ALBERT

Keywords: Dental Caries/*prevention & control ; *Fluoridation ; Humans ; United States

Keywords: *Carcinogens ; Consumer Product Safety ; Environmental Exposure ; Formaldehyde/*adverse effects ; Jurisprudence ; *Public Policy ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency ; United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration

Keywords: Coercion ; Humans ; Mandatory Programs ; *Public Policy ; *Tissue Donors ; *Tissue and Organ Procurement ; United States ; Voluntary Programs

Keywords: Advertising as Topic/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Drug Industry ; *Drug Prescriptions ; Humans ; United States

Keywords: Budgets ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Research Support as Topic/*legislation & jurisprudence ; United States

Keywords: History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; Research/*history ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States

Keywords: Animals ; *Animals, Laboratory ; Jurisprudence ; Mice ; *Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred Lew ; Rats, Inbred Strains ; Research ; United States ; Wisconsin

Keywords: *Information Systems ; United States

Keywords: *Abnormalities, Multiple ; Civil Rights ; *Disabled Persons ; Federal Government ; Female ; *Government Regulation ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; *Judicial Role ; *Jurisprudence ; United States ; *Withholding Treatment ; Department of Justice suit in November 1983 against the State University Hospital ; in Stony Brook, New York, to obtain the infant's medical records. Parents and ; physicians had decided against treatment for the severely handicapped newborn, ; but legal action was begun by right-to-life advocates to appoint a guardian for ; the child and to order surgery. The Department of Justice became involved after ; two New York courts ruled against the action ; the Department's intervention is ; based on Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, which forbids discrimination ; against the handicapped.

Keywords: American Medical Association ; *Forensic Psychiatry ; Humans ; *Mental Disorders ; United States

Keywords: Child Advocacy/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Congenital Abnormalities ; Ethics Committees, Clinical ; Federal Government ; *Government Regulation ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; United States ; *United States Dept. of Health and Human Services ; Withholding Treatment ; the Department of Health and Human Services is preparing a second version of ; federal rules designed to ensure appropriate treatment of handicapped newborns ; with life-threatening but correctible conditions. While child advocacy groups ; support the regulations with some reservations about the intrusive style of ; enforcement, most medical organizations, led by the American Academy of ; Pediatrics, are strongly opposed. Both houses of Congress have become involved ; with the issue by proposing to include handicapped infants under the Child Abuse ; and Treatment Act.

Keywords: *Housing ; Humans ; *Radiation ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency

Keywords: *National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/organization & administration ; *Research Support as Topic/economics ; United States

Keywords: Accidents, Occupational/*prevention & control ; *Agriculture ; *Dust ; *Edible Grain ; Humans ; United States

Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*epidemiology/transmission ; Africa, Central ; Blood ; Europe ; Female ; Haiti ; Homosexuality ; Humans ; Male ; Sarcoma, Kaposi/epidemiology ; United States

Keywords: *Delivery of Health Care ; Education, Medical ; El Salvador ; Financial Support ; Health Personnel ; *Human Rights ; Humans ; Organizational Policy ; Physicians ; Politics ; *Professional Misconduct ; Public Policy ; *Societies ; United States ; Violence ; Salvador in January as observers for the American Association for the Advancement ; of Science, the National Academy of Sciences, the New York Academy of Sciences, ; and the International League for Human Rights. Their findings paralleled those of ; an earlier delegation--"a virtually complete breakdown of the health system" and ; continuing violence against health professionals. A number of scientific ; organizations in the U.S. are reported to be exploring ways to channel private ; aid from health professionals and to protect the rights of patients and health ; personnel without antagonizing the government of El Salvador.

Keywords: Animals ; Biological Assay ; Carcinogens ; Carotenoids/adverse effects ; Chlorobenzenes/adverse effects ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Humans ; Neoplasms/economics/mortality/*prevention & control ; Policy Making ; United States ; beta Carotene

Keywords: *American Medical Association ; Humans ; Medical Laboratory Science/*standards ; United States

Keywords: *Environmental Pollutants ; International Cooperation ; Legislation as Topic ; *Public Policy ; Risk ; *Science ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency

Keywords: *Drug Industry ; Evaluation Studies as Topic ; Patents as Topic ; Research ; United States

Keywords: *Biomedical Research ; *Crime ; Federal Government ; *Fraud ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Research ; Schools, Medical ; United States ; Medical School, from the first known act of fraud to recent evidence that ; implicates Darsee's earlier work at Emory University and Notre Dame. Darsee's ; Harvard data were eventually re-examined both by Harvard and by a panel appointed ; by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), which had funded much ; of his research. The NHLBI findings, which were reviewed by senior staff at the ; National Institutes of Health, faulted the supervisory practices of Darsee's ; mentor, Dr. Eugene Braunwald. Braunwald acknowledges the need for change but ; believes that his pattern of supervision is common to many laboratories.

