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  • Articles  (473)
  • Springer  (473)
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • 1980-1984  (473)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1982  (473)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (473)
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  • Articles  (473)
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  • 1980-1984  (473)
  • 1975-1979
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  • 1
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 300-301 
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  • 2
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 307-307 
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  • 3
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 309-318 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Several fabrics commonly used in the outer shells of structural fire fighters' turnout coats were subjected to a variety of laboratory tests. These included breaking and tearing strength tests as well as several kinds of abrasion tests.
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  • 4
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 319-327 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The fluid dynamical scaling laws of forest fires are derived by dimensional analysis and a scale model is constructed to investigate a forest fire which seriously injured several fire fighters. The result of the small-scale experiment indicate that a fire whirl could be generated in such a fire.
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 144-151 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The authors discuss the development of a mathematical model to be utilized for fire scene classification and improved detection of arson. The analysis covers all fires from 1975 to 1979 in Dade County, Florida.
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  • 6
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 152-161 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Based on the data presented it has been concluded that a freshly extinguished match will not ignite the various commonly used cellulosic materials because it does not maintain high enough temperatures for sufficiently long periods, which are the essential conditions for ignition.
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 162-173 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract From limited laboratory experiments performed by both the NBS and CPSC on the effects of thermal insulation on residential electrical systems, they have hypothesized that thermal insulation can change an existing electrical deficiency into a fire hazard.
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  • 8
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 174-186 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract A study was undertaken to investigate the use of ASTM E 108 (NFPA 256, UL 790), Fire Tests of Roof Coverings, for testing roofmounted solar energy collectors. Data are presented showing the results of the testing conducted. An evaluation of the testing procedures as they apply to roof-mounted solar collectors is given.
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  • 9
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 188-202 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract It has been concluded in this study that the evidence of arcing is not a sufficient reason to blame electricity as the cause of fire.
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  • 10
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 203-206 
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  • 11
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 207-208 
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  • 12
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 209-211 
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  • 13
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 219-219 
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  • 14
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 212-212 
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  • 15
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 221-228 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Problems associated with current field procedures for measuring the rate of spread of wildland fires are noted. The procedure was used to document an experimental prescribed fire that exhibited a large variability in rate of spread.
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  • 16
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 229-236 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The heating of damaged electrical conductors and bus bars is examined from both a theoretical and experimental point of view. It is shown that the damage has a negligible effect on the heating because of the high thermal conductivity of all electrical conductors.
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  • 17
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 237-250 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The U.S. Forest Service has developed a computer model called FOCUS. The model works by testing various suppression force allocations and positions against an array of historical ignitions.
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  • 18
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 251-258 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The effects of an electrical field (12 KV/cm) and elevated temperature (300°C) on the ignition potential of transformer fluids, which are candidate replacements for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), have been studied. The combined results indicate that the chemical composition of the fluids were alerted, often in such a manner as to increase the ease of ignition.
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  • 19
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    Notes: Abstract Experiments were conducted to quantitatively assess and compare the thermal effectiveness of two types of lower torso protective clothing, commonly known as a day clothing set and a night clothing set, as a function of the moisture content and tightness of fit. Results were obtained giving the temperature distribution through the clothing sets.
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  • 20
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 268-279 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This article provides comparative estimates of fire loss experience in various developed nations of the world. Strong relationships have been shown, but causality has not been demonstrated. The findings demand further investigation.
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  • 21
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 292-295 
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  • 22
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 280-291 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract A stochastic model for the number of deaths resulting from a fire is put forward. The particular case being considered is that of flaming ignition on a bed in a hospital ward and the crucial importance of the features of the early stages of development becomes apparent.
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  • 23
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 296-296 
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  • 24
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 297-299 
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  • 25
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 131-131 
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  • 26
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 133-137 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract A new tax law is providing tax incentives for increased fire protection research. A company that increases its fire protection research and development receives a tax credit for 25 percent of the increase. Software development connected with fire protection R&D is also eligible for the new tax credit.
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  • 27
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 138-143 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Data from these tests have revealed a Halon 1301 discharge pressure and temperature relationship which could be significant in aiding future systems designs.
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  • 28
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 328-331 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The firesafety inspection program is put into proper focus by a rational approach to decision analysis. In examples, the consequences of the decision and the outcome are expressed in monetary units to concur with the general engineering practice.
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  • 29
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 332-338 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract It is quite possible that variations of the systems currently available on the market may require additional or different fire testing. Successfully tested and approved systems do not present a fire hazard and should be permitted on all types of construction.
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  • 30
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 339-343 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this article concerns the relative position of the various countries, as related to fire loss comparisons. The World Health Organization values appear to present the most consistent basis for comparison among a wide group of nations.
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  • 31
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 344-349 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This paper gives the results of a series of experiments and how they shed light on problems of electrical fires. Experimental glowing connections were made by allowing wires to make poor contact with another object in series in a circuit.
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  • 32
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 357-359 
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 350-356 
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    Notes: Abstract Two samples of polybutylene pipe and a sample of Douglas fir wood were evaluated for the toxicity of gases generated upon exposure to the routine screening test conditions in the Product Safety Corporation toxicity screening program.
