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  • 1985-1989  (19.708)
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  • 1987  (19.708)
  • 1983  (16.422)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 3 (1987), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 3 (1987), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 3 (1987), S. 335-338 
    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Since Schweickart asserts that I have not addressed his main argument, let me consider briefly the four claims he advances at the beginning of his second reply.Regarding 1: To argue, as I have, that there would be a strong tendency for market socialism to degenerate into capitalism, it is necessary to spell out carefully what capitalism is. Following Marx, I defined capitalism as a system in which the workers do not control the means of production and the workers sell their labor power as a commodity. As G.A. Cohen has pointed out (Cohen, 1978, pp. 219–23), this definition can be given a rechtsfrei characterization in terms of effective powers over means of production and labor power. Actual legal arrangements are not the issue. In my original paper, I never said that the workers would sell the means of production. Thus 1 is irrelevant. The real questions are: (a) Who effectively controls the means of production? (b) Who effectively gets the profits? If the answer to both of these questions is, “Not the workers,” it follows that the workers are effectively proletarians and the system is a form of capitalism.
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 3 (1987), S. 49-66 
    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: I want in this paper to do two things. First, I want to respond to some studies that argue that people are often not rational: that people regularly and systematically depart from rationality. The conclusion itself does not worry me. I pressed for the same in a recent book (Schick, 1984). But the arguments seem to me wrong, and wrong in an interesting way. There may be something to be learned from seeing how and why they fail.
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 3 (1987), S. 1-22 
    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In 1970 Amartya Sen exposed an apparent antinomy that has come to be known as the Paradox of the Paretian Libertarian (Sen, 1970b, pp. 152–57). Sen introduced his paradox by establishing a simple but startling theorem. Roughly put, what he proved was that if a mechanism for selecting social choice functions satisfies two standard adequacy conditions, there are possible situations in which it will violate either the very weak libertarian precept that every individual has at least some rights or the seemingly innocuous Paretian principle that an option should be judged unacceptable if there is an available alternative that everyone prefers to it. Many economists and philosophers have proposed solutions to Sen's problem, but there is no general consensus on what solution (if any) is correct. In the present paper I argue that Sen's original theorem fails to establish the existence of any conflict between libertarianism and Paretianism. Furthermore, I contend that Sen has misinterpreted certain other theorems which he has used to defend the existence of a paradoxical conflict between these two doctrines. In general, I try to show that whenever Sen posits a Paretian-libertarian conflict to explain an apparently troubling result in social choice theory, the difficulty can be better dealt with either by claiming that the theorem in question imposes overly strong background constraints on the form of social choice functions or by claiming that it relies on an unacceptable construal of individual rights.
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 3 (1987), S. 127-130 
    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In their article, Geoffrey Brennan and Loren Lomasky (1985, p. 199) present an alternative to market theories of voting behavior. Contrary to market theories which view the voter as acting to maximize the expected self-interest, the alternative view sees voting as fundamentally an act of self-expression: “Voting, like speech, is an expressive activity providing an outlet for one's moral sentiments. We suggest that it is the expressive return to a vote that frequently determines the behavior of individuals in large-number electorates.”
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 3 (1987), S. 67-95 
    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Is rhetoric just a new and trendy way to épater les bourgeois? Unfortunately, I think that the newfound interest of some economists in rhetoric, and particularly Donald McCloskey in his new book and subsequent responses to critics (McCloskey, 1985a, 1985b), gives that impression. After economists have worked so hard for the past five decades to learn their sums, differential calculus, real analysis, and topology, it is a fair bet that one could easily hector them about their woeful ignorance of the conjugation of Latin verbs or Aristotle's Six Elements of Tragedy. Moreover, it has certainly become an academic cliché that economists write as gracefully and felicitously as a hundred monkeys chained to broken typewriters. The fact that economists still trot out Keynes's prose in their defense is itself an index of the inarticulate desperation of an inarticulate profession.
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 3 (1987), S. 139-142 
    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Rosenberg (1986) argues that economists have embraced the methodology of scientific research programs, and the writings of Imre Lakatos (1978), at the same time that philosophers have been abandoning that approach. According to Rosenberg, the methodology of scientific research programs (MSRP) appears to allow some work in economics, which is neither tested nor testable, to be “scientific” nonetheless. That is, MSRP justifies some current practices which look hard to justify on strict falsificationist, or dogmatic positivist, grounds.
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 3 (1987), S. 131-138 
    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: How may we best understand the motivational structure that stands behind individuals' acts of voting? In “The Impartial Spectator Goes to Washington” we suggested that expressive concerns swamp narrowly consequential motivations, in contradistinction to normal market transactions in which the priority is reversed. A striking consequence of this fact is that individuals will be led to vote for outcomes that they would reject were they in a position to act decisively. In this regard we found the moral psychology Adam Smith develops in The Theory of Moral Sentiments (TMS) (and, to a lesser extent, in The Wealth of Nations) remarkably fecund in suggesting alternatives to what we call the standard theory of electoral behavior.
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 467-469 
    ISSN: 0266-4666
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 0266-4666
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 223-246 
    ISSN: 0266-4666
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In this paper we develop full information methods for estimating the parameters of a system of simultaneous equations with error component structure and establish relationships between the various structural estimators.
