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  • Articles  (8,504)
  • American Physical Society  (6,385)
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  • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)  (182)
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  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (8,406)
  • Ethnic Sciences  (98)
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  • Articles  (8,504)
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  • 2010-2014  (4,344)
  • 2005-2009  (3,186)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1980-1984  (974)
  • 1970-1974
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 12 (1983), S. 403-428 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 12 (1983), S. 429-462 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 12 (1983), S. 49-78 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 12 (1983), S. 79-103 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 12 (1983), S. 165-192 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 12 (1983), S. 377-402 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 12 (1983), S. 25-48 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 12 (1983), S. 125-142 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 12 (1983), S. 193-214 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 12 (1983), S. 1-25 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 12 (1983), S. 105-124 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 12 (1983), S. 215-258 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 12 (1983), S. 335-354 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 12 (1983), S. 305-333 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 12 (1983), S. 143-164 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 12 (1983), S. 259-284 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 12 (1983), S. 285-304 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 12 (1983), S. 355-375 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 19
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: This paper studies the design of a robust discrete-time sliding-mode control (DT–SMC) for a high precision electrohydraulic actuator (EHA) system. Nonlinear friction in the hydraulic actuator can greatly influence the performance and accuracy of the hydraulic actuators, and it is difficult to accurately model the nonlinear friction characteristics. In this paper, it is proposed to characterize the frictions as an uncertainty in the system matrices. Indeed, the effects of variations of the nonlinear friction coefficients are considered as norm-bounded uncertainties that span a bounded region to cover a wide range of the real actuator friction. For such a discrete-time dynamic model, for the EHA system with system uncertainty matrices and a nonlinear term, a sufficient condition for existence of stable sliding surfaces is proposed by using the linear matrix inequality approach. Based on this existence condition, a DT–SMC is developed such that the reaching motion satisfies the discrete-time sliding mode reaching condition for uncertain systems. Simulation and experimental studies on the EHA system illustrate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed method.
    Print ISSN: 1083-4435
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-014X
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
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  • 20
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: This paper focuses on the integration of inertial measurement unit (IMU) with two real-time kinematic global positioning system (GPS) units in an adaptive Kalman filter (KF) for driftless estimation of a vehicle’s attitude and position in 3-D. The observability analysis reveals that 1) integration of a single GPS with IMU does not constitute an observable system; and 2) integration of two GPS units with IMU results in a locally observable system provided that the line connecting two GPS antennas is not parallel with the vector of the measured acceleration, i.e., the sum of inertial and gravitational accelerations. The latter case makes it possible to compensate the error in the estimated orientation due to gyro drift and its bias without needing additional instrument for absolute orientation measurements, e.g., magnetic compass. Moreover, in order to cope with the fact that GPS systems sometimes lose their signal and receive inaccurate position data, the self-tuning filter estimates the covariance matrix associated with the GPS measurement noise. This allows the KF to incorporate GPS measurements in the data fusion process heavily only when the information received by GPS becomes reliably available. Finally, test results obtained from a mobile robot moving across uneven terrain demonstrate driftless 3-D pose estimation.
    Print ISSN: 1083-4435
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
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  • 21
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Print ISSN: 1083-4435
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-014X
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
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  • 22
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: This paper presents a novel active body weight support (BWS) method, which is capable of virtually offloading full or partial body mass for a potential application of enhancing treadmill-based locomotion rehabilitation. The mass-offloading capability is realized by actively compensating a desired amount of body weight and inertia force using an acceleration-feedback scheme. The method has been studied by dynamics simulations and a specially designed nonhuman experiment. In the simulation study, the human and the BWS device were modeled as a multibody dynamical system interacting dynamically with the treadmill. The ground reaction forces were recorded as the dynamic load on the person. A cam-slider-based experiment was designed and conducted to test the engineering feasibility of the mass-offloading capability. Both the simulation and experiment results demonstrated that the BWS system can compensate any desired amount of gravity force and inertia force and, therefore, has the effect of virtually reducing the mass of a person attached to the system.
    Print ISSN: 1083-4435
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  • 23
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: This paper describes a magnetic levitation system that uses a planar array of 16 cylindrical coils to levitate a platform containing two permanent disk magnets. Position and orientation feedback for closed-loop levitation control is provided by an optical rigid-body motion tracker and wireless LED markers. The actuation model for the levitation system across the full translation and rotation ranges was calculated using electromagnetic finite element analysis and validated with force and torque measurements between a single magnet and coil using motion stages and a six-axis force sensor. The transformation from the set of coil currents to the force and torque generated on the levitated body is recalculated in real time at each update of the levitated platform position and orientation obtained from the motion tracker using a precomputed single magnet and coil actuation model, and redundant kinematic control methods are used to find the least squares set of coil currents to generate the forces and torques needed to stabilize the levitated platform by proportional-derivative feedback control. The approximately $80 times 80 times 25$ mm translation range of the implemented levitation system is comparable to the dimensions of the levitated magnet platform. The rotation ranges are $pm 40^circ$ in roll and $pm 15^circ$ in pitch, with unlimited yaw. The horizontal translation ranges can be extended by adding coils to the array, and the vertical translation and tilt rotation ranges are limited by heat dissipation in the coils. Analysis and control methods of the system are described, and large range translation and rotation trajectory following experimental results are given.
    Print ISSN: 1083-4435
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  • 24
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: This paper discusses the use of voice coil actuators to enhance the performance of shift-by-wire systems. This innovative purely electric actuation approach was implemented and applied to a Formula SAE race car. The result was more compact and faster than conventional solutions, which usually employ pneumatic actuators. The designed shift-by-wire system incorporates a control unit based on a digital signal processor, which runs the control algorithms developed for both gear shifting and launching the car. The system was successfully validated through laboratory and on-track tests. In addition, a comparative test with an equivalent pneumatic counterpart was carried out. This showed that an effective use of voice coil actuators enabled the upshift time to be almost halved, thus proving that these actuators are a viable solution to improving shift-by-wire system performance.
    Print ISSN: 1083-4435
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  • 25
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: This paper explores a robust $mu$ -synthesis control scheme for structural resonance vibration suppression of high-speed rotor systems supported by active magnetic bearings (AMBs) in the magnetically suspended double-gimbal control moment gyro (MSDGCMG). The derivation of a nominal linearized model about an operating point was presented. Sine sweep test was conducted on each component of AMB control system to obtain parameter variations and high-frequency unmodeled dynamics, including the structural resonance modes. A fictitious uncertainty block was introduced to represent the performance requirements for the augmented system. Finally, D-K iteration procedure was employed to solve the robust $mu$ -controller. Rotor run-up experiments on the originally developed MSDGCMG prototype show that the designed $mu$ -controller has a good performance for vibration rejection of structural resonance mode with the excitation of coupling torques. Further investigations indicate that the proposed method can also ensure the robust stability and performance of high-speed rotor system subject to the reaction of a large gyro torque.
    Print ISSN: 1083-4435
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-014X
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  • 26
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: Many minimally invasive surgical procedures are now performed using teleoperated robotic systems. However, such commercially available systems do not provide significant force feedback to the surgeon. This reduces surgeon's dexterity and increases tissue trauma when performing the operation. In this paper, a compact and lightweight forceps’ manipulator using pneumatic artificial muscles (PAMs) for minimally invasive surgery is presented, which allows for the perception of manipulation force without the usage of the force sensor. The main advantage of this concept is that no force sensor has to be integrated into surgical instruments and inserted into the patient's body. Rather, a disturbance observer is integrated into the slave-side controller for the estimation of the external force acting at the forcep's tip. This approach reduces costs and stabilizability demands for forceps’ manipulator while enables haptic feedback to the surgeons. Results of force perception experiments and comparison with forceps’ manipulator driven by pneumatic cylinders are presented to validate the concepts.
    Print ISSN: 1083-4435
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  • 27
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: Active disturbance rejection control method that can actively compensate nonlinear model uncertainties and unpredictable external disturbances is proposed for an accurate position tracking of an ionic polymer–metal composite actuator. An empirical model of the electroactive polymer actuator is constructed by fitting the step response of the actuator. Experimental results show that the present active disturbance rejection control scheme can substantially improve the control performance in the tracking of various reference motions including step, sinusoidal, trapezoidal, and sawtooth wave profiles. The proposed scheme offers an innovative solution for the position tracking of an ionic polymer–metal composite actuator with highly nonlinear dynamics.
    Print ISSN: 1083-4435
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  • 28
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: This paper explores the design methodology and effectiveness of small-scale magnetorheological dampers (MRDs) in applications that require variable damping. Previously, applications of MRD have been chiefly limited to vehicle shock absorbers and seismic vibration attenuators. There has been recent biomedical interest in active-damping technology, however, particularly in the field of rehabilitation robotics. The topic at hand is the feasibility of developing MRDs that would be functionally and cosmetically adequate for actuation of an upper limb tremor suppression orthosis. A Bingham plastic model is used to determine MRD's functional characteristics, and experimental data are presented to validate the mathematical model. The feasibility of applying the developed small-scale MRDs to attenuation of tremorous motion is explored.