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 360-362 
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    Fire technology 18 (1982), S. 363-365 
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    Transportation 11 (1982), S. 1-2 
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  • 37
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    Transportation 11 (1982), S. 3-28 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract As transit subsidies increased twelve-fold in the United States between 1970 and 1980, metropolitan areas responded in very different ways to the challenge of financing burgeoning transit costs. The variety of approaches to transit finance has led to variation in the income-redistributive impacts of taxation. This paper reports on the results of disaggregate analysis of transit tax incidence in Chicago, Portland, northern New Jersey, San Antonio, and Phoenix. In cases where alternative tax shifting assumptions can be made, a range of tax burden distributions is calculated. Causes of the variation in redistributive impact are discussed. The analysis concludes by comparing the regressivity of financing transit through higher fares with the regressivity of taxes needed to support subsidies.
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    Transportation 11 (1982), S. 29-49 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract At the 1952 Census, less than 6 percent of national highways and prefectural roads in Japan were paved, and mechanically-propelled vehicles accounted for only 6 percent of total vehicle registrations; by 1981, 2792 km of expressway were in service (an addi tional 2623 km were under construction or being surveyed) and her industry was dominating world markets for motor vehicles. This paper, drawing on material translated from the Japanese language, examines the history of transport planning and engineering ideas that inspired the modernisation of the highway system in the period after the Pacific War. Three distinct phases are identified: (a) a politically and economically dependent Japanese state which borrowed methods from the U.S.A. in formulating 5-year national road programmes; (b) a more independent state, absorbing western techniques and refining them in 23 urban transportation studies; and (c) a donor state, exporting these ideas to Southeast Asian cities as one instrument of Japanese foreign policy. The triad of international antecedents, domestic context and content, and foreign application is a suitable framework when interpreting the intricate relationships between transport and society.
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    Transportation 11 (1982), S. 87-90 
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    Transportation 11 (1982), S. 51-69 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract For understanding individual and household travel behavior, the concept of the life cycle holds promise. The history of this concept is presented, and the theoretical and methodological issues surrounding its use are examined. In travel research, the life-cycle concept tends to be adopted uncritically. Utilizing the 1977 Nationwide Personal Transportation Study, an analysis of travel behavior is presented in an attempt to address some of these inadequacies. A set of five houshold types and their life-cycle stages are identified: the typical (nuclear) family, the single parent family, the childless married couple, the single person household, and households of unrelated individuals, The average daily trip frequencies of households at each life cycle stage are reported. Comparison of trip-making by life-cycle stage for the five household types points to the presence of a life-cycle effect in travel, but the effect appears to consist of two separate components: household structure (the relationships among household members) and the age of household members. Also discussed, but not examined in this study, are other factors potentially contributing to the observed life-cycle patterns. It is concluded that further efforts to deal with the complexities of the life-cycle concept in travel research will be worthwhile. These efforts will provide a framework for viewing travel behavior over the human life span and this will be especially useful in assessing the impact of demographic change for transportation system planning.
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    Transportation 11 (1982), S. 71-85 
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    Notes: Abstract In each of two experiments evaluations were obtained of alternative carpooling situations varying in driving arrangement, size of carpool, distance traveled, and amount of time to pick up and deliver passengers. College students in Experiment I rated each situation in terms of comfort, economy, convenience and overall desirability. Shared driving emerged as the most desirable driving arrangement, and results suggested that this was due to a tradeoff of the perceived economic advantages of being the driver and the perceived greater comfort and convenience of being a rider. Driving all the time was the least preferred arrangement for females, and riding all the time was the least preferred arrangement for males. Desirability ratings decreased as carpool size increased, and this was interpreted to indicate that perceived economic advantages of large pools were outweighed by large perceived decreases in comfort and convenience. The major results of Experiment I were replicated in Experiment II, using university employees who were either currently in carpools or seeking to find carpools. Results are discussed in terms of the practical implications of the findings concerning driving arrangement and carpool size preferences, and in terms of the usefulness of controlled experimental designs for understanding the processes-underlying ride-sharing attitudes and behavior.
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    Transportation 11 (1982), S. 91-95 
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    Transportation 11 (1982), S. 97-100 
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    Transportation 11 (1982), S. 101-103 
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    Transportation 11 (1982), S. 131-152 
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    Notes: Abstract Parking management strategies have traditionally been used as a means of accommodating traffic demand, with little or no effort made to identify how such strategies might relate to other urban objectives. In this paper, parking management strategies are classified according to the control they exert over the amount of aggregate parking supply, access to parking, spatial distribution of parking supply, or dollar price of parking. Six general categories of urban policy objectives are identified, and the relationship between parking strategies and these objectives analyzed. The parking program in Baltimore is used to illustrate some of the relationships identified in this analysis. This paper concludes that the linkage between parking and the attainment of some urban objectives is potentially quite strong, and that further empirical research is needed to fully establish this relationship. Several different directions for further research are also identified.
