement of casein by soy protein, or the addition of amino acids to the casein diet did not induce the disappearance of apo E from the IDL or VLDL fractions. Only the soy protein diet lowered the amount of cholesterol in the VLDL and LDL fractions appreciably. It is concluded that the amount of apo E present in both IDL and VLDL does not invariably correlate with the level of serum cholesterol in rabbits. This study also indicates that the hypercholesterolaemic nature of casein resides only partially in the fact that it contains relatively low proportions of glycine, alanine and arginine compared with soy protein.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 4 (1983), S. 271-280 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: NH3 volatilization ; NH3 losses ; urea-N losses ; urea efficiency ; N efficiency ; calcareous soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Severe losses of NH3 by volatilization are often reported when urea is surface applied to calcareous soils. Applications on wet soils may increase these losses. This study with N rates of 0, 20, 40, 80, 160, and 320 kg ha−1 estimates the efficiency of urea application and predicts NH3-volatilization losses when urea is surface applied on a wet calcareous soil. Placements consisted of three different methods of applying urea on or in the dry soil just prior to irrigation and a surface-broadcast treatment following irrigation. There were no significant yield differences between dry-soil placements, but all dry-soil placements gave significantly higher yields than did broadcast placement of urea on the wet soil. Thus, a second-order regression equation relating N rate and yield for dry-soil placements and another for wet-soil placement were used to determine the efficiency of wet- vs dry-soil applications of urea and to predict NH3-volatilization losses from the wet soil. The efficiency was determined by three different procedures. The first compared the amount of N needed for wet- vs dry-soil conditions to produce discrete yields. The second compared the slope of the yield curves at discrete yield levels to determine the ratio of the amount of N needed to produce one additional increment of yield under wet- vs dry-soil conditions. The third was an estimation of the availability coefficient according to a method recently developed by HR Tejeda and others. Predicted NH3 -volatilization losses were calculated from the efficiency values because loss of NH3 from urea applied on or in dry soil followed very shortly by an irrigation should be almost nil. The efficiency factors averaged 55% for the first procedure and 51% for the second while the availability coefficient was 59%. Thus, the average estimate for efficiency of urea on wet vs dry soil was 55% and predicted losses of N by NH3 volatilization averaged 45% when urea was applied to the wet surface of this calcareous soil.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 4 (1983), S. 297-300 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrate ; spinach
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 4 (1983), S. 301-313 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: hypothetical Mitscherlich-Liebig model ; nonsubstitution of nutrients ; osmotic depression ; phosphatic and potassic fertilizers ; pro-bayesian estimates ; production function analysis ; quantitative physiological equivalence ; relative yield theory ; soybeans in Brazil ; yield-plateau
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A hypothetical model, based on plant physiology and termed ‘Mitscherlich-Liebig’, is proposed as a general solution to the problem of estimating an optimum fertilizer rate from results in a field trial; in combining the ideas of Liebig and Mitscherlich the model involves the following proposals: (1) Diminishing returns in a smooth exponential relation between input and output culminating in a yield-plateau. (2) The difference between this plateau and the ideal asymptotic maximum is the result of an unavoidable osmotic depression caused by salts in the root zone. (3) Liebigian nonsubstitution of one essential elemental nutrient by another. (4) Quantitative equivalence in output from essential inputs when each is expressed in terms of a physiologically standardized amount defined as a Baule unit. (5) Pooling response data according to a relative yield theory and the Baule unit concept, rather than grouping data according to a soil type theory and the concept of a response curve unique for the element concerned. In addition to certain other biometrical implications, these concepts provide an explicit method for estimating the composition of a balanced fertilizer mixture, whereby a profit maximising calculation may be applied through the ratio: cost of applied fertilizer/price of harvested yield. This approach to the problem permits a formulation of fertilizer advice theoretically sound in plant physiology as well as economics.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: advice ; analysis ; bias-error ; chemical ; economic ; empirical ; extention ; fertilizer ; foliar ; hypothetical ; model ; nutrition ; pastoral ; physiology ; upgrading
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A model suitable for quantifying the upgrading of primitive pasture by phosphatic fertilizer is described; the model, based on the Mitscherlich-Spillman equation, provides a criterion for judging when upgrading is complete. Such information is essential to permit a successful experimental attack on the problem of providing fertilizer-advice for highly productive systems where the nutritional requirements both of pasture plants and grazing animals have to be satisfied. The advice must therefore have a sound basis in physiology as well as in economics; but, the generally accepted modern approach cannot be integrated into a logically consistent and practically possible solution to this complex problem. Consequently, the present proposals involve a number of innovations to replace inadequate concepts in the current approach; the most important of these are as follows. (1) Replacement of the economic theory of isoquantal substitution by production function analysis of long term average response by pasture to a complete (physiologically balanced) mixture of fertilizers. (2) Use of a hypothetical model justified by biological theory rather than an empirical model justified by a least squares-best fit criterion. (3) Replacement of multilevel factorial field experiments by simple 3-level trials representatively dispersed over the whole of the commercially productive area and carried on for a decade. (4) Exclusion of grazing animals from the main phase of a simple trial, but with their heterotrophic cycling of nutrients effectively simulated by a modified experimental technique. (5) Systematic use of foliar chemical analysis, which in one way or another is essential to supplement each of the first 4 innovations.