    Print ISSN: 1083-4435
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  • 29
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: In order to fulfill the requirements of low energy consumption and two sensing directions, a novel bidirectional acceleration switch is proposed by utilizing the magnetic-fields-based tristable mechanism that can maintain the three stable states without input power and with high position accuracy and repeatability. The bidirectional acceleration switch mainly consists of an inertial mass supported by two parallel elastic beams, two metal contact points, and four permanent magnets with one imbedded in the inertial mass and the other three fixed in the case along the vertical direction. Based on the magnetic charge model, the nonlinear magnetic force is analyzed, and then, a static design model of the bidirectional switch is established by considering the elastic force, the magnetic force, the contact force, and the inertial force. To validate the feasibility of the design method, a miniature sample of the switch is fabricated. The results of the centrifugal experiment show that the threshold accelerations in two directions are 53.0 and -52.0 g, respectively, which are close to the design values of 55.0 and -50.0 g, correspondingly. In addition, the threshold values can be adjusted by changing the relative distances among the four magnets.
    Print ISSN: 1083-4435
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  • 30
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: In this paper, we report on the design, modeling, and experimental testing of a piezoelectric-driven microgripper making use of both an integrated gripping force sensor and an integrated tip displacement sensor. In the developed microgripper, a stack piezoelectric ceramic actuator is used to simultaneously obtain the tip displacement and the gripping force. A novel monolithic compliant mechanism is proposed to act as the microdisplacement transmission mechanism to obtain the large tip displacement and to provide the possibility of integrating both the gripping force sensor and the tip displacement sensor into the microgripper. The relationship between the gripping force, tip displacement, input force, and input displacement of the piezoelectric-driven microgripper and the dynamic model are established using the pseudorigid-body-model method. The characteristics of the developed microgripper are tested and the case of gripping an optical fiber is presented. The experimental results indicate that: 1) the theoretical model for the developed microgripper matched well with the measured results; 2) the integrated gripping force sensor and tip displacement sensor could accurately measure the gripping force and tip displacement; 3) the developed microgripper could achieve a displacement magnification of $16.0 times$ with respect to the stack piezoelectric ceramic actuator to realize the large tip displacement with high resolution but is also able to possess the parallel movement of its gripping jaws and the constant displacement magnification.
    Print ISSN: 1083-4435
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  • 31
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: This paper experimentally verifies that a multiple-client–server architecture based on switched Ethernet can be used as a real-time communication standard for possible applications in factory automation, by observing the effects of packet delays, network congestion, and packet loss on the performance of a networked control system (NCS). The NCS experimental setup used in this research involves real-time feedback control of multiple plants connected to one or more controllers over the network. A multiclient–multiserver (MC–MS) architecture on a local area network (LAN) was developed using user datagram protocol as the communication protocol. In the single-client–single-server (SC–SS) system, as the Ethernet link utilization increased over 82%, the average packet delays and steady-state error of a dc motor speed-control system increased by 2231% and 304%, respectively. As the link utilization increased beyond the threshold, employing an additional server in the NCS reduced average packet delays and also overcame the negative effects of Ethernet's flow control mechanism. The MC–MS architecture is tested with artificially generated random packet loss. The standard deviation of steady-state error (SSE) at 80% utilization with packet loss is found to be 70.2% less than SC–SS and 200% less than multiclient–single-server architecture. The MC–MS architecture remained stable till 70% of control or measurement packet loss.
    Print ISSN: 1083-4435
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  • 32
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: In this paper, a novel 5-degrees-of-freedom robot for performing needle-based interventions on small animal subjects is presented. The robot can realize dexterous alignment of the needle using two parallel mechanisms, and has a syringe mechanism to insert needles to subjects. Operations on small animals require high accuracy positioning during needle insertion. The kinematic calibration procedure of the robot using an optical tracker as an external sensor is presented to enhance accuracy of the system. After the kinematic calibration, the positioning accuracy of the needle tip is measured as 0.4 mm RMS. The robot design is light weight, and has a motion bandwidth of 4 Hz. The robot can track reference trajectories with a closed-loop controller.
    Print ISSN: 1083-4435
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  • 33
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: This paper describes an efficient control strategy for a piezoelectric microactuator using charge recovery. For piezoelectric actuators, as well as other actuators that behave primarily as capacitive loads, energy consumption can be reduced by minimizing the number of times an actuator is charged and by recovering stored energy when it is turned off. An integer programming-based algorithm is used to drive microrobotic legs powered by piezoelectric actuators to a specified angle in a specified time using minimum energy. Partial charge recovery is incorporated; this allows the use of a more flexible controller than a pure on–off controller, with two or more intermediate voltage levels between the minimum and maximum voltages available to improve positioning accuracy. Simulated and experimental tests show that a prototype piezoelectric robotic leg joint achieved controlled movements with one third of the energy consumed by a pure on–off controller.
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  • 34
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: This paper reports the design, development, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compatibility evaluation of an actuated transrectal prostate robot for MRI-guided needle intervention in the prostate. The robot performs actuated needle MRI guidance with the goals of providing $1)$ MRI compatibility; $2)$ MRI-guided needle placement with accuracy sufficient for targeting clinically significant prostate cancer foci; $3)$ reducing interventional procedure times (thus increasing patient comfort and reducing opportunity for needle targeting error due to patient motion); $4)$ enabling real-time MRI monitoring of interventional procedures; and $5)$ reducing the opportunities for error that arise in manually actuated needle placement. The design of the robot, employing piezoceramic-motor actuated needle guide positioning and manual needle insertion, is reported. Results of an MRI compatibility study show no reduction of MRI signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with the disabled motors. Enabling the motors reduces the SNR by 80% without radio frequency (RF) shielding, but the SNR is only reduced by 40–60% with RF shielding. The addition of RF shielding is shown to significantly reduce image SNR degradation caused by the presence of the robotic device. An accuracy study of MRI-guided biopsy needle placements in a prostate phantom is reported. The study shows an average in-plane targeting error of 2.4 mm with a maximum error of 3.7 mm. These data indicate that the system’s needle targeting accuracy is similar to that obtained with a previously reported manually actuated system, and is sufficient to reliably sample clinically significant prostat- cancer foci under MRI guidance.
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  • 35
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: A novel rotary nanomotor is described using two axially aligned, opposing chirality nanotube shuttles. Based on intershell screw-like motion of nanotubes, rotary motion is generated by electrostatically pulling the two cores together. Simulations using molecular dynamics show the generation of rotation from armchair nanotube pairs and their actuation properties. The simulation results point toward the use of these motors as building blocks in nanoelectromechanical systems and nanorobotic systems for sensing, actuation, and computation applications.
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  • 36
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: A typical mechatronic problem (modeling, identification, and design) entails finding the best system topology as well as the associated parameter values. The solution requires concurrent and integrated methodologies and tools based on the latest theories. The experience on natural evolution of an engineering system indicates that the system topology evolves at a much slower rate than the parametric values. This paper proposes a two-loop evolutionary tool, using a hybrid of genetic algorithm (GA) and genetic programming (GP) for design optimization of a mechatronic system. Specifically, GP is used for topology optimization, while GA is responsible for finding the elite solution within each topology proposed by GP. A memory feature is incorporated with the GP process to avoid the generation of repeated topologies, a common drawback of GP topology exploration. The synergic integration of GA with GP, along with the memory feature, provides a powerful search ability, which has been integrated with bond graphs (BG) for mechatronic model exploration. The software developed using this approach provides a unified tool for concurrent, integrated, and autonomous topological realization of a mechatronic problem. It finds the best solution (topology and parameters) starting from an abstract statement of the problem. It is able to carry out the process of system configuration realization, which is normally performed by human experts. The performance of the software tool is validated by applying it to mechatronic design problems.
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  • 37
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: This paper presents a nanomanipulation system for operation inside scanning electron microscopes (SEM). The system is compact, making it capable of being mounted onto and demounted from an SEM through the specimen-exchange chamber (load-lock) without breaking the high vacuum of the SEM. This advance avoids frequent opening of the high-vacuum chamber, thus, incurs less contamination to the SEM, avoids lengthy pumping, and significantly eases the exchange of end effectors (e.g., nanoprobes and nanogrippers). The system consists of two independent 3-DOF Cartesian nanomanipulators driven by piezomotors and piezoactuators. High-resolution optical encoders are integrated into the nanomanipulators to provide position feedback for closed-loop control. The system is characterized, yielding the encoders’ resolution of 2 nm and the piezoactuators’ resolution of 0.7 nm. A look-then-move control system and a contact-detection algorithm are implemented for horizontal and vertical nanopositioning.
