ALBERT

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: OPENING ADDRESS On behalf of the Local Organizing Committee, I welcome you all to the first International Workshop on GPS-techniques in surveying and geodesy held at this university. This workshop is designed to bring together experts from various countries and also scientists who carry out, analyze and interpret such measurements with those who work on instrumental and theoretical problems. The workshop focuses hereby on high-precision applications with emphasis on monitoring time-dependent phenomena such as those relevant to geodynamics as well as men-made constructions as those in civil engineering and similar fields. It is astonishing to see how, in spite of all earlier satellite work over the last two decades, GPS-methods became so fast a relevant new technology, in its proper sense, in modern geodesy and surveying besides VLBI and Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR). With the recent development of new dual-frequency receivers the role of GPS-procedures in monitoring large-scale phenomena over big distances will still expand; and the application of kinematical GPS-approaches is of utmost interest in solving high-precision problems. It is indeed fascinating to realize how GPS-methods have become in such a short time a surprisingly efficient and effective, this means : fast, precise and easy to apply, tool which is able to replace already now, after a few years of existence and with an incomplete set of a few out of the 18 satellites (of the final stage), at least partially some expensive, slow and cumbersome classical surveying methods. On the other hand, it cannot be overemphasized that GPS-procedures are still at their beginning and the full spectrum of their capabilities still has to be explored. In Europe, for example, where excellent classical surveying systems do exist the situation is quite different from the situation in other countries such as Canada or the USA. Even within Europe the application types of GPS-methods will vary; for example, in Norway the situation is quite different from central European countries. It is often forgotten, that together with GPS we will have to introduce new concepts and a new thinking in combination with other modern satellite procedures. GPS itself can resolve only a small part of the problems to be solved by modern geodesy but it will open the way to a great variety of new applications and capabilities. Modern global tectonics is just one of the new disciplines of high interest and great practical impact. I could continue in citing other similarly important new fields. GPS is, however, of special importance because it replaces old technologies and fills gaps where modern and efficient tools are most needed. Consequently, also the optimal combination of GPS-methods with new auxiliary and also classical high-precision techniques is of great importance, mainly under the european conditions outlined above. Moreover, the real-time or almost-real-time use of GPS in combination with photogrammetry, inertial geodesy, gravity gradiometry or even classical surveying is of substantial interest. It is indeed important to realize the new concepts in modern satellite and space methods and I, therefore, spoke above of a new "technology" which should be optimally developed as there is a worldwide need of such capabilities and tools. In view of the few active NAVSTAR-satellites in sky in 1988 this is perhaps not the best year for GPS-applications but the right time for a review of the experience gained until now and using it as a base for the planning of the future...

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: INTRODUCTION While the complex mechanical properties of rocks and soils are studied for quite a while, it is only in the last decades that sound established mathematical models were developed based on accurate experimental data. Some rheological properties of geomaterials as for instance creep, were studied for a long time but the experimental data reported were incomplete and, as a consequence, the models developed have missed either the generality necessary for the solving of engineering problems or some of the major specific mechanical properties possessed by these materials as for instance dilatancy and/or compressibility , long term damage etc. Generally, these very particular empirical models were made for a specific test only and therefore are not appropriate for solving problems involving general loading histories. Let us remind that due to the presence of a great number of cracks and/or pores existing in roks and soils, the mechanical behaviour of geomaterials is quite distinct from that of other materials as for instance metals or plastics. That is why rock and soil rheology has some specific aspects. It must also be mentioned that the solving of various problems of rock and soil mechanics posed by modern technology was not possible by using time-independent models, thus the study and development of rehological models become absolutely necessary. In the last decade or so, very accurate experimantal data became available as a result of the development of experimental techniques and of the growing interest for this field of research in the scientific community. These data, in turn, have made possible the development of genuine models for geomaterials, mainly rheological models, able to describe such properties as creep, dilatancy and/or compressibility during creep, long term damage and failure occurring after various time intervals, slip surface formation etc. Today it is clear that no accurate constitutive equation for rocks can be formulated unless the dilatancy phenomena and the time effects are not included. Another idea is the need of a better description of the concepts of damage and failure of rocks, again using in someway the concepts of irreversible dilatancy or another related notion. In soil rheology it is clear that the scale effect may be taken into consideration in order to obtain a corect information from the routine tests. Also in writing the constitutive equations for soils it is neccessary to take into account the microscopic or local phenomena, because there is a great variety of types of saturated or nonsaturated soils, granular or cohesionless soil etc. The aim of the Euromech Colloquium 196 devoted to Rock and Soil Rheology and therefore that of the present volume too, is to review some of the main results obtained in the last years in this field of research and also to formulate some of the major not yet solved problems which are now under consideration. Exchange of opinions and scientific discussions are quite helpful mainly in those areas where some approaches are controversial and the progress made is quite fast. That is especially true for the rheology of geomaterials, domain of great interest for mining and petroleum engineers, engineering geology, seismology, geophlsics, civil engineering, nuclear and industrial waste storage, geothermal energy storage, caverns for sports, culture, telecommunications, storage of goods and foodstuffs (cold, hot and refrigerated storages), underground oil and natural gas reservoirs etc. Some of the last obtained results are mentioned in the present volume...