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  • 94
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 4 (1983), S. 361-367 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Urea ; Dicyandiamide ; Ammonia volatilisation ; Nitrification inhibitors ; Nitrogen fertiliser
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Losses of ammonia by volatilisation from soil were determined in laboratory experiments with urea prills or urea prills containing 7% by weight of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) applied on the surface or incorporated into soil. There was less volatilisation when the urea or urea and DCD was incorporated than when it was applied to the surface. However, inhibition of nitrification by DCD increased the amount of ammonia lost by volatilisation by 20–68% compared to soil treated with urea only. Possible benefits to be obtained from inhibiting nitrification by DCD may be counteracted by increased loss of ammonia by volatilisation.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench) ; N recovery ; N uptake ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments were conducted during wet seasons (June to October) of 1974, 1976 and 1977 to determine the response of newly developed hybrids and varieties of grain sorghum to N fertilization under humid subtropical conditions of Pantnagar in India. In addition to the enhancement in flowering and maturity stages brought about by N application, it also resulted in increased plant dry weight, translocation coefficients, grain yield plant−1 and grain yield ha−1. Varietal differences existed with respect to their responses for yield and N uptake to N rates. Most of the entries responded up to 120 kg N ha−1. Hybrid CSH 5 utilized applied N more efficiently than other varieties.
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  • 96
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 4 (1983), S. 21-29 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Native P mobilization ; P use efficiency ; method of P application ; irrigation scheduling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of different moisture regimes and the method of phosphate application on the availability and uptake of native and fertilizer P by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was studied in a field experiment on sandy loam soil low in available P. Phosphorus application up to 39 kg ha−1 signficantly increased wheat yield irrespective of the method of application. Wheat yield with drill application of 26 kg P ha−1 was almost equal to that with broadcast application of 39 kg P ha−1. A mean increase of 230 kg ha−1 grains was obtained, when P fertilizer was drilled below seed. The relative efficiencly of placement was found to be 1.4 times that of broadcast method. The increase in IW/PAN-E ratio from 0.6 to 1.0 significantly increased grain yield. Scheduling of irrigation at narrow IW/PAN-E ratio but with fertilizer placed gave almost the same yield as was obtained with irrigation scheduled at IW/PAN-E equal to 1.0 and P fertilizer broadcast. Total P uptake by wheat was greater under wetter moisture regimes. The uptake of applied P decreased with increase in soil moisture regime, while that of soil P tended to increase with frequent irrigation. The uptake of soil P was a linear function of moisture supply and under conditions of this experiment P uptake by wheat beyond a P dressing of 20 kg ha−1 was limited by soil water.
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  • 97
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 4 (1983), S. 51-61 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: methods ; phosphate adsorption ; phosphate fertilization ; reaction rate ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two approaches have been used in measuring the rate of reaction between soil and phosphate. In one, a large volume of solution has been mixed with a small weight of soil; in the other, the volume of phosphate solution has been limited to that needed to moisten the soil to its field moisture content. Using a small volume of solution requires special techniques to measure the concentration in solution but has the advantage that the amount of phosphate in solution is small. As a result the amount adsorbed does not increase much after the first few minutes. Mathematical functions can then be used directly to relate the change in concentration to time. Using a large volume makes measurement of concentration easy but poses mathematical problems because both the concentration in solution and the amount adsorbed change simultaneously. It is not acceptable to relate concetration (or adsorption) to time without taking this into account. Published evidence indicates that differences between soils in the rate of reaction reflect differences in the kind of adsorbing surfaces present rather than merely differences in the amount of adsorbing surface.
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  • 98
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 4 (1983), S. 75-87 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: CaCl2 ; DTPA ; extraction ; fallowing ; HNO3 ; nutrient balance ; salts ; sewage sludge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zwanzig Klärschlämme von verschiedenen Orten Australiens wurden untersucht, ob sie für die Verwendung auf Ackerland geeignet seien. Sie wurden extrahiert von (a) HNO3 für die Bestimmung der Gesamtkonzentration einiger Schwermetalle und anderer Elemente; (b) einer DTPA-Lösung zur Bestimmung von ‘verfügbaren’ Schwermetallen; und (c) einer CaCl2-Lösung für die Bestimmung der wasserlöslichen Gehalte von Schwermetallen und einigen anderen Elementen. Messungen der pH-Werte der Schlämme, sowie ihrer elektrolytischen Leitfähigkeit und Gehalte an NaHCO3-löslichem P, wasserlöslichem Cl, der Asche und organischem Kohlenstoff wurden ebenfalls gemacht. Die von den Klärschlämmen mittels HNO3 erhaltenen Metalle Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb und Zn wurden mit denen von drei anderen Ländern verglichen. Starke Wechselbeziehungen wurden in den Australischen Schlämmen zwischen den mit HNO3 und DTPA gewonnenen Metallen gefunden, und deshalb ist die HNO3-als auch die DTPA-Methode gleichermassen geeignet für die Gewinnung schwerer Metalle aus Klärschlämmen. Die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen den mit HNO3- und CaCl2-gewonnenen Metallen Cd, Cu, Mn, und Zn waren nicht bedeutsam. ‘Junge’ und ‘alte’ Klärschlämme derselben Aufbereitungsanlage unterschieden sich ständig in ihren Na- und Cl-Gehalten, welche in den ‘älteren’ Schlämmen niedriger waren. Ein Weizenversuch, der mit grossen Dosen (salzhaltigem und metallhaltigem) Klärschlamm durchgeführt wurde, zeigte, dass das Gleichgewicht der Pflanzennährstoffe, zusammen mit der Anzahl der löslichen Salze von grösserer Wichtigkeit für das Pflanzenwachstum ist als der hohe Metallgehalt in diesem Klärschlamm.