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  • 38
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: This paper presents a new method for the design of distributed controllers that achieves component swapping modularity (CSM) in control systems. Our approach, referred to as the direct method, is based on solving a bilevel optimization problem to obtain the distributed controller gains directly. In the previously proposed three-step method, the distributed controllers were obtained by matching with a precomputed centralized controller. To illustrate our approach, we consider an engine idle speed control problem, where CSM is achieved with respect to the throttle actuator. The results indicate that the direct method can significantly improve the CSM metric compared to the three-step method. In addition, for a certain distributed control structure, the direct method enables the designer to tradeoff between desired system performance and CSM.
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  • 39
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: This study designs an optimal single-pulse stimulus in pacemakers to treat sudden cardiac arrest, while minimizing the pulse amplitude and reducing the delivered energy. Based on theYanagihara, Noma, and Irisawa (YNI) model that describes the potential behavior of a sinoatrial node in a heart, it develops the frequency entrainment between irregular YNI-response and optimal single-pulse. This study derives the minimum amplitude of the optimal single-pulse for successful entrainment. Simulation results confirm that the proposed optimal single pulse is effective to induce rapid response of sudden cardiac arrest for heartbeat recovery, while a reduction in delivered energy of 91%, comparing with conventional pulse. This study will be helpful not only for the treatment of sudden cardiac arrest but also for prolonging battery longevity and reducing the stimuli pain on patients with implantable medical devices.
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  • 40
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: In this paper, a new actuator with adjustable stiffness (AwAS) is presented. AwAS is capable of controlling the position and stiffness of a joint, independently. The proposed actuator can regulate the joint stiffness through a wide range with minimum energy consumption by means of a small motor. This is possible due to its novel mechanical configuration that achieves the stiffness regulation not through the control of spring pretension (as in most of the existing variable stiffness joints) but by using the variable lever arm principle. The regulation of the lever arm length is achieved through the displacement of the spring elements. An important consequence of this mechanism is that the displacement needed to change the stiffness is perpendicular to the forces generated by the spring. This helps to reduce the energy/power required to regulate the stiffness. It is experimentally shown that AwAS is capable of minimizing energy consumption through exploiting the natural dynamics in real time for both fixed and variable frequency motions.
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2012-10-02
    Description: The magnetic levitation force exerted on the magnets immersed in ferrofluid is the theoretical basis of various application of ferrofluid. In this paper, based on the equivalent magnetic charge models and the equivalent current models of cylindrical magnets, magnetic charge image method and current image method are used to calculate the magnetic levitation force exerted on the cylindrical magnets immersed in ferrofluid respectively. The magnetic levitation force under the same conditions is calculated by the Comsol Multiphysics software according to the mechanical formula after the distribution of the magnetic field is obtained using finite element method. The magnetic levitation force is also measured experimentally, whose results are compared with the theoretical results obtained by the three methods. The analysis shows that the variation law of the magnetic levitation force and the influence by various parameters can be evaluated by the calculation with magnetic charge image method and current image method, but there is great difference between the theoretical results and the experimental results, and the greatest difference are 46% and 62% respectively. The agreement between the theoretical and the experimental results is quite good when the finite element method is used, whose greatest difference is 9%. Content Type Journal Article Pages 37-49 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2012-1428 Authors Wenming Yang, School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China Decai Li, School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China Xinzhi He, School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China Qiang Li, School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 40 Journal Issue Volume 40, Number 1 / 2012
    Print ISSN: 1383-5416
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by IOS Press
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  • 42
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: This paper introduces a methodology for designing real-time controllers capable of enforcing desired trajectories on microrobotic insects in vertical flight and hovering. The main idea considered in this work is that altitude control can be translated into a problem of lift force control. Through analyses and experiments, we describe the proposed control strategy, which is fundamentally adaptive with some elements of model-based control. In order to test and explain the method for controller synthesis and tuning, a static single-wing flapping mechanism is employed in the collection of experimental data. The fundamental issues relating to the stability, performance, and stability robustness of the resulting controlled system are studied using the notion of an input-output linear time-invariant (LTI) equivalent system, which is a method for finding an internal model principle (IMP) based representation of the considered adaptive laws, using basic properties of the $z$ -transform. Empirical results validate the suitability of the approach chosen for designing controllers and for analyzing their fundamental properties.
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  • 43
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: This paper presents an integrated direct/indirect adaptive robust control scheme for a class of nonlinear dynamic systems preceded by unknown nonsymmetric, nonequal slope dead-zone nonlinearity. Departing from existing approximate adaptive dead-zone compensations, this paper uses indirect parameter estimation algorithms along with on-line condition monitoring to obtain an accurate estimation of the unknown dead zone when certain relaxed persistent-excitation conditions are satisfied—a theoretical result that cannot be achieved with the existing methods. Such a result is obtained by making full use of the fact that though not being linearly parameterized globally, the unknown dead zone can still be linearly parameterized perfectly within certain known working ranges. With these accurate estimates of dead-zone parameters, perfect dead-zone compensation is then constructed and utilized in the development of a performance-oriented adaptive robust control algorithm for the overall system. Consequently, asymptotic output tracking is achieved even in the presence of unknown dead zone. In addition, the proposed algorithm achieves certain guaranteed robust transient performance and final tracking accuracy even when the entire system may be subjected to other uncertain nonlinearities and time-varying disturbances. The proposed algorithm is also experimentally tested on a linear motor drive system preceded by a simulated unknown nonsymmetric dead zone. Comparative experimental results obtained validate the effectiveness of dead-zone compensation and the high-performance nature of the proposed approach in practical implementation.
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  • 44
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: We propose an application-specified integrated circuit (ASIC)-based vibration damping system implementing a semiactive controlling method called synchronized switch damping on inductor (SSDI). The ASIC integrates high-voltage switches and diodes for an “energy-extracting” passive LC shunt circuit and a controlling part for synchronous voltage inversion on the piezoelectric transducer. The controlling part has two channels, each including a range-adaptive voltage divider with protection and a peak detector with switch-control output. The system has been tested with both cantilever beam and three-side-clamped-plate structures. Cantilever beam testing shows a 15 dB damping in forced harmonic regime and a fivefold damping rate in pulsed-excitation transient response. For the three-side-clamped-plate case, wideband SSDI damping effects are observed. The damping efficiency for each mode depends on the electromechanical coupling factor and the mapping of the piezoelectric-insert damping zones. It also depends on the excitation level, and begins to increase rapidly with vibration magnitude when the piezoelectric transducer's voltage peaks exceed a certain threshold voltage $(sim 0.5$ V for the system).
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  • 45
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) have raised interest in the field of mobile robotics. In such a field, actuator design requires a fundamental understanding of DEA energy conversion performance. To provide insight into DEA mechanical work, energy consumption, and efficiency, this paper proposes a simple thermodynamic description completed by experimental loss factors obtained over a broad range of operating conditions and modes. Extensive data gathered on cone actuators show practical efficiency limits of $sim 26%$ for acrylic actuators (VHB 4905) operating under constant charge mode and $sim 18%$ for silicone actuators operating under constant voltage mode. While charge recovery could raise these limits to $sim 60%$ , the study of a DEA rotary motor shows significant efficiency degradation caused by unconstrained electrode boundaries.
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  • 46
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: The problem of perimeter detection and monitoring has a variety of applications. In this paper, a hybrid system of finite states is proposed for multiple autonomous robotic agents with the purpose of hazardous spill perimeter detection and tracking. In the system, each robotic agent is assumed to be in one of three states: searching, pursuing, and tracking. The agents are prioritized based on their states, and a potential field is constructed for agents in each state. For an agent in the tracking state, the agent’s location and velocity as well as those of its closest leading and trailing agents are utilized to control its movement. The convergence of the tracking algorithm is analyzed for multiple spills under certain conditions. Simulation and experiment results show that with the proposed method, the agents can successfully detect and track the spills of various shapes, sizes, and movements.
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  • 47
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: The accuracy and resolution of metrological devices (coordinate measuring machines -CMM-, interferometers, etc.) are greatly affected by their robustness to external vibrations. This is especially important in the case of micrometric and nanometric microscopes, such as atomic force microscopes (AFM). In such cases, active vibration control strategies are frequently used, requiring actuators capable of fast and accurate responses. Piezoelectric actuators meet these requirements but they suffer from two major drawbacks, hysteresis, and rate dependence, which must be taken into consideration in the design of the control strategy. The present work proposes a novel active vibration control strategy using piezoelectric actuators for metrological devices affected by low external loads. The control strategy combines a classical sky-hook feedback with a feedforward control. The effect of hysteresis is minimized by compensating the senstivity variations of the actuator in oscillatory movements. For the design of the feedforward law, the present work demonstrates that a stack piezoelectric actuator working as a damper admits a mathematical description fulfilling differential flatness. It also proposes a formulation of the active vibration damping problem in terms of a trajectory tracking command perfectly fitted to the flatness-based control law. This strategy obtains damping improvements in the entire frequency range of operation without the instability problems derived from high feedback gains.