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: PREFACE The suggestion to compile and publish this volume dealing with some geoscientific problems of the Central Andes came up during a conference on "Mobility of Active Continental Margins" held in Berlin, February 1986. At this international conference, organized by the Berlin Research Group "Mobility of Active Continental Margins", colleagues from Europe, Southern and Northern America reported on their current investigations in the Central Andes. The Central Andes claim a special position in the 7000 km long Andean mountain range. In Northern Chile, Southern Bolivia and Northwest Argentina the Central Andes show their largest width with more than 650 km and along a Geotraverse between the Pacific coast and the Chaco all typical Andean morphotectonic units are well developed. Here, the pre-Andean evolution is documented by outcropping of Paleozoic and pre-Cambrian rocks. The characteristic phenomena of the Andean cycle can be studied along the entire geotraverse. The migration of the tectonic and magmatic activity starting in Jurassic and being active t i l l Quaternary is clearly evidenced. Besides the Himalaya, the Central Andes show with 70-80 km and -400 mgal the largest crustal thickness known in mountain ranges. These and many other interesting and exciting geoscientific features encouraged a group of geoscientists from both West-Berlin universities (Freie UniversitAt and Technische UniversitAt) to focus their studies along a geotraverse through the Central Andes. The realization of these studies would not have been possible without the active assistance and close cooperation of our colleagues from the geoscientific institutions in Salta (Argentina), La Paz and Santa Cruz (Bolivia) and Antofagasta and Santiago (Chile). Concerning the German participation, this joint and interdisciplinary project is financially supported since 1982 as Reserach Group" Mobility of Active Continental Margins" by the German Research Society and by the West-Berlin universities as well. A number of colleagues from universities in West Germany take part in this project, too. The papers presented here deal with the period from Late Precambrian up to the youngest phenomena in Quaternary. The contributions cover the whole spectrum of geoscientific research, geology, paleontology, petrology, geochemistry, geophysics and geomorphology. In conclusion, the data published here may help to improve the picture of Andean structure and evolution. The detailed investigations carried out in the past years show, that the first simple plate tectonic models proposed in the beginning of the seventies have to improved and modified. Furthermore, the results can be seen as contribution to the international Lithospheric Project and as a useful data base for the construction of a Central Andean Transect...

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Organized by the National Centre for Scientific Research, and held June 14-19, 1981, at the University of Marseille-Luminy

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: A. J. Fleet, K. Kelts, and M. R. Talbot: Introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:vii-x, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.01 --- Part I Tectonic, Geological, Geochemical and Biological Framework --- K. Kelts: Environments of deposition of lacustrine petroleum source rocks: an introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:3-26, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.02 --- J. F. Talling: Modern phytoplankton production in African lakes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:27-28, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.03 --- M. R. Talbot: The origins of lacustrine oil source rocks: evidence from the lakes of tropical Africa / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:29-43, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.04 --- P. De Deckker: Large Australian lakes during the last 20 million years: sites for petroleum source rock or metal ore deposition, or both? / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:45-58, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.05 --- R. S. Oremland, J. E. Cloern, R. L. Smith, C. W. Culbertson, J. Zehr, L. Miller, B. Cole, R. Harvey, Z. Sofer, N. Iversen, M. Klug, D. J. Des Marais, and G. Rau: Microbial and biogeochemical processes in Big Soda Lake, Nevada / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:59-75, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.06 --- C. P. Summerhayes: Predicting palaeoclimates / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:77-78, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.07 --- Part II Palaeoenvironmental Indicators --- B. J. Katz: Clastic and carbonate lacustrine systems: an organic geochemical comparison (Green River Formation and East African lake sediments) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:81-90, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.08 --- M. Vandenbroucke and F. Behar: Geochemical characterization of the organic matter from some recent sediments by a pyrolysis technique / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:91-101, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.09 --- J. K. Volkman: Biological marker compounds as indicators of the depositional environments of petroleum source rocks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:103-122, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.10 --- H. L. ten Haven, J. W. de Leeuw, J. S. Sinninghe Damsté, P. A. Schenck, S. E. Palmer, and J. E. Zumberge: Application of biological markers in the recognition of palaeohypersaline environments / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:123-130, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.11 --- W. Davison: Interactions of iron, carbon and sulphur in marine and lacustrine sediments / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:131-137, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.12 --- R. F. Yuretich: Possible relationships of stratigraphy and clay mineralogy to source rock potential in lacustrine sequences / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:139-151, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.13 --- B. Bahrig: Palaeo-environment information from deep water siderite (Lake of Laach, West Germany) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:153-158, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.14 --- Jiang De-xin: Spores and pollen in oils as indicators of lacustrine source rocks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:159-169, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.15 --- Part III Case Studies --- A. D. Duncan and R. F. M. Hamilton: Palaeolimnology and organic geochemistry of the Middle Devonian in the Orcadian Basin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:173-201, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.16 --- S. J. Hillier and J. E. A. Marshall: Hydrocarbon source rocks, thermal maturity and burial history of the Orcadian Basin, Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:203, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.17 --- J. Parnell: Significance of lacustrine cherts for the environment of source-rock deposition in the Orcadian Basin, Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:205-217, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.18 --- G. W. F. Loftus and J. T. Greensmith: The lacustrine Burdiehouse Limestone Formation—a key to the deposition of the Dinantian Oil Shales of Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:219-234, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.19 --- J. Parnell: Lacustrine petroleum source rocks in the Dinantian Oil Shale Group, Scotland: a review / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:235-246, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.20 --- P. J. W. Gore: Lacustrine sequences in an early Mesozoic rift basin: Culpeper Basin, Virginia, USA / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:247-278, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.21 --- Fu Jiamo, Sheng Guoying, and Liu Dehan: Organic geochemical characteristics of major types of terrestrial petroleum source rocks in China / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:279-289, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.22 --- Luo Binjie, Yang Xinghua, Lin Hejie, and Zheng Guodong: Characteristics of Mesozoic and Cenozoic non-marine