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 299-304 
    ISSN: 0266-4666
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: We derive exact finite-sample expressions for the biases and risks of several common pretest estimators of the scale parameter in the linear regression model. These estimators are associated with least squares, maximum likelihood and minimum mean squared error component estimators. Of these three criteria, the last is found to be superior (in terms of risk under quadratic loss) when pretesting in typical situations.
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 0266-4666
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 69-97 
    ISSN: 0266-4666
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This paper addresses two related issues in the literature of non-nested hypotheses testing. Firstly, by means of a measure of “closeness” of probability density functions, it shows how any two hypotheses can be placed into the nested and the non-nested categories with the latter category being subdivided further into “globally” and “partially” non-nested hypotheses. Secondly, by emphasizing the distinction between a “local null” and a “local alternative,” the paper shows that only in the case of partially non-nested hypotheses is it possible to specify local alternatives. In this case the paper derives the asymptotic distribution of the Cox test statistic under local alternatives and shows that it is distributed as a normal variate with a mean which is directly related to the measure of “closeness” of the alternative to the null hypothesis.
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 159-159 
    ISSN: 0266-4666
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 159-160 
    ISSN: 0266-4666
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 162-162 
    ISSN: 0266-4666
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 208-222 
    ISSN: 0266-4666
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Many observed macrovariables are simple aggregates over a large number of microunits. It is pointed out that the generating process of the macrovariables is largely determined by the common factors in the generating mechanisms of the microvariables, even though these factors may be very unimportant at the microlevel. It follows that macrorelationships are simpler than the complete microrelationships, but that empirical investigations of microrelationships may not catch those components, containing common factors, which will determine the macrorelationship. It is also shown that an aggregate expectation or forecast is simply the common factor component of the individual agents expectations.
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 247-271 
    ISSN: 0266-4666
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: A Taylor series approach is used to derive approximations to the approximate slope of LR, W, and LM test statistics. These can be useful when the approximate slopes themselves are complicated. The results are applied to the test of linear coefficient restrictions in the linear model with a nonscalar covariance matrix. They can be used to find cases where the Wald test may badly over-reject in this model. The results shed some new light on the over-rejection that has been noted in the special cases of AR(1) disturbances and the SURE model.
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 359-370 
    ISSN: 0266-4666
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: We compare the distributional properties of the four predictors commonly used in practice. They are based on the maximum likelihood, two types of the least squared, and the Yule-Walker estimators. The asymptotic expansions of the distribution, bias, and mean-squared error for the four predictors are derived up to O(T−1), where T is the sample size. Examining the formulas of the asymptotic expansions, we find that except for the Yule-Walker type predictor, the other three predictors have the same distributional properties up to O(T−1).
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 461-463 
    ISSN: 0266-4666
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 464-466 
    ISSN: 0266-4666
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 471-471 
    ISSN: 0266-4666
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 169-169 
    ISSN: 0266-4666
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 297-298 
    ISSN: 0266-4666
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In this paper we identify a restriction on the finite-sample application of Magdalinos's asymptotic expansions for the t statistic based on the k-class instrumental variable estimator.
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 305-306 
    ISSN: 0266-4666
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 306-306 
    ISSN: 0266-4666
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 1-44 
    ISSN: 0266-4666
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In an hypothesis testing problem involving nuisance parameters for which boundedly complete sufficient statistics exist under the null hypothesis, the class of all similar regions for the problem is characterized by the conditional distribution of the data given these sufficient statistics. If there exists a one-to-one transformation y → (t, u) of the data, y, to the sufficient statistic, t, and a second vector of statistics, u, that is independent of t under the null hypothesis, then the statistic u itself characterizes the class of similar regions. This paper applies this idea to five testing problems of interest in econometrics. In each case we obtain the density of the relevant statistic under the null hypothesis, when it is free of nuisance parameters, and under the alternative. Using the density under the alternative, we discuss the power properties of the class of similar tests for each problem. Other applications are also suggested.
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 143-149 
    ISSN: 0266-4666
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This article deals with the derivation of the exact discrete model that corresponds to a closed linear first-order continuous-time system with mixed stock and flow data. This exact discrete model is (under appropriate additional conditions) a stationary autoregressive moving average time series model and may allow one to obtain asymptotically efficient estimators of the parameters describing the continuous-time system.
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 160-161 
    ISSN: 0266-4666
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 3 (1987), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 3 (1987), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 3 (1987), S. 177-178 
    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 0266-4666
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 371-386 
    ISSN: 0266-4666
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: We give an expression to order O(T-1), where T is the sample size, for bias to the estimated coefficient on a lagged dependent variable when all other regressors are exogenous. The general expression is a nonlinear function of the coefficient on the lagged dependent variable, the autoregressive structure of the exogenous variables, and the coefficients on the exogenous variables. The maximum bias that can arise is a linear function of the number of exogenous regressors in the estimating equation.