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  • 48
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: Periodicity frequently occurs in hard disk drives (HDDs) whose servo systems with periodic phenomena can be usually modeled as linear periodically time-varying (LPTV) systems. This paper discusses optimal $H_{infty}$ control synthesis for discrete-time LPTV systems via discrete Riccati equations. First, an explicit minimum entropy $H_{infty}$ controller for general time-varying systems is obtained. Subsequently, the developed control synthesis algorithm is applied to LPTV systems and it is shown that the resulting controllers are periodic. The proposed control synthesis technique is evaluated through both single and multirate optimal $H_{infty}$ track-following control designs. The single-rate servo design shows that our proposed control synthesis technique is more numerically robust in calculating optimal $H_{infty}$ controllers for discrete-time linear time-invariant systems than the MATLAB function of “hinfsyn,” while the multirate servo design validates its ability of synthesizing multirate controllers to achieve the robust performance of a desired error-rejection function. Moreover, an experimental study—in which the developed control synthesis algorithm on a real HDD with missing position error signal sampling data is implemented—further demonstrates its effectiveness in handling LPTV systems with a large period and attaining desirable disturbance attenuation.
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  • 49
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: This paper proposes a surgical manipulator with workspace-conversion ability for both minimally invasive surgery (MIS) and open surgery. The focus of the proposed surgical manipulator is on its potential use in places such as battlefields, army camps, and rural areas rather than in civilian hospitals. The proposed surgical manipulator has a workspace for MIS with a virtual remote center of motion and has a workspace for open surgery like that of an articulated manipulator. The mechanism of the surgical manipulator is proposed and implemented in this paper. A new distal rolling joint with two spiral wire ropes is also implemented. Several experiments to validate the feasibility of the surgical manipulator were carried out. Two fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery tasks were performed to compare the performance of the surgical manipulator with other MIS systems. The workspace conversion from MIS to open surgery was implemented. The workspace-conversion ability enables the surgical manipulator to attach or detach the surgical tool unit without human assistance or an assistant robot.
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  • 50
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: An intelligent cane robot is designed for aiding the elderly and handicapped people's walking. The robot consists of a stick, a group of sensors, and an omnidirectional basis driven by three Swedish wheels. Recognizing the user's walking intention plays an important role in the motion control of our cane robot. To quantitatively describe the user's walking intention, a concept called “intentional direction (ITD)” is proposed. Both the state model and the observation model of ITD are obtained by enumerating the possible walking modes and analyzing the relationship between the human–robot interaction force and the walking intention. From these two models, the user's walking intention can be online inferred using the Kalman filtering technique. Based on the estimated intention, a new admittance motion control scheme is proposed for the cane robot. Walking experiments aided by the cane robot on a flat ground and slope are carried out to validate the proposed control approach. The experimental results show that the user feels more natural and comfortable when our intention-based admittance control is applied.
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  • 51
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: Dynamically substructured systems (DSS) play an important role in modern testing methods. DSS enables full-size critical components of a complete system to be tested physically in real-time, while the remaining parts of the system run in parallel as a real-time simulation. The performance of DSS testing is influenced by the synchronization of the physical and numerical substructures, which necessitates the design of a DSS controller. Since the testing signal is known and can be assumed to be a perfectly measured disturbance, the DSS control can be viewed as a regulation control problem with measured disturbance attenuation. A potential problem with DSS control arises from actuator saturation, which can be encountered in DSS transfer systems and can significantly influence the testing accuracy. This paper demonstrates the application of a novel robust disturbance rejection antiwindup (AW) technique, to cope with the actuator saturation problem in DSS. Implementation results from a hydraulically-actuated DSS test rig confirm the advantage of using this novel approach over some other existing AW approaches. Furthermore, some specific practical issues are discussed for the AW compensator design, such as the tuning of parameters.
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  • 52
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: We have built an anatomically correct testbed (ACT) hand with the purpose of understanding the intrinsic biomechanical and control features in human hands that are critical for achieving robust, versatile, and dexterous movements, as well as rich object and world exploration. By mimicking the underlying mechanics and controls of the human hand in a hardware platform, our goal is to achieve previously unmatched grasping and manipulation skills. In this paper, the novel constituting mechanisms, unique muscle to joint relationships, and movement demonstrations of the thumb, index finger, middle finger, and wrist of the ACT Hand are presented. The grasping and manipulation abilities of the ACT Hand are also illustrated. The fully functional ACT Hand platform allows for the possibility to design and experiment with novel control algorithms leading to a deeper understanding of human dexterity.
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: Ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) can be used to ameliorate the impact of impairments to the lower limb neuromuscular motor system that affect gait. Existing AFO technologies include passive devices with fixed and articulated joints, semiactive devices that modulate damping at the joint, and active devices that make use of a variety of technologies to produce power to move the foot. Emerging technologies provide a vision for fully powered, untethered AFOs. However, the stringent design requirements of light weight, small size, high efficiency, and low noise present significant engineering challenges before such devices will be realized. Once such devices appear, they will present new opportunities for clinical treatment of gait abnormalities.
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: For the demands of surgical navigation, this paper proposes some simple 3-D point reconstruction methods. These methods regard the perpendicular feet on back-projection lines as the measurements of a 3-D point, since these feet are close to the 3-D point. And then the methods utilize the distance between 3-D point and camera and error propagation rules to adjust the weights of the feet. Finally, the weighted average of these feet is taken as the final estimation for the 3-D point. They are easy to implement, and can be used in both biocular systems and multiocular systems. Especially, as these methods have closed-form solutions, their errors can be predicted by using error propagation rules. Experiments show that they are faster and more accurate than iterative methods and their error covariance matrix can be exactly predicted.
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: This paper presents the development and evaluation of a miniature, three-axis, fiber-optic force sensor. The sensor is manufactured using low-cost, high-resolution rapid prototyping techniques and is integrated with a catheter to enable the detection of force during MRI-guided cardiac ablation procedures. The working principle is based on reflective light-intensity modulation. A force sensitive structure (flexure) is employed to vary the distance and orientation of an integrated reflector when a force is applied at the catheter tip. In this way, the light is modulated accordingly and the force can be calculated. The sensor has a high sensitivity and an adequate linear response along all three orthogonal axes $(F_{x}, F_{y}$ , and $F_{z})$ and a working range of around 0.5 N. Low-noise, high-gain electronics provide a force resolution of less than 1 gm force. Experiments demonstrate the ability of the sensor to acquire accurate force readings in a dynamic environment. MRI-compatibility experiments are performed in a clinical 1.5-T MR scanner.
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: This paper proposes an underactuated modular climbing robot with flat dry elastomer adhesives. This robot is designed to achieve high speed, high payload, and dexterous motions that are typical drawbacks of previous climbing robots. Each module is designed as a tread-wheeled mechanism to simultaneously realize high speed and high adhesive force. Two modules are connected by compliant joints, which induce a positive preload on the front wheels resulting in stable climbing and high payload capacity. Compliant joints also help the robot to perform various transitions. An active tail is adopted to regulate the preload of the second module. Force transfer equations are derived and stable operating conditions are verified. The stiffness coefficients of the compliant joints and the active tail force are determined optimally to satisfy the constraints of stable operation. The prototype two-module robot achieves 6- $hbox{cm}/hbox{s}$ speed and 500- $hbox{g}$ payload capacity on vertical surfaces. The abilities of flat surface locomotion, internal, external, and thin-wall transitions, and overcoming various sized obstacles are validated through experiment. The principle of joint compliance can be adopted in other climbing robots to enhance their stability and transition capability.
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: Adaptive sliding mode and integral sliding mode grasped object slip prevention controllers are implemented for a prosthetic hand and compared to a proportional derivative shear force feedback slip prevention controller as well as a sliding mode controller without slip prevention capabilities. Slip of grasped objects is detected by band-pass filtering the shear force derivative to amplify high frequency vibrations that occur as the grasped object slides relative to the fingers. The integral sliding mode slip prevention controller provides a robust design framework for slip prevention while addressing the issue of reducing the amount of deformation that the grasped object experiences to prevent slip. Averaged results from bench top experiments show that the integral sliding mode slip prevention controller produces the least amount of deformation to the grasped object while simultaneously preventing the object from being dropped.