source rocks in north-west China / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:291-298, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.23 --- S. C. Brassell, G. Eglinton, Guoying Sheng, and Jiamo Fu: Biological markers in lacustrine Chinese oil shales / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:299-308, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.24 --- Wang Tieguan, Fan Pu, and F. M. Swain: Geochemical characteristics of crude oils and source beds in different continental facies of four oil-bearing basins, China / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:309-325, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.25 --- D. M. McKirdy, R. E. Cox, and J. G. G. Morton: Biological marker, isotopic and geological studies of lacustrine crude oils in the western Otway Basin, South Australia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:327, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.26 --- A. C. Hutton: The lacustrine Condor oil shale sequence / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:329-340, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.27 --- M. R. Gibling: Cenozoic lacustrine basins of South-east Asia, their tectonic setting, depositional environment and hydrocarbon potential / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:341-351, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.28 --- P. Anadón, L. Cabrera, and R. Julià: Anoxic-oxic cyclical lacustrine sedimentation in the Miocene Rubielos de Mora Basin, Spain / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:353-367, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.29 --- R. Crossley and B. Owen: Sand turbidites and organic-rich diatomaceous muds from Lake Malawi, Central Africa / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:369-374, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.30

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: L. M. Parson and A. C. Morton: Introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:ix-xii, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.01: Volcanic and Tectonic Framework --- R. S. White: A hot-spot model for early Tertiary volcanism in the N Atlantic / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:3-13, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.02 --- M. H. P. Bott: A new look at the causes and consequences of the Icelandic hot-spot / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:15-23, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.03 --- J. F. Dewey and B. F. Windley: Palaeocene-Oligocene tectonics of NW Europe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:25-31, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.04 --- Dipping Reflectors and NE Atlantic Evolution --- J. C. Mutter and C. M. Zehnder: Deep crustal structure and magmatic processes: the inception of seafloor spreading in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:35-48, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.05 --- J. Skogseid and O. Eldholm: Early Cainozoic evolution of the Norwegian volcanic passive margin and the formation of marginal highs / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:49-56, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.06 --- L. M. Parson and the ODP Leg 104 Scientific Party: Dipping reflector styles in the NE Atlantic Ocean / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:57-68, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.07 --- L. G. Viereck, P. N. Taylor, L. M. Parson, A. C. Morton, J. Hertogen, I. L. Gibson, and the ODP Leg 104 Scientific Party: Origin of the Palaeogene Vøring Plateau volcanic sequence / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:69-83, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.08 --- S. T. Gudlaugsson, K. Gunnarsson, M. Sand, and J. Skogseid: Tectonic and volcanic events at the Jan Mayen Ridge microcontinent / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:85-93, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.09 --- H. C. Larsen and S. Jakobsdóttir: Distribution, crustal properties and significance of seawards-dipping sub-basement reflectors off E Greenland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:95-114, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.10 --- M. S. Andersen: Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary extension and volcanism around the Faeroe Islands / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:115-122, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.11 --- R. J. Merriman, P. N. Taylor, and A. C. Morton: Petrochemistry and isotope geochemistry of early Palaeogene basalts forming the dipping reflector sequence SW of Rockall Plateau, NE Atlantic / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:123-134, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.12 --- J. I. Faleide, A. M. Myhre, and O. Eldholm: Early Tertiary volcanism at the western Barents Sea margin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:135-146, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.13 --- L. Kristjansson and J. Helgason: Some properties of basalt lava sequences and volcanic centres in a plate-boundary environment / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:147-155, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.14 --- H. C. Larsen: A multiple and propagating rift model for the NE Atlantic / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:157-158, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.15 --- E Greenland and the Faeroe Islands --- R. C. O. Gill, T. F. D. Nielsen, C. K. Brooks, and G. A. Ingram: Tertiary volcanism in the Kangerdlugssuaq region, E Greenland: trace-element geochemistry of the Lower Basalts and tholeiitic dyke swarms / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:161-179, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.16 --- P. M. Holm: Nd, Sr and Pb isotope geochemistry of the Lower Lavas, E Greenland Tertiary Igneous Province / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:181-195, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.17 --- A. J. C. Hogg, J. J. Fawcett, J. Gittins, and M. P. Gorton: Cyclical tholeiitic volcanism and associated magma chambers: eruptive mechanisms in E Greenland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:197-200, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.18 --- R. H. Noble, R. M. Macintyre, and P. E. Brown: Age constraints on Atlantic evolution: timing of magmatic activity along the E Greenland continental margin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:201-214, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.19 --- D. H. Tarling, E. A. Hailwood, and R. Løvlie: A palaeomagnetic study of lower Tertiary lavas in E Greenland and comparison with other lower Tertiary observations in the northern Atlantic / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:215-224, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.20 --- R. Waagstein: Structure, composition and age of the Faeroe basalt plateau / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:225-238, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.21 --- Volcanism in Basins to the N and W of the British Isles --- F. G. F. Gibb and R. Kanaris-Sotiriou: The geochemistry and origin of the Faeroe-Shetland sill complex / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:241-252, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.22 --- F. J. Fitch, G. L. Heard, and J. A. Miller: Basaltic magmatism of late Cretaceous and Palaeogene age recorded in wells NNE of the Shetlands / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:253-262, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.23 --- A. C. Morton, D. Evans, R. Harland, C. King, and D. K. Ritchie: Volcanic ash in a cored borehole W of the Shetland Islands: evidence for Selandian (late Palaeocene) volcanism in the Faeroes region / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:263-269, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.24 --- M. S. Stoker, A. C. Morton, D. Evans, M. J. Hughes, R. Harland, and D. K. Graham: Early Tertiary basalts and tuffaceous sandstones from the Hebrides Shelf and Wyville-Thomson Ridge, NE Atlantic / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:271-282, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.25 --- M. V. Wood, J. Hall, and J. J. Doody: Distribution of early Tertiary lavas in the NE Rockall Trough / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:283-292, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.26 --- A. C. Morton, J. E. Dixon, J. G. Fitton, R. M. Macintyre, D. K. Smythe, and P. N. Taylor: Early Tertiary volcanic rocks in Well 163/6-1A, Rockall Trough / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:293-308, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.27 --- M. P. Tate and M. R. Dobson: Syn- and post-rift igneous activity in the Porcupine Seabight Basin and adjacent continental margin W of Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:309-334, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.28 --- British Tertiary Igneous Province --- A. E. Mussett, P. Dagley, and R. R. Skelhorn: Time and duration of activity in the British Tertiary Igneous Province / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:337-348, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.29 --- I. G. Meighan, A. G. McCormick, D. Gibson, J. A. Gamble, and I. J. Graham: Rb-Sr isotopic determinations and the timing of Tertiary central complex magmatism in NE Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:349-360, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.30 --- P. J. O’Connor: Strontium isotope geochemistry of Tertiary igneous rocks, NE Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:361-363, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.31 --- B. R. Bell and C. H. Emeleus: A review of silicic pyroclastic rocks of the British Tertiary Volcanic Province / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:365-379, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.32 --- R. W. England: The early Tertiary stress regime in NW Britain: evidence from the patterns of volcanic activity / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:381-389, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.33 --- J. H. Bédard, R. S. J. Sparks, R. Renner, R. Hunter, and M. Cheadle: A re-evaluation of the origin and nature of layered peridotite, troctolite and gabbro in the Eastern Layered Series of the Rhum ultrabasic complex, Inner Hebrides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:391, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.34: The North Sea Sedimentary Record --- O. B. Nielsen and C. Heilmann-Clausen: Palaeogene volcanism: the sedimentary record in Denmark / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:395-405, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.35 --- R. W. O’B. Knox and A. C. Morton: The record of early Tertiary N Atlantic volcanism in sediments of the North Sea Basin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:407-419, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.36 --- A. Nøttvedt, L. T. Berglund, E. Rasmussen, and R. J. Steel: Some aspects of Tertiary tectonics and sedimentation along the western Barents Shelf / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:421-425, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.37: Review of Igneous Activity --- B. G. J. Upton: History of Tertiary igneous activity in the N Atlantic borderlands / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:429-453, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.38

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: J. Brooks: Introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 12:ix-xv, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.01 --- Geological and Geochemical Studies of Northwest European Continental Shelf --- P. J. Walmsley: The role of the Department of Energy in petroleum exploration of the United Kingdom / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 12:3-10, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.02 --- A. Makourine: Gas Exploration and Reserves in Europe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 12:11-17, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.03 --- P. C. Barnard and B. S. Cooper: A Review of Geochemical Data Related to the Northwest European Gas Province / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 12:19-33, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.04 --- J. L. Gevirtz, B. D. Carey, and S. R. Blanco: Surface Geochemical Exploration in the North Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 12:35-50, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.05 --- E. Faber and W. Stahl: Analytic Procedure and Results of an Isotope Geochemical Surface Survey in an Area of the British North Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 12:51-63, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.06 --- J. Sigalove: Petroleum Offshore Sniffer Exploration / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 12:65, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.07 --- G. J. Candy: Petroleum Exploration Onshore U.K. / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 12:67-68, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.08 --- T. P. Brennand: North Sea petroleum exploration / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 12:69, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.09 --- Hans Rønnevik, Svein Eggen, and Jan Vollset: Exploration of the Norwegian Shelf / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 12:71-93, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.10 --- D. C. Mudge and G. M. Bliss: Stratigraphy and Sedimentation of the Palaeocene Sands in the Northern North Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 12:95-111, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.11 --- C. D. Curtis: Geochemistry of Porosity Enhancement and Reduction in Clastic Sediments / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 12:113-125, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.12 --- Hilary Irwin and Andrew Hurst: Applications of Geochemistry to Sandstone Reservoir Studies / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 12:127-146, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.13 --- M. J. Pearson and D. Watkins: Organofacies and Early Maturation Effects in Upper Jurassic Sediments From the Inner Moray Firth Basin, North Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 12:147-160, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.14 --- M. J. Pearson, D. Watkins, J-L Pittion, D. Caston, and J. S. Small: Aspects of Burial Diagenesis, Organic Maturation and Palaeothermal History of an Area in the South Viking Graben, North Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 12:161-173, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.15 --- C. Cornford, J. A. Morrow, A. Turrington, J. A. Miles, and J. Brooks: Some Geological Controls on Oil Composition in the U.K. North Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 12:175-194, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.16 --- M. J. Fisher and Jennifer A. Miles: Kerogen Types, Organic Maturation and Hydrocarbon Occurrences in the Moray Firth and South Viking Graben, North Sea Basin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 12:195-201, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.17 --- R. H. Reitsema: Geochemistry of North and South Brae Areas, North Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 12:203-212, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.18 --- A. E. Griffith: The Search for Petroleum in Northern Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 12:213-222, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.19 --- D. G. Roberts: Frontier exploration in Western and Northwest Europe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 12:223-224, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.20 --- Petroleum Exploration of Europe --- L. Mattavelli, T. Ricchiuto, D. Grighani, and M. Schoell: Origins of Natural Gas in the Po Valley, N. Italy / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 12:227, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.21 --- M. Schoell and M. J. Whiticar: Isotope Geochemistry of Natural Gases in Central Europe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 12:229, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.22 --- K. Kuckelkorn, H. Wehner, and H. Hufnagel: Geochemical Observations and Oil Genesis in the German Alps and their foreland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 12:231-233, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.23 --- D. P. McKenzie: Basin Evolution and Hydrocarbon Generation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 12:253-254, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.25 --- B. Durand and M. Paratte: Oil Potential of Coals: A