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 466-467 
    ISSN: 0266-4666
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Econometric theory 3 (1987), S. 171-194 
    ISSN: 0266-4666
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: We provide rankings of academic institutions according to the publication record of their faculty members in the specialization of econometrics. The rankings are based on standardized page counts of articles published by faculty members in 14 journals over the period 1980 to 1985. Separate rankings of the 200 leading institutions are provided for their theoretical contributions, as well as their contributions in theory and applied work. The rankings are compared with a ranking in the general field of economics.
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 21 (1987), S. 257-282 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The management of public affairs in northeast India has been in focus in the regional, national and world press in recent years. Much of the attention has been confined to insurgency, the ‘foreign nationals’ issue, tribal ‘uprisings’, ‘brutalities’ committed by the security forces, ‘involvement’ of foreign agencies in the area, political ‘horse-trading’ and floods. There has been no analysis of the economic, cultural and demographic factors which have acquired different nuances in the wake of the rapid modernization taking place in the region since the 1950s and which have a decisive say on the formulation of policies and the efficacy of institutions of governance in northeast India. This paper proposes to offer some facts and reflections on these aspects.
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 21 (1987), S. 283-301 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: There seem to be at least two elusive concepts in the sociology of India: caste and communalism. On caste Eric Wolf makes the point eloquently: ‘The literature on the topic is labyrinthine, and the reader is not always sure there is light at the end of the tunnel’ (1982: 397). The sociological perspective on caste seems to be obscured by a great deal of confusion about the place of religious values and sentiments in Hindu society. According to Louis Dumont (1970: 6, 7), the primary object of the sociology of India should be a system of ideas and the approach that of a sociology of values. Since the religious ideology, on which the caste system is based in his view, seems to have been fixed already in the classical period of Indian civilization, caste becomes a static, a-historical phenomenon in Dumont's writing and in much of the debate originating from it (cf. Van der Veer 1985). The same may easily happen with that other most elusive concept of the sociology of India, communalism. Again Dumont can be our misleading guide here. He argues that ‘communalism is the affirmation of the religious community as a political group’ (1970: 90). In terms of their religious values and norms there is a lasting social heterogeneity of the Hindu and Muslim communities (95–8). This argument amounts to a ‘two-nation’ theory, based upon an a-historical sociology of values.
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 21 (1987), S. 349-369 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The social context of land endowed for the maintenance of temples in the Kandyan region of Sri Lanka has long been recognized by scholars as an important topic for historical and sociological research. Most historical writing on the subject is concerned with changes in government policy towards temple endowments after the imposition of British control in 1815. The first forty years of British rule have received more attention than any later period; consequently emphasis has been placed on the gradual of process British disengagement from the pre-colonial policy of close official involvement in the administration of temple land. This research has fruitfully illustrated tensions inherent to colonial rule in the early nineteenth century, especially the conflict between the religious beliefs of the colonizers and the desire to avoid unrest among non-Christians. However, little detailed research has been carried out on either official or popular attitudes towards temple endowments after the colonial government formally gave up its responsibility for their administration in the middle of the nineteenth century. As a result, the uneven and partial official movement towards a reassertion of government control in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries is usually portrayed as official recognition of earlier mistakes concerning disestablishment. This view does not take into account the considerable economic importance of the endowments. Changing official attitudes towards religion, as well as internal developments within Buddhism, did indeed influence government policy, but changes in economic policy and in the control and use of land were also important.
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 21 (1987), S. 389-415 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: M. N. Srinivas (1952) first introduced the concept of ‘Sanskritization’ for describing cultural and social change among the Coorgs of South India. More specifically, the term was used to explain the integration of Coorgs into Indian society through their adoption of various Sanskritbased beliefs and practices. It also referred to caste mobility, a process whereby the Coorgs attempted to raise their caste status by observing various rules of behavior as defined in Sanskritic scriptures and practiced by Brahmins. In elaborating this concept, Srinivas (1956, 1967) has sought to extend it to Indian society as a whole, focusing particularly on the problem of caste relations. He has emphasized that the extent of Sanskritization among the jātis of a region depends upon the character of the locally dominant caste. The latter provides an immediate model for the lower castes to emulate. In generalizing this concept, Srinivas has also attempted to assess the compatibility (and to some degree, conflict) between Sanskritization and Westernization.
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  • 43
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 21 (1987), S. 1-119 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This paper is a study of certain aspects of land tenure in late imperial China. An extensive literature has evolved in recent years on the relationship between traditional forms of landholding and rural social structure in the irrigated rice-growing areas of southeastern and central China. In particular, the pronounced separation of‘rights to the surface’ (tianmianquan) and ‘rights to the subsoil’ (tiandiquan), which was common in many regions until its elimination as a result of the land reform campaigns of the People's Republic during the early 1950s, has attracted the interest of a growing number of sinological historians and anthropologists. I analyze here some of the principal characteristics of this traditional Chinese method of dividing property rights in land as they were found in the pre-British New Territories of Hong Kong. I also give consideration to those areas of the existing literature which seem especially relevant to my interpretation of the local manifestations of this extremely important feature of Chinese social life.