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  • 58
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: Haptic interaction in slow virtual environments (VEs) can become unstable due to the phase lag introduced in the control loop by the slow update rate of the VE. Increasing the physical damping and/or limiting the contact stiffness rendered to users can mitigate the destabilizing effect of the low VE update rate. However, large physical damping and compliant virtual contacts decrease the sense of presence in VEs, especially during interaction with rigid virtual objects. To increase the maximum virtual contact stiffness that can be rendered to users without increasing the interface damping, this paper proposes a control strategy based on multirate wave communications between a haptic interface and a VE updated at a slow and fixed rate. The multirate wave communications are shown to be guaranteed passive only if the decrease of the wave sampling rate at the connection between the haptic interface and the VE does not cause aliasing. Therefore, an antialiasing low-pass filter is placed before the wave rate drop in the communications. The passivity condition is verified analytically and numerically for multirate haptic interaction in VEs with various contact stiffnesses and update rates. The transparency of haptic interaction in slow VEs to which users connect via passive multirate wave communications is investigated analytically in the frequency domain. Experiments validate that passive multirate wave communications can render stiffer contact in slow VEs than conventional direct coupling, and illustrate the destabilizing effect of the aliasing caused by the sampling rate drop in the communications.
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: In this paper, we describe a method of adaptive feedforward control that can achieve zero residual vibration in rest-to-rest motion of a vibratory system. When a finite impulse response filter is used to preshape a command input, zero residual vibration is achieved for any input signal if the impulse response of the filter satisfies a condition of orthogonality with respect to the impulse response of the system under control. An equivalent condition involving sets of measured I/O data is derived that forms the basis of a direct method of adaptively tuning filter coefficients during motion. The approach requires no prior model of the system and can be applied to multimode and multiinput systems under arbitrary and nonrepetitive motions. Versions of the algorithm employing recursive least-squares techniques are developed and analyzed. As a special case of the general adaptation problem, tuning of impulse-based shapers with fixed impulse timings can also be achieved. An experimental implementation on a two-link rigid-flexible manipulator is presented. The method is thereby shown to be realizable and effective for real-world motion control problems.
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  • 60
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Print ISSN: 1083-4435
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  • 61
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: This paper describes a linear motor design for ultrahigh acceleration and high velocity, as well as the driving performance of the motor. First, because of its ease of control, a moving-permanent-magnet linear synchronous motor (MPM LSM) was selected. The overall structure of the motor, which consists of a table to which the permanent magnets (PMs) are attached and two fixed electromagnet (EM) lines between which the PMs move, was selected based on the simplicity of the structure and the ease of gap adjustment. The dimensions of the EMs and PMs are optimized numerically to achieve a high thrust density that can provide an acceleration of 100G or greater to the mover, which comprises PMs, spacers, and a frame. The prototype MPM LSM has a working range of 1.5 m. The mover, including the guide parts, has a length of 444 mm and a mass of 4.79 kg. The measured peak thrust was greater than $5 times 10^3$ N, and the measured average thrust was $4.03 times 10^3$ N. The prototype driven by a rectangular current command produced a maximum acceleration of greater than 100G and a velocity higher than 12 m/s for a moving distance of 0.6 m.
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  • 62
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-04-04
    Description: This paper presents a three-fingered, eight-DOF hand, 100 N Hand II, which can exert a grasping force of 100 N. A force-magnification drive, which can maintain a large grasping force without energy consumption, allows the hand to exert such large grasping force, and a high-speed driving mechanism enables all joints to perform high-speed motions of over 400°/s. In our previous prototype (100 N Hand I), a screw and nut mechanism was used to implement force magnification. The linear motion of this mechanism was translated to rotational joint motion via a linkage mechanism, producing a relatively small motion range for each joint and with large palm dimensions. 100 N Hand II employs a worm gear instead of a screw and nut mechanism, so it can magnify the torque at an arbitrary joint angle. This improved force-magnification drive increases the motion range of each joint and reduces the palm size. The force and speed are confirmed experimentally.
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  • 63
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-04-04
    Description: Training simulators that provide realistic visual and haptic feedback during cell indentation tasks are currently investigated. Complex cell geometry inherent to biological cells and intricate mechanical properties drive the need for precise mechanical and numerical modeling to assure accurate cell deformation and force calculations. Advances in alternative finite-element formulation, such as the mass-tensor approach, have reached a state, where they are applicable to model soft-cell deformation in real time. The geometrical characteristics and the mechanical properties of different cells are determined with atomic force microscopy (AFM) indentation. A real-time, haptics-enabled simulator for cell centered indentation has been developed, which utilizes the AFM data (mechanical and geometrical properties of embryonic stem cells) to accurately replicate the indentation task and predict the cell deformation during indentation in real time. This tool can be used as a mechanical marker to characterize the biological state of the cell. The operator is able to feel the change in the stiffness during cell deformation between fixed and live cells in real time. A comparative study with finite-element simulations using a commercial software and the experimental data demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed physically based model.
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  • 64
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-04-04
    Description: This paper considers the analysis and application of magnetic gearbox and magnetic coupling technologies and issues surrounding their use in high performance servo control systems. An analysis of a prototype magnetic coupling is used as a basis for demonstrating the underlying nonlinear torque transfer characteristics, nonlinear damping, and “pole-slipping” features when subjected to overtorque (overload) conditions. It is also shown how pole-slipping results in a consequential loss of control. A theoretical investigation into the suppression of mechanical torsional resonances in transmission systems encompassing these highly compliant magnetically coupled components is included along with experimental results from a demonstrator drive train. Automatic detection of pole slipping and a reconfigurable controller are also investigated. By addressing these issues, the proposed techniques extend the application scope of magnetic gear/coupling technologies to more demanding applications than those hitherto considered possible-specifically, for use in servo control systems and high-bandwidth mechanical drive trains.
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  • 65
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-04-04
    Description: In this paper, a sliding-mode control for an offshore container crane is discussed. The offshore container crane is used to load/unload containers between a huge container ship (called the “mother ship”) and a smaller ship (called the “mobile harbor”), on which the crane is installed. The purpose of the mobile harbor is to load/unload containers in the open sea and transport them to shallower water where they can be offloaded at existing conventional ports, thereby obviating the need for expansive and expensive new facilities. The load/unload control objective is to suppress the pendulum motion (i.e., “sway”) of the load in the presence of the wave- and wind-induced movements (heave, roll, and pitch) of the mobile harbor. A new mechanism for lateral sway control, therefore, is proposed as well. A sliding surface is designed in such a way that the longitudinal sway of the load is incorporated with the trolley dynamics. The asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system is guaranteed by a control law derived for the purpose. The proposed new mechanism can suppress lateral sway, which functionality is not possible with conventional cranes. Simulation results are provided.
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  • 66
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-04-04
    Description: The helical configuration represents one of the few currently available to implement contractile Dielectric Elastomer (DE) actuators. While experimental investigations have previously been reported, no model is currently available to assist design. This paper describes a simple analytical electromechanical model of helical DE actuators, applicable for relatively small strains (〈;10%), consistently with the following assumptions: the effective electrostatic pressure exerted by the compliant electrodes was considered to be constant during actuation; the elastomer was assumed to behave like a linearly elastic body. According to these assumptions, the electromechanical model was derived by means of independent electrical and mechanical analyses, the latter being based on linear elasticity. To validate the model, theoretical predictions were compared with experimental data measured from a silicone-made prototype actuator. Pros and cons of the modeling approach in the small-strain range are discussed.
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  • 67
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-08
    Description: This paper presents the design and development of robotic tweezers with a force- and displacement-sensing capability driven by piezoelectric stack actuators. In order to satisfy sufficient stroke and tip force for future medical operations, a rhombus strain amplification mechanism is adopted. One of the serially connected piezoelectric stack actuators nested in the end effector is used as a force sensor. The force–displacement characteristics at the outermost layer with respect to the forces of the innermost PZT actuators (i.e., forward model) is obtained from a lumped parameter model of the rhombus strain amplification mechanism and a Bernoulli–Euler beam model of the tweezer-style end effector. The end-effector tip force and displacement are measured using an inverse model of the nested multilayer structure relating these quantities to an induced voltage across the innermost PZT actuator. The prototype end effector has the size of 69 mm (length)  $times$ 14 mm (height) $times$ 13 mm (width). The performance test shows that the prototype has 1.0-N force and 8.8-mm displacement at the tip. The sensing accuracy was also evaluated through experiments. The experimental results show that the prototype has mean error of 0.086 N for force and 0.39 mm for displacement, which are equivalent to 11% of their maximum measurable values.