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    Transportation 11 (1982), S. 173-187 
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    Notes: Abstract After nearly a half century of federal and state regulation, the U.S. intercity bus industry is the subject of proposals which would drastically reduce the extent of governmental control over fare setting, service abandonment, and market entry. An essential requirement for understanding how these regulatory changes might affect the industry is knowing the extent to which economies of scale are present in the provision of intercity bus services. This paper reports on the analysis of economies of scale for both Class I firms and for Class II and III firms. The results show nearly constant returns to scale beyond very low output levels but very strong dependence on the mix of charter and regular-route service provided.
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    Transportation 11 (1982), S. 105-129 
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    Notes: Abstract Recently, management of parking rates has been proposed as an effective policy option to ameliorate the adverse impacts of excessive commuter automobile use in urban areas. Parking price strategies have the potential for significantly altering travel behavior in favor of high occupancy vehicles, as well as reducing congestion, energy consumption and pollution. Unfortunately, however, a paucity of empirical evidence exists regarding the impacts of parking pricing policies on travel patterns. The recent attempt aimed at eliminating federal employee parking subsidies provided a unique opportunity to take a careful look at the impacts of commuter parking price increases. In November 1979, federal employees at many government facilities in Washington, DC, and other major cities began to pay one-half of nearby commercial parking rates for government-controlled parking spaces. This paper presents the impacts of the parking price increases on commuting behavior at a sample of 15 worksites in metropolitan Washington, DC, and discusses their short term planning and policy implications. A “before and after with control group” survey design monitored the effects on modal shifts, automobile occupancy, and parking behavior. The results showed that removing free parking and raising parking rates (from $10 to $32 per month) influenced some significant shifts to higher-occupancy modes, but that the shifts were not uniform in direction or magnitude across the sites. In addition, the study examined how locational, travel, and employee factors influenced the modal shifts.
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    Transportation 11 (1982), S. 153-172 
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    Notes: Abstract In the next few years there is likely to be a large growth of interest in the dynamic modelling of travel behaviour. In order to try to avoid the eventual collapse of enthusiasm which has sometimes occurred with other new developments when they turn out not to provide transport planning with the hoped-for panacea, this paper aims to demonstrate the diversity of approaches which will be required to tackle the subject of dynamics. In particular, it identifies three overlapping but distinct levels at which dynamics interact with travel behaviour — microdynamics, which is concerned with the detailed scheduling of activities and travel within a day — macrodynamic modifiers, whereby changes in medium- and long-term behaviour which are often considered to be instantaneous are in fact subject to important phasing considerations — and macrodynamic processes, which deal with the overriding demographic processes of birth, ageing and death. The paper suggests approaches to the incorporation of these three topics into the forecasting of travel behaviour.
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    Transportation 11 (1982), S. 205-210 
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    Transportation 11 (1982), S. 215-215 
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    Notes: Abstract A common problem of all cognitive-behavioural models of destination choice is that of the identification of factors influencing the behaviour of interest. This paper considers the applicability of Kelly's repertory grid methodology to identify the factors influencing consumer choice of shopping centres. Firstly, some methodological issues in the assessment of the relative importance people attach to certain variables in deciding where to shop are discussed. Secondly, the main findings of an application of the repertory grid methodology are presented. The paper concludes by discussing some implications of the measurement of the determinants of choice behaviour and the construction of mathematical models of destination choice.
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    Transportation 11 (1982), S. 217-233 
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    Notes: Abstract A sample of 1000 households completed a questionnaire regarding difficulties encountered purchasing gasoline during the week 4–10 June 1979 and whether difficulties encountered purchasing gasoline affected household automobile tripmaking. Results of this survey were analyzed and it was found that the frequency of reporting purchasing difficulties varied directly with household income and inversely with the age of the household. The frequency of reporting that purchasing difficulties affected automobile trip-making varied directly with household income and inversely with the number of adults in the household. Further, although individual household response was highly sensitive to socioeconomic characteristics, the overall response to the survey would not have differed significantly had the socioeconomic mix of households been different.
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    Transportation 11 (1982), S. 299-302 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
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    Notes: Abstract An important characteristic of urban transportation policy and planning today is the increasing role that the private sector is playing in identifying and implementing transportation projects. For example, a recent examination of the possible forms of such involvement found that there were four major categories of action that could be used to classify recent private-sector efforts in urban transportation: (1) aid to and/or provision of transportation services; (2) formation of advocacy or advisory groups whose purpose is to influence public policy; (3) sponsorship of transportation studies; and (4) provision of management assistance to public agencies (Gordon, 1982). In many of these efforts, the successful implementation of a project or program required close cooperation between public and private-sector officials. The purpose of this paper is to examine the characteristics of this interaction and explore the implications for transportation planning and policy. Examples of public/private-sector interaction in two Connecticut cities, Hartford and Stamford, are used to illustrate the characteristics of successful transportation program implementation. Although the examples are limited to two cities, and are mainly concerned with one major category of action (ridesharing), the characteristics of the process used and of the results can be applied to other situations where public/privatesector interaction is desired.