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  • 44
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 21 (1987), S. 191-194 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 45
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 21 (1987), S. 198-200 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 46
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 21 (1987), S. 206-208 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 47
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 177-195 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: ‘I am of course opposed to the driving out of the Malay, but would rather have the land occupied and planted with rubber than lying absolutely uncultivated as it had been’. J. S. Mason, British Adviser Kelantan, 21.7.1911.
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  • 48
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 221-238 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The significance of the coup d'état of 1861 in late-Ch'ing history has been appraised by many scholars. A fairly typical viewpoint has been expressed by the eminent Chinese historian Wu Hsiang-hsiang: ‘Had there not been the coup of 1861, there would not have been the coup of 1898.’ One need not entertain the same degree of determinism to acknowledge, with Wu, that the coup of 1861 was important in its effects on the exercise of imperial power in later decades. The coup did, in fact, not only provide the immediate circumstances which favored an unprecedented experiment with the Ch'ing imperial form, namely, a regency formed by the empresses-dowager, but it did also enable the famous (or infamous) empress-dowager, Tz'u-hsi, to secure her rise to a supremacy in court affairs which ended only with her death in 1908. In view of this second development, scholars have long argued that Tz'u-hsi was both the mastermind and chief beneficiary of the coup, which was the product of her intrigues and manipulations. In fact, it has been called her (Yehonala's) coup d'état. While this view will presently be examined, my main purpose here is to define the nature of the political crisis from which the coup of 1861, as well as the idea of the female regency, originated. This, I believe, is one aspect of the subject that has not been sufficiently investigated.
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  • 49
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 313-331 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: If it is true that under the mantle of respectability accorded to the Indian epics and Purāāas one finds all manner of ribaldry and indecorous behavior, then perhaps when one delves into the ill-famed world of nauṭankī one will find a much more straightlaced and conservative view of reality than one might expect. Nauṭankī is the popular theatre tradition of the Hindi and Urdu speaking regions of North India, and in particular of Uttar Pradesh. For anyone beginning research on nauṭankī, the issue of its reputation is unavoidable. Hiraman, the innocent cartdriver in Phanishwarnath Renu's Hindi short story The Third Vow, knew from hearsay that nauṭankī shows were not a proper pastime, though he didn't quite know why, and the knowledge didn't prevent him from falling in love with a nauṭankī actress. Similarly, the Hindi drama critics, if they mention nauṭankī at all, repeat vague warnings; the form is crude and debased, not much can be expected from it. Rām Nārāyaā Agravāl, author of Sāngīt, the leading Hindi monograph on the subject, describes its current state as one of commercial ruin, artistic bankruptcy, and sexual display. Female Indian friends simply comment, ‘We were never allowed to see those plays,’ or ‘Why don't you study something nice?’
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 107-135 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: To call Chinese nationals who have emigrated abroad ‘overseas Chinese’ seems very natural, especially since most joined together to form communities of fellow nationals outside of China. (It is not always appropriate to include the children and grandchildren of these emigrants, however.) The term implies a uniformity to the communities that Crissman made explicit in a model which proposed to tie them together and link them to cities in China.
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  • 52
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 79-105 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The year 1927 marked the beginning of a new Anglo-Chinese relationship. The Northern Expedition had split the Nationalist camp into the Nanjing and the Wuhan régimes, both of which conducted a savage purge, one after the other, against the Communists. Especially the Nanjing régime, which ultimately triumphed over Wuhan, wrought a significant change in Guomindang foreign policy. In line with the purge against the Communists, and with the rise to power of the right wing and the military faction, the Guomindang abandoned mass movements and eschewed mob violence as far as possible as a means of achieving foreign policy objectives. Indeed, as it reviewed its position on anti-imperialism which had been an important element in the revolutionary movement during the period 1924–26, the Party reverted to a policy of international co-operation as an essential part of China's self-strengthening and reconstruction, and sought a peaceful solution to the decades-old question of treaty revision. This change is well illustrated by China's new relationship with Great Britain, which, in December 1926, had announced a new, conciliatory policy towards China after having for years been one of the chief targets of Chinese nationalism.
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  • 53
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 437-453 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: AbstractUsing reproduced inscription data the present study examines two social facets of the Chinese in nineteenth-century Singapore. The first facet pertains to group participation (economic and social) and it was found that the average amount of donations made by the Hokkiens to their subcommunal organizations was much higher than that given by the Cantonese and Hakkas.On the other hand, more Cantonese and Hakka people contributed to their subcommunal organizations. The interplay of differential economic status and organizational objectives is heuristic in explaining this discrepancy.The second facet is about leadership cohesiveness of the respective subcommunal leaders, and it is derived from percentage of deviant donors which comprises mean percentage of non donors and of cross line donors. The findings show that the Hakka subcommunal leaders were least cohesive, while those of the Chang-Ch'uan Hokkiens most among the four dialect groups being studied. Differential exposure to secret society influence is given as an important explanatory factor. Nepotism prevailing at the leadership hierarchy is also suggested as a crucial factor.
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  • 54
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 519-527 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 55
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 527-528 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 56
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 21 (1987), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 57
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 21 (1987), S. 625-637 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Before expounding the fundamental provisions of my report, I deem it necessary to make some preliminary remarks. In my opinion, they will help bring to light some reasons for the situation that took shape in the foreign trade of Russia and Britain with Asia in the seventeenth–nineteenth centuries.