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  • 68
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-08
    Print ISSN: 1083-4435
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2012-09-09
    Description: This paper proposes a novel concentrated flux interior permanent magnet (IPM) type brushless DC (BLDC) motor that replaces low-price ferrite magnets, which has similar characteristics as the conventional IPM type BLDC motor that uses expensive NdFeB magnets. To minimize the cogging torque which is a disadvantage of the proposed model, optimal designs of rotor and permanent magnet were performed. In optimal design process, the Kriging method based on the Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) and a genetic algorithm (GA) are applied due to suitability to non-linear data. Furthermore, to improve the average torque of the proposed model, the current excitation range was changed according to inductance. Through the optimal design process and the proper current excitation range, we show that the optimal model using low-price ferrite magnets has similar performance as the conventional IPM type BLDC motor using NdFeB magnets. Content Type Journal Article Pages 957-963 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2012-1565 Authors Jin-hee Lee, Department of Electronic, Electrical, Control and Instrumentation Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea Thomas Anthony Lipo, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA Byung-il Kwon, Department of Electronic, Electrical, Control and Instrumentation Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 39 Journal Issue Volume 39, Number 1-4 / 2012
    Print ISSN: 1383-5416
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2012-09-09
    Description: This paper aims to clarify time response properties of a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) sensor. SPE film has been attracted attention in wide range of fields, and it is expected to be used as soft actuators and sensors. SPE film can reversely convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. Moreover, SPE film is lightweight, flexible, and has good workability and air-stable output. Although authors have been investigated output characteristics of an SPE sensor, time response properties of the sensor have not been inspected. In the paper, to reveal time response properties of the SPE sensor, the sensor output behaviors for several deformation velocities are measured and evaluated. Maximum voltages in the transient response and output attenuations for constant deformation are analyzed. Results show that the attenuation characteristics depend on the sensor deformation velocity, and maximum voltages in the transient response are independent of deformation velocities. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1063-1068 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2012-1579 Authors Manabu Otsuki, Graduate school of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan Takeshi Okuyama, Graduate school of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan Mami Tanaka, Graduate school of Engineering, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 39 Journal Issue Volume 39, Number 1-4 / 2012
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2012-09-09
    Description: The characteristics in the linear induction motor (LIM) mode of new wireless energy transmission device are cleared analytically. The apparatus operates as two types of LIM with propulsion force or a linear transformer without thrust. One type of the LIM is a secondary current controlled wound type of LIM with primary winding on ground and the other is the LIM with reaction plate on ground. The paper shows the characteristics of the wound type of LIM in power running and has the onboard power transmission function even in the power running. The two-dimensional finite element method (FEM) is used for the analysis. As a result, it is cleared that the model designed for urban transit has high efficiency and high input power factor respectively more than 0.9 for the optimal control. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1035-1040 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2012-1575 Authors Nobuo Fujii, Faculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan Shuhei Kanamitsu, Faculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan Takeshi Mizuma, National Traffic Safety and Environment Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 39 Journal Issue Volume 39, Number 1-4 / 2012
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2012-09-09
    Description: In this paper, the effects of magnetization on the rotor conductor of a written-pole motor (WPM) are analyzed and then the shape of the conductor to maximize the amount of the magnetization is designed while the magnet on the rotor is magnetized by an exciter pole. The optimization is performed with design variables that are the shape and number of the rotor bars, where an objective function is set to the amount of magnetization satisfying a constraint of the start-up time. The optimal design is verified by sequentially using a finite elements method and response surface method. Content Type Journal Article Pages 973-980 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2012-1567 Authors Seong-Cheol Park, Research and Development, Amotech, Pyeongtaek, Kyunggi-do, Korea Myoung-Hyun Choi, Department of Electrical Engineering, Kunsan National University, Jeollabuk-do, Korea Kyeong-Jin Yuk, Department of Electrical Engineering, Kunsan National University, Jeollabuk-do, Korea Byung-Taek Kim, Department of Electrical Engineering, Kunsan National University, Jeollabuk-do, Korea Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 39 Journal Issue Volume 39, Number 1-4 / 2012
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2012-09-09
    Description: This paper investigates the performance of the line start permanent magnet (LSPM) motor which needs a high efficiency characteristic in a wide operation region. LSPM motor's performance indexes, such as efficiency, motor current, load angle and synchronous torque, have complex relationship with each other according to the main and auxiliary windings distribution, and the selection of running capacitor. The output characteristics can be defined by the winding structure which is calculated by d-q equivalent circuit and finite element method. The efficiency characteristic is verified by simulation as well as by experiment on the designed LSPM motor. From the results, we show that the redesigned model considering the winding structure and capacitor matching has a wide operating region. Content Type Journal Article Pages 925-931 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2012-1561 Authors Se-Hyun Rhyu, Intelligent Mechatronics Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Gyeonggi-do, Korea Jeong-Jong Lee, Intelligent Mechatronics Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Gyeonggi-do, Korea Young-Kyoun Kim, Intelligent Mechatronics Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Gyeonggi-do, Korea Byung-Taek Kim, Department of Electrical Engineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Korea Dae-Kyong Kim, Department of Electrical Engineering, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Korea Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 39 Journal Issue Volume 39, Number 1-4 / 2012
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2012-09-09
    Description: Magnetic bearings can support rotating rotors without any contacts. So it is possible to rotate a rotor at extremely high rotational speed. On the other hand, they can easily show elastic deformation with nonlinear oscillation, which is complicated and difficult to deal with. This study investigates nonlinear coupling of oscillation modes appearing in such a flexible rotor system with a magnetic bearing, by considering both the nonlinearity of the electromagnetic force and the continuousness of the rotor. First, an essential model of a rotor with an elastic shaft supported by a magnetic bearing was introduced. The numerical results indicate occurrence of internal resonance caused by the nonlinear coupling of the modes, if the ratio of their natural frequencies is 1 to 3 Experiments were also carried out and obtained results showed qualitative accordance to the numerical results. Content Type Journal Article Pages 941-948 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2012-1563 Authors Ryosuke Amano, Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Japan Hiroki Gotanda, Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Japan Toshihiko Sugiura, Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Japan Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 39 Journal Issue Volume 39, Number 1-4 / 2012
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2012-09-09
    Description: The paper presents an application of the topological derivative and continuum sensitivity analysis for the optimal design of the permanent magnet excited machines with the adjustable excitation. In our work we applied a topological optimization in order to find a general shape of rotor poles consisted of an iron and magnet part. An essential advantage of the proposed method is its numerical effectiveness. In order to verify results, three-dimensional models were developed and thoroughly analyzed. As presented in the comparative analysis of 3D results, the applied method lead to the significant reduction of both, the cogging torque and a level of higher harmonics in the voltage induced in the armature windings. Content Type Journal Article Pages 933-940 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2012-1562 Authors Piotr Putek, Department of Mathematical Analysis, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Marian Slodička, Department of Mathematical Analysis, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Piotr Paplicki, Department of Power Systems and Electrical Drives, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland Ryszard Pałka, Department of Power Systems and Electrical Drives, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 39 Journal Issue Volume 39, Number 1-4 / 2012
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  • 76
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-08
    Description: A cam-based shear force-actuated electromechanical valve drive system offering variable valve timing in internal combustion engines was previously proposed and demonstrated. To transform this concept into a competitive commercial product, several major challenges need to addressed, including the reduction of power consumption, transition time, and size. As shown in this paper, by using nonlinear system modeling, optimizing cam design, and exploring different control strategies, the power consumption has been reduced from 140 to 49 W (65%), the transition time has been decreased from 3.3 to 2.7 ms (18%), and the actuator torque requirement has been cut from 1.33 to 0.30 N·m (77%).
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  • 77
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-08
    Description: This paper presents a three-degree-of-freedom permanent magnet (PM) spherical actuator with an iron stator. The major contribution of this paper is to study the effect of iron stator on the magnetic field and torque output of the electromagnetic spherical actuator quantitatively and qualitatively. It could be helpful for actuator design optimization. Based on the poles’ arrangement and the iron boundary, the magnetic field of the PM-pole rotor and the actuator torque are formulated analytically. The effect of iron stator on the magnetic field and torque output is analyzed with respect to structural parameters. The result shows that the iron stator can increase the radial component of the flux density and thus the actuator torque output significantly.
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  • 78
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-08
    Description: This paper presents mechanism and controller design procedures of a new piezoactuated flexure XY stage for micro-/nanomanipulation applications. The uniqueness of the proposed stage lies in that it possesses an integrated parallel, decoupled, and stacked kinematical structure, which owns such properties as identical dynamic behaviors in X and Y axes, decoupled input and output motion, single-input-single-output (SISO) control, high accuracy, and compact size. Finite element analysis (FEA) was conducted to predict static performance of the stage. An XY stage prototype was fabricated by wire electrical discharge machining (EDM) process from the alloy material Al7075. Based on the identified plant transfer function of the micropositioning system, an $H_infty$ robust control combined with a repetitive control (RC) was adopted to compensate for the unmodeled piezoelectric nonlinearity. The necessity of using such a combined control is also investigated. Experimental results demonstrate that the $H_infty$ plus RC scheme improves the tracking response by 67% and 28% compared to the stand-alone $H_infty$ for 1-D and 2-D periodic positioning tasks, respectively. Thus, the results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed mechanism design and control approach.