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    Transportation 11 (1982), S. 277-297 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
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    Notes: Abstract Crime on public transit is receiving increasing attention in the United States. This paper reviews security precautions taken in the planning of bus operations. Also included is a statistical analysis of criminal incidents occurring over a ten-year period on the Southern California Rapid Transit District of Los Angeles. The analysis shows that crime on transit has increased about in proportion to transit ridership, and that it is concentrated in both space and time. Crimes occur mostly on routes which traverse areas having high crime rates in general. Although most transit crimes occur at hours when ridership is high, the rates of occurrence are disproportionately high during the evening hours. Bus drivers experience much higher rates of exposure to criminal incidents than transit passengers. The transportation environment is really a complex of many dissimilar environments, and a variety of strategies is required to meet the needs posed by diverse environments.
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    Transportation 11 (1982), S. 251-276 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
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    Notes: Abstract The importance of occupational status as an explanatory variable in the determination of work trip commuting flows has not been well studied in the literature. This paper addresses this issue by means of an empirical investigation of commuting patterns in the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area (CMA), using 1971 Census data. The analysis consists of three parts. First, a descriptive analysis of the work trip characteristics for six relatively homogeneous occupation groups is performed. Second, the employment and residential location distributions for these groups are briefly examined. Third, a series of work trip distribution models are calibrated and compared for each of the six occupation groups. The results of these analyses indicate clear and consistent differences in work trip commuting patterns among the six occupation groups studied. Although data limitations prevented a conclusive determination of the extent to which income plays a role in explaining these differences, evidence is presented to indicate that occupational differences, over and above income-related effects, do exist in commuting propensities and residential location preferences, and hence inclusion of occupational variables in future analyses and models of work trip making may well contribute to a better understanding of the phenomenon. The work reported in this paper was funded by the Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications. The opinions expressed herein, however, are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Ministry.
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    Transportation 11 (1982), S. 303-309 
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 15 (1982), S. 25-40 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
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    Notes: Summary Behavior of Diorite Under Impact by Variously-Shaped Projectiles The effects of striker diameter and tip geometry on the crater and crack network produced in diorite by normal projectile impact in the energy range from 4–30 J was investigated. Ejecta kinematics were determined by high-speed photography; elastic strain wave propagation was measured by embedded gages in a composite specimen; and the damage pattern was ascertained from an examination of the sectioned specimen. It was found that the projectile nose shape exerts a strong influence on the shape of the elastic transient, on the crater geometry, on the extent of the crack network and on the average size of the ejecta. The crater depth was found to be the most repeatable parameter in identical tests using the same striker and initial kinetic energy.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 15 (1982), S. 111-111 
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 15 (1982), S. 133-144 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
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    Notes: Summary Rock Dilatancy in Uniaxial Tests A procedure to find an elastic/viscoplastic constitutive equation able to describe rock dilatancy in uniaxial unconfined creep tests is given starting from experimental data. The influence of the loading rate on the rock dilatancy can also be described with this model. It is shown that a creep of the volume takes place during tests and that this volume creep has the following property: the volume strain is oscillating before ariving at its final stable value. This property is described by the proposed mathematical model using a variable viscosity coefficient which may change sign. According to the model the volume creep takes place during loading only.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 15 (1982), S. 165-166 
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 15 (1982), S. 57-66 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
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    Notes: Summary A Note on the Goodman Jack Reconnaissance experiments, performed to evaluate the practical utility of the hard-rock variety of the Goodman Jack, reveal that the Hustrulid-T* correction adequately reconciles the discrepancy between the measured and true deformation modulus of the rock mass in the range of 30 to 50 gigapascals.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 15 (1982), S. 99-110 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
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    Notes: Summary Rock Bursting Phenomena in a Superficial Rock Mass in Southern Central Sweden Rock bursting phenomena have been observed in connection with excavation of two shallow sited rock tunnels in the Forsmark area in southern, central Sweden. The tunnels are excavated in gneiss granite and the rock cover varies between 5–15 m. The stress release occurred locally in the tunnels which indicates significant variations in rock stresses. In situ measurements of the triaxial stress situation carried out in the area show values of the principal stresses in the horizontal plane of a magnitude in excess of 20 MPa in the superficial rock mass. The rock stress measurements indicate a clear correspondence of the directions of the highest compressive stress and the rock foliation. There is also a clear correspondence between the directions of a vertical and a horizontal joint set and the highest compressive stress. The three-dimensional stress tensor indicates that the horizontal fractures are exposed to the smallest closure pressure, i. e. the vertical stress, which set should therefore be most open. The horizontal joint set in the superficial rock mass has a significantly higher value of aperture than the vertical sets which may be a consequence of the stress situation in the rock mass. The rock bursting is not attributed to a breakage of the rock matrix, but merely to a propagation of already existing small fractures and potential fractures. The stress situation in the Forsmark area may be regarded as an uniaxial stress field in the horizontal plane.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 15 (1982), S. 145-161 