    Notes: Abstract To evaluate twenty sludges from different places in Australia for disposal on arable land, these sludges were extracted with (a) HNO3 to determine the ‘total’ contents of some heavy metals and other elements; (b) a solution containing DTPA to determine contents of ‘available’ heavy metals; and (c) with a CaCl2-solution to determine contents of water-soluble heavy metals and some other elements. Measurements of the pH of the sludges, their electrolytic conductivity, NaHCO3-extractable P, water-extractable Cl, and contents of ash and organic carbon were also made. The HNO3-extractable Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the sludges were compared with those in sludges from three other countries. High correlations between HNO3-extractable and DTPA-extractable metals were found in the Australian sludges; therefore, the HNO3 is equally good as the DTPA as an extractant of heavy metals in sewage sludges. The correlations between HNO3- and CaCl2-extractable Cd, Cu, Mn, and Zn were not significant. ‘Young’ and ‘aged’ sludges from the same treatment plants consistently differed in their Na and Cl contents, which were lower in the ‘aged’ sludges. A wheat experiment treated with high application rates of a saline and metalliferous sludge showed that the balance of nutrients and the amount of soluble salts in a sewage sludge are of greater direct importance to the growth of plants than the heavy metal content of that sludge.
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  • 99
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 4 (1983), S. 119-126 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Iron deficiency ; upland rice ; continuous cultivation ; Nigeria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In areas of upland rice cultivation, iron deficiency symptoms have been observed on land that had been cultivated continuously for about four years. Results from field experiments which continued for three years have indicated that iron affects posivitely the yield of rice on fields that had been cultivated for more than four years. The fact that the application of iron did not have any effect on newly opened up land is attributed to a higher level of native organic matter. The results from a greenhouse experiment indicated that iron increased leaf number, leaf area, straw weight at maturity, number of tillers, number and size of grains and encouraged higher N uptake. On fields that had been previously cultivated for more than four years Fe increased average rice yield from 1.1 to 3.2 t ha−1 and 1.9 to 3.4 t ha−1 in Ikenne and Ibadan, respectively, while the average yield on newly cleared land increased from 1.6 to 2.1 ha−1 and 3.2 to 3.4 tha−1 in both locations.
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  • 100
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    Agroforestry systems 1 (1983), S. 85-99 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Swidden agriculture is today the focus of a great deal of debate in the context of agroforestry development in humid, tropical countries. This paper argues that much of this debate deals not with the empirical facts of swidden agriculture, however, but rather with widely-accepted myths, and that this explains the widespread failures of developmental schemes involving swidden agriculturalists. The paper examines three of these myths in some detail. One myth is that swidden agriculturalists own their land communally (or not at all), work it communally, and consume its yields communally. The truth is that their land (including land under secondary forest fallow) is typically owned by individual households, it is worked by individual household labor forces and/or by reciprocal but not communal work groups, and its yields are owned and consumed privately and individually by each household. A second myth is that swidden cultivation of forested land is destructive and wasteful, and in the worst cases results in barren, useless grassland successions. The truth is that swidden cultivation is a productive use of the forests, indeed more productive than commercial logging in terms of the size of the population supported, and forest-grassland successions are typically a function not of rapaciousness but of increasing population/land pressure and agricultural intensification — the grasses, including Imperata cylindrica, having value both as a fallow period soil-rebuilder and as cattle fodder. A third myth is that swidden agriculturalists have a totally subsistence economy, completely cut off from the rest of the world. The truth is that swidden agriculturalists, in addition to planting their subsistence food crops, typically plant market-oriented cash crops as well, and as a result they are actually more integrated into the world economy than many of the practitioners of more intensive forms of agriculture. In the conclusion to the paper, in a brief attempt to explain the genesis of these several myths, it is noted that they have generally facilitated the extension of external administration and exploitation into the territories of the swidden agriculturalists, and hence can perhaps best be explained as a reflection of the political economy of the greater societies in which they dwell.
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