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  • Articles  (65,660)
  • 1985-1989  (47,764)
  • 1980-1984  (17,896)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1989  (25,029)
  • 1987  (22,735)
  • 1983  (17,896)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (42,650)
  • Computer Science  (23,144)
Collection
Source
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Publisher
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  • 1985-1989  (47,764)
  • 1980-1984  (17,896)
  • 1925-1929
Year
Journal
Topic
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics of Tornadic Thunderstorms (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 19 (1987), S. 369-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.19.010187.002101
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic Fluids (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 19 (1987), S. 437-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.19.010187.002253
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recent Developments in Rapid-Distortion Theory (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 19 (1987), S. 531-573 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.19.010187.002531
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rarefaction Waves in Liquid and Gas-Liquid Media (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 19 (1987), S. 577-600 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.19.010187.003045
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Turbulence Control in Wall Flows (1989)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 21 (1989), S. 1-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.21.010189.000245
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mathematical Analysis of Viscoelastic Flows (1989)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 21 (1989), S. 21-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.21.010189.000321
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Boundary-Layer Receptivity to Long-Wave Free-Stream Disturbances (1989)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 21 (1989), S. 137-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.21.010189.001033
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Atmospheric Dispersion of Dense Gases (1989)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 21 (1989), S. 317-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.21.010189.001533
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ludwig Prandtl and His Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 19 (1987), S. 1-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.19.010187.000245
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Upstream Blocking and Airflow Over Mountains (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 19 (1987), S. 75-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.19.010187.000451
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Turbulent Secondary Flows (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 19 (1987), S. 53-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.19.010187.000413
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Description of Eddying Motions and Flow Patterns Using Critical-Point Concepts (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 19 (1987), S. 125-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.19.010187.001013
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viscoelastic Flows Through Contractions (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 19 (1987), S. 157-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.19.010187.001105
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viscous Fingering in Porous Media (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 19 (1987), S. 271-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.19.010187.001415
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermocapillary Instabilities (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 19 (1987), S. 403-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.19.010187.002155
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolated Eddy Models in Geophysics (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 19 (1987), S. 493-530 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.19.010187.002425
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hypervelocity Aerodynamics with Chemical Nonequilibrium (1989)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 21 (1989), S. 37-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.21.010189.000345
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biofluid Mechanics (1989)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 21 (1989), S. 167-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.21.010189.001123
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Turbulent Boundary-Layer Separation (1989)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 21 (1989), S. 205-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.21.010189.001225
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New Directions in Computational Fluid Dynamics (1989)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 21 (1989), S. 345-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.21.010189.002021
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rarefied Gas Dynamics (1989)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 21 (1989), S. 387-422 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.21.010189.002131
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Common Lisp (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 2 (1987), S. 1-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.02.060187.000245
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Emerging Paradigm of Computational Vision (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 2 (1987), S. 69-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.02.060187.000441
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Knowledge-Based Software Tools (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 2 (1987), S. 21-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.02.060187.000321
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computer Algebra Algorithms (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 2 (1987), S. 91-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.02.060187.000515
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Using Reasoning About Knowledge to Analyze Distributed Systems (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 2 (1987), S. 37-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.02.060187.000345
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Linear Programming (1986) (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 2 (1987), S. 119-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.02.060187.001003
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Logic, Problem Solving, and Deduction (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 2 (1987), S. 187-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.02.060187.001155
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Algorithmic Geometry of Numbers (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 2 (1987), S. 231-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.02.060187.001311
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Research on Automatic Verification of Finite-State Concurrent Systems (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 2 (1987), S. 269-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.02.060187.001413
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computer Applications in Education: A Historical Overview (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 2 (1987), S. 317-358 