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    Notes: Summary The Elasto-Visco-Plastic Analysis for Rock Displacement of the Foundation Pit of a Water Power Plant In this paper a method used in the elasto-visco-plastic analysis is proposed. It has been employed for deformation analysis of the foundation pit of a large water power plant in China. The back analysis of this rock engineering problem shows that the relief of the rock initial stresses due to excavation and the rheological properties of the weak intercalations and the rock masses as well are the main factors which caused the large deformation of the foundation pit. The results from the calculations are coincided fairly well with the data measured and observed in situ.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 15 (1982), S. 199-207 
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    Notes: Summary A Simple Method for Calculating Displacements and Stresses Around Tunnel Openings — An Application for the Microcomputer The paper describes a program, written for an “Apple-II/Plus” Microcomputer, and designed to calculate the perimetral elastic deformations and tangential stresses around underground openings of non-circular section. The mathematical basis used in this program first appeared in a paper by Dr. E. Wisser, published in Rock Mechanics. The Appendix gives the “list” of the program and all instructions which a user, familiar with computers, may require.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 15 (1982), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
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    Notes: Summary The Cerchar Abrasivity Index and Its Relation to Rock Mineralogy and Petrography To evaluate the relation between the Cerchar Abrasivity Index (a parameter used in calculating advance rates of full face tunnelling machines) and the petrography of the rocks, measurements were made on minerals and monomineralic rocks. From these data a theoretical abrasivity (quartz equivalence) can be calculated for every rock composition. From the comparison of the theoretical and experimentally determined abrasivity the influence of fabric and other factors besides mineralogical composition were deduced.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 15 (1982), S. 55-56 
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 15 (1982), S. 41-54 
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    Notes: Summary The Geological Structure and the Tectonic Evolution as Factors of Instability in the Pindos Zone Area (Greece) The zone of flysch in western Greece is known as a terrane bearing the most frequent landslide manifestations. Nevertheless, extensive landslide phenomena have been observed in the trunk of central-western continental Greece, where the Olonos-Pindos isopic zone dominates. These take place on formations which, in contrast with the flysch, would be assumed as solidstable rocks on first consideration. In the present study the geologic-lithological structure, as well as the tectonic evolution of the above mentioned formations (mainly thin plated Upper Cretaceous limestones) are examined in correlation with the acting mechanism and causes of the observed mobilization. In addition, it is argued that the principal factors of instability, which “prepare” certain locations in long-term process for landslide manifestations, are connected with the geological structure and tectonic evolution of the Pindos zone and some particular characteristics of it. These features constitute “inherent alpine factors of instability” which, acting at places in conjunction with certain secondary exogene ones, progressively generate conditions of critical looseness of the rock. Finally, the observed general instability of the Corinthian gulf coastal slopes is mentioned, which is also closely connected with the prevailing vertical neotectonic movements and the accumulation of stresses in this active trough.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 14 (1982), S. 209-233 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
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    Notes: Summary Fracture Initiation and Stress Wave Diffraction at Cracked Interfaces in Layered Media — I. Brittle/Brittle Transition Stress wave scattering about the tips of stationary interface cracks at a brittle-brittle junction in a layered medium and the associated stress-wave induced fracture were investigated. Dynamic photoelasticity was employed to visualize the highly complex interaction process between stress waves and cracks. Methods of linear elastic fracture mechanics were used to analyze regions of high stress intensity as possible sources for crack initiation. The phenomenon of partial load transmission across closed crack walls and imperfect joints and its effect on fracture initiation was also studied.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 14 (1982), S. 201-207 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Simplified Static Calculation of the Tunnel Roof in Non-Fissured Rock The aim of the theory presented here is to establish a relation between the shear parametersc andφ of the ground as measured in the laboratory and the stability of a tunnel. Starting from the plausible assumption that the stress trajectories are parallel and perpendicular to the tunnel surface and using the well known equilibrium Eq. (1) the differential Eq. (2) is derived. If we further assume that the strength of the ground is fully mobilized thenσ x −σ ž =(2c cosφ+2σ z sinφ)/(1—sinφ) holds, such that Eq. (9) follows, which can be solved to obtain Eq. (10). Herebyr denotes the curvature radius at the roof andpi is the normal stress acting upon the tunnel surface. For vanishingpi, i. e. for a tunnel without permanent lining, the requirement of no tension stresses in the ground can be fulfilled, if the cohesionc equals or exceeds the valueγ r (1—sinφ)/cosφ. Otherwise a permanent lining supplying the stresspi according to Eq. (11) must be provided for. In the following the bearing action of shotcrete lining (thicknessd) is analysed. Eq. (8) derived from Eq. (4), shows that the radial stress acting between shotcrete lining and ground depends mainly on the strengthβ D of shotcrete but not on the strength of the ground nor on the overlying weight. This fact and the obtained numerical values agree with worldwide observations reported by L. Müller. The ground deformation mobilizing the shotcrete strength must take place simultaneously with the build up of this strength. If the ground deformation comes off as long as the shotcrete strength is small then no considerable stress acting between lining and ground can be expected. If, in the other case, ground deformation goes on after the mobilization of the final shotcrete strength, the lining is due to brittle fracture.