Geochemical Approach / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 12:255-265, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.26 --- P. A. Schenck, J. W. de Leeuw, T. C. Viets, and J. Haverkamp: Pyrolysis-Mass Spectrometry in Coal Chemistry: a study of the coalification of vitrites and the typification of Australian Brown Coals / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 12:267-274, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.27 --- D. J. Batten: Identification of Amorphous Sedimentary Organic Matter by Transmitted Light Microscopy / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 12:275-287, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.28 --- P. M. R. Smith: Spectral Correlation of Spore Coloration Standards / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 12:289-294, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.29 --- J. M. A. Buiskool Toxopeus: Selection Criteria for the Use of Vitrinite Reflectance as a Maturity Tool / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 12:295-307, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.30 --- A. J. G. Barwise: Use of Porphyrins as a Maturity Parameter for Oils and Sediments / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 12:309-315, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.31 --- Petroleum Geochemical Principles and Techniques --- D. H. Welte, M. A. Yükler, M. Radke, D. Leythaeuser, U. Mann, and U. Ritter: Organic Geochemistry and Basin Modelling — Important Tools in Petroleum Exploration / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 12:237-252, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.24 --- Geological Information on Hydrocarbon Exploration on the U.K. Continental Shelf --- G. G. Baxter: Introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 12:319, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.32 --- D. J. McKay: The Compilation of an Earth Science Bibliography for the North Sea and Adjacent Areas / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 12:321-328, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.33 --- P. Wigley: Commercially Available Geological Databanks—U.K.C.S. / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 12:329-341, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.34 --- J. R. V. Brooks: Geological Information from Hydrocarbon Exploration on the United Kingdom Continental Shelf / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 12:343-356, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.35 --- K. J. Chew and H. Stephenson: EXPHST—A Program to Analyse the History of Exploration Success within a Basin or Country / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 12:357-371, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.36 --- G. G. Baxter: The Use of Computerized Information in Britoil, Exploration Division / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 12:373, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.37

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Weathering Processes --- M. J. Wilson and D. Jones: Lichen weathering of minerals: implications for pedogenesis / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 11:5-12, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.01 --- D. A. Spears: Porewater reactions in the unsaturated zone with special reference to groundwater quality in England / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 11:13-18, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.02 --- David C. Cawsey and Paul Mellon: A review of experimental weathering of basic igneous rocks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 11:19-24, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.03 --- Kaolinites, Laterites and Bauxites --- H. Wopfner: Kaolinisation and the formation of silicified wood on late Jurassic Gondwana surfaces / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 11:27-31, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.04 --- J. Esteoule-Choux: Kaolinitic weathering profiles in Brittany: genesis and economic importance / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 11:33-38, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.05 --- A. Vincent: The origin and occurrence of Devon Ball Clays / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 11:39-45, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.06 --- S. K. Monro, F. C. Loughnan, and M. C. Walker: The Ayrshire Bauxitic Clay: an allochthonous deposit? / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 11:47-58, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.07 --- T. R. Marshall, B. J. Amos, and D. Stephenson: Base metal concentrations in kaolinised and silicified lavas of the Central Burma volcanics / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 11:59-68, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.08 --- M. J. McFarlane: A low level laterite profile from Uganda and its relevance to the question of parent material influence on the chemical composition of laterites / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 11:69-76, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.09 --- Ida Valeton: Palaeoenvironment of lateritic bauxites with vertical and lateral differentiation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 11:77-90, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.10 --- J. Esson: Geochemistry of a nickeliferous laterite profile, Liberdade, Brazil / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 11:91-99, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.11 --- Red Beds --- R. Gardner: Reddening of tropical coastal dune sands / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 11:103-115, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.12 --- K. Pye: Post-depositional reddening of late Quaternary coastal dune sands, north-eastern Australia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 11:117-129, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.13 --- B. M. Besly and P. Turner: Origin of red beds in a moist tropical climate (Etruria Formation, Upper Carboniferous, UK) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 11:131-147, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.14 --- Duricrusts: Calcretes, Silcretes and Gypcretes --- H. Wopfner: Environment of silcrete formation: a comparison of examples from Australia and the Cologne Embayment, West Germany / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 11:151-158, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.15 --- W. J. E. van de Graaff: Silcrete in Western Australia: geomorphological settings, textures, structures, and their genetic implications / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 11:159-166, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.16 --- M. A. Summerfield: Geochemistry of weathering profile silcretes, southern Cape Province, South Africa / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 11:167-178, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.17 --- C. C. Reeves, Jr: Pliocene channel calcrete and suspenparallel drainage in West Texas and New Mexico / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 11:179-183, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.18 --- Donald Carlisle: Concentration of uranium and vanadium in calcretes and gypcretes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 11:185-195, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.19 --- John Parnell: Ancient duricrusts and related rocks in perspective: a contribution from the Old Red Sandstone / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 11:197-209, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.20 --- Colin F. Klappa: A process-response model for the formation of pedogenic calcretes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 11:211-220, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.21 --- A. S. Talma and F. Netterberg: Stable isotope abundances in calcretes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 11:221-233, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.22 --- F. Netterberg and J. H. Caiger: A Geotechnical classification of calcretes and other pedocretes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 11:235-243, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.23 --- R. P. Shaw: Karstic residual fluorite-baryte deposits at two localities in Derbyshire / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 11:245-249, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.24 --- John A. Catt: Cenozoic pedogenesis and landform development in south-east England / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 11:251-258, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.25