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  • 58
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 21 (1987), S. 679-710 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In a recent and thought-provoking article, Dr Lakshmi Subramanian has forcefully made the case that, in the second half of the eighteenth century, the history of the West Coast of India in general and the history of the city of Surat in particular are explained by the rise of what she terms the ‘Anglo-Bania order’, namely ‘a mercantile and political order distinguished by the mutually beneficial cooperation of the English East India Company and the Bania bankers and merchants of Surat and Bombay’.More specifically, Dr Subramanian claims that the rise of the Anglo-Bania order is at the roots of the first Hindu—Muslim communal clash about which a reasonably good documentation has survived, namely the ‘great tumult’ of August 1795, when ‘the lower orders of the Muslim population fell upon the shops and houses of the Bania residents of the city, looting grain, demolishing the images of their gods and tearing up their account books’.
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  • 59
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 21 (1987), S. 751-771 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Though local and international trade is a main point on the agenda of any government and though economists build elaborate models around trade statistics, the social consequences of trade have hardly ever been explored in full by social scientists. This is particularly the case in Thailand where only a few studies of limited scope exist on traders, businessmen and markets. There is a reason for this lack of attention to trade. The series of post-war village studies, carried out mainly by anthropologists in isolated villages, stressed intra-village relations and neglected as a consequence larger networks of trade. The most important study on trade during that time was probably the work of Skinner (1962, 1967) on the Bangkok Chinese in which, however, ethnic relations rather than trade and business constituted the main theme of the study.
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  • 60
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 21 (1987), S. 821-824 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 61
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 21 (1987), S. 827-828 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 62
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 21 (1987), S. 1-3 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 63
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 35-57 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In north India in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries several great landed estates played a crucial part in the consolidation of imperial rule and in the support of the social and economic order. These estates have attracted considerable scholarly attention, but previous research has concentrated primarily on their relations with the colonial administraton and on their general intermediary role in north Indian society. The only study directly concerned with their internal affairs is Dr. P. J. Musgrave's ‘Landlords and Lords of the Land: Estate Management and Social Control in Uttar Pradesh 1860–1920’ (Modern Asian Studies, 6, 3 (1972), pp. 257–75), in which official sources are used as the basis for an account of the internal operations of the great estates in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. Hitherto the major obstacle to the examination of the administration of the great estates has been the absence of comprehensive estate records. Fortunately the extensive and well-organized archives of the Raj Darbhanga of Bihar recently have been opened to scholars. In this paper the Raj archives have been drawn upon to provide evidence for an account of the structure and operation of the administration of the Raj Darbhanga during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The paper argues that despite substantial difficulties the Raj Darbhanga effectively pursued its interests by means of a bureaucratic system of management and that therefore Dr Musgrave's conclusions concerning the limited power of the great landed estates need substantial qualification and correction.
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  • 64
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 137-163 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Although it is under the rule and administration of the British, Hong Kong is geographically, socially, economically and politically linked with China. The part played by Hong Kong in the 1911 Revolution has been noted in a number of works, published or unpublished. This paper, however, proposes to examine the role of the Hong Kong educated Chinese in the modernization of China, limiting the study to those who had attended schools in Hong Kong before 1911 and their activities in China during the late Ch'ing and early republican years. During these decades, the English education afforded in the Anglo-Chinese schools in Hong Kong succeeded not only in turning out people who later became leading citizens of the local community but also in producing Western-educated young men who went to China to be engaged in the imperial service, participating directly or indirectly in the various reform programmes in China; while still a greater number, having received some English education in Hong Kong, were recruited into the various modern schools in China to receive training for new careers—modern diplomacy, warfare, engineering, medicine, as well as modern communication and transportation. A number, however, played leading roles in the overthrow of the Manchu dynasty and in the establishment of the Republic of China—among them Dr Sun Yat-sen [...], father of the Republic and its first President, and Wang Ch'ung-hui [...], its first Foreign Minister.
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  • 65
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 21 (1987), S. 639-646 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The British Empire's colonial possession of India for many decades of the nineteenth century and in the first half of the twentieth century largely determined the Empire's economic and political pattern. Numerous books and articles on this subject have been written and still more speeches have been delivered, but the most clear-cut and all-round assessment of the significance for Britain of all-out exploitation of the Indian subcontinent and its population was given by Lord Curzon.
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  • 66
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 21 (1987), S. 667-678 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: As Britain saw it, trade was not the prime motivating force for Russian expansion in east Asia or, put another way, the Russian frontiersmen were not driven by the actual amount of their trade there or its future potentialities. While Russia was primarily concerned with the tea trade over land frontiers, Britain was concerned with the seaborne commerce of China. The customs revenue paid to China in the year 1894 worked out as follows:[...]Judging from the returns of the Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs Organization, British ships carried 83.5% of China's total trade. But Britain's commercial dominance affected her political stance because she wanted to preserve China's stability for most of the second half of the nineteenth century. This was at the root of the political tensions between Britain and Russia which emerged in China after 1860 and especially those which derived from the spate of railway building which took place from 1890 onwards. It would be foolish to deny that intense rivalry did exist in the area from time to time or that detailed observations of the actions of the one were regularly conducted by the other—what we should now call ‘intelligence operations’. But what I shall suggest in this paper is that, despite all the admitted antagonism and suspicion between Britain and Russia in east Asia, Britain regularly made efforts to reach accommodations with Russia in north-east Asia.