Keywords: National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*organization & administration ; Research Support as Topic ; Training Support ; United States

Keywords: *Advisory Committees ; Behavior Control ; *Ethics, Medical ; *Genetic Engineering ; Humans ; Religion ; United States

Keywords: *Carcinogens ; Dioxins/adverse effects ; *Government Agencies ; Humans ; Policy Making ; Trichloroethylene/adverse effects ; United States ; *United States Environmental Protection Agency

Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Antineoplastic Agents/*therapeutic use ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Leukemia/drug therapy/mortality ; Male ; Neoplasms/*drug therapy/mortality ; United States

Keywords: *Dust ; Environmental Exposure ; Gossypium ; United States ; United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration

Keywords: Child ; Humans ; *Intelligence ; Lead/analysis ; Lead Poisoning/*complications ; Tooth/analysis ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency

Keywords: *Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Research Support as Topic ; United States

Keywords: Costs and Cost Analysis ; Humans ; *Liver Transplantation ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Patient Selection ; Tissue and Organ Procurement ; United States ; Liver Transplantation has concluded that, with some exceptions, transplantation ; could be considered for most patients who are near death with liver disease. This ; recommendation comes despite problems in interpreting existing data on survival ; rates. The panel did not address the issues of who should pay for liver ; transplants, or of how many donor livers would be needed if more transplantation ; centers were established.

Keywords: Adult ; Brain Death ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mandatory Programs ; Middle Aged ; Tissue Donors ; *Tissue and Organ Procurement ; *Transplantation ; United States ; tissue are revolutionizing organ transplantation, but the current shortage of ; donated organs is expected to worsen. The reasons for this shortage and possible ; solutions to the problem are discussed briefly, and the ethical and legal ; implications of salvaging organs from brain-dead patients are mentioned. Presumed ; consent laws, already in force in several European countries, would drastically ; increase the number of available organs, but American ethicists are divided over ; a policy permitting automatic use of organs unless a person has left explicit ; instructions to the contrary.

Keywords: *Advertising as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence ; Drug Prescriptions ; Federal Government ; *Government Regulation ; Humans ; Information Dissemination ; *Pharmaceutical Preparations ; Risk Assessment ; United States ; *United States Food and Drug Administration ; companies would like to be allowed to advertise their prescription drugs to the ; general public as well as to health professionals. The Food and Drug ; Administration, concerned about the legal and ethical implications of ; direct-to-consumer advertising, has asked for time to study the proposal.

Keywords: Cerebrovascular Disorders/*epidemiology/prevention & control ; Humans ; Hypertension/prevention & control ; United States

Keywords: *Research Support as Topic ; United States

Keywords: Ecology ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency ; Water Pollution/*analysis

Keywords: DNA/biosynthesis ; Environmental Exposure ; Humans ; Leukocytes/*radiation effects ; Maximum Allowable Concentration ; Protein Biosynthesis ; RNA/biosynthesis ; Radio Waves/*adverse effects ; United States

Keywords: *Carcinogens ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency

Keywords: Alcoholism/*therapy ; *Behavioral Research ; Canada ; *Editorial Policies ; *Ethics, Medical ; Humans ; United States

Keywords: Child ; *Cognition ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Mathematics ; Sex Factors ; United States

Keywords: Congenital Abnormalities/therapy ; *Euthanasia ; Federal Government ; *Government Regulation ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Judicial Role ; Parental Consent ; United States ; *United States Dept. of Health and Human Services ; *Withholding Treatment ; as "arbitrary and capricious," a Department of Health and Human Services ; regulation that required hospitals to post notices concerning the illegality of ; denying life-saving care to handicapped infants and encouraged anyone with ; knowledge of such a case to report it to HHS via a telephone hotline. This ; article reviews the evolution and implementation of the HHS regulation, the legal ; challenge to it, and the judge's ruling.