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: INTRODUCTION - WHY THIS BOOK? Why study Numerical Geology? Although geologists have dabbled in numbers since the time of Hutton and Playfair, 200 years ago (Merriam 1981e), geology until recently lagged behind other sciences in both the teaching and geological application of mathematics, statistics and computers. Geology Departments incorporating these disciplines in their undergraduate courses are still few (particularly outside the USA). Only two international geomathematical/computing journals are published (Computers & Geosciences; Mathematical Geology), compared with dozens covering, say, petrology or mineralogy. It also remains common practice for years (and $1000s) to be spent setting up computerized machines to produce large volumes of data in machine-readable form, and then for geologists to plot these by hand on a sheet of graph paper! Despite this, the use of numerical methods in geology has now begun to increase at a rate which implies a revolution of no less importance than the plate tectonic revolution of the 1960's -- one whose impact is beginning to be felt throughout the academic, commercial, governmental and private consultative geological communities (Merriam 1969, 1981c). Although a few pioneers have been publishing benchmark papers for some years, the routine usage of machine-based analytical techniques, and the advent of low-priced desk-top microcomputers, have successively enabled and now at last persuaded many more geologists to become both numerate and computerate. Merriam (1980) estimated that two decades of increasing awareness had seen the percentage of geomathematical papers (sensu lato) rise to some 15% of all geological literature; meanwhile, mineralogy-petrology and geochemistry had both fallen to a mere 5% each! In these Notes, geomathematics and numerical geology are used interchangeably, to cover applications of mathematics, statistics and computing to processing real geological data. However, as applications which primarily store or retrieve numbers (e.g. databases) are included, as well as those involving actual mathematical calculations, 'Numerical Geology' is preferred in the title. 'Geomathematics' in this sense should not be confused with 'geostatistics', now usually restricted to a specialised branch of geomathematics dealing with ore body estimation (§20). Reasons for studying Numerical Geology can be summarised as follows: (1) Volumes of new and existing numerical data: The British Geological Survey, the world's oldest, recently celebrated its 150th anniversary by establishing a National Geoscience data-centre, in which it is hoped to store all accumulated records on a computer (Lumsden & Flowarth 1986). Information already existing in the Survey's archives is believed to amount to tens or hundreds of Gb (i.e. = 1010-11 characters) and to be increasing by a few percent annually. The volumes of valuable data existing in the worM's geological archives, over perhaps 250 years of geological endeavour, must therefore be almost immeasurably greater. It is now routine even for students to produce hundreds or thousands of multi-element analyses for a single thesis, while national programs of geochemical sampling easily produce a million individual dement values. Such volumes of data simply cannot be processed realistically by manual means; they require mathematical and statistical manipulation on computers -- in some cases large computers. (2) Better use of coded/digitised data: In addition to intrinsically numerical (e.g. chemical) data, geology produces much information which can be more effectively used if numerically coded. For example, relatively little can be done with records of, say, 'limestone' and 'sandstone' in a borehole log, but very much more can be done if these records are numerically coded as 'limestone = 1' and 'sandstone = 2'. Via encoding, enormous volumes of data are opened to computer processing which would otherwise have lain dormant. More importantly, geological maps - perhaps the most important tool of the entire science - can themselves be digitised (turned into large sets of numbers), opening up vast new possibilities for manipulation, revision, scale-change and other improvements. (3) Intelligent data use: It is absurd to acquire large volumes of data and then not to interpret them fully. Field geologists observing an outcrop commonly split into two (or more) groups, arguing perhaps over the presence or absence of a preferred orientation in kyanite crystals on a schist foliation surface. The possibility of actually measuring these orientations and analyzing them statistically (§17) is rarely aired-- at last in this author's experience! Petrologists are equally culpable when they rely on X-Y or, at maximum 'sophistication', X-Y-Z (triangular) variation diagrams, in representing the evolution of igneous rocks which have commonly been analyzed for up to 50 elements! Whereas some geological controversies (especially those based on interpretation of essentially subjective field observations) cannot be resolved numerically, many others can and should be. This is not to say (as Lord Kelvin did) that quantitative science is the only good science, but qualitative treatment of quantitative data is rarely anything but bad science. (4) Literature search and data retrieval: Most research projects must begin with reviews of the literature and, frequently, with exhaustive compilations of existing data. These are essential if informed views on the topic are to be reached, existing work is not merely to be duplicated, and optimum use is to be made of available funding, The ever-expanding geological literature, however, makes such reviews and compilations increasingly time-consuming and expensive via traditional manual means. Use of the increasing number of both bibliographical and analytical databases (§3) is therefore becoming a prequisite for well-informed, high-quality research. (5) Unification of interests: In these days of inexorably increasing specialisation in ever narrower topics, brought about by the need to keep abreast of the exploding literature, numerical geology forms a rare bridge between different branches not only of geology but of diverse other sciences. The techniques covered in this book are equally applicable (and in many cases have been in routine use for far longer) in biology, botany, geography, medicine, psychology, sociology, zoology, etc. Within geology itself, most topics covered here are as valuable to the stratigrapher as to the petrologist. 'Numerical geologists' are thus in the unique (and paradoxical) position of being both specialists and non-specialists; they may have their own interests, but their numerical and computing knowledge can often help all of their colleagues. (6) Employment prospects: There is a clear and increasing demand for computerate/numerate geologists in nearly all employment fields. In Australia, whose economy is dominated by geology-related activities (principally mining), a comprehensive national survey (AMIRA 1985) estimated that A$40M per annum could be saved by more effective use of computers in geology. Professional computer scientists are also of course in demand, but the inability of some of their number to communicate with 'laymen' is legendary! Consequently, many finns have perpetual need for those rare animals who combine knowledge of computing and mathematics with practical geological experience. Their unique bridging role also means that numerical geologists are less likely to be affected by the vaguaries of the employment market than are more specialised experts. Rationale and aims of this book This is a highly experimental book, constituting the interim text for new (1988) courses in 'Numerical Geology' at the University of Western Australia. It is published in the Springer Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences series precisely because, as the rubric for this series has it, "the timeIiness of a manuscript is more important than its form, which may be unfinished or tentative." Readers are more than welcome to send constructive comments to the author, such that a more seasoned, comprehensive version can be created in due course. Readers' indulgence is meanwhile craved for the number of mistakes