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  • 79
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-08
    Description: It is well recognized in the automotive research community that knowledge of the real-time tire-road friction coefficient can be extremely valuable for active safety applications, including traction control, yaw stability control and rollover prevention. Previous research results in literature have focused on the estimation of average tire-road friction coefficient for the entire vehicle. This paper explores the development of algorithms for reliable estimation of independent friction coefficients at each individual wheel of the vehicle. Three different observers are developed for the estimation of slip ratios and longitudinal tire forces, based on the types of sensors available. After estimation of slip ratio and tire force, the friction coefficient is identified using a recursive least-squares parameter identification formulation. The observers include one that utilizes engine torque, brake torque, and GPS measurements, one that utilizes torque measurements and an accelerometer and one that utilizes GPS measurements and an accelerometer. The developed algorithms are first evaluated in simulation and then evaluated experimentally on a Volvo XC90 sport utility vehicle. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of estimating friction coefficients at the individual wheels reliably and quickly. The sensitivities of the observers to changes in vehicle parameters are evaluated and comparisons of robustness of the observers are provided.
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  • 80
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-08
    Description: It is well known that minimum time-optimal control for servomechanisms can generate chattering in the presence of measurement noises, feedback delays, or model uncertainties; thus, it is not practical in applications. Maybe, the most popular alternative approach is the so-called proximate time-optimal servomechanism (PTOS). This approach starts with a near-time-optimal controller and, then, switches to a linear controller when the system output is close to a given target. However, the chattering problem is avoided at the expense of a slower time response. In this paper, two methods for eliminating the conservatism present in the PTOS are proposed. The first method applies a dynamically damped controller that allows the so-called acceleration discount factor to be pushed arbitrarily close to 1. The second method applies a continuous nonlinear control law that makes use of no switching. Experimental results show that the proposed designs practically eliminate the conservatism in the traditional PTOS.
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  • 81
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-08
    Description: Control of flow in duct networks has a myriad of applications ranging from heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning to blood flow networks. The system considered here provides vent velocity inputs to a novel 3-D wind display device called the TreadPort Active Wind Tunnel. An error-based robust decentralized sliding-mode control method with nominal feedforward terms is developed for individual ducts while considering cross coupling between ducts and model uncertainty as external disturbances in the output. This approach is important due to limited measurements, geometric complexities, and turbulent flow conditions. Methods for resolving challenges such as turbulence, electrical noise, valve actuator design, and sensor placement are presented. The efficacy of the controller and the importance of feedforward terms are demonstrated with simulations based upon an experimentally validated lumped parameter model and experiments on the physical system. Results show significant improvement over traditional control methods and validate prior assertions regarding the importance of decentralized control in practice.
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  • 82
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-08
    Description: This paper proposes a novel systematic technique to estimate entire kinematic parameter errors of robot manipulator. Small errors always exist in link length and link twist for physical manipulators, which affect the precision in kinematic equations leading to calculate wrong joint angle values in inverse kinematic equations. In order to solve these problems, the proposed technique employs a structured laser module (SLM), a stationary camera, the Jacobian matrices, and an extended Kalman filter (EKF). The SLM is attached to the end-effector of the manipulator arm and the stationary camera is used to determine an accurate position where the laser comes out. Variances between actual and measured positions of laser beams are represented by the Jacobian matrices formulated from differential kinematics. Then, the EKF is used to estimate kinematic parameters. Effectiveness of the proposed technique is verified with $hbox{7}$ DOF humanoid manipulator arm by computer simulation and $hbox{4}$ DOF manipulator by actual experiment.
    Print ISSN: 1083-4435
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  • 83
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-08
    Description: The cluster space control technique promotes simplified specification and monitoring of the motion of mobile multirobot systems of limited size. In this publication, we summarize the definition of the cluster space framework and introduce a multirobot cluster space controller specific for unicycle-like nonholonomic mobile robots. The controller produces cluster commands that translate into valid robot-level motions. We then study the closed-loop system stability in the Lyapunov sense. Two different obstacle avoidance algorithms are proposed and the stability of the resulting systems is also addressed. Experimental tests with a three-robot system and simulation results with a ten-robot system verify the functionality of the proposed approaches.
    Print ISSN: 1083-4435
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  • 84
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-08
    Description: In this paper, the principles of motor torque and suspension force generation in bearingless brushless motors with high pole numbers are explained, graphically illustrated, and analyzed in detail. The necessary harmonic components of the flux density distribution in the air gap are calculated and it is visualized how these can be generated by superposition of harmonics depending on a specific rotor pole/stator slot ratio. Especially, for bearingless motors with a fractional pole/slot ratio, it is shown how superior and precise suspension performance and high rotational speeds can be achieved. A basic analytical model is introduced and the considerations are exemplified for a 26-pole/24-slot bearingless brushless single-layer motor with concentrated windings compared to alternative feasible configurations. Adequate performance criteria for the motor as well as the bearing comparison are defined.
    Print ISSN: 1083-4435
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  • 85
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-08
    Description: In a piezoelectric energy harvesting (PEH) system, the dynamics and harvested power vary with different interface circuits connected. The impedance matching theory was regarded as the theoretical base for the harvested power optimization in the harmonically excited PEH systems. The previous literature started the impedance analyses based on the proposition that the harvested power is maximized when the output impedance of the piezoelectric transducer is matched by the input impedance of the harvesting circuit. Yet, retrospecting to the origin of the impedance matching theory, a philosophical problem is found with this proposition. Moreover, the definition, constraint, and composition of the equivalent impedance in the real (nonlinear) harvesting circuits were not clear as well. This paper clarifies these concepts and provides the impedance modeling and analysis for the PEH systems with different interface circuits, including standard energy harvesting, parallel synchronized switch harvesting on inductor, and series synchronized switch harvesting on inductor. The equivalent impedance network and corresponding mechanical schematics of a general PEH system are proposed. The difference between the PEH equivalent impedance network and the conventional impedance network is discussed. The harvested power is investigated based on this impedance analysis. The analytical results show good agreement with the experiments carried out on a base excited PEH device.
    Print ISSN: 1083-4435
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  • 86
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-08
    Description: In this paper, robust adaptive boundary control is developed for a class of flexible string systems under unknown spatiotemporally varying distributed disturbance and time-varying boundary disturbance. The vibrating string is nonuniform since the spatiotemporally varying tension applied to the system. The nonuniform vibrating string system is represented by a nonlinear nonhomogeneous partial differential equation (PDE) and two ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Model-based control is first proposed at the right boundary of the string to suppress the vibration of the flexible nonuniform string system. To compensate for the system parametric uncertainties, robust adaptive boundary control is developed. With the proposed control, the uniformly ultimate boundness of the closed-loop system is demonstrated via Lyapunov’s direct method. The state of the nonuniform string system is proven to converge to a small neighborhood of zero by appropriately choosing the design parameters. Simulations are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control.
    Print ISSN: 1083-4435
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  • 87
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-08
    Print ISSN: 1083-4435
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-014X
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
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  • 88
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-08
    Description: To radically eliminate the influence of gyroscopic effects on system stability and to improve the performances of high-precision, fast-response for the high-speed magnetically suspended rotor system in a control moment gyro, this paper proposes a control strategy that combines inverse system method and internal model control. The stability and robustness problems induced by current-mode linearization have been successfully solved by introducing phase-lead compensation and internal model controller. The effectiveness and superiority of the proposed strategy have been demonstrated by both simulation and experimental results.
    Print ISSN: 1083-4435
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  • 89
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-08
    Description: As a step toward enabling snake robots to move in cluttered environments, this paper proposes a control strategy that combines environment adaptation with directional control in order to achieve straight line path following control in environments with obstacles. Moreover, the paper presents the design of a mechanical snake robot with tactile sensing capabilities that allow the robot to sense its environment. Experimental results are presented where the snake robot is successfully propelled through different obstacle environments with the proposed control strategy.