    Abstract: Résumé Calcul de la stabilité de la voute d'un tunnel dans une roche non fissurée Le but de cet article est d'établir une relation entre les paramètresc etφ et la stabilité d'un tunnel à partir d'une hypothèse simple. En posant que les lignes isostatiques dans l'environnement immédiat du tunnel sont parallèles ou orthogonales à ses bords on montre que pour un tunnel sans soutènement, n'apparaissent pas de contraintes de traction dans le massif, si la cohésionc est supérieure à la valeurγ r (1—sinφ)/cosφ. Dans cette formuleγ est le poids volumique de la roche,φ son angle de frottement etr le rayon de courbure au sommet de la voute du tunnel. Si des contraintes de traction apparaissent dans une roche finement fissurée ou décomposé, il faut craindre des éboulements. L'équation (11) donne la résistance due au soutènementpi nécessaire au cas où la cohésion n'atteint pas la valeur indiquée plus haut. La théorie décrite ici donne un modèle représentant l'action du revêtement en béton projeté; elle explique en outre le fait remarquable que les contraintes de contact entre la roche et le soutènement mesurées soient indépendantes de la couverture et de la résistance mécanique de la roche.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Vereinfachte statische Berechnung der Firste eines Tunnels in massigem Fels Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Parameter der Gebirgsfestigkeitc undϕ aufgrund eines einfachen Ansatzes zur Stabilität eines Tunnels in Beziehung zu bringen. Ausgehend von der sinnvollen Annahme, daß die Spannungstrajektorien in der unmittelbaren Umgebung der Tunneloberfläche parallel bzw. senkrecht zu ihr verlaufen, wird gezeigt, daß bei einem Tunnel ohne Ausbau solange keine Zugspannungen im Gebirge entstehen, wie die Kohäsionc den Wertγ r (1—sinφ)/cosφ überschreitet. Hierbei sindγ undφ das spezifische Gewicht und der Reibungswinkel des Gebirges,r ist der Krümmungsradius an der Firste. Treten Zugspannungen im kleingeklüfteten oder mürben Gebirge auf, so muß mit Verbruch gerechnet werden. Gl. (11) gibt den statisch erforderlichen Ausbauwiderstandpi an, falls die Kohäsion den o. g. Wert nicht erreicht. Die hier dargelegte Theorie liefert ein Modell für die Wirkungsweise der Spritzbetonsicherung; dabei wird auch die auffallende Tatsache erklärt, daß die gemessenen Kontaktspannungen zwischen Gebirge und Sicherungsschale unabhängig von der Überlagerung und der Gebirgsfestigkeit sind.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 15 (1982), S. 9-24 
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    Notes: Summary Spreading of Rock Avalanche Debris by Mechanical Fluidization Two hypotheses for the motion of large rock avalanches (sturzstroms) are examined: (a) that sturzstrom deposits result from the spreading of a mass of debris in a fluidised state under the influence of gravity, and (b) that the debris becomes fluidised because of the existence of a high shear rate in the basal region. The first hypothesis is supported by data describing the length of sturzstrom deposits, and the second is shown to be in agreement with simple laboratory tests, with the grain-flow theory of Bagnold and with the characteristic features of sturzstrom deposits.
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    Materials and structures 15 (1982), S. 3-10 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'objet principal de cette recherche expérimentale est de déterminer l'influence de la mise en charge sur l'adhérence des armatures en acier lisse (d: 10 mm), en acier déformé de 10 mm et de torons de précontrainte de 3/8“ pour des bétons de différentes résistances en compression (22,45 et 55 N/mm2). Dans ce but, on a réalisé des éprouvettes de béton, pourvues d'une armature centrale fixée sur une longueur de 30 mm dans le béton. Les essais au choc étaient exécutés au moyen d'un appareil d'essai du type “Split Hopkinson Bar”, qui a été mis au point par le laboratoire Stevin dans le but de faire des essais en traction sur des cylindres de béton. Dans ces essais la rupture est atteinte en moins de 10−3 secondes. Afin d'avoir une référence nous avons fait parallélement des essais au choc, des essais statiques au moyen d'une machine électro-hydraulique, équipée d'un système de mise en chare contrôlé. Dans ces essais la rupture était obtenue au bout de 300 ms et 60 secondes, respectivement. Les résultats montrent que l'adhérence des barres déformées augmente avec la vitesse de mise en charge. Cet effet est plus important pour les bétons de qualité inférieure que pour les bétons de résistance supérieure. La vitesse de mise en charge n'a pas une influence significative sur l'adhérence des barres lisses. Ceci peut s'expliquer par l'existence d'un mécanisme de frottement qui provoque les efforts d'adhérence, car ce mécanisme ne semble pas être influencé par la vitesse de mise en charge. En ce qui concerne les torons, on n'a pas non plus trouvé d'influence significative sur l'adhérence.