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  • 67
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 21 (1987), S. 773-792 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Although often well-written and carefully researched, many recent studies of the political history of Colonial Malaya seem dated. This is not to say that they are generally pro-British; nevertheless, when considered alongside historical work on many other areas of Southeast Asia, the ‘British Malayan’ histories appear ‘colonial’ in their preoccupations and perspectives. Why does so much Malayan history have this character? One cannot point to a lack of talent.
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  • 68
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 21 (1987), S. 824-827 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 69
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 70
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 21 (1987), S. 417-445 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The social history of the Chinese community in Singapore and Malaya in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries cannot be fully understood if aspects of class structure and social mobility are not examined. Of course, the social relations of the Chinese were principally determined by kinship and dialect ties, but they were also affected by class affiliations. Class status, like kinship and dialect relations distanted Chinese immigrants from one another. This paper seeks to examine the nature and structure of Chinese classes, class relations and the channels of social mobility in the Chinese community in Singapore and Malaya during the period between 1800 and 1911. The findings of this paper may be applicable to other overseas Chinese communities in the same period outside this region.
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 21 (1987), S. 521-545 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: M. D. Morris re-opened the debate on late nineteenth-century Indian economic history with a brace of powerful, though conjectural, revisionist articles in 1963 and 1966. He questioned the then prevailing orthodoxy which viewed the late nineteenth century as a period of increasing population pressure on the land (exacerbated by the atrophy of handicraft production), of holding fragmentation, declining per capita food availability, and inimical commercialization of agriculture. This interpretation had seen the position of a narrow mercantile and creditor elite improving, but the position of the mass of the rural population deteriorating, as evidenced by the terrible famines of 1876–80 and 1896–1900. Morris, influenced by D. Kumar's findings, contended that pressure on the soil did not increase excessively; that the influx of imported cloths merely skimmed off the broader increase in textile demand; and that agricultural output per capita increased as a result of extensions to the cropped area, political peace, growing regional specialization, and the increased sowing of valuable, high yielding cash crops.
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  • 72
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 21 (1987), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 73
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 21 (1987), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 21 (1987), S. 647-665 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Soviet writers have often claimed that there was no Russian threat to India. They have pointed, correctly, to the circumstance that no invasion attempt was ever launched and have stated that those projects which were canvassed were no more than the ideas of hotheaded generals and the like, were never adopted by the Russian Government and cannot be taken seriously. Further, they have pointed to the rejection of approaches made to Russian authorities by discontented Indians who sought Russian assistance in overthrowing British rule in India. Talk of the defence of British India, with its implication that there was a genuine Russian threat to be warded off, they argue, is more than misleading; it was a deception practised by nineteenth-century British rulers of India to disguise expansionist British aims in India and, beyond the Indian frontier, in the Persian Gulf, Iran, Afghanistan and Turkestan, and it is now a device employed by modern British historians to conceal the true nature of British imperialism in India and to blacken the reputation of Russia. They do not accept that British statesmen and military officers could genuinely have believed in the possibility of a Russian invasion of India; and they suppose that British historians are not so incompetent as to think that nineteenth-century Britons did believe that the threat was real.
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 21 (1987), S. 711-749 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Untouchable agricultural servants in the Indian countryside are among the lowliest people on earth. Such illiterate folk leave no written record to enable historians to comprehend their world from their own angle of vision. To write their history from below, historians have to search for contemporaneous observations which—even though made by an outsider—show some degree of empathy with their consciousness. The gifted novelist is able to enter recesses of the mind which elude the most acute scientific investigator. Among the several Bengali novels which have taken for their theme the wretched of the earth, perhaps the most empathetic is the Kahar Chronicle of Tarashankar Banerjee which thankfully avoids painting their life in unrelieved black. In Hansuli Banker Upakatha, the novelist, a small landlord in Birbhum district, descends to the bottom of rural society to give us—as far as possible for a gifted novelist of gentry origin—a view from within.
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  • 76
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 21 (1987), S. 793-819 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The movement to abolish the unequal treaties was the cause célèbre of Chinese nationalism after the First World War. It was an extension of the late Qing movement to retrieve the rights and interests (shouhui liquan yundong) that had been lost to the powers over the decades. Whereas the quintessence of the late Qing campaign was economic nationalism and the means it employed peaceful, the post-war drive was highly political and at times accompanied by a degree of violence. The Chinese determination, strengthened by Germany's and Austria's relinquishment of their treaty status, was a bond that united the whole nation from Beijing to Guangzhou (Canton) despite their domestic political differences.
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  • 77
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 21 (1987), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 78
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 21 (1987), S. 447-471 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Economists and economic historians have not devoted much time or effort to the analysis of premodern economies. Most scholars have tended to concentrate on the United States and Western Europe during the twentieth century. While a few persons have examined the economic development of premodern Europe (1000–1700 a.d.), almost no one has chosen to write about economic organization in the countries of Asia and Africa before 1800.