    Print ISSN: 1083-4435
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  • 90
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-08
    Print ISSN: 1083-4435
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-014X
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2012-09-09
    Description: A gyroscope motor is a precision component widely used in aerospace, aviation and other fields. Its accuracy is very sensitive to vibration. Vibration can also cause changes in the air-gap magnetic field in addition to changes due to the electromagnetic force. This paper presents a numerical simulation method for analyzing the electromagnetic characteristics of the gyroscope motor air gap subject to the coupled electromagnetic force and mechanical vibration. It analyzes the magnetic field in the gap in the axial and circumferential directions using a finite element method model, and then analyzes the magnetic characteristics of the gyroscope motor air gap subject to the coupled electromagnetic force and vibration. The method can be used to estimate the electromagnetic vibration to optimize the design of a gyroscope motor and extend its life. Content Type Journal Article Pages 949-955 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2012-1564 Authors Baokun Yang, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structure, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China Hongbing Zheng, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structure, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China Guirong Yan, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structure, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 39 Journal Issue Volume 39, Number 1-4 / 2012
    Print ISSN: 1383-5416
    Electronic ISSN: 1875-8800
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2012-09-09
    Description: This paper presents the structure design and analysis of inner-rotor type axial-flux permanent magnet synchronous machines(AFPMs). The major sources of vibration in electric machines such as motors and generators are electric magnetic force distributed on both stators. The rotor suffers from unbalanced magnetic force when air gas are not symmetric on dual sides. In this paper, natural frequencies, mode shapes, and deformation were studied at normal and fault operations. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1027-1033 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2012-1574 Authors Jian Li, Department of Electrical Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea Sang-Geon Lee, Department of Electrical Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea Yun-Hyun Cho, Department of Electrical Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 39 Journal Issue Volume 39, Number 1-4 / 2012
    Print ISSN: 1383-5416
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2012-09-09
    Description: We propose a magnetic type tactile sensor that can measure a three-axis displacement and a three-axis force. The simple structure comprises two layers, an elastic layer and a substrate layer. The elastic layer is made of an elastic material and houses a cylindrical permanent magnet inside. The substrate layer is a glass epoxy board and has four giant magneto resistance (GMR) elements. The elements measure changes of magnetic field strength based on the displacement of the magnet, and the three-axis displacement and force are calculated from the outputs of the elements. Features of this sensor are a wiring reduction, simple structure, and low cost. In this paper, we describe a structure of the sensor. We design a sensor which has two magnets inside, and confirm the performances of a prototype through the laboratory experiments. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1021-1026 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2012-1573 Authors Hiroyuki Nakamoto, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan Satoru Takenawa, Kobe City College of Technology, Kobe, Japan Yasuaki Kida, BL AUTOTEC LTD, Kobe, Japan Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 39 Journal Issue Volume 39, Number 1-4 / 2012
    Print ISSN: 1383-5416
    Electronic ISSN: 1875-8800
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2012-09-09
    Description: The peak value of three-phase transformer's inrush current depends, among other factors, on value of the residual flux in the iron core. Higher residual flux produces the inrush current of greater value. Diminishing of magnetism in the core can reduce value of the current. This article presents demagnetization of the transformer as a method of inrush current reduction. In the method proposed a condenser is the source of energy for demagnetization. Different condenser capacitances and voltages are implemented for calculation test to determine optimal values of these parameters. Later the residual flux established after demagnetization of the core is calculated for several initial values. Influence of the flux new value upon the inrush current is discussed. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1013-1019 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2012-1572 Authors Jacek Horiszny, Gdansk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland. Tel.: +48 583 471 335; Fax: +48 583 471 802; E-mail: j.horiszny@ely.pg.gda.pl Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 39 Journal Issue Volume 39, Number 1-4 / 2012
    Print ISSN: 1383-5416
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2012-09-09
    Description: Although a number of multi-fingered robot hands have been developed, none of these hands is in actual use. One reason for this is that conventional control methods are not useful for multi-fingered robot hands. A human manipulates an object using tactile information (contact points, direction, and severity of reaction force). In the present paper, a tactile-based control method for multi-fingered robot hands, which mimics human manipulation, is proposed. In the proposed method, three fingers are used for object manipulation, and object grasping and manipulation is achieved. The proposed method is implemented in Universal Robot Hand II, and its effectiveness is verified. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1055-1061 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2012-1578 Authors Wataru Fukui, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan Futoshi Kobayashi, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan Fumio Kojima, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan Hiroyuki Nakamoto, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan Tadashi Maeda, Maeda Precision Manufacturing Limited Kobe, Kobe, Japan Nobuaki Imamura, Hiroshima International University, Kure, Japan Kazuhiro Sasabe, The Kansai Electric Power Company Inc., Amagasaki, Japan Hidenori Shirasawa, The Advanced Materials Processing Institute Kinki Japan, Amagasaki, Japan Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 39 Journal Issue Volume 39, Number 1-4 / 2012
    Print ISSN: 1383-5416
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2012-09-09
    Description: A palpation is convenient and it is a useful method to detect a cancer and to evaluate softness of skin. However, the palpation is skillful method, and the mental/physical conditions of the experts affect the result of the palpation easily. The result of palpation is subjective and it is hard to share the result with the other people. Therefore, the development of the sensor that can measure the softness of the body is demanded. In this paper, a relationship between physical properties of measured objects and the softness that human feel are investigated for a development of a tactile sensor system. At first, the relationship between tactile softness and stiffness of the measured objects is investigated. As a result, tactile softness decreases with the increase of stiffness of the objects. Next, the relationship between tactile softness and size of contact area of human finger are investigated. These results lead to the conclusion that there is a possibility that tactile softness of the objects are not only related to the contact force or displacement of a finger and the objects but also to the contact area of the finger and the measured objects. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1041-1046 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2012-1576 Authors Daisuke Tsuchimi, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan Takeshi Okuyama, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan Mami Tanaka, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 39 Journal Issue Volume 39, Number 1-4 / 2012
    Print ISSN: 1383-5416
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2012-09-09
    Description: A non-contact gear mechanism is important for the non-contact transmission of a torque and a motion. In this paper, a magnetic gear system without contact which requires no lubricant oil is proposed. The driving gear consists of some iron discs with gear teeth whose shape is an involute curve. The discs of the follower gear are inserted in the gaps between the discs of the driving gear, and the attractive forces between the discs generate the torque transmission. Using the magnetic gear system, a magnetically connected planetary gear device is developed. Moreover we measure and study the slip torque as static property, and the step-out torque as dynamic property due to implication of rotational speed. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1005-1011 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2012-1571 Authors Yoshinori Ando, Department of Mechanical System Engineering, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma, Japan Takatoshi Ugajin, Department of Mechanical System Engineering, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma, Japan Akira Baba, Department of Mechanical System Engineering, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma, Japan Tomoyuki Fujita, Department of Mechanical System Engineering, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma, Japan Kousuke Nagaya, Oita Industrial Creation Organization, Oita, Japan Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 39 Journal Issue Volume 39, Number 1-4 / 2012
    Print ISSN: 1383-5416
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2012-09-09
    Description: The characteristics of the high flux density linear synchronous motor (HFD-LSM) with the special field having V-letter array permanent magnets (PMs) are studied analytically by using a finite element method (FEM). For gap variation of plus or minus 4 mm to the typical gap 12 mm on the HFD-LSM with the thick PM of 40 mm, the change of thrust is only within 3% on the constant voltage drive. The change of efficiency is only within 0.5%. The efficiency considered only the copper loss exceeds 0.95 even in the case of the double length supply. The power factor is about 0.88 for maximum thrust drive. The influence of PM thickness appears remarkably on the power factor. For 10 mm thick PM, the reduction rate of the power factor is about 45% compared with 40 mm thick PM. Content Type Journal Article Pages 997-1003 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2012-1570 Authors Mitusnobu Terata, Fuculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan Nobuo Fujii, Fuculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 39 Journal Issue Volume 39, Number 1-4 / 2012
    Print ISSN: 1383-5416
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2012-09-09
    Description: To make the ropeless elevator system (RLES) become practical, one of the most important requirements is the high force density. The slotted iron core type permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM) seems to be the best choice except the large detent force. Therefore, in this paper the characteristics of detent force and propulsion force of PMLSM are investigated under different motor topology structures, such as different PMLSM topologies, different mover topologies, and different armature core topologies. Finally, the long stator double-sided slotted iron-core type PMLSM with fractional slot winding is selected for the best performance. Content Type Journal Article Pages 989-995 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2012-1569 Authors Zhan-Feng Zheng, Department of Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China Yu-Wu Zhu, Department of Electrical Engineering, Dong-A University, Pusan, Korea Yun-Hyun Cho, Department of Electrical Engineering, Dong-A University, Pusan, Korea En-Yuan Dong, Department of Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China Ji-Yan Zou, Department of Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 39 Journal Issue Volume 39, Number 1-4 / 2012
    Print ISSN: 1383-5416
    Electronic ISSN: 1875-8800
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2012-09-09
    Description: A humanoid robot hand receives much attention in various fields. We have developed the universal robot hand with the multi-axis force/torque sensors. In order to manipulate an object by the robot hand without dropping the object, it is important to detect a slip between the object and the robot finger. Therefore, we propose a slip detection method with the multi-axis force/torque sensor and an anti-slip control method based on the slip detection. The effectiveness of the proposed slip detection and the anti-slip control is verified through some experiments with the universal robot hand. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1047-1054 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2012-1577 Authors Futoshi Kobayashi, Department of Systems Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan Fumio Kojima, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan Hiroyuki Nakamoto, Department of Systems Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan Yasuaki Kida, BL AUTOTEC LTD, Kobe, Japan Nobuaki Imamura, Hiroshima International University, Kure, Japan Hidenori Shirasawa, The Advanced Materials Processing Institute Kinki Japan, Amagasaki, Japan Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 39 Journal Issue Volume 39, Number 1-4 / 2012
    Print ISSN: 1383-5416
    Electronic ISSN: 1875-8800
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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