    Notes: Abstract Pull-out tests with short embedment length were carried out within a wide range of loading rates. The highest loading rate which could be achieved on a Split-Hopkinson-bar equipment was about 500,000 times the loading rate in a static test. The test variables were the steel type, the concrete quality and the loading rates. It turned out that plain reinforcing bars and prestressing strands were insensitive to variations in the loading rate, whereas deformed bars showed a significantly higher bond resistance with increasing loading rate. This influence is more pronounced according as the concrete quality is lower and the bar displacements are smaller. An explanation of the phenomena is suggested.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This report continues and completes a precedent paper from the same authors, on work studying the influences of the concentration of aggregates and of the time of vibration on the internal segregation of concrete. Systematic exploration is undertaken of the part played by numerous factors such as the cement concentration in the paste, the size and density of aggregates, the frequency and power of the vibration. The numerous experimental data presented here show, particularly, that the paste intervenes essentially through its viscosity; the influence of the variations of the density due to those of the water content is small. The segregation increases with the size and the density of the grains, which seems very logical; however, one must remember that vibrated cement pastes do not show Newtonian rheological behaviour and therefore. Stoke's law cannot be applied. Finally, the vibration parameters exert an influence, only in so much as they modify the rheological characteristics of the paste.
    Notes: Résumé Le travail présenté continue et complète une précédente publication des mêmes auteurs, où ont été étudiées les influences de la concentration en granulats et du temps de vibration sur la ségrégation interne du béton. Il est procédé à une exploration systématique des rôles joués par de nombreux facteurs comme la concentration en ciment dans la pâte, la taille et la densité des granulats, la fréquence et la puissance de vibration. Les nombreux résultats expérimentaux présentés montrent, notamment, que la pâte intervient essentiellement par sa viscosité; les variations de masse volumique dues à celles de la teneur en eau ont une influence très faible. La ségrégation augmente avec la taille et la densité des grains, ce qui paraît tout à fait logique, sans oublier toutefois que les pâtes de ciment vibrées n'ont pas un comportement rhéologique newtonien et que, par conséquent, elles ne permettent pas l'application de la loi de Stokes. Enfin, les paramètres de vibration ne jouent un rôle que dans la mesure où ils modifient les caractéristiques rhéologiques de la pâte.
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    Materials and structures 15 (1982), S. 27-31 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cette étude porte sur la rupture par contrainte thermique de carreaux de verre armés utilisés dans les panneaux paredouche. On établit que contrainte de membrane et contrainte de flexion aux bords des panneaux sont occasionnées par des gradients de température qui se développent sur tout le champ du panneau et dans son épaisseur. Les contraintes thermiques seules ont une valeur inférieure à la résistance nominale du verre et ne peuvent déterminer de rupture. Néanmoins, des hétérogénéités circulaires accompagnées de petites fissures sur les bords se révèlent à proximité des endroits où les fils métalliques sont saillie. En appliquant les concepts de la mécanique de la rupture, on montre que la présence de fissures fait que les contraintes dépassent la résistance du carreau de verre et déterminent l'effet de rupture par contrainte thermique.
    Notes: Abstract The phenomenon of thermal stress fracture of wire glass panes used as shower screens in bathrooms is studied in this paper. It is found that both membrane and bending stresses are generated at the edges of the glass pane due to temperature gradients across the planform and in the thickness direction. These thermal stresses alone are lower than the nominal glass strength and cannot cause thermal fracture. However, circular flaws with small edge cracks are shown to exist in postitions near where the steel wires protrude. Using fracture mechanics concepts, it is shown that these stresses together with the edge cracks have exceeded the fracture toughness of the glass pane thus causing thermal stress fracture.
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    Materials and structures 15 (1982), S. 21-26 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans cet article on examine l'influence de l'«offset» sur la surface limite d'élasticité des matériaux métalliques et sur son évolution après un écrouissage donné. Le matériau que l'on a examiné est un alliage d'aluminium, tandis que la technique expérimentale utilisée est celle proposée par Szczepinski et Miastkowski. Selon cette technique, on soumet des plaques du matériau analysé à un écrouissage initial à l'aide d'essais de traction sur les plaques. Ensuite, on obtient par découpage dans les plaques de petites éprouvettes qui sont soumises à des essais uniaxials de traction. Les éprouvettes présentent différentes inclinaisons par rapport aux côtés de la plaque. A partir des courbes contrainte-déformation, que l'on obtient au cours des essais de traction sur les petites éprouvettes, il est possible de déterminer la surface limite d'élasticité du matériau. Dans ce but il faut fixer auparavant une valeur de l'«offset», c'est-à-dire une mesure de la déformation permanente qui définit la limite élastique du matériau. Les offsets qui ont été examinés dans ce travail sont εpl=10-5, Les résultats expérimentaux obtenu: montrent une remarquable influence du choix de l'offset sui la forme de la surface limite initiale du matériau et sur son évolution à la suite d'un écrouissage. En utilisant cette technique expérimentale, on a remarqué la présence d'un point conique sur la surface limite dans la direction de l'écrouissage. Les résultats expérimentaux obtenus indiquent que cet effet est pratiquement négligeable même dans le cas d'un écrouissage important. Le travail comprend aussi une comparaison entre les résultats expérimentaux et les prévisions théoriques, que l'on peut obtenir à l'aide des modèles classiques d'écrouissage isotrope et cinématique.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper some experimental results on the yield surfaces of metals are presented. The material tested is an aluminium alloy and the experimental technique consists in cutting out flat specimens from a prestrained sheet material. These specimens are then subjected to uniaxial tests. Two specific problems are examined: firstly, the offset influence on the shape of the subsequent yield surfaces, which are then checked for “corners” in the direction of the prestraining path.