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    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.02.060187.001533
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Planning (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 2 (1987), S. 359-400 
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    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.02.060187.002043
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Language Generation and Explanation (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 2 (1987), S. 401-449 
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    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.02.060187.002153
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  • 34
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    Search Techniques (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 2 (1987), S. 451-467 
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    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.02.060187.002315
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonmonotonic Reasoning (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 2 (1987), S. 147-186 
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    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.02.060187.001051
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  • 36
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    Techniques and Architectures for Fault-Tolerant Computing (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 2 (1987), S. 469-520 
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    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.02.060187.002345
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
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    Vision and Navigation for the Carnegie-Mellon Navlab (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 2 (1987), S. 521-556 
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    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.02.060187.002513
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
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    Network Protocols and Tools to Help Produce Them (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 2 (1987), S. 291-316 
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    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.02.060187.001451
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  • 39
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    Explicitly biased generalization (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: During incremental concept learning from examples, tentative hypotheses are formed and then modified to form new hypotheses. When there is a choice among hypotheses, bias is used to express a preference. Bias may be expressed by the choice of hypothesis language, it may be implemented as an evaluation function for selecting among hypotheses already generated, or it may consist of screening potential hypotheses prior to hypothesis generation. This paper describes the use of the third method. Bias is represented explicitly both as assumptions that reduce the space of potential hypotheses and as procedures for testing these assumptions. There are advantages gained by using explicit assumptions. One advantage is that the assumptions are meta-level hypotheses that are used to generate future, as well as to select between current, inductive hypotheses. By testing these meta-level hypotheses, a system gains the power to anticipate the form of future hypotheses. Furthermore, rigorous testing of these meta-level hypotheses before using them to generate inductive hypotheses avoids consistency checks of the inductive hypotheses. A second advantage of using explicit assumptions is that bias can be tested using a variety of learning methods.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00317.x
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
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    Knowledge acquisition by incremental learning from problem-solution pairs (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper describes LEW (learning by watching), an implementation of a novel learning technique, and discusses its application to the learning of plans. LEW is a domain-independent learning system with user-limited autonomy that is designed to provide robust performance in realistic knowledge acquisition tasks in a variety of domains. It partly automates the knowledge acquisition process for different knowledge types, such as concepts, rules, and plans. The inputs to the system, which we call cues, consist of an environmental component and of pairs containing a problem and its solution. Unlike traditional forms of “learning from examples”, in which the system uses the teacher's answer to improve the result of a prior generalization of an example, LEW treats the problem-solution or question-answer instances, i. e., the cues themselves, as the basic units for generalization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00316.x
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  • 41
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    Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00319.x
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    An investigation of modal structures as an alternative semantic basis for epistemic logics (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: In the past, Kripke structures have been used to specify the semantic theory of various modal logics. More recently, modal structures have been developed as an alternative to Kripke structures for providing the semantics of such logics. While these approaches are equivalent in a certain sense, it has been argued that modal structures provide a more appropriate basis for representing the modal notions of knowledge and belief. Since these notions, rather than the traditional notions of necessity and possibility, are of particular interest to artificial intelligence, it is of interest to examine the applicability and versatility of these structures. This paper presents an investigation of modal structures by examining how they may be extended to account for generalizations of Kripke structures. To begin with, we present an alternative formulation of modal structures in terms of trees; this formulation emphasizes the relation between Kripke structures and modal structures, by showing how the latter may be obtained from the former by means of a three-step transformation. Following this, we show how modal structures may be extended to represent generalizations of possible worlds, and to represent generalizations of accessibility between possible worlds. Lastly, we show how modal structures may be used in the case of a full first-order system. In all cases, the extensions are shown to be equivalent to the corresponding extension of Kripke structures.
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    Expressing unrestricted grammars by extended definite clause grammars (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A definition of extended definite clause grammars and their relationship to unrestricted grammars are presented. A method for translating extended definite clause grammars describing unrestricted grammars into executable prolog programs is given. Three different parsing techniques are presented, and for each a complete presentation of how to incorporate unrestricted grammars in the actual formalism is done. Extended definite clause grammar is a powerful formalism usable for specifying grammars in natural language processing systems.
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    Qualitative data modeling: application of a mechanism for interpreting graphical data (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper describes a qualitative technique for interpreting graphical data. Given a set of numerical observations regarding the behaviour of a system, its attributes can be determined by plotting the data and qualitatively comparing the shape of the resulting graph with graphs of system behaviour models. Qualitative data modeling incorporates techniques from pattern recognition and qualitative reasoning to characterize observed data, generate hypothetical interpretations, and select models that best fit the shape of the data. Domain-specific knowledge may be used to substantiate or refute the likelihood of hypothesized interpretations. The basic data modeling technique is domain independent and is applicable to a wide range of problems. It is illustrated here in the context of a knowledge-based system for well test interpretation.
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    Curved Mondrians: shading analysis of patterned objects (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Most shape-from-shading methods assume that surface reflectance is constant within large image regions. This assumption is violated in natural scenes with objects made from different materials. We present a more general method for recovering shape from shading, assuming that surfaces are smooth and albedo is piecewise constant, as would be the case if a Mondrian image was painted on a smooth curved surface. Our method is based on combining Brooks and Horn's method for shape recovery with the recovery of albedo using stochastic relaxation.
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    Use of multilayer networks for the recognition of phonetic features and phonemes (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Artificial neural networks capable of doing hard learning offer a new way to undertake automatic speech recognition. The Boltzmann machine algorithm and the error back-propagation algorithm have been used to perform speaker normalization. Spectral segments are represented by spectral lines. Speaker-independent recognition of place of articulation for vowels is performed on lines. Performance of the networks is shown to depend on the coding of the input data. Samples were extracted from continuous speech of 38 speakers. The error rate obtained (4.2% error on test set of 72 samples with the Boltzmann machine and 6.9% error with error back-propagation) is better than that of previous experiments, using the same data, with continuous Hidden Markov Models (7.3% error on test set and 3% error on training set). These experiments are part of an attempt to construct a data-driven speech recognition system with multiple neural networks specialized to different tasks. Results are also reported on the recognition performance of other trained networks, such as one trained on the E-set consonants.
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    Likelihood, probability, and knowledge (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The modal logic LL was introduced by Halpern and Rabin as a means of doing qualitative reasoning about likelihood. Here the relationship between LL and probability theory is examined. It is shown that there is a way of translating probability assertions into LL in a sound manner, so that LL in some sense can capture the probabilistic interpretation of likelihood. However, the translation is subtle; several more obvious attempts are shown to lead to inconsistencies. We also extend LL by adding modal operators for knowledge. This allows us to reason about the interaction between knowledge and likelihood. The propositional version of the resulting logic LLK is shown to have a complete axiomatization and to be decidable in exponential time, provably the best possible.
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    A model for reasoning about persistence and causation (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Reasoning about change requires predicting how long a proposition, having become true, will continue to be so. Lacking perfect knowledge, an agent may be constrained to believe that a proposition persists indefinitely simply because there is no way for the agent to infer a contravening proposition with certainty. In this paper, we describe a model of causal reasoning that accounts for knowledge concerning cause-and-effect relationships and knowledge concerning the tendency for propositions to persist or not as a function of time passing. Our model has a natural encoding in the form of a network representation for probabilistic models. We consider the computational properties of our model by reviewing recent advances in computing the consequences of models encoded in this network representation. Finally, we discuss how our probabilistic model addresses certain classical problems in temporal reasoning (e. g., the frame and qualification problems).
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    Constructive belief and rational representation (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: It is commonplace in artificial intelligence to divide an agent's explicit beliefs into two parts: the beliefs explicitly represented or manifest in memory, and the implicitly represented or constructive beliefs that are repeatedly reconstructed when needed rather than memorized. Many theories of knowledge view the relation between manifest and constructive beliefs as a logical relation, with the manifest beliefs representing the constructive beliefs through a logic of belief. This view, however, limits the ability of a theory to treat incomplete or inconsistent sets of beliefs in useful ways. We argue that a more illuminating view is that belief is the result of rational representation. In this theory, the agent obtains its constructive beliefs by using its manifest beliefs and preferences to rationally (in the sense of decision theory) choose the most useful conclusions indicated by the manifest beliefs.
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    Automatic program debugging for intelligent tutoring systems (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Program debugging is an important part of the domain expertise required for intelligent tutoring systems that teach programming languages. This article explores the process by which student programs can be automatically debugged in order to increase the instructional capabilities of these systems. The research presented provides a methodology and implementation for the diagnosis and correction of nontrivial recursive programs. In this approach, recursive programs are debugged by repairing induction proofs in the Boyer-Moore logic. The induction proofs constructed and debugged assert the computational équivalence of student programs to correct exemplar solutions. Exemplar solutions not only specify correct implementations but also provide correct code to replace buggy student code. Bugs in student code are repaired with heuristics that attempt to minimize the scope of repair.The automated debugging of student code is greatly complicated by the tremendous variability that arises in student solutions to nontrivial tasks. This variability can be coped with, and debugging performance improved, by explicit reasoning about computational semantics during the debugging process. This article supports these claims by discussing the design, implementation, and evaluation of Talus, an automatic debugger for LISP programs, and by examining related work in automated program debugging.Talus relies on its abilities to reason about computational semantics to perform algorithm recognition, infer code teleology, and to automatically detect and correct nonsyntactic errors in student programs written in a restricted, but nontrivial, subset of LISP. Solutions can vary significantly in algorithm, functional decomposition, role of variables, data flow, control flow, values returned by functions, LISP primitives used, and identifiers used. Solutions can consist of multiple functions, each containing multiple bugs. Empiricial evaluation demonstrates that Talus achieves high performance in debugging widely varying student solutions to challenging tasks.
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    An architecture for a self-improving instructional planner for intelligent tutoring systems (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Machine instructional planners use changing and uncertain data to incrementally configure plans and control the execution and dynamic refinement of these plans. Current instructional planners cannot adequately plan, replan, and monitor the delivery of instruction. This is due in part to the fact that current instructional planners are incapable of planning in a global context, developing competing plans in parallel, monitoring their planning behavior, and dynamically adapting their control behavior. In response to these and other deficiencies of instructional planners a generic system architecture based on the blackboard model was implemented. This self-improving instructional planner (SUP) dynamically creates instructional plans, requests execution of these plans, replans, and improves its planning behavior based on a student's responses to tutoring. Global planning was facilitated by explicitly representing decisions about past, current, and future plans on a global data structure called the plan blackboard. Planning in multiple worlds is facilitated by labeling plan decisions by the context in which they were generated. Plan monitoring was implemented as a set of monitoring knowledge sources. The flexible control capability for instructional planner was adapted from the blackboard architecture BB1. The explicit control structure of SUP enabled complex and flexible planning behavior while maintaining a simple planning architecture.
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    Meaning representation in Montague grammar and situation semantics (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper compares certain aspects of situation semantics and Montague grammar and points out some issues related to natural language programming. It provides and introduction to certain basic concepts of situation semantics and makes some tentative claims about possible advantages of situation semantics.
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    A critique of pure reason (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    The myth of the one true logic (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1987.tb00187.x
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    Logic and explanation (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    Commentary on McDermott (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    The use of logic (1987)
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    Must logicists become programmers? (1987)
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    The logicist conception of knowledge is too narrow—but so is McDermott's (1987)
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    Two lessons of logic (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    Similarity-based learning and its extensions (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper synthesizes a number of approaches to concept representation and learning in a multilayered model. The paper emphasizes what has been called similarity-based learning (SBL) from examples, although this review is extended to address wider issues. The paper pays particular attention to requirements for incremental and uncertain environments, and to interrelationships among concept purpose, concept representation, and concept learning.One goal of the paper is to unite some of the notions underlying recent research, in an attempt to construct a more complete and extensible framework. This framework is designed to capture representations and methods such as those based on hypothesis search and bias selection, and to extend the ideas for greater system capability. This leads to a specific perspective for multilayered learning which has several advantages, such as greater clarity, more uniform learning, and more powerful induction.The approach clarifies and unifies various aspects of the problem of concept learning. Some results'are (1) Various concept representations (such as logic, prototypes, and decision trees) are subsumed by a standard form which is well suited to learning, particularly in incremental and uncertain environments; (2) Concept learning may be enhanced by exploiting a particular phenomenon in many spaces-this phenomenon is a certain kind of smoothness or regularity, one instance of which underlies the similarity in SBL systems; (3) The paper treats the phenomenon in a general way and applies it hierarchically. This has various advantages of uniformity. For example the model allows layered learning algorithms for concept learning all to be instantiations of one basic algorithm. A single kind of representation (an instantiation of the standard form) is prominent at each level. The combination of representation and algorithm allows fast, accurate, concise, and robust concept learning.
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    Learning to control a dynamic physical system (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper presents an approach to learning to control a dynamic physical system. The approach has been implemented in a program named CART, and applied to a simple physical system studied previously by several researchers. Experiments illustrate that a control method is learned in about 16 trials, an improvement over previous learning programs.
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    A foundational approach to autonomous knowledge acquisition (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A formal, foundational approach to autonomous knowledge acquisition is presented. In particular, “learning from examples” and “learning from being told” and the relation of these approaches to first-order representation systems are investigated. It is assumed initially that the only information available for acquisition is a stream of facts, or ground atomic formulae, describing a domain. On the basis of this information, hypotheses expressed in set-theoretic terms and concerning the application domain may be proposed. As further instances are received, the hypothesized relations may be modified or discarded, and new relations formed. The intent though is to characterize those hypotheses that may potentially be formed, rather than to specify the subset of the hypotheses that, for whatever reason, should be held.Formal systems are derived by means of which the set of potential hypotheses is precisely specified, and a procedure is derived for restoring the consistency of a set of hypotheses after conflicting evidence is encountered. In addition, this work is extended to where a learning system may be “told” arbitrary sentences concerning a domain. Included in this is an investigation of the relation between acquiring knowledge and reasoning deductively. However, the interaction of these approaches leads to immediate difficulties which likely require informal, pragmatic techniques for their resolution. The overall framework is intended both as a foundation for investigating autonomous approaches to learning and as a basis for the development of such autonomous systems.
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    A computational theory of motor learning (1987)
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: In this paper we present a computational theory of human motor performance and learning. The theory is implemented as a running AI system called MAGGIE. Given a description of a desired movement as input, the system generates simulated motor behavior as output. The theory states mat skills are encoded as motor schemas, which specify the positions and velocities of a limb at selected points in time. Moreover, there exist two natural representations for such knowledge; viewer-centered schemas describe visually perceived behavior, arid joint-centered schemas are used to generate behavior. When the model acts upon these two representational formats, they exhibit quite different behavioral characteristics. MAGGIE performs the desired movement within a feedback control paradigm, monitoring for errors and correcting them when it detects them. Learning involves improving the joint-centered schema over many practice trials; this reduces the need for monitoring. The model accounts for a number of well-documented motor phenomena, including the speed-accuracy trade-off and the gradual improvement in performance with practice. It also makes several testable predictions. We close with a discussion of the theory's strengths and weaknesses, along with directions for future research.
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    A reasoning-based approach to machine learning (1987)
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper describes a novel approach to machine learning, based on the principle of learning by reasoning. Current learning systems have significant limitations such as brittleness, i.e., the deterioration of performance on a different domain or problem and lack of power required for handling real-world learning problems. The goal of our research was to develop an approach in which many of these limitations are overcome in a unified, coherent and general framework. Our learning approach is based on principles of reasoning, such as the discovery of the underlying principle and the recognition of the deeper basis of similarity, which is somewhat akin to human learning. In this paper, we argue the importance of these principles and tie the limitations of current systems to the lack of application of these principles. We then present the technique developed and illustrate it on a learning problem not directly solvable by previous approaches.
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    An expert system for experimental design in off-line quality control (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Robust design is an efficient method for designing high quality products at low cost. The method examines the effect of a large number of design factors on the variability of a product's response due to various sources of disturbance. This effect can be observed efficiently by studying a large number of variables simultaneously through balanced, orthogonal array experiments, and by analyzing the resulting data using variance decomposition methods. In this paper we describe an expert system prototype for designing efficient experiments. Given the information on various parameters and their levels, the system designs an experiment using orthogonal arrays. This expert system is implemented in Prolog, which is a logic programming language for artificial intelligence research and expert systems development. The system was implemented under the P-Shell knowledge programming environment on UNIX.
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    AIME‘89, Second European Conference on AI in Medicine, City University, London, 27–31 August 1989 (1989)
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    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
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    Human operators and real-time expert systems (1989)
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    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: This paper describes and examines real-time expert systems from the perspective of their users. It categorizes real-time expert systems according to a three-component system consisting of an expert system, a user and a process being controlled, by considering all possible arrangements of information flow between the components, and uses this classification as a basis for reviewing real-time expert systems. The focus of interest lies in those characteristics of real-time expert systems which impinge on users, especially as they have been discussed by computer scientists. After critically examining these claims, the paper discusses the interaction between systems and users at the perceptual/motor, cognitive and supervisory levels. It concludes by arguing that the successful design and installation of real-time expert systems require the application of ergonomics techniques to provide for efficient and accurate user-system interaction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00147.x
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    XpertRule advanced (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: XpertRule is an expert-systems development environment authored by Dr Akeel Al-Attar. It runs on IBM PC, XT and AT computers and close compatibles. This review was carried out on an Opus V AT-class machine running at 10 Mhz with EGA, 1 Mb RAM and a 30Mb hard disk. The package costs £995 and can be obtained from Attar Software Ltd, Newlands Road, Leigh, Lancashire WN7 4HN, England. Tel: +44 (0)942 608844.
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    Collating real-time market indicators through a temporal paradigm (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: This is an endeavour to amalgamate temporal logics with financial problems. By utilising real strategies, it takes cognisance that ‘generic’ trading systems can be creative. In the financial market, time is a critical vector. Accordingly, trading decisions have to be specific and any advice controlled. Reichgelt's two-tier reified temporal logic seems to offer a favourable pliancy for tracking such a capricious market. The external modal language, TM, is friendly and simple but expressive. It allows the outside world to be related by three primitives: AT, P(ast) and F(uture). The internal meta-language, TR, permitting time points, allows TM's effect to be developed with precision.
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    Interviewed for Expert Systems by Kenneth Owen (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    Book Reviews (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Applications of expert systems: Volume 2. J. Ross Quinlan (Ed.).Expert Systems Architectures, L. Johnson and E. T. Keravnou.
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    LUCVAR: a computer-based consultation system for selecting lucerne (alfalfa) varieties (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Computer operated knowledge bases provide a means of rapidly providing agricultural producers with concise up-to-date information, which can be used to assist their decision making process. This paper reports on one such system, LUCVAR, which provides advice on the best lucerne varieties for a farmer to grow. The development and organisation of the knowledge base are outlined and examples are used to show the rule structures. A sample consultation is provided to demonstrate the interactive nature of the knowledge base.
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    Seventh annual conference on applied experimental psychology, Friday 5 May 1989, Adelphi University, New York, USA; Expert systems and the psychology of expertise (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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  • 75
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    Development tools (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    Lisp news (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    PEOPL: A knowledge-based system for the evaluation of personnel (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: A project is underway to increase the effective use of personnel by creating a knowledge-based assistant for supervisors. The Programmed Evaluation of Personnel (PEOPL) is designed to permit the combination of quantitative and qualitative data to standardize supervisory ratings. The full scope of the project will combine subjective experience with data from psychological research which assesses employee performance. Peopl combines heuristic, subjective experience with experimental data to establish performance standards for use in a comprehensive system for personnel use. In this way, organizations can assess corporate needs, evaluate the current pool of employees, place them where they may be used more efficiently, and determine what jobs remain undone.
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    Expert systems in the United Kingdom: an evaluation of development methodologies (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: This paper discusses the results of a survey of ES producers conducted between October 1987 and June 1988 as part of a British Library Research and Development Department funded project. The survey aimed to establish the nature and scope of ES projects in Britain, the skills and methodologies used in their development and the background and experience of the personnel employed to develop them. A major part of the survey focused on the human input and organisational impact of ESs and this paper summarises the findings of the survey with particular reference to these issues. It includes details of the organisational background of those working in the area; a review of the nature, number and scope of ES projects in Britain; consultation procedures with both users and experts; the knowledge engineering task and methodologies currently used in undertaking it; the skills and attributes of the knowledge engineer; issues of updating and extending ESs; and hopes, projections and expectations for the future.
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    Neural Works Professional II (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Neural Works Professional II is a neuro-computing development environment authored by Casimir ‘Casey’ Klimasauskas of Neural Ware Inc. It runs on IBM PC, XT and AT computers and close compatibles under MS/DOS 2.0 or higher. This review was carried out on an Opus V AT-class machine running at 10 Mhz with EGA, 1 Mb RAM and a 30-megabyte hard disk. The package costs $2250 (there is a Sun/Unix version at /2600), and can be obtained from Neural Ware Inc., 103 Buckskin Court, Sewickley, PA 15143, USA. Tel: (412) 741-5959. In the United Kingdom the price is £ 1350 and it is distributed by Scientific Computers Ltd., Victoria Road, Burgess Hill, Sussex, RH15 9LW, England. Tel: (04446) 5101.
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    Hardware news (1989)
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    Expert Systems‘88 (Brighton, 12–15 December 1988) (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    Development Tools (1989)
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    Book Reviews (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Book reviewd in this article: The Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence. (two volumes). Ed. S. C. Shapiro und D. Eckroth. Expert Systems 1986, Volume 1: the USA and Canada. J. Hewett and R. Susson, Ovum, 1986. Commercial Expert Systems in Europe. J. Newett, S. Timms and G. d'Aumale, Ovum, 1986.
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    The problem of implicit knowledge (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 4 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Recognising the existence of different forms of knowledge is a first step towards effective knowledge elicitation. This article takes a brief look at some of the different types of knowledge which human experts possess and then focusses on the problem of implicit knowledge.The fact that much of an expert's knowledge is implicit or tacit in nature is a major problem for those working in the area of knowledge elicitation. Despite this, the topic has attracted little discussion or research. The present article reviews some of the limited literature on the topic and attempts to settle some of the confusion over what implicit knowledge is, or might be. Relevant experiments from the psychological literature are discussed. The paper also looks at possible ways of assessing implicit knowledge and makes recommendations for future research in this area.
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    Expertise in assessing solvency problems (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 4 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: The nature of expertise required in evaluating an economic entity's solvency position is investigated. The decision perspective chosen is that of the independent auditor as s/ he ponders the appropriate opinion to render on the financial statements of an entity in financial distress. Verbal protocols were collected from two Big Eight public accounting firm audit partners with experience in making this type of decision. A comprehensive, two part case was designed reflecting the information available to the auditor at separate two points in time. The protocol analysis yielded several levels of representation. The first was a general model of the opinion decision which, in effect, suggested that a ‘normative model’ of the entity under evaluation was constructed and then compared with the actual information about the entity. The process appeared somewhat akin to medical diagnosis. The next level of analysis involved the general classifications of technical knowledge which represented primitive or intermediate decisions within a hierarchical branching structure. Seven major technical model classifications were identified. The next level was referred to as the IF-THEN rule categories representing decision expertise. General categories included knowledge of business, knowledge of accounting/auditing and current state indicators. These represent the general framework within which the technical knowledge was instantiated. Five primary category frequencies were identified: comparison, evaluation, scenario, rule and recall/review.
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    RECENT ARTICLES (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1987.tb00145.x
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    News (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Supporting the programmer of a rule based language (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 4 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: In this paper we take up the plight of the programmer of a rule based language. Our focus is on the type of development environment that is most supportive of such programmers. Our view will be that programming is programming, whether it be with a rule based, functional or imperative language. While it is true that rule based languages have strong links to the Expert Systems field, our discussion in this paper has less to do with ‘expert systems’ per se/〉, and more to do with the view of rule based languages as yet another computational paradigm, often included under the same roof with non-rule-based languages. Just as programming environment research has progressed for non-rule-based languages, we would like to build more powerful environments in the rule based world as well. We report here on an attempt to build such an environment./〉
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    News (1987)
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    RECENT ARTICLES (1987)
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    An integrated knowledge representation scheme for expert systems (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 4 (1987), S. 0 
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    Notes: Abstract The purpose of knowledge representation for an expert system is to specify functions to be performed by the system. In this paper, a knowledge representation scheme which mutually combines procedures, functions, production rules and Horn clauses is outlined. Its knowledge representation model is an imaginary organisation for performing functions of a target system, where a number of members try to solve given problems systematically. Knowledge is distributed to each of the members with considerable modularity. Functional specification of expert systems would be performed with less difficulty.
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    Software Review Expertech Xi Plus (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Notes: Xi Plus is an expert systems development tool supplied by Expertech Ltd. It costs $1,250 (in the United States) or $1,250 (in Europe), and is intended for IBM-compatible personal computers. It may be obtained from: Expertech Ltd., Expertech House, 172 Bath Road, Slough SL1 3XE, England. Tel: 0753 821321.
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    Conference Report AI Europa‘86 (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Dr Donald Waterman (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    KEE (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Notes: KEE is produced by IntelliCorp Inc., 1975 El Camino Real West, Mountain View, CA 94040-2216, USA and IntelliCorp Ltd., Runnymede Malthouse, Runnymede Road, Egham, Surrey, TW20 9BO, England.
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    Expert systems and the man-machine interface. Part Two: The user interface. (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    Notes: Abstract This is the second part of a report which looks at expert systems and the man-machine interface (mmi). The term ‘mmi’ is interpreted in a fairly broad sense to include knowledge acquisition and cognitive aspects of the user interface. Part One of the report (published in the previous issue of Expert Systems) examines what is currently happening in the area of knowledge acquisition in Britain and asks whether it really is the major bottleneck in the production of expert systems.Part Two of the report looks at cognitive aspects of the user interface, including dialogue control, explanation facilities, user models, natural language processing and the effects of new technology. It also considers the very important question of evaluation. Again the report is concerned with what is actually happening in these areas in Britain today.
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    Knowledge engineering in the computer-aided design of control systems (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Notes: Abstract: MAID is an expert system for the computer-aided design of control systems. It is developed in conjunction with the successful application of a systematic control system design technique. The design problem has been decomposed into sub-problems, resulting in good modularity of design knowledge. Interactive design and the designer's intuition are emphasized. MAID, which acts as a designer's assistant, was developed using the expert systems development facility provided within a control system design package. The coupling of symbolic and numerical processing was carried out in a natural way.
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    The validation and testing of medical decision-aids; Meeting held by the British Medical Informatics Society at the IBM (UK) Scientific Centre, Winchester, 22 February 1989 (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    News (1989)
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    Diary (1989)
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