Keywords: *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States ; Universities/economics

Keywords: *Legislation, Nursing ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Nursing ; Research ; United States

Keywords: Budgets ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/organization & administration ; Research Support as Topic ; United States

Keywords: *Biomedical Research ; *Crime ; *Fraud ; Georgia ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Research ; United States ; he was appointed a fellow at the Harvard Medical School, has revealed fabrication ; of data, unauthorized use of co-authors' names, and fictitious collaborators. The ; Emory investigation was undertaken after Harvard notified Emory of its suspicion ; of Darsee's Harvard research. Emory's investigative report focused only on the ; extent of Darsee's data fabrication. A copy of the report was sent immediately to ; the National Institutes of Health, but the university was reluctant to send it to ; medical licensing boards or to the hospital where Darsee is currently employed.

Keywords: Animals ; *Crime ; *Fraud ; Illinois ; Mice ; Pesticides/toxicity ; Rats ; *Toxicology ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency

Keywords: Bioethical Issues ; Ethics ; *Federal Government ; *Infant Food ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; United States ; discussion of a dispute on the marketing of infant formula from a symposium on ; bioethics because of protests by the Nestle Company. NIH administrators deny that ; censorship was the reason for the cancellation.

Keywords: Advisory Committees ; Cell Line ; *Ethics, Medical ; Federal Government ; Genetic Diseases, Inborn/therapy ; *Genetic Engineering ; *Germ Cells ; *Government Regulation ; Human Characteristics ; Humans ; Risk Assessment ; United States ; cells has been signed by leaders of almost every major church group in the United ; States. Some of the religious leaders, while not certain that a total moratorium ; should be placed on altering germline cells, signed the statement in order to ; stimulate public debate on the issue. Legislation has recently been introduced in ; Congress to set up a committee to monitor genetic engineering and its human ; applications, but author Jeremy Rifkin, the impetus behind the church leaders' ; resolution, argues that such tampering threatens the gene pool and should be ; banned altogether.

Keywords: Budgets ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Research Support as Topic/*legislation & jurisprudence ; United States

Keywords: *Legislation, Medical ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/organization & administration ; Research ; United States

Keywords: Animals ; *Animals, Laboratory ; Dogs ; Goats ; Haplorhini ; *Legislation as Topic ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Swine ; United States

Keywords: Federal Government ; Female ; *Government Regulation ; Humans ; Neural Tube Defects/*diagnosis ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant Women ; *Prenatal Diagnosis/instrumentation ; Risk Assessment ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration ; Administration on 17 June to approve the wider use of diagnostic kits for the ; detection of fetal neural tube defects. The American College of Obstetricians and ; Gynecologists and the American Academy of Pediatrics are among the critics who ; favor tighter restrictions on use of the kits, which measure levels of ; alpha-fetoprotein in serum samples taken from expectant mothers, on the grounds ; that false positive results are common, necessitating careful quality control ; monitoring of physicians, manufacturers, and laboratories performing the test.

Keywords: Government Agencies ; *Politics ; Research Support as Topic ; *Science ; United States

Keywords: *Federal Government ; *Health Policy ; United States ; country without any comprehensive, nonpartisan forum for assessing the safety and ; cost effectiveness of biomedical technologies. While many private and public ; groups found the Center's evaluations useful, the American Medical Association ; and the Health Industry Manufacturers Association viewed it as a regulatory ; agency and lobbied for its closure. Despite the efforts of various medical ; societies, insurers, and the medical device industry to establish their own ; review programs, many policy analysts would like to see a federal panel revived.

Keywords: Aggression/*psychology ; Child ; Humans ; National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.) ; *Television ; United States ; *Violence

Keywords: *DNA, Recombinant ; Genetic Engineering/*methods ; *Patents as Topic ; United States ; powerful gene-splicing technique to Biogen, whose chairman, Walter Gilbert, ; developed the process while at the university. Although Biogen has invested ; heavily in the gene-splicing technique and is confident it will replace or ; successfully compete with methods currently used to manufacture human insulin and ; other proteins, some experts question whether Gilbert's process is commercially ; feasible.

Keywords: *Drug Industry ; Legislation as Topic ; *Patents as Topic ; United States

Keywords: *Foundations ; History, 20th Century ; Research Support as Topic ; *Science ; United States