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  • Articles  (276)
  • Chemical Engineering  (276)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • 1980-1984  (276)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1982  (276)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (276)
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  • Articles  (276)
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  • 1980-1984  (276)
  • 1940-1944
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Addition polyimide adhesives containing various end groups (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 9-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Addition polyimide oligomers have been synthesized from 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride and 3,3′-methylenedianiline using a variety of latent crosslinking groups as end-caps. The nominal 1300 molecular weight imide prepolymers were isolated and characterized for solubility in amide, chlorinated and ether solvents, melt-flow and cure properties, glass transition temperature, and thermal stability on heating in an air atmosphere. Adhesive strengths of the polyimides were obtained both at ambient and elevated temperatures before and after aging at 232°C. Properties of the novel addition polyimides were compared to a known nadic end-capped adhesive, LARC-13.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220103
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High modulus semi-crystalline polymers by solid state rolling (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 27-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Solid state rolling of semi-crystalline polymers is shown to be an effective method of producing high strength, high modulus tape at acceptable production rates. High density polyethylene tape was produced having a tensile strength exceeding 300 MPa and a tensile modulus of 8.7 GPa at production rates exceeding 8 m/min. A significant factor in producing highly oriented tape by the rolling process is roll temperature. Increasing the roll temperature from 25°C to 125°C not only increases the maximum extent of orientation achievable, but increases the mechanical properties at a given degree of thickness reduction. Internal frictional heat development limited the maximum thickness reduction ratio of polypropylene to 6.6:1. This reduction was reached by rolling at 150°C. The resultant tape had a tensile modulus of 5.1 GPa and a tensile strength of 300 MPa.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220105
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Residual stresses in polymers I: The effect of thermal historyThe availability of appropriate illustrations has led to publication in this journal of Part II (Vol. 21, NO. 15, page 997) p or to this Part I. (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 40-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The distribution of residual stresses in quenched modified poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) specimens was investigated. Quenching was carried out from temperature level above Tg to various temperatures below Tg. As expected, compressive stresses were measured at the surface layers while tensile stresses were in the inner layers. The ratio between the tensile and compressive stresses varied, depending on the thermal history. The level of residual surface stresses was found to depend on both the total temperature difference during cooling and the initial specimen temperature. At constant initial temperature the surface stresses are proportional to the total temperature difference, whereas, at constant final temperature the surface stresses are inversely proportional to the total temperature difference. An empirical correlation describing the surface stresses as a function of thermal history has been suggested. The differences between present theories and experimental data are discussed. emphasizing the apparent discrepancy regarding the influence of initial temperature above Tg on the level of residual stresses.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220107
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of non-polar polymer solutions: An introduction (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 58-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The phase behavior at high temperatures of non-polar polymer solutions is discussed in a qualitative way in terms of the free volume theory of liquids developed by Prigogine, Patterson and Flory. This theory is necessary to explain the existence of a Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST) in non-polar polymer solutions and the related exothermic heats of mixing. The classical theory of polymer solutions and its limits is first reviewed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220203
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The transesterification of bisphenol-a polycarbonate (PC) and polybutylene terephthalate (PBTP): A new route to block copolycondensates (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 229-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In this work, the exchange reaction taking place in molten blends of bisphenol-A polycarbonate and polybutylene terephthalate was studied. A direct transesterification mechanism catalyzed by titanium residues, present in commercial PBTP, was deduced. The transesterification reaction can be -stopped at various levels by additives capable of complexing the titanium catalyst.This work enhances the possibility of a new approach in macromolecular engineering by directly combining polycondensates in a processing machine such as an extruder.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220403
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An analysis of thermal warpage in injection molded flat parts due to unbalanced cooling (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 241-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: To illustrate the potential effect of unbalanced cooling on warpage of flat parts, a simplified two-part analysis is presented. First a computational model for amorphous polymers cooling in an injection molding cavity is presented. The simulation is a finite difference solution of the one-dimensional, transient heat conduction equation with constant material properties. Plastic and mold temperature profiles are calculated through the cooling cycle and the transients from cycle to cycle are included. Temperatures are predicted for both sides of the mold allowing asymmetrical cooling to be analyzed. The model is verified analytically and is in agreement with published data. Secondly, a simplified method of predicting the thermal warpage of a fiat part from calculated temperature profiles is discussed and illustrated. The relative effects on calculated part warpage of asymmetric mold geometry and cooling fluid temperature are predicted with this analysis method. The sensitivity of warpage to these design factors is illustrated for an example part.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220405
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some rheological aspects of fracture in thermoforming (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 265-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper focuses on several aspects of drawability, including the interactions between material parameters, operating temperatures, and frictional properties of the material. The deep draw process for a molten plastic sheet can be described by a simplified model using the characteristics of the normal stress as a lumped parameter. A rapid evaluation of the draw ratio and mold closing speed can be obtained by systematically drawing a series of three draw ratios. The fracture mode should then be examined to determine the appropriateness of molding temperatures. Therefore the maximum attainable draw ratio can be calculated from the elongational viscosity data. To support the analysis, data is provided on the formation of a cup with polystyrene sheets and using Maxwell extensional model as an example.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220409
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220501
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anisotropy and dimensions of blow-molded polyethylene bottles (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 287-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A commercial blow-molding grade, high-density polyethylene resin was employed to produce cylindrical bottles in a commercial reciprocating screw-extrusion blow-molding machine. The distributions of thickness, crystallinity, birefringence, and impact strength were obtained at various positions. The thickness is greatest near the parting lines, while minimum thickness occurs at the top and bottom of the bottle. The thickness tends to be uniform in the middle section, in agreement with earlier studies of the parison during processing. Density and crystallinity distributions are closely associated with the distribution of thickness and its effect on the cooling rates prevailing during molding. Frozen stresses and birefringence are largest at the outer surface, where cooling rates are highest. The impact strength is lowest near the parting line. Photomicrographs suggest that this is associated with internal flow and crystallization phenomena.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220504
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Model of steady-state melt spinning at intermediate take-up speedsPresented at 2nd Joint Meeting of U.S. and Japanese Rheological Societies, Kona, Hawaii, April 6-9, 1979. (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 292-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A model of melt spinning has been developed for speeds above which the effects of gravity, inertia, and aerodynamic drag become significant. The model has as an upper bound the speed at which stress crystallization begins to occur on the spin line. For poly(ethylene terephthalate), these velocities are approximately 750 and 3500 meters/minute. The calculated temperature and velocity profiles are shown to agree with measured values. The stress at the freeze point is calculated and found to correlate well with the spun yarn birefringence which, in turn, is shown to predict uniquely the spun yarn physical properties on a “simple” spin line. The stress-optical coefficient derived from the calculated stress at the freeze point and measured birefringence agrees well with the literature.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220505
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220601
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    The principles of pipe-line design for molten poly(ethylene terephthalate) (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 141-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The flow of molten poly(ethylene terephthalate) in pipes is discussed. The considerations made are based on the results of previous investigations by the authors, concerning the rheological behavior of the melt which exhibits thermal degradation. A procedure is proposed which enables the design of a pipe-line system for the distribution of molten, spinnable poly(ethylene terephthalate) in a fiber plant to be made.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220302
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Shear-induced anisotropy in thermal conductivity of a polyethylene melt (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 154-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A rotating concentric-cylinder thermal conductivity cell for polymer liquids is described. Thermal conductivity can be measured at temperatures approaching 200°C and at strain rates up to 400 s-1, The transient heat flux probe (with inner cylinder as heat source and temperature probe) method is used to permit the separation of the viscous heating effect from the probe heating effect.A polyethylene melt was studied and showed that at 50 s-1, a 2 percent increase in thermal conductivity occurs, followed by a gradual decrease until a value 10 percent less than the no-shear thermal conductivity was found at 400 s-1. This effect is due to molecular orientation.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220304
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  • 14
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    Modeling of polymeric film-blowing processesPresented at the 52nf Annual Meeting, Society of Rheology, February 1981. (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 172-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Industrial film-blowing processes are characterized by large deformation rates, rapid changes of temperature and high stress levels. A pilot scale process was set up to simulate these variables. The pivotal element in modeling the process is a rheological constitutive equation which describes the fluid properties accurately over the entire range of conditions encountered; it was found that contributions to the stress in the material which arise out of the changing thermal history of a fluid element were a significant fraction of the total. When the deforming film is subjected to stretching but to little or no blowing, the axial stresses in the film are predicted excellently by the model under both isothermal and non-isothermal processing conditions. With rapid blowing and major deviations from uniaxial extension, the axial stresses are predicted less well, but still satisfactorily, under the conditions used. In no case are the circumferential stresses predicted accurately: i.e. unequal biaxial extensional deformations represent complications which have not been resolved.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220307
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  • 15
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    Influence of molecular weight and molecular weight distribution on mechanical properties of polymers (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 205-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This work reviews the literature published over the last ten years on polymer mechanical properties as a function of molecular weight and molecular weight distribution, Thermal properties, stress-strain properties, impact, fracture, fatigue, creep, stress relaxation and cracking and crazing are examined for a wide variety of homopolymers and a limited number of copolymers. In general, mechanical properties increase as the molecular weight increases. However, above some limiting molecular weight the mechanical property is usually unaffected. Although much work has been done to describe the effects of molecular weight on mechanical properties, little quantitative correlation exists. The available equations to predict such properties as cracking and crazing, Tg, Tm and tensile strength from molecular characteristics are discussed in detail. However, a more quantitative description incorporating a wider range of mechanical properties would be more useful. This would facilitate use of the vast amount of information available and enable it to be applied more readily to new polymer systems.
    Additional Material: 40 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220402
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Processing properties of high- and low-density polyethylenes and their blends (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 280-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends of two characterized linear polyethylenes with a branched polyethylene have been prepared by melt extrusion. It has been found that the linear polyethylenes can be shear modified in a reversible manner similar to branched polymers and that this shear modification and its reversal by re-heating does not change the molecular weight distribution, thereby indicating that the shear modification is a physical rather than chemical change in structure. Because both the high- and low-density polyethylene components of the blends are capable of undergoing reversible shear modification, it is possible to produce blends with either greater or less melt elasticity than the individual components by adjusting the conditions of blending. This demonstrates that the correlation of the properties of blends with the properties of their components should not be attempted without consideration of the effect of the blending process on the properties of the individual components.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220503
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    The limiting pressure-velocity (PV) of plastics under unlubricated sliding (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 248-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The limiting pressure-velocity (PV) of plastics materials under normal contacting pressure P and sliding velocity V when the sliding goes on continuously unlubricated has been discussed theoretically in this study. The sliding friction tests between the rotating edge of a hollow cylinder against a stationary metal surface were carried out in room air and when the metals were cooled with circulating water.The results obtained were as follows: The relation between PVmax and the critical temperature τbmax of the surface above which ordinary frictional conditions are not maintained may be represented by the following formula, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {{\rm PV}_{max} = C(\tau _{bmax } - \tau _a)} & {(1)} \\ \end{array} $$\end{document} Where C = Hn/μk, and H is the mean total heat conductivity between materials and environment in cal/cm2. °C · s, n the area ratio of heat radiation surface to frictional surface, μ the kinetic frictional coefficient, k the thermal equivalent of frictional work in cal/kg · cm · s, and τa the cooling or environment temperature.The value of C ranges from 1 to 10 in cal/kg · cm s · °C, and the value of PVmax from 45 to 750 in kg/cm2 · cm/s under prevailing room temperature air cooling in this experiment, however, the value of C has been increased about 2.3 times as much as those values by circulating water of 2°C around the lower side of the test piece.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220406
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  • 18
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    Solid-phase backward extrusion of thermoplastics (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 269-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The backward extrusion process was studied as a means of forming projections and ribs on flat sections of thermoplastic parts. The simplified, open-die axisymmetric and plane-strain extrusion cases were mainly considered. The results were applied to the development of a continuous solid-phase-forming process. Commercial-grade polycarbonate (PC), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) were used in the investigation. The projection height and extrusion loads in the unconstrained extrusion were measured as a function of the initial temperature of the material, the load hold time, and geometric variables. Cold dies were used in the experiments, and the samples were kept below their melt temperatures. The dimensional recovery of the flange section of the formed samples was also measured as a function of the hold time for given initial temperature and geometric variables. The slab and the upper-bound methods-in plasticity analysis were used to theoretically derive the projection heights and forming loads. The degree of correlation between the predictions and the experimental results depended on the estimates used for the frictional factors at the interfaces between the deforming material and the dies.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220502
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  • 19
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    Effect of compaction rate during the cold forming of polymeric powders (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 300-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: During many plastics processing methods, both conventional and novel, plastic powders or granules are subjected to pressure. The pressure transmissibility through the powder has an important effect on the success and efficiency of the process, and so it is desirable to be able to predict the pressure at any point from a knowledge of the applied pressure and the geometry of the system. To examine this pressure transmissibility effect, poly(vinylidene chloride) powder has been compacted in a metal die under different rates using either load or displacement control. It has been found that rate effects are particularly important for loading rates greater than 8 MPa/s and displacement rates greater than 7.5 mm/s. The ratio of transmitted pressure (P2) to applied pressure (P1) has been measured for a range of compact geometries, and it has been found that the ratio is approximately constant during the latter stages of the compaction process. Various laws for predicting the transmitted pressure have been studied, but it has been found that the simplest equation that agrees with the data is of the form \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \frac{{P_2 }}{{P_1 }} = e^{- \alpha \mu ch/D} $$\end{document}
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220506
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  • 20
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    Masthead (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982) 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220701
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  • 21
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    Rheokinetics of polymerization of N-laurylmethacrylate (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 402-409 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The free radical polymerization of n-laurylmethacrylate has been studied using a combination of rheological and kinetic methods. In addition to classical dilatometry, the extent of reaction of a polymerization was followed in a cone and plate rheometer by measuring the change in the diffraction of a laser beam shone through the polymerizing sample parallel to the plate of the rheometer. The change in diffraction was caused by the change in index of refraction of the monomer becoming polymer, which was related to the extent of reaction. Simultaneous measurements of loss and storage moduli and dynamic viscosity at 1 Hz provided the data necessary for correlating changes in the kinetics with changes in the rheology of the polymerizing system.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220703
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  • 22
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    A network flow analysis of extrusion dies and other flow systems (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 432-437 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method is presented to calculate the slow viscous flow distribution in systems of passages, for which the major velocity components are substantially parallel to the axes of those passages. That condition is generally satisfied in flat extrusion dies, disc filters, in-line filters, and other now devices. A finite difference matrix method is initially used to determine the flow distribution for an assumed viscosity distribution. That flow distribution is next used to determine a new distribution of resistances, now based on a specified rheological equation. This process is iterated until there is no significant change in the flow distribution. The passages are subdivided in this method and replaced by a network of resistances. A few unknowns are introduced at one end of the network, which are solved at the other end, using a matrix marching routine. The method is described for newtonian flow through a flat die with equalizing channel, for which the analytic solution is known. Results are shown for that die for flow of power law liquids.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220707
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    Fracture surface features of polyethylene pipe samples (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 549-555 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Slow crack growth behavior of medium-density polyethylene pipe samples has been investigated by applying standard and nonstandard fracture mechanics test methods. Slow crack growth rate varied by several orders of magnitude among the PE2306 materials from different manufacturers. Slow crack generated surfaces exhibit fibrous textures of varying degrees of coarseness when examined under the scanning electron microscope. When the measured fiber heights, δ/2, of these samples were plotted against the applied stress intensity factor, KI, they showed a simple power law relationship (of exponent 2). Assuming that the pulled-out fibers transmit almost uniform tensile stresses across the crazed zone at the crack front, the Dugdale-Barenblatt model was introduced to predict the fiber height. Although the model needs further modification, it provides a general power law relationship between the fiber height and the applied stress intensity factor.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220906
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    The dynamics of parison free inflation in extrusion blow molding (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 569-577 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Parison free inflation behavior, associated with the extrusion blow molding process, is considered both experimentally and theoretically. Experimental observations indicate1 that the parison assumes a rather complex shape under conditions of unrestricted inflation. In particular, the time-dependent shape is markedly ellipsoidal rather than cylindrical in nature. This nonuniform behavior, however, becomes more prominent in relation to the entire length as the parison-length-to-diameter ratio is decreased. Based on the experimental observations, a simplified analytical treatment of the free inflation of a viscoelastic parison is presented. The theoretical results illuminate the influence of material properties and process conditions on the inflation process. Expectedly, inflation is enhanced by an increase in the pressure driving force as well as by a decrease in viscosity. However, melt elasticity is also found to exert a significant influence on the inflation behavior. Moreover, the theoretical analysis suggests that the initial parison dimensions play a central role in controlling the inflation process.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    A plasticating model for single-screw extruders (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 578-586 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: By measuring the solid-bed transfer velocity, width and thickness under various conditions, die following results are obtained. As the result of melting, the solid bed decreases in width and thickness almost with the same rate, and the solid-bed transfer velocity is constant, while a melt layer exists between the solid bed and the screw root; also, when the phenomenon of dam-up occurs, caused by the combined effect of decreasing depth of the screw channel with tin insufficient decrease of solid-bed thickness, the transfer velocity increases proportional to the rate of decrease of channel depth. Consequently, the solid bed is considered to behave us loosely packed particles. A new plasticating model is developed by making the above results an assumption and adopting finite differential calculus with the Newton-Raphson method to obtain accurately the melting velocity, melt profile, and solid-bed temperature. Calculated values are in remarkably good agreement with the experimental values Solid-bed softening point, pressure, and screw torque are also successfully estimated.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Modeling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) reactors: 5. A continuous prepolymerization process (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 619-627 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A mathematical model for the continuous prepolymerization of BHET to PET, carried out in a series of stirred tank reactors, has been developed. The influence of process and operational variables on productivity, as well as the side-product formation (which controls the product quality), have been studied in a range as close to industrial practice as possible. The overall conclusions concerning the productivity profile, as well as some side products, appear to be substantiated from the available data in the open literature. The results of the mathematical model have been used to highlight the key process and operational variables that are likely to give the best productivity and product quality in industrial practice.
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    Modeling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) reactors: 4. A continuous esterification process (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 610-618 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A mathematical model has been developed for the direct, continuous esterification process. Influence of process and operational variables, including temperature distribution, residence time distribution, bis(hydroxyethyl)terephthalate recycle, pressure, and ethylene glycol (EG) to terephthalic acid ratio on the reactor performance have been investigated in a range as close to industrial practice as possible. The variables influencing the amount of EG reflux (which governs the energy economy) and side products (which govern the product quality) have been discussed. This investigation provides an analysis of a continuous, direct esterification process, and the results indicate strategies for optimizing productivity and product quality.
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    Mechanistic studies of adhesion promotion by γ-aminopropyl triethoxy silane in α-Al2O3/polyethylene joint (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 637-644 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In order to understand the mechanism of adhesion promotion by organo silane in joints where its chemical reaction with a polymer matrix may be negligible, we studied the role of γ-aminopropyl triethoxy silane (γ-APS) in α-Al2O3/ polyethylene joints. When adsorbed or deposited on α-A12O3/ and moderately dried, γ-APS forms a multimolecular film that is not fully cured. Drying at elevated temperatures for an extended time leads to further curing, resulting in a glassy silane film with a Tg around 108°C, while prolonged dry may cause some degradation. Joint strength is markedly improved by the application of a γ-APS film with a maximum peel strength of 2.3 kg/cm when the silane is applied from a 2 percent aqueous solution. Drying the silane at an elevated temperature prior to joint formation reduces joint strength and also changes the failure mode from cohesive failure through the polyethylene to a mixed mode. Evidence of interdiffusion between γ-APS film and polyethylene at a temperature (149°C) that is above the melting point of polyethylene and the Tg of the silane film was obtained by measuring the Si concentration profile across the interface of the laminate of polyethylene/γ-APS/polyethylene. Diffusion constants in the order of 10-12 cm2/s were obtained, with a teridency toward reduced diffusion as a consequence of extensive drying. DSC results indicate at least partial miscibility of the silane polymer in the amorphous region of polyethylene. It is proposed that the interdiffusion between γ-APS silane film and polyethylene is an important mechanism for adhesion promotion of the joints investigated in this study.
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    Correction (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 697-697 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221108
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    The mechanical properties of styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) triblock copolymer blends with polystyrene (PS) and styrene-butadiene copolymer (SBR) (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 673-683 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Measurements were made of linear viscoelastic properties and nonlinear stress-strain properties of phase-separated styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) copolymers and their blends with several homopolymer polystyrenes (PS) and one random copolymer (SBR). Torsion pendulum testing yielded shear moduli G′, G″, and Rheovibron experiments produced tensile moduli E′, E″, over a 220°K range of temperature, both at low frequencies. For pure copolymers and their PS blends, G′ and E′ correlated quite well with the total PS content, but G″ and E″ were more sensitive to how the additive was distributed. Results suggest that a PS additive whose molecular weight (M) is less than that of the copolymer PS-block (Ms) causes expansion of both the interphase and the homogeneous PS-rich phase, while an additive with M 〉 Ms mixes less well with these phases (probably forming separate domains of pure PS) and is less effective in enhancing the linear moduli. The blending with SBB produced reduction in G′ but a broad midrange peak in G″, suggesting that SBR was localized almost entirely within an expanded interphase. Tensile stress-strain data were obtained with an Material Testing System at room temperature. For PS blends, properties did not correlate well with the total PS content, the blends being always weaker than the SBS of the same overall composition. The amount of set also increased with PS content in the blends. Cyclic tests to increasing strain showed progressive structural alterations (as for the host SBS), with blend behavior resembling host properties more closely with each new cycle. When SBR was the additive, amounts as small as 1 percent reduced the curves by 15 percent. The yield stress was eliminated entirely with an addition of 10 percent SBR, but for all cases the set was the same. Results are discussed in terms of interphase force barriers to chain flow.
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    Analytical melting model for extrusion: Melting rate of fully compacted solid polymers (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 729-737 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The melting mechanism inside screw extruders is presently analyzed using numerical, iterative methods that are too complex to be used widely by practicing engineers. Our theoretical and experimental investigations of the melting mechanism have produced simple, analytical equations for predicting the melting rate of fully compacted solid polymers without iterative calculations. The accuracy of these equations was found to be satisfactory. Consideration of the temperature and shear dependencies of the melt viscosity was found to be essential for the accurate prediction of the melting rate.
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    Fracture analysis of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resins (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 760-765 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The fracture properties of three grades of acrylonitrile-buta-diene-styrene(ABS) were evaluated and compared. In preliminary studies, J1c (J integral) results obtained using the Begley and Landes procedure for single-edge-notched tension specimens and compact tension specimens were compared to establish the validity of the J1c criterion. It is shown that the Rice single-specimen approximation can be applied for this material, resulting in considerable simplification of the testing procedure. The J1c values for two of the grades were evaluated at two or more rates using the compact tension geometry and the single-specimen procedure over a temperature range of-60° to + 75°C. The results are analyzed in terms of a modified Eyring model, and the activation energies for the two grades of ABS were found to be 13.7 and 36.7 Kcals/mole, respectively.
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    Masthead (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221301
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    A criterion for craze formation (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 766-776 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A general criterion for craze formation is presented. Crazes are deformation zones that are common to both glassy and semicrystalline polymers. Crazes are composed primarily of fibrils. This paper attempts to describe the process that transforms unoriented glassy and semicrystalline polymeric solids into a fibrous state. The criterion for crazing discussed is a local phase transition. The transition occurs at the draw temperature. Unoriented solid-phase macromolecules, at local high-stress regions, undergo a transition to the elastomeric phase. Rapid extension and accompanying resolidification produce the fibrous morphology of craze fibrils. Cavitation of the deforming rubber phase ocurs because the local length increase is riot compensated for by an overall area decrease. Craze formation in glassy polymers has long been suspected to involve a local solid-to-rubber phase change. To relate crazes in glassy and semicrystalline polymers, one can assume that a solid-to-rubber phase change is required to produce craze fibrils in semicrystalline polymers. The transient melt phase would undergo rapid elongation, causing the formation of extended chain crystallites. These subsequently nucleate the remaining melt, which then crystallizes epitaxially as lamellae. Crystallization during flow would, therefore, be the mechanism of fiber formation.
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    Characterization of plastics in fire (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 793-797 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Fire is a complex process in which temperature and oxygen concentration vary considerably. The methods of characterizing the flammability of plastics materials advocated in this paper use simple test procedures in a series of different fire environments; i.e., at different temperatures and oxygen concentrations. The limits of both flaming and smouldering combustion, flame spread, and burning define the burning behavior of materials as dynamic multivariable parameters and not as single-point data characteristics of the majority of current fire tests. The feasibility studies were based on modified oxygen index (ASTM D2863, NES 715) and Setchkin furnaces (ASTM D1929). The burning behavior of plastics may also be directly affected by their softening and viscosity characteristics, and this has been explored with relation to suspended ceilings and stacking chairs. The techniques used showed major differences between materials that may not always be seen in standard single-point tests but which have been correlated with full-scale ad hoc tests; e.g., room and corner tests, and actual product tests.
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    Flow, pressure distributions, and internal forces in stacked-disc filters (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 895-901 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A mathematical model is described for isothermal flow of Newtonian liquids through stacked-disc filters. Dimension-less flow rates, velocities through filter media, pressure distributions, and internal forces are shown as functions of resistance ratios and reduced dimensions. The distribution of velocities through the media is a strong function of the ratios of the resistances to flow through the gaps between discs and through the spaces inside the discs to the resistance to flow through the filter media. Internal forces compress the discs and can, in exceptional cases, impair the media and open up leakage passages.
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    Time and temperature effects on the fracture toughness of rigid poly(vinylchloride) pipe materials (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 826-831 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The fracture toughness of rigid poly(vinylchloride) pipe materials has been investigated over a range of temperatures and rates. Conditions are described for valid fracture toughness (KIC) tests and notch insensitive (ductile) behavior; time-temperature effects on transitions in KIC are defined. The modes of crack extension are characterized over a range of temperatures, and the mechanisms of crack resistance are discussed, including some quantitative data for the yielded zone at the crack tip.
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    Devolatilization of polymer melts in single-screw extruders (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 832-835 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polymer melt devolatilization (DV) was studied using a single-screw extruder with extruder RPM and polymer flow-rate as the key parameters varied. DV efficiency was studied at atmospheric pressure under nitrogen and also at reduced pressure. Preliminary results are applied to current mathematical models.
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    Masthead (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982) 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221401
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    Fracture toughness and fatigue of polystyrene, polyphenylene oxide and their blends (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 946-949 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends of atactic polystyrene (PS) and poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) represent a compatible system that exhibits a transition from a crazing to a shear bending mode of deformation as a function of composition. PS (Mw = 30,000; Mw/Mn = 1.06) exhibited a value of \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ K_{IC} = 1.00 \pm 0.20{\rm }MPa\sqrt m $\end{document}. Blends of up to 60 wt.% PPO exhibited \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ K_{IC} \sim 1.00{\rm }MPa\sqrt m $\end{document}. However, there is a very rapid increase in KIC with increasing PPO content in the vicinity of 75 percent PPO. Fatigue behavior of the blends parallels that under static loading.
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    Anisotropic hygroelastic behavior of poly(methyl methacrylate) under case II diffusion (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 870-877 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The hygroelastic behavior of polymers, in which the diffusion mechanism is characterized by a sharp advancing boundary between the swollen shell and the core, was studied. A highly anisotropic swelling response was observed. The an-isotropy of the swelling strains was caused by the mechanical constraints exerted by the stiff core on the penetrated shell. The swollen systems were viewed as analogous to a composite material comprising a stiff fiber embedded hi a soft matrix. The size and relative dimensions of the core were found to be the crucial factor determining the antsotropic response en-countered. The experimental system employed was of poly(methyl methacrylate).
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    Masthead (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982) 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221501
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    Introductory remarks (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 921-921 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    An electrical method of measuring crack length during crack propagation tests of polymers (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 934-936 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Measurement of fatigue crack propagation rate (da/dn) in polymers is normally done optically with a travelling microscope. Electrical methods have not been very successful due to lack of sensitivity and to inaccuracies caused by factors such as plastic deformation and temperature variation. Use of electrically conductive surface grids eliminates these problems. An electrically conductive grid pattern is vapor-deposited onto the surface of a compact tension specimen. The electrically conductive grid pattern is vapor-deposited onto the surface of a compact tension specimen. The electrically conductive grid lines run across the expected path of the crack. With crack advancement, the grid lines are successively torn apart. Proper interpretation of the discontinuous steps that result when electrical current is plotted against time directly generates da/dn data.
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    Fatigue fracture of polycarbonate (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 937-945 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The fatigue fracture process in polycarbonate can be different for cracks grown from notches and from surface crazes. During the discontinuous crack growth process (which occurs during the very slow crack growth regime), full-width cracks grown from notches have a very different crack tip plastic zone when compared to that observed in localized cracks grown from surface crazes. These localized surface cracks have a pair of sharply defined shear bands at the crack tip (forming the “epsilon” plastic zone) that are absent from notched-grown cracks, The presence of the shear band pair in this plastic zone produces two major modifications. The discontinuous crack growth is extended to higher stress intensity ranges due to the (crack tip) craze stabilization by the shear band pair. Moreover, a shear fatigue fracture mode, absent in the notched specimens, occurs upon termination of the discontinuous growth process. The implications of this comparison are that estimates of fatigue lifetimes of smooth samples based on fatigue crack growth data (on notched specimens) may be erroneous.
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    Prediction of extrusion pressure loss of polymer melts flowing through noncircular dies (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1049-1051 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The geometric parameter method proposed earlier by Kozicki and coworkers for prediction of pressure losses of non-Newtonian fluids flowing in ducts of arbitrary cross-section is shown to be applicable for polymer melt flow through complex dies. Good agreement is obtained between the predicted and the published theoretical and experimental results for polystyrene and polypropylene melts flowing in rectangular and trapezoidal dies. The method is simple to use and requires only the knowledge of two geometric parameters to characterize the flow geometry.
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    Degradation of polyurethane containing phosphorus (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1057-1061 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The fire hazard associated with the use of polymeric materials is partly the destruction of property and partly the hazard to life by toxic fumes. Phosphorus compounds are commonly used as fire retardants. They seem to act principally by modifying the mode of thermal decomposition of the polymer. This results in changes in the pattern of volatile inflammable and potentially toxic products and also in the production of a protective layer on the surface of the burning material. Insight into these processes has been sought by comparing the mechanisms of degradation of a simple polyurethane, pure and in presence of the fire-retardant ammonium polyphosphate, and of a comparable polyurethane with similar phosphorus structures built into the polymer structure.
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    Observation of molecular chain scission during crazing of polystyrene (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1046-1048 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A series of gel permeation chromatographic (GPC) separations has been performed on polystyrene specimens in an attempt to discern whether or not mechanical crazing is accompanied by significant covalent bond scission. It was found that the extent of scission is not large but is indeed present in concentrations that are detectable by GPC. This suggests that molecular-slippage-only models of the crazing process are perhaps overly idealized and that crazing cannot take place in highly entangled polymer solids without some bond rupture.
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    Masthead (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982) 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221701
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    Editor's note (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1065-1065 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Compatibilization of the polystyrene/poly(ethyl acrylate) and polystyrene/polysoprene systems through ionic interactionsThis article is a review of work recently reported in the Journal of Polymer Science. (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1117-1122 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Interactions between anions on one polymer chain with cations on another can lead to compatibilization of otherwise incompatible materials. Thus, if 5 mol% of ∼SO3H groups are attached to polystyrene, and 5 mol% of vinyl pyridine is copolymerized with ethyl acrylate, proton transfer occurs upon mixing, and the pairwise attractive interactions between the resultant ions compatibilize the blend. The same has been observed for the styrene-vinyl pyridine and sulfonated polyisoprene polymer pair. Dynamic mechanical and optical properties are used as a measure of compatibilization.
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    Some aspects of the miscibility behavior of polyester/halogenated polymer blends (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1138-1142 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Glass transition temperature and depression in melting point methods are commonly used to determine the miscibility behavior of polymer/polymer blends, where at least one component of the mixture is semicrystalline. However, these methods often lead to ambiguous and even contradictory results, as can be shown by several examples. Furthermore, a comparison of the miscibility behavior of poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinyl bromide), and poly(vinyl fluoride) with linear and branched polyesters indicates that small changes in the structure of the halogenated polymer and/or of the polyester lead to major changes in miscibility, indicating the subtle nature of the miscibility phenomenon and emphasizing difficulties in its control.
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    Economics of polymer blends (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1166-1175 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Economic, technological, and regulatory pressures gradually narrow the chemical variety of polymers: in 1975, the market share of polyethylene was 40 percent, poly(vinyl chloride), 23 percent, polystyrene, 12 percent, and polypropylene, 11 percent, adding up to 86 percent of all thermoplastics (1-3). The same pressures compel the plastics processor to diversify formulations and production methods. He must resort to new materials (e.g., polymer blends, polymer alloys, and composites) and new methods of manufacture. In this work, the economics of blending will be discussed.There are five reasons to employ polymer blends: higher performance at a reasonable price,modification of performance as a market develops,extending the performance of expensive resins,re-use of plastics scrap,generation of a unique material as far as its processabilitv and/or performance are concerned.In Canada, the cost of blending varies from 8 to about 20 ¢/lb, depending primarily on the volume and the kind of material. The cost effectiveness depends on the total technical and economic environment in which the manufacturer operates; it has to be computed for each case separately. In the text, guidelines and examples are provided.
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    Studies of epoxy resin systems: Part B: Effect of crosslinking on the physical properties of an epoxy resin (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1213-1220 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An epoxy system consisting of diglycidyl ether of butanediol, DGEB, cured with 4-4′ diaminodiphenyl sulfone, DDS, has been used for a study of the effect of crosslinking density on the properties of the epoxy resin. Because of the low curing rate at room temperature and the low glass-transition temperature, this system was amenable to a wide range of controlled cross-linking density. The crosslinking density was monitored by FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), which followed the change in concentration of the epoxy groups during the curing reaction. The bulk density was found to increase linearly with the crosslinking density. The modulus, the upper yield point, the lower yield point, and the degree of retraction of a deformed sample all increased with the degree of crosslinking. The thermally stimulated depolarization (TSD) β-peak was found to vary with crosslinking density, but the γ-peak was not changed. The TSD a peak was found to decrease in strength, but increased in temperature as the crosslinking density increased. This observation suggests that TSD measurements arc a good monitor of crosslinking density of epoxy resins, particularly near the final stage of the crosslinking reaction.
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    Editor's note (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1107-1107 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221708
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    13C NMR characterization of intermolecular interactions for polymers. Part 3. Solvent effect on the blend compatibility of poly(vinyl methyl ether) and polystyrene (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1109-1116 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The solvent has an influence on the homogeneity of the poly(vinyl methyl ether)-polystyrene, PVME-PS blends Prepared by drying cosolutions. This influence has been analyzed in terms of the competition among polymer-polymer and polymer-solvent interactions. Model solutions have been prepared in which intermoleeular interactions correspond to the interactions in this blend and in some of the cosolutions. These interactions in the model solutions have been detected and identified by applying Rummens' method. The 13C NMR spectra have been determined for PVME and for styrene oligomer dissolved in n-alkanes, cyclohexane, diethyl ether, isopropyl methyl ether, diisopropyl ether, and chloroform, and for PVME dissolved in benzene, toluene, and cumene. The chemical shifts have been plotted against the parameter g2 = [(n22 - 1)/(n22 + 1)]2, where n2 is the refractive index of the solvent. If the structural segment represented by certain carbon and some solvent has an interaction that is stronger than dispersive, the chemical shift for this carbon will deviate from the line formed by its shifts in n-alkane solutions, these deviations indicate characters and intensities of the intermoleeular interactions. Results indicate that cyclohexane exhibits weak interactions with both of the polymers and does not interfere with their mutual interaction, leading to a compatible blend. Results also suggest that benzene and toluene interact in the PVME in the same manner as PS. This leads to a gradual increase of the number of polymer-polymer interactions as the concentration of the polymers is increased by solvent removal, resulting in a compatible blend. Chloroform apparently interacts more strongly with PVME than with PS but interacts strongly enough with both to restrict interaction among the two polymers. As the concentration of polymers in the cosolution is increased, PS forms a separate phase. This leads to an inhomogeneous blend when the solvent is evaporated.
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    A proposed model for accelerated-stress life-test data exhibiting two failure modes (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 354-357 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Accelerated-stress life-testing involves testing of a material or system at a series of stresses higher than that which is normally seen in service. An estimate of the service life is then obtained by extrapolating the failure time vs stress relationship to use stress. A common problem with this methodology is that a change in failure mechanism may occur if stresses become too high. When this occurs, the data above and below the failure mode transition point are generally treated separately. This paper discusses a model that allows for a change in failure mechanism and characterizes the transition by a probability density function over stress. Advantages of the model are: it allows representation of all test data by a single equation; it allows probability statements to be made about the probability of failure of either failure mode; it allows optimal experiments to be designed; and it allows data in the area of the failure mode transition to contribute to the precision of the estimated service life.
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    Methods for study of thermal aging and stabilization of grafted acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) terpolymersPresented in the Division of Organic Coatings and Plastics Chemistry at the American Chemical Society 181st National Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia, March 19-April 3, 1981. (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 376-381 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) grafted terpolymers are apt to oxidize at an elevated temperature and its stabilization by an antioxidant is critical to processing and performance. The differential thermal analysis was used to study the effect of the AgeRite® Geltrol, a modified high molecular weight hindered phenol antioxidant, on the ABS thermal oxidation. The Kissinger equation was found to be accurate enough to determine the activation energy of oxidation. The induction time was also measured and these results were compared with the activation energies. The polybutadiene component of ABS was oxidized rapidly around 200°C under an oxygen atmosphere while the styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) component was oxidized at a higher temperature. Air oven aging at 130°C affected the Izod impact (notched), ultimate elongation, but not the ultimate tensile, melt index and morphology. It further confirmed that the polybutadiene component was oxidized and the SAN component was fairly stable at 130°C in air.
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    The influence of impingement mixing on striation thickness distribution and properties in fast polyurethane polymerization (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 388-392 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Impingement mixing in a polyether polyol/butanediol/MDI, thermoplastic urethane system was evaluated using measurements of striation thickness distribution, adiabatic temperature rise, and molecular weight. Adiabatic temperature rise was less sensitive to mixing quality for this system than for the crosslinking ones previously studied. The average of the distribution of striation thickness as measured by optical microscopy on the resultant polymer decreased with increasing nozzle Reynolds numbers, Re. Molecular weight increased and its polydispersity decreased with increasing Re. Morphological data indicate better phase separation in the poorly mixed samples. These results are consistent with relatively slow diffusion for the polyol and thus the preferential formation of unattached hard segments at lower Re.
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    The effect of bromination and inherent vinyl unsaturation on the drawing behavior of high-density polyethylene (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 410-416 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Various high-density polyethylenes were brominated in order to eliminate the inherent vinyl Unsaturation in the polymer. They were then drawn uniaxially at three different temperatures, and the resulting fibrous materials were studied under a scanning electron microscope. It was found that the brominated samples yielded transparent fibrous materials that had more regular fibrillar structure and fewer surface overgrowths, cracks, and voids compared with the unbrominated polymers drawn under identical conditions. Bromination also appeared to improve the mechanical properties of the drawn and the undrawn polymer. High-density polyethylene that had no inherent vinyl Unsaturation also yielded transparent fibrous material with fibrillar structure similar to that of brominated polymers.
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    Rotational molding of thermosetting three-phase syntactic foams (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 417-421 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Thermosetting three-phase syntactic foams consisting of glass micro balloons, resin, and air voids dispersed in the resin were studied and are reported in the present work. Specimens for measurements of density and compressive properties were cut from the syntactic foam walls of hollow products prepared in rotational molding. These walls are characterized by loose-packed structures, densities from 0.12 to 0.24 g/cm3, and compressive strength from 3 to 20 kg/cm2. The free void fraction of these loose-packed structures is compared with close-packed structures as a function of resin weight fraction, and semi-quantitative relationships are derived. Potential applications of such hollow articles are as core materials for large products of complex geometries where light weight combined with a good balance of mechanical properties, low dielectric loss, and good thermal resistance are desired.
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    Environmental effects of silicone oil on tensile and fatigue properties of polystyreneOral presenting made at Symposia on “Polymer Fatigue and Non-Linear Behavior,” Organic Coatings and Plastics Chemistry Division, ACS Meeting, New York, Aug, 1981 (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 451-456 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A series of polished polystyrene specimens, coated with silicone oil, were tested in tension and in tension-compression fatigue cycling at 21 Hz. Oils of four different viscosities, ranging from 5 cSt to 1000 cSt, were utilized. The craze initiation stress and the tensile fracture stress both increased with the increase of oil viscosity. For the 1000 cSt oil, the stress-strain curve was essentially the same as that of an uncoated sample. The average lifetime to fracture in the fatigue tests depends upon the stress amplitude and on the oil viscosity. For the 1000 cSt oil, the fatigue behavior is similar to that of uncoated samples, except at high imposed stresses, where lifetime is somewhat lower. For the low viscosity oil, the average lifetime is from one to two decades less than for uncoated samples. Discussion is given of the influence of stress amplitude and oil viscosity on the test results and on the morphology of the fracture surfaces.
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    Crosslinking of fluorocarbon elastomers: Characterization of crosslinking system to obtain transparent, tough materials (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 478-483 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Viton® GLT is a new low-temperature fluoroelastomer with a Tg near -40°C. A study was made on methods of Crosslinking this material while retaining its transparency. Combinations of trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, TMPTM, and triallyl isocyanurate, Diak® #7, were milled into Viton GLT. After molding, the materials were exposed to electron-irradiation, cross-linking the material. Transparent, tough materials were obtained for compositions containing about 3 percent TMPTM/3 percent Diak #7/3 Mrads, which had an extension of over 100 percent, a tensile strength of over 1000 PSI, excellent clarity, and low surface tack.
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    The weathering of engineering thermoplasticsPart of the thesis for Dr.rer.nat. degree submitted with professor S. M. Milnera, University of Bremen, W. Germany (external referee, Professor B. Dobias, University of Regensburg, W. Germany), accepted June 2, 1981, pages 119-239. Issued as NRCC No. 20403. (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 492-498 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The photostability of four engineering thermoplastics, ARDEL, CYCOLOY, NORYL, and HOVEL, have been examined by mandrel bend tests on extruded channel as well as infrared and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy on thin films. ARDEL D-100 and ROVEL 501 resins were found to have excellent stability to simulated sunlight, while CYCOLOY HHI and NORYL PX 1278 were found to have poor light stability. ARDEL is a polyarylate composed of bisphenol A. terephthalic acid, and isophthalic acid condensation units. CYCOLOY is an alloy of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene and polycarbonate. NORYL is a blend of poly(phenylene oxide) and polystyrene. ROVEL is an olefin-modified styrene-acrylonitrile.
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    Masthead (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982) 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220901
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    Capillary and slit flow behavior of concentrated solutions of a rod-like polymer (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 521-527 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper is concerned with the flow behavior of isotropic solutions of the rod-like polymer, poly(p-phenyleneterephthalamide) (PPT), in 100 percent sulfuric acid. Studies include entry flow visualization in a slit die and solution fracture, and die swell in capillaries and a slit die. It was observed that solutions of PPT exhibit nearly negligible die swell, a slip-stick type of fracture that disappears at high shear rates, and radial entry flow patterns similar to Newtonian fluids. Fracture was associated with the plateau in the shear stress vs shear rate curve. Because values of the wall shear stress (τw.) obtained from capillary measurements were in good agreement with those obtained from a cone-and-plate rheometer and values of the loss modulus (G″) obtained from small-strain dynamic oscillatory measurements, it is believed that the rheological properties lead to the flow instability. These results are in agreement with the predictions of a recent theory by Doi and Edwards for concentrated solutions of rod-like molecules. Data are also presented for a flexible chain polyamide, nylon 6,6, in 100 percent H2SO4 for the purpose of comparing the flow characteristics of rigid and flexible chain polymers.
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    Strength and structure of glassy networks formed from dimethacrylates (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 438-443 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Glassy networks were formed by copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) with both ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDM) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TGDM). The polymerization reaction was followed by estimation of vinyl group concentration from measurements of specific volume and infrared absorption. The sheets of polymer were cracked but gave fragments that were large enough to provide specimens suitable for a three-point bending test. Flexural strength decreased with increasing feed of dimethacrylate but, nevertheless, gave fairly strong products throughout the range of comonomer compositions c.f. PMMA, 144 ± 9 MPa; PTGDM, 132 ± 10 MPa; PEGDM, 66 ± 15 MPa. Examination of fracture surfaces indicated a predominantly brittle mode of fracture modulated by localized plastic deformation. In order to account for localized plastic deformation, it was postulated that the networks consist of highly crosslinked microgel particles in a much less crosslinked matrix.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220708
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    Masthead (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220801
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    The elastic change of volume in pressurized bottles made from polymeric materials (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 472-477 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The relations describing the elastic change of volume of thermoplastic cylindrical pressurized containers are presented. Discussions have been made on various cases including isotropic (i.e., un-oriented), uniaxially, and biaxially oriented materials. These relations are expected to be helpful for selecting the optimum processing conditions (i.e., draw ratio) in order to achieve the desired properties of polymeric pressurized containers.
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    Experimental studies of phase separation in reaction injection-molded (RIM) polyurethanesPresented in part at the American Chemical Society 181st National Meeting Atlanta, 1981. To be published in the proceedings of the A.C.S. International Symposium on Fast Polymerization Reactions and Reaction Injection Molding, Plenum Publishing. (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 719-728 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A series of polyether polyol (polyoxypropylene capped with polyoxyethylene), 4-4′ diphenylmethane diisocyanate, and 1,4 butane diol urethanes were prepared by reaction injection molding with different levels of catalyst (dibutyl tin dilaurate). The degree of phase separation, morphology, and molecular weight were compared by dynamic mechanical spectroscopy, wide-angle x-ray scattering, optical microscopy, and gel permeation chromatography. Slowly reacted (uncatalyzed) samples displayed better phase separation, crystallinity, low molecular weight, and poor mechanical properties. Fast-polymerized (highly catalyzed) samples showed a high degree of phase intermixing, low crystallinity, high molecular weight, and good mechanical performance. Differences between these two behaviors are discussed with the aid of a simplified phase diagram. Slowly reacted samples phase-separate through nucleation and growth of large spherulites, while quickly reacted samples form a much finer, interconnected microstructure. Infrared studies of phase separation for slow systems are presented and used to discuss phase separation in fast polymerizations.
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    Estimation of the effective permeability of thin surface layers created by exposure of polyethylene to fluorine (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 738-746 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The significantly improved barrier properties of polyethylene, that, result from surface treatment with small amounts of fluorine are explained in terms of the reduced permeability of a thin layer produced by such treatments. Several approaches for correlating the permeabilities of the treated and untreated polymer layers to various penetrants are discussed. An analysis is also presented that permits estimation of the treatment depth corresponding to a given loss rate is related explicitly to the relative permeabilities of the penetrant in the treated and untreated polymer regions.
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    Studies on polyurethane protective surface material resistance to cavitation erosionThe following three Institutions take part in our research work: Sichuan Centre Institute of Electric Power, Sichun Institute of Water Conservancy Science, and Dong Fang Motorltenator Plant. (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 752-759 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The polyurethane protective surface material, which were made from four different types of polyester and polyether polyol, have been studied with respect to their ultimate properties. The PTMG (polyoxytetramethylene glycol)- and PPG (polyoxypropylene giyco)-based polyurethane protective surface materials exhibited the best results. Use of JIPNs (joint interpenetrating polymer networks), prepared from combinations of polyurethnes with an epoxy adduct with coupling agents and talc, could clearly improve the adhesive strength resistance to water in negative pressure cavitation erosion (by determination with a rotating dish apparatus) and the adhesive strength resistance toward boiling water. The polyurethane protective surface material, which was composed of three separated layers, showed better resistance to cavitation erosion than an epoxy system, poly(methyl methacrylate), aluminum, steel, and different alloys in tests using the venturi tube and the rotating dish apparatus for simulated cavitation erosion, as well as in some power stations in actual field trials.
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    Thermodynamic aspects in extrusion of wall-slipping materials (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 747-751 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Relevant calculations are made based on the application of the first law of thermodynamics to a steady polymer flow through a plasticating extruder. The results obtained for various processing conditions for poly(vinyl chloride), which exhibits a slip at the wall during flow at lower temperatures, are compared with polyethylene showing no such slip. For a wall-slipping material, it is observed that, with increasing throughputs the addition of enthalpy per unit mechanical energy increases (1), the net-specific thermal energy input increases (2), and the specific mechanical energy required shows a decreasing trend (3). Contrary behavior is found in the case of non-slipping materials.
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    Photo-Oxidation and photo-stabilization of blends of low-density polyethylene and styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymersPresented at the Symposium Polymer Blends, University of Warwick, September 1981. (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 912-916 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The photo-oxidation of blends of low-density polyethylene and styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymers has, been shown to result mainly from the degradation of the pollybutadiene part of the material. The solution infra-red and fluorescence spectra, and mechanical properties have been studied as a function of the irradiation time. Evidence of some interaction between the components of the blend could be obtained.
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    Positional small-angle X-ray scattering (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 928-933 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Positional small-angle X-ray scattering has been implemented and developed as a new nondestructive technique to study the formation and growth of flaws in polymers. The technique consists of measuring the intensity of scattering at a constant scattering angle while the sample is moved through the incident x-ray beam. Examples of applications of the technique from several different materials are presented.
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    Variation of dynamic mechanical properties of polycarbonate as a result of deformation (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 950-954 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A combination of different experimental apprati has allowed dynamic mechanical spectroscopic measurements to be made as function of variable, constant offset stress, as well as during creep of bisphenol-A-polycarbonate. The deformation system was calibrated with aluminum and by comparison of low-stress dynamic mechanical spectra with literature data of polycarbonate. Dynamic mechanical spectra acquired at high offset stress result in an apparent shift in sub-Tg relaxation processes to higher temperatures at differing rates, resulting in separation of the various relaxation processes. This observed phenomenon is analogous to similar effects that are observed viathe application of pressure. The creep process can be clearly monitored by changes in dynamic mechanical properties, with these changes being dependent upon the stress and temperature utilized.