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  • 79
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 21 (1987), S. 473-510 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The pressing preoccupation of the British administration in the early decades of the nineteenth century to clip the wings of the malicious Indian shroffs (Bankers) and their manoeuvres and secret dealings was in sharp and in a sense valid contrast to their earlierperceptions of the Indian shroffs and their Hundi empire. By 1807, Mr Rickards, senior member of the Bombay establishment, was urging the Governor-General in Council to establisha General Bank whose operations would extend throughout India, facilitate remittances andcredit transfers from one part of the country to another, and above all ‘free the mercantile body from losses and inconveniences suffered in the exchange and from the artifices of shroffs’. Their ‘undue and pernicious influence over the course of trade and exchange’ could no longer be treated with forbearance, and the urgency of remedy was stressed. It was both strange and ironical that such advice should stem from a quarter where in the crucial years of political change and transition in the second half of the eighteenth century, the cooperation and intervention of the indigenous banking fraternity and their credit support had proved vital to the success of the Imperial strategy. The experience was admittedly not unique to Bombay and the English East India Company (hence-forth E.E.I.C) and in a sense the guarantee of local credit and the support of service groups for a variety of reasons, was clearly envisagedas a basic ingredient to state building in the eighteenth century.
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  • 80
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 21 (1987), S. 1-3 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 81
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 21 (1987), S. 209-231 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: On one of his many visits to India Kingsley Martin was once asked how he saw the prospects for Western Europe. His reply was that he was very optimistic as most of the leaders of Western Europe then were very old. If the transition from age to youth in national leadership is a sufficient basis for hope, we certainly have much to be grateful for in India. And our young Prime Minister has already struck a very responsive chord among large sections of Indian society by his promise of change. His mother had won the 1980 election on the promise of a ‘Government that works’. Mr Gandhi promised in 1984 a ‘Government that works faster’—thus heralding a promise of greater efficiency in general. When asked about the objective of his new Government, he used the now famous phrase that his objective was to take India into the twenty-first century. Taken at its face value, this was a rather vacuous phrase. It is not necessary for anyone to carry India, Atlas-like, into the twenty-first century. It would arrive at our doorstep in due course, as it will at everyone else's, and most probably without even a whimper.
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  • 82
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 21 (1987), S. 303-328 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The Government of India Act of 1935 was a constitutional device meant to extend the Raj's political alliances in Indian society. The Congress Party, on the other hand, construed the Act as a new challenge to the demand for independence. The authorities discovered that the Congress ministers’ primary loyalties lay with the imperatives of the party and not with the constitutional arrangement. Concern on this account was heightened by the resurgence of ground-level Congress activism. The Congress strengthened and expanded its volunteer organization while it governed the provinces. If the formal party institutions were weakened by corruption and factionalism during the ministry period, its grass-roots cadres were revitalized and mobilized opinion against compromises with the Raj, strengthening the ministers’ hands in any major clashes with the authorities. The latter were disturbed by links between the Congress ministers and party activity hostile to the Raj, even though a certain convergence of Congress and British interests kept the experiment of provincial autonomy going. The official response to this situation consisted, at one level, of making expedient concessions.But the authorities explored an alternative possibility as well. The Muslim League, which emerged as a mass party after 1937, was not exactly an ally, but it offered the most powerful resistance to the possibility of total mobilization under the Congress.
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  • 83
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 21 (1987), S. 371-387 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: A Common but curious sight of the Indian bazaar is the hijḍā, the ‘eunuch’ of Indian English. Obviously transvestites, the hijḍās beg from merchants who quickly, under threat of obscene abuse, respond to the silent demands of such detested individuals. On occasion, especially festival days, they press their claims with boisterous and ribald singing and dancing. Popular Indian opinion would label the hijḍās as nothing more than male prostitutes. Yet at the same time, and hinting at a more complex social function, they are expected if unwanted visitors at wedding parties and birth celebrations where they demand their share of the general largesse. Seen solely as one element in the fabric of contemporary society, the life of a hijḍā is surely ‘an alternative social role ... which cater[s] not only for the temperamental misfits but also for disavowed yet persistent needs of the community as a whole’. However, such characterizations are made without much investigation of the ‘alternative social role’. The vast Indian underworld—the low caste and outcaste; the beggars, touts, petty criminals, and prostitutes; and also the hijḍā—has been much neglected as a subject of serious scholarship.
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  • 84
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 21 (1987), S. 121-152 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: AbstractThe Foochow Navy Yard was founded in 1866 by Tso Tsung-t'ang with the assistance of two French naval officers. In their opinion, they had provided ample funding for the enterprise, which was to construct a modern naval dockyard and academy, to build sixteen gunboats, and to train the Chinese in all aspects of naval construction, marine engineering, navigation and command of the small squadron, all within a five-year period. By a liberal interpretation of the contract, Tso managed to commit the government to funding the project for a total of seven years, up to early 1874. Since the objectives were by and large attained by that date, one could say that the Navy Yard was a success.
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  • 85
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 21 (1987), S. 173-189 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The paper is divided into three parts. In the first part I discuss ethnographic accounts from the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries which concern the tribal Kurumbas of the Nilgiri Hills in South India. In the second part I present a brief profile of the Naiken, one of the Kurumba sub-groups with whom I conducted anthropological fieldwork between September 1978 and October 1979. The name Naiken is used by the people themselves and their immediate neighbours. In the literature they are often referred to as Jenu Kurumbas. In the final part of the paper, I critically re-examine the literature in the light of my field material and experience. Prior to my work none of the Nilgiri Kurumba groups have been subjected to intensive anthropological studies, although there are references to them, and in particular to their role visà-vis the other Nilgiri tribes in numerous accounts, including such seminal works as The Toda by W. H. R. Rivers (1906) and ‘Culture Change among the Nilgiri Tribes’ by Mandelbaum (1941). I suggest that the much-criticized early accounts by ‘amateur’ travellers, administrators, and planters may be more accurate than has been thought and perhaps even more revealing than the subsequent references up to the present offered by ‘professional’ anthropologists.
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 21 (1987), S. 195-198 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 21 (1987), S. 204-206 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 88
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 671-688 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 89
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 700-701 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 90
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 704-704 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 91
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 92
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 387-412 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Within the space of a few years a remarkable transformation took place in the taxation system of the Federated Malay States (FMS). Up until the early 1900s the British administration of these states relied, as had the sultans and chiefs from whom the British had taken control in the 1870s, on the revenue farm system for collecting many taxes. Most revenue farms were constituted according to the standard pattern found elsewhere in Southeast Asia at this time and in Europe up to the eighteenth century. The government granted a private contractor, the revenue farmer, the exclusive right to collect a certain tax in a specified area for a set number of years in return for a fixed rent, and the farmer kept for himself any money which he collected over and above what he owed the government in rent. A great variety of taxes were collected in this way. There were farms to collect the export duty on atap, firewood, timber, and rattan; most towns had market farms; and in Perak there was even a ‘farm of river turtle eggs’. But the most important farms were those which profited from what officials referred to as the ‘luxuries and vices’ of the immigrant Chinese community, particularly the workers who mined the tin which was the main source of wealth of these states.These farms were for the collection of the import duty on opium to be consume by Chinese in the mining districts of the interior, the sale of prepared opium (chandu) in coastal districts, the manufacture of spirits and the collection of the import duty on spirits, the right to run pawnshops, and the right to organize public gambling. Next to the export duty on tin, which the government collected itself, the income from these farms was the government's largest source of revenue. In the period 1890-94, 38.8 percent of the total revenue of the four states came from the export duty on tin and about 33 percent from the farms.2 But within the space of a few years the government abolished all the major farms, and by 1913 virtually none of the revenue of the FMS cam from revenue farms.
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  • 93
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 477-488 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Merchants in the Tokugawa period were placed at the bottom of the shinōkōshōhierarchy of samurai-peasants-artisans-merchants. This social hierarchy was produced by a combination of social reality at the time Japan was unified in the late sixteenth century and an ancient Chinese physiocratic theory, never taken very seriously, in practical ways, in China. Once the country was unified, the social mobility of the previous years, of a kind which permitted men of ability to climb from the lowest ranks to join the military nobility—Hideyoshi is the prime example of this mobility—was viewed, by Hideyoshi above all others, as a cause of prolonged chaos and internecine warfare. With the argument that war had been abolished and common people therefore no longer needed weapons, Hideyoshi carried out his ‘sword-hunt’. He thus established the most fundamental of the class distinctions, between the samurai, the ruling class, who now enjoyed a monopoly of bearing arms, and the common people, who were henceforth expected simply to produce the food and other necessities of life, and to pay their taxes, which remained high even though warfare was supposedly ended.
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  • 94
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 95
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 591-628 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In absolutist Europe the administrative device called ‘farming’ covered at most the collection of customs and a number of other indirect taxes. In contrast we find in India and in many Muslim states that, in addition to customs, indirect taxes, and a wide range of less important miscellaneous items, the land-revenue itself could be farmed as well. It is chiefly with that of the latter, as implemented by the Maratha government, that this article is concerned. We will attempt to show that a variety of forms of land-revenue farming prevailed not only under the much-discredited Baji Rao II, the last of the Peshwas, but was also of regular occurrence under comparatively paternalistic rulers like Madhav Rao I and Nana Fadnis, and in fact throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Secondly, it will be argued that revenue farming was either a characteristic response to crisis, or otherwise occurred only under frontier conditions.
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 698-700 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 701-702 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 413-435 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Malaysia's planning organization has become the institutional centrepiece of that country's development effort. Indeed, Malaysia ranks as one of the non-Communist developing countries where planning is most highly institutionalized. Malaysian planning evolved as an effective policy mechanism for directing the authoritative allocation of public resources towards declared developmental objectives. Despite this attachment to national planning, Malaysia remains a staunchly market-oriented, open, and predominantly private enterprise economy. Nevertheless, as the role of planning expanded, private sector activity became increasingly subject to policy interventions predicated upon the politically-determined goals of development planning.
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