which must inevitably remain in a work involving so many citations and cross-references. Emphasis is particularly placed on the word Notes in the series rifle: this book is not a statistical or mathematical treatise. It is not intended to stand on its own, but rather to complement and target the existing literature. It is most emphatically not a substitute for sound statistical knowledge, and indeed, descriptions of each technique are deliberately minimized such that readers shouM never be tempted to rely on this book alone, but should rather read around the subject in the wealth of more authoritative statistical and geomathematical texts cited. In other words, this is a synoptic work, principally about 'how to do', 'when not to do', 'what are the alternatives' and 'where to find out more'. It aims specifically: (1) to introduce geologists to the widest possible range of numerical methods which have already appeared in the literature; and thus (2) to infuse geologists with just sufficient background knowledge that they can: (a) locate more detailed sources of information; (b) understand the broad principles behind interpreting most common geological problems quantitatively; (c) appreciate how to take best advantage of computers; and thereby (d) cope with the "information overload" (Griffiths 1974) which they increasingly face. Even these aims require the reader to become to some extent geologist, computer scientist, mathematician and statistician rolled into one, and a practical balance has therefore been attempted, in which just enough information is hopefully given to expedite correct interpretation and avoidance of pitfalls, but not too much to confuse or deter the reader. Despite the vast literature in mathematics, statistics and computing, and that growing in geomathematics, no previous book was found to fulfill these alms on its own. The range of methods covered here is deliberately much wider than in previous geomathematical textbooks, to provide at least an introduction to most methods geologists may encounter, but other books are consequently relied on for the detail which space here precludes. These Notes adopt a practical approach similar to that in language guidebooks -- at the risk of emulating the 'recipe book' abhorred in some quarters. Every Topic provides a minimum of highly condensed sketch-notes (fuller descriptions are included only where topics are not well covered in existing textbooks), complemented by worked examples using real data from as many fields of geology as space permits. Specialists should thereby be able to locate at least one example close to their problems of the moment. In the earlier (easier) topics, simple worked examples are calculated in full, and equations are given wherever practicable (despite their sometimes forbidding appearance), to enable readers not only to familiarise themselves with the calculations but also to experiment with their own data. In the later (multivariate) topics (where few but the sado-masochistic would wish to try the calculations by hand!), the worked examples comprise simplified output from actual software, to familiarise readers with the types of computer output they may have to interpret in practice. Topics were arranged in previous geomathematical textbooks by statistical subject: 'analysis of variance', 'correlation', 'regression', etc., while nonparametric (rank) methods were usually dealt with separately from classical methods (if at all). Here, topics are arranged by operation (what is to be done), and both classical and rank techniques are covered together, with similar emphasis. When readers know what they want to do, therefore, they need only look in one Topic for all appropriate techniques. The main difficulty of this work is the near impossibility of its goal-- though other books with similarly ambitious goals have been well enough received (e.g.J.Math.Geol. 18(5), 511-512). Some constraints have necessarily been imposed to keep the Notes of manageable size. Geophysics, for example, is sketchily covered, because (i) numerical methods are already far more integrated into most geophysics courses than geology courses; (ii) several recent textbooks (e.g. Cantina & Janecek 1984) cover the corresponding ground for geophysicists. Structural geology is less comprehensively covered or cited than, say, stratigraphy, because (a) it commands many applications of statistics and computing unto itself alone (e.g. 3-D modelling, 'unravelling' of folds), whereas these Notes aim at techniques equally applicable to most branches of geology; (b) excellent comprehensive reviews of structural applications are already available (e.g. Whitten 1969,1981). Remote sensing is also barely covered, since comprehensive source guides similar in purpose to the present one already exist (Carter 1986). For the sake of brevity, phrases throughout this book which refer to males are, with apologies to any whose sensitivities are thereby offended, taken to include females!

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This is volume I of the two-volume special issue Scattering and Attenuation of Seismic Waves which will contain total 17 invited review papers and about 30 c- tributed papers. The scope and contents of the special issue are described in the following Introduction. This volume includes 21 contributed papers arranged in the following order: Scattering theory and modeling including the scattering attenuation and its separation from the intrinsic attenuation; numerical method and simulation; field observation including coda Q and surface wave Q measurement; inversion; laboratory attenuation measurement of rock samples.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Geophysics of the Caledonian-Appalachian Orogen --- R. T. Haworth, R. Hipkin, R. D. Jacobi, M. Kane, J. P. Lefort, M. D. Max, H. G. Miller, and F. Wolff: Geophysical framework and the Appalachian-Caledonide connection / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:3-20, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.01 --- F. A. Cook, D. H. Matthews, and A. W. B. Jacob: Crustal and upper mantle structure of the Appalachian-Caledonide orogen from seismic results / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:21-33, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.02 --- J. C. Briden, D. V. Kent, P. L. Lapointe, J. L. Roy, R. A. Livermore, A. G. Smith, M. K. Seguin, R. Van der Voo, and D. R. Watts: Palaeomagnetic constraints on the evolution of the Caledonian-Appalachian orogen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:35-48, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.03 --- J. P. Lefort, M. D. Max, and J. Roussel: Geophysical evidence for the location of the NW boundary of Gondwanaland and its relationship with two older satellite sutures / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:49-60, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.04 --- Pre-Arenig Activity in the Caledonian-Appalachian Orogen --- Derek Powell, T. B. Andersen, A. A. Drake, Jr, Leo Hall, and J. D. Keppie: The age and distribution of basement rocks in the Caledonide orogen of the N Atlantic / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:63-74, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.05 --- Frederic L. Schwab, Johan P. Nystuen, and Linda Gunderson: Pre-Arenig evolution of the Appalachian-Caledonide orogen: sedimentation and stratigraphy / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:75-91, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.06 --- S. Conway Morris and A. W. A. Rushton: Precambrian to Tremadoc biotas in the Caledonides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:93-109, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.07 --- Nicholas Rast, B. A. Sturt, and A. L. Harris: Early deformation in the Caledonian-Appalachian orogen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:111-122, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.08 --- Ben Harte: Lower Palaeozoic metamorphism in the Moine-Dalradian belt of the British Isles / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:123-134, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.09 --- Inge Bryhni: Early Palaeozoic metamorphism in the Scandinavian Caledonides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:135-140, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.10 --- Jo Laird: Pre-Arenig metamorphism in the Appalachians / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:141-147, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.11 --- D. W. Rankin, Harald Furnes, A. C. Bishop, B. Cabanis, D. J. Milton, S. J. O’Brien, and R. S. Thorpe: Plutonism and volcanism related to the pre-Arenig evolution of the Caledonide-Appalachian orogen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:149-183, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.12 --- James W. Skehan: Evolution of the Iapetus Ocean and its borders in pre-Arenig times: a synthesis / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:185-229, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.13 --- Arenig-Wenlock Activity in the Caledonian-Appalachian Orogen --- R. A. Fortey and L. R. M. Cocks: Arenig to Llandovery faunal distributions in the Caledonides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:231-246, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.14 --- David L. Bruton and David A. T. Harper: Arenig-Llandovery stratigraphy and faunas across the Scandinavian Caledonides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:247-268, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.15 --- Robert B. Neuman: Palaeontological evidence bearing on the Arenig-Caradoc development of the Iapetus Ocean basin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:269-274, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.16 --- C. J. Stillman: Ordovician to Silurian volcanism in the Appalachian—Caledonian orogen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:275-290, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.17 --- Leo M. Hall and David Roberts: Timing of Ordovician deformation in the Caledonian-Appalachian orogen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:291-309, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.18 --- Jo Laird: Arenig to Wenlock age metamorphism in the Appalachians / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:311-345, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.19 --- G. J. H. Oliver: Arenig to Wenlock regional metamorphism in the Paratectonic Caledonides of the British Isles: a review / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:347-363, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.20 --- R. D. Dallmeyer: Polyphase tectonothermal evolution of the Scandinavian Caledonides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:365-379, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.21 --- David R. Wones and A. K. Sinha: A brief review of early Ordovician to Devonian plutonism in the N American Caledonides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:381-388, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.22 --- W. E. Stephens: Granitoid plutonism in the Caledonian orogen of Europe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:389-403, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.23 --- W. S. McKerrow: The development of the Iapetus Ocean from the Arenig to the Wenlock / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:405-412, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.24 --- Wenlock to Mid-Devonian Activity in the Caledonian-Appalachian Orogen --- M. F. Thirlwall: Wenlock to mid-Devonian volcanism of the Caledonian-Appalachian orogen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:415-428, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.25 --- David Roberts: Timing of Silurian to middle Devonian deformation in the Caledonides of Scandinavia, Svalbard and E Greenland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:429-435, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.26 --- W.S. McKerrow: Wenlock to Givetian deformation in the British Isles and the Canadian Appalachians / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:437-448, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.27 --- P. H. Osberg: Silurian to Lower Carboniferous tectonism in the Appalachians of the USA / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:449-452, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.28 --- Peter Robinson, R. J. Tracy, D. S. Santallier, P.-G. Andreasson, and J. I. Gil-Ibarguchi: Scandian-Acadian-Caledonian sensu strictu metamorphism in the age range 430–360 Ma / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:453-467, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.29 --- D. V. Kent and J. D. Keppie: Silurian-Permian palaeocontinental reconstructions and circum-Atlantic tectonics / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:469-480, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.30 --- N. J. Soper: Timing and geometry of collision, terrane accretion and sinistral strike-slip events in the British Caledonides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:481-492, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.31 --- J. Chaloupský: Caledonian folding in the Bohemian Massif / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:493-498, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.32 --- Robert D. Hatcher, Jr: The third synthesis: Wenlock to mid-Devonian (end of Acadian orogeny) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:499-504, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.33 --- Mid-Devonian-Permian Activity in the Caledonian-Appalachian Orogen --- Robert D. Hatcher, Jr: Basement-cover relationships in the Appalachian-Caledonian-Variscan orogen: mid-Devonian (end of Acadian orogeny) to end of Permian / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:507-514, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.34 --- William A. Thomas and Paul E. Schenk: Late Palaeozoic sedimentation along the Appalachian orogen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:515-530, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.35 --- K. C. Allen and D. L. Dineley: Mid-Devonian to mid-Permian floral and faunal regions and provinces / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:531-548, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.36 --- Michael Robert Leeder: Devono-Carboniferous river systems and sediment dispersal from the orogenic belts and cratons of NW Europe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:549-558, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.37 --- O. Don Hermes and Daniel P. Murray: Middle Devonian to Permian plutonism and volcanism in the N American Appalachians / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:559-571, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.38 --- E. H. Francis: Mid-Devonian to early Permian volcanism: Old World / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:573-584, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.39 --- Nicholas Rast: Tectonic implications of the timing of the Variscan orogeny / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:585-595, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.40 --- Daniel P. Murray: Post-Acadian metamorphism in the Appalachians / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:597-609, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.41 --- Francisco J. Martínez and Joël Rolet: Late Palaeozoic metamorphism in the northwestern Iberian Peninsula, Brittany and related areas in SW Europe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:611-620, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.42 --- John Rodgers: Fourth time-slice: mid-Devonian to Permian synthesis / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:621-626, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.43

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: A review on past experimental and theoretical work indicates a need for additional experimentation to characterize the response of snow to inelastic pressure waves. Pressure data from previously conducted explosion tests are analyzed to estimate the elastic limit of snow of 400 -kg/cu m density to be about 36 kPa. This pressure corresponds to a scaled distance of 1.6 m/cu.rt.kg for charges fired beneath the surface of the snow, and to a scaled distance of 1.2 m/cu.rt.kg for charges fired in the air. The effects of a snow cover on the method of clearing a minefield by using an explosive charge fired in the air above the snow surface are also discussed and recommendations are given for further work in this area. Explosive pressure data are used to estimate the maximum effective scaled radius for detonating buried mines at shallow depth to be 0.8 m/cu.rt.kg. Fuel-air explosive will increase this effective radius significantly because of the increase in the size of the source region.