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    Measurement of dielectric tan δ during deformation of a polyurethane elastomer (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 961-967 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dielectric measurements were carried out during deformation of a polyurethane elastomer. Dielectric tan δ was used to monitor deformation during and after stress relaxation experiments. The polyurethane elastomer exhibited multiple dielectric relaxation behavior: an α peak associated with the glass transition and a β peak attributed to the local motions of the groups in the main chain or pendant to it. At high stress levels, both α and β peaks are shifted to higher temperatures, resulting in higher activation energies. These results can be interpreted in terms of increasing chain orientation and the resultant changes in the local environments of chain segments during deformation.
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    The effect of moisture on the fatigue resistance of an aramid/epoxy composite (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 988-993 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An investigation has been carried out concerning the effects of moisture on the mechanical properties of a unidirectionally reinforced aramid/epoxy composite; specifically, Kevlar 49-Fiberite 934. (Fiberite 934 is a 350°F-cure epoxy composed primarily of tetraglycidyl methylene dianaline and hardened by diaminodiphenyl sulfone.) Absorption of water has been found to plasticize the resin so as to produce a decrease in the glass transition temperature from, 210°C to 150°C, and this plasticization serves to increase substantially the room-temperature ductility of the resin. Moisture also serves to increase the static tensile strength, of the laminate, presumably by enhancing resin ductility and making the composite more forgiving of local flaws and fiber misalignments. The moisture-induced enhancement of static strength is observed to carry over to an increase in fatigue lifetime at a given stress, although the fraction of ultimate tensile strength lost per decade of fatigue loading is the same in wet and dry materials. It is concluded that the mechanism of fatigue damage - probably a form of fiber abrasion - is unaffected by moisture, but the fatigue resistance of the wet composite is improved by virtue of its increased static strength.
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    Diffusion and localized swelling resistances in glassy polymers (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1018-1026 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The sorption of swelling penetrants in glassy polymers is modeled as a diffusion problem with moving boundary. The velocity of the swelling front is related to the stress exerted by the penetrant on the glassy matrix at the moving boundary. The solvent stress is considered as the sum of the osmotic tension and of the differential swelling stress. The latter increases as the residual thickness of the glassy core is reduced, giving rise to an acceleration of the front velocity (Super Case II). It is shown that the stress relaxation properties in the swollen region must be taken into account in order to obtain a thickness-dependent Super Case II effect, which disappears in thick samples, according to experimental evidence. All the observed sorption behaviors, including Fickian diffusion, Case II, and Super Case II sorption, are properly accommodated in the theory.
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    Some solid-state properties of blends of polyethylene terephthalate and polyamide-6,6 (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1127-1137 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polymer blends incorporating polyamide-6,6 (PA) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and having the following PA wt,% concentrations were prepared: 0, 5, 10, 25, 30, 35, and 100. Samples were obtained by molding in a reciprocating-screw injection-molding machine. The samples were annealed to minimize frozen-in stresses without increasing the crystallinity level in the material. Melting and heat-of-fnsion data, obtained with the differential scanning calorimeter, suggest an overall increased crystallinity in the blends, as indicated by a significant excess heat of fusion. Whereas the neat polymers exhibit ductile failure under both tensile and impact testing conditions, the blends show brittle behavior. Finally, the abrasion resistance of the blends is inferior to that observed for PET but higher than the resistance of PA.
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    Masthead (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982) 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221801
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    Effect of shear rate on solution polymerization of acrylonitrile (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1184-1189 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Application of shear is found to increase the rate of solution polymerization of acrylonitrile in N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) initiated by benzoyl peroxide by as much as 400 percent of the value in absence of shear. The solvent DMF acts as an inert and maintains a homogeneous reaction mass during the entire course of polymerization. To study the effect of shear systematically, a special dilatometer has been constructed such that a constant shear rate, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop \gamma \limits^. $\end{document} could be applied to the reaction mass. The rule of solution polymerization has been measured under the variation of \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop \gamma \limits^. $\end{document} and monomer concentration in the system. The measurements of induction time on the addition of a strong inhibitor, hydroquinone, reveal that the increase in the rate of polymerization with shear rate can be largely attributed to the change in the initiator efficiency. As a further confirmation of the above hypothesis, the decomposition of benzoyl peroxide in nitrobenzene at 80°C was measured and was found to increase significantly on application of shear. This confirms the importance of mass-transfer resistance in removal of CO2, and the increase in the rate of polymerization of acrylonitrile occurs because the decomposition of benzoyloxy radicals is favored in the forward direction. Since the polymerization of acrylonitrile is preferentially initiated by phenyl radicals, the rate of polymerization is found to increase.
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    Studies of epoxy resin systems: Part C: Effect of sub-Tg aging on the physical properties of a fully cured epoxy resin (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1221-1227 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of sub-Tg aging on the properties of an epoxy resin system, diglycidyl ether of butanediol, DGEB, cured with 4-4′ diaminodiphenyl sulfone, DDS, has been studied. Aging was found to increase the DSC (differential scanning calorimetric) endothermic peak, the density, and the upper yield point. In contrast, the lower yield point was relatively unchanged. This result, together with the observation of the elimination of the DSC endothermic peak by deformation and the absence of a yield point after deformation, suggested that the aging effect was eliminated by deformation. The thrermally stimulated depolarization (TSD) α-peak was found to decrease in strength with aging time. All of the observations were best rationalized on the basis of the free-volume concept.
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    Studies of epoxy resin systems: Part D: Fracture toughness of an epoxy resin: A study of the effect of crosslinking and sub-Tg aging (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1228-1236 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The fracture toughness of an epoxy resin system, diglycidyl ether of butanediol, DGEB, cured with 4-4′ diaminodiphenyl sulphone, DDS, has been studied by varying the crosslinking density and state of aging. A stable, but rough, crack propagation was observed with specimens that were 99 percent cured and quenched. When the extent of curing was less than 99 percent or the material was aged for more than 20 min at 62°C, crack propagation was of the unstable stick-slip nature. Aging was found to decrease the initiation fracture toughness dramatically, but the arrest fracture toughness was almost unchanged. This result was associated with a change of relaxation strength of the primary, a, transition with aging. An increase of crosslinking density was found initially to reduce the fracture toughness of this epoxy resin, but the fracture toughness increased after 87 percent of curing. The initial decrease of the fracture toughness was attributed to a decrease of relaxation strength of the primary transition (i.e., the area under the α-relaxation peak), while the increase of the fracture toughness after 87 percent curing was explained by the onset of the stablerough crack propagation, Micrographs taken by scanning electron microscopy-showed possible existence of blunting during crack propagation and a decrease of blunting with the extent of aging.
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    Batch polymerization of styrene-optimal temperature historiesThis paper was presented at the 1980 Annual Meeting, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Chicago, III. (November 1980). (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1-8 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Optimal temperature histories for the batch thermal polymerization of styrene are determined using Pontryagin's maximum principle. The theoretical predictions are compared with experimental measurements of conversion and molecular weight distribution. The excellent agreement suggests policy improvements in batch radical chain growth polymerizations.
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    Masthead (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982) 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220201
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    Masthead (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982) 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220101
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    Mechanisms of flow induced crystallizationPresented in part at the International Symposium on Mechanical Properties of Crystalline Polymers, Amherst, Massachusetts, 1980. (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 15-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper presents a review of the field of flow induced crystallization from solution. Experimental facts concerning the nature of fibrous nucleation and the “shishkebob” morphology which results are reviewed. The discussion of growth models emphasizes the details of the nucleation control and flow control calculations which have been presented in the literature. A major problem in the development of quantitative models for the growth mechanisms has been the lack of a reproducible growth rate data base and the reasons for this are discussed. The review emphasizes those areas of the field both experimental and theoretical, where further studies are needed before a unified theory of flow induced crystal growth can emerge.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220104
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    Miscibility of poly(α-methyl siyrene-co-acrylonitrile) with polyacrylates and polymethacrylates (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 34-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A copolymer formed from 30 percent acrylonitrile and 70 percent α methyl styrene by weight, or αMSAN, has been examined for miscibility in blends with various polyacrylates and polymethacrylates. None of the polyacrylates or poly(vinyl acetate) were miscible with α-MSAN at room temperature or above. The methyl and ethyl esters of the polymethacrylate series (PMMA, PEMA) proved to be miscible with α MSAN, but none of the higher homologues were miscible under these conditions. Blends of both PMMA and PEMA with α MSAN exhibited lower critical solution temperatures. The observed cloud points decreased as PMMA molecular weight increased up to 105 where kinetic effects caused an apparent reversal of this trend. Atactic PMMA interacts more strongly with αMSAN than does either isotactic PMMA or atactic PEMA. These structural effects are compared with similar trends found in other systems.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220106
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    A Note on the prediction of polyethylene melt rheological properties from molecular weight distribution data obtained by gel permeation chromatography (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 53-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In the present study, a modification of the method previously presented by the authors for predicting rheological properties of linear polyethylene melts from gel permeation chromatography (GPC) data is presented. The modification involves independent values of the zero shear viscosities for melts rather than generating these values internally. The comparison between the experimental zero shear viscosity values and those calculated from GPC data is shown to be very good.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220109
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  • 91
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    Rubber blends opportunities for future research (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 130-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In measurements of dynamic mechanical properties over a temperature range, the appearance of intermediate loss peaks and the concomitant decrease of the loss peaks of the individual polymers in a blend is a useful criterion of blend compatibility. Microscopy and x-ray data are reviewed which demonstrate that phase heterogeneity prevails in rubber blends, Compatibilization of these blends, as judged by dynamic loss measurements, can be achieved through a vulcanization process, which promotes interaction between the heterogeneous phases, The matching of solubility parameters of the blend polymers is not a necessary condition, because compatibility, as defined above, can also be observed in blends of rubbers with significantly different solubility parameters, provided an appropriate vulcanization system is used to promote phase interaction.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220214
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  • 92
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    Electrical conductivity changes associated with thermal decomposition of phenolic- and silicone-based materialsThis work supported by the U. S. Department of Energy under contract DE-Ac04-76-DP00789. (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 147-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Electrical conductivity changes during thermal decomposition of several phenolic and silicone materials have been measured while increasing temperature from 25 to ∼ 700°C at a rate of 10°C per minute in a nitrogen atmosphere, The materials are based on phenolic and silicone resins and are reinforced with glass chopped fabric or cloth. The electrical results are correlated with mass loss and thermal decomposition product data obtained using mass spectroscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis. Peaks in the conductivity temperature dependence and deviations from ohmic behavior are found to be associated with material decomposition and/or outgassing. An excellent correlation is obtained between thermal stability and temperature-dependent electrical properties. Results suggest that electrical conductivity can be used as a thermal analytical tool in characterizing these materials.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220303
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  • 93
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    Factors affecting metering accuracy in reaction injection molding (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 182-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Several parameters affecting the metering accuracy in reaction injection molding (RIM) are identified and their effects evaluated on a laboratory-scale machine (mini-RIM HP-6. Polyurethane Technology of America). The experimental results show that the delay time must be greater than a critical value in order for the system pressure to attain the steady-state value; that the matching of the recirculation and pouring pressure is necessary to have consistent amounts of materials at the calibration or mixing head; and that a variable momentum ratio can have an adverse effect on the metering accuracy. Two approaches are used in the determination of the optimum process parameters for the mini-RIM machine and an attempt is made to explain the effect of momentum ratio variation on the metering accuracy in RIM.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220308
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  • 94
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    Slit flow of molten polyethylene filled with plastic flakes (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 197-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The processability of polyethylene in sheet-extrusion or calendering may be improved by the addition of plastic flakes. The effects of plastic flake parameters and flow conditions on the viscosity and the die swell of the suspension were determined, and the structure in flow (morphology or dispersion state) and applications were discussed. Flakes of biaxially oriented polystyrene, high-impact polystyrene, polypropylene, polyamide or polypropylene spheres were dry-blended with polyethylene. The viscosity was determined by means of a slit or a capillary rheometer. The quenched extrudate was annealed and its die swell was measured. Flakes of biaxially oriented polystyrene shrunk into rod-like form during heating, but other plastics retained the flake-form. The relative viscosity and the swell ratio of the suspensions depended on the type of plastic and operating conditions. The rheological behavior of suspensions qualitatively suggested that polypropylene flakes deformed or crowded (including stacking), polyamide flakes deformed slightly, and polystyrene flakes were difficult to buckle, but crowded slightly. The thickness of extrudates can be controlled easily by flake addition due to decreased die swell, while the output would be reduced to some extent.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220310
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    Poly(n-butyl acrylate)/polystyrene interpenetrating polymer networks and related materials I. Dynamic mechanical spectroscopy and morphology (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 190-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A series of interpenetrating polymer networks, IPN's, and semi-1 IPN's of poly(n-butyl acrylate) and polystyrene were prepared. The glass transition behavior via dynamic mechanical spectroscopy (DMS) and the morphology via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were studied as a function of composition ratio and crosslink density. Transition-broadening was observed at low crosslink concentrations, while a single broad glass transition peak at an intermediate position was attained at high crosslink density levels. A cellular domain structure was the morphological characteristic of those IPN's and semi-1 IPN's possessing a low cross-link density and mid-range composition ratio. At higher levels of crosslink density, irregular shapes of the domain morphology prevailed. Phase connectivity was also observed at high polymer II compositions. Theoretical phase domain sizes of polymer II were calculated using both the theories developed by the present authors and that published earlier by Donatelli, et al., and were found to agree with the experimental domain sizes. While the theory was developed for uniform spheres, some of the domain structures observed experimentally for high polymer II contents had connectivity and/or a cylindrical shape.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220309
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    Hydrolysis of poly(butylene terephthalate) (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 260-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The hydrolytic stability of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) resins and compounds was studied. Rates of reaction were determined by measuring changes in melt flow rate. Hydrolysis was slightly accelerated by contact of PBT with glass containers and reduced by incorporation of some flame retardant additives. Melt flow rates were related to tensile elongation ofunfilled PBT and tensile strength ofthe glass fiber reinforced polymer and used as failure criteria. Reaction rates were used to predict failure times at various conditions.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220408
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    A dynamic mechanical study of the curing reaction of an unsaturated polyester (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 254-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The curing process of an unsaturated polyester was followed by employing the dynamic spring analysis (DSA) technique attached to the Rheovibron viscoelastometer. The storage and loss moduli and the gel times of the resin with various concentrations of initiator (methyl ethyl ketone peroxide) were determined at several temperatures. The activation energy for the curing process studied was about 40 kJ/mol. Temperature effects on films partially cured below the ultimate glassy transition temperature (Tg) were studied similarly using the tensile mode on the Rheovibron from room temperature to 120°C. Two modulus peaks were observed upon heating and these were independent of precure conditions. The lower temperature peak was the result of continued curing and the higher temperature peak was attributed to the glassy relaxation of the cured product. The DSA technique were found to be useful for characterization of the curing process and the results showed good qualitative agreement with those obtained by tensile measurements using cast films when the shapes of the curves were compared.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220407
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    Property-morphology relationships of polymethylmethacrylate/polyvinylidenefluoride blends (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 234-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An investigation was conducted to establish property-morphology relationships in polymethylmethacrylate/polyvinylidenefluoride (PMMA/PVDF) blends. All blends were compounded in a twin-screw extruder and then processed by injection molding Mechanical properties of blends of various compositions were studied by dynamic mechanical and impact strength measurements. The presence of crystalline regions in blends was determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Morphology of fracture surfaces of blends was studied by Spinning Electron Microscopy (SEM). PMMA/PVDF blends were found to form compatible mixtures over a wide range of blend composition. Changes in dynamic mechanical properties upon annealing were found to be a direct function of blond morphology. Electron microscopic evidence showed no signs of phase separation. DSC measurements detected crystalline regions in all blends containing 40 percent or more (by weight) PVDF.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220404
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    The hydrostatic extrusion and die-drawing of glass-fiber-reinforced polyoxymethylene (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 307-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The solid-phase forming of glass-fiber-reinforced poly-oxymethylene has been investigated using the techniques of hydrostatic extrusion and die-drawing. Although considerable orientation of the glass fibers and the polymer matrix occurs in both processes, there are very appreciable differences between the stiffnesses of the glass-filled products in the two cases. For hydrostatic extrusion, the moduli of the glass-filled products are significantly higher than those of the unfilled products. In die-drawing, however, the absence of hydrostatic pressure allows debonding of the fibers from the matrix to occur, accompanied by extensive void formation. The fibers are, consequently, no longer effective as a reinforcing phase, the moduli of the glass-filled products being no higher than those of the unfilled products.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220507
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    Estimation of injection pressure during mold fillingPresented in part at the “Second World Congress of Chemical Engineering,” Montreal, Canada, Oct. 4-9, 1981. (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 324-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dimensionless diagrams for estimating the bulk temperature of the flow front and injection pressure in the limit of small viscous generation are obtained. Also, a criterion for neglecting viscous generation is identified. The diagrams, based on the Lord and Williams model, refer to rectangular geometry and amorphous materials. A satisfactory comparison is obtained with literature data taken on polystyrene. A reasonable estimate of polyethylene injection pressure was obtained by roughly accounting for latent heat of crystallization through modified thermal diffusivity.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220509
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