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    Materials and structures 15 (1982), S. 95-95 
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    Materials and structures 15 (1982), S. 107-113 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le but de cette étude était de fournir une information plus poussée sur les caractéristiques microstructurales du processus de fissuration dans les systèmes de liants, de telle sorte que les observations recueillies puissent être incorporées dans les hypothèses et simplifications qu'exige l'application de la mécanique de la rupture à de tels systèmes. La fissuration sous charge de traction d'une petite éprouvette de mortier a été observée à l'aide d'un dispositif spécial de chargement couplé à un microscope électronique à balayage. La fissuration s'est amorcée sous une charge de 43,6 N et s'est immédiatement développée pour atteindre environ 12 mm et là se stabiliser. La fissure en question avait environ 25 μm de large près de l'entaille préformée et se rétrécissait progressivement avec la distance pour atteindre une largeur d'environ 1 μm. Cette technique par conséquent permet une résolution de fissures beaucoup plus fines que celles qui peuvent être détectées avec les méthodes optiques ordinaires. On a décrit en détail les aspects micromorphologiques de la configuration des fissures. On a généralement observé que la géométrie de fissuration est compliquée. Le trajet de la fissure progressant de préférence à l'interface des gains de sable et de la pâte de ciment mais sans se limiter à ces régions. La séparation qui intervient à l'interface paraît être nette. En fait, même avant mise en charge, on a remarqué une amorce de fissuration autour des grains de sable probablement due au retrait de séchage. Une quantité importante d'énergie peut se dissiper par l'apparition d'un lacis de fissures superficielles et par une fissuration multiple ou ramifiée. Ces processus de dissipation d'énergie devraient être pris en compte lorsqu'on réalise des modèles de rupture du matériau. Les modèles mécaniques dont on s'est servi jusqu'à présent pour l'étude des mortiers simplifie abusivement les caractéristiques du processus par lequel la fissuration se développe.
    Notes: Abstract The load-induced cracking of a small compact tension specimen of mortar was observed using a special loading device mounted in the specimen chamber of a scanning electron microscope. The crack was initiated at a load of 43.6 N and immediately extended about 12 mm, whereupon it became stable. Micromorphological aspects of the crack pattern are described in considerable detail. In general, it was observed that the crack geometry is complicated, with the crack path preferentially progressing at the interface between sand grains and cement paste, but not limited to these regions. A considerable amount of energy must be dissipated in creating the tortuous crack surface and in multiple or branch cracking. This technique permits resolution of much finer cracks than can be detected with ordinary optical methods.
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    Materials and structures 15 (1982), S. 99-106 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les joncs de polypropylène sont extrudés à froid à travers une filière aux sections de réduction nominales de 18, 40 et 64%. Les extrudants sont ensuite soumis à des traitements thermiques de 100, 120 et 140°C de deux heures suivis par un refroidissement soit à l'air, soit par immersion dans l'eau. L'extrusion à froid augmente la résistance en traction, les modules élastiques en traction et en compression, ainsi que la capacité d'absorption de l'énergie de choc. Cependant, la marge de 0,2% de la limite élastique en traction et en compression se trouve légèrement réduite. C'est un résultat de l'extrusion à froid que le polymère soit moins dense, ce qui implique une diminution de la cristallinité. Le travail à froid suivi par un traitement thermique réduit les modules élastiques mais augmente les limites élastiques. La résistance au choc monte rapidement avec la température de recuit. Il ne semble pas qu'il y ait de différence notable dans les propriétés mécaniques déterminées par le refroidissement à l'air ou par immersion dąns l'eau. Cependant, les éprouvettes refroidies à l'air montrent une cristallinité un peu plus grande et des courbes contrainte/déformation en traction et en compression meilleures au-delà de la limite élastique pour une température donnée de recuit. Les résultats de cette étude suggèrent qu'il est possible d'obtenir une combinaison des propriétés mécaniques du polypropylène par une procédure appropriée d'extrusion suivie du traitement thermique. Une étude approfondie des microstructures du polypropylène affecté par les divers traitements mécaniques et thermiques permettra une compréhension plus complète de la relation propriété/structure.
    Notes: Abstract Polypropylene rods are cold extruded through a die with three nominal area reductions of 18, 40 and 64%. These extrudates are subject to subsequent heat treatments at 100°, 120° and 140 °C for two hours after which this is followed by either air cooling or water quenching. The effect of cold extrusion increases the tensile strength, the elastic moduli in tension and compression as well as the specific impact energy absorption. The 0.2% offset yield strength in tension decreases slightly for the 18 and 40% extrudates but increases above the value of the as-received polymer at 64% cold work. However, cold extrusion decreases the compressive yield strength and the density which is a measure of crystallinity of the cold worked polymer. Cold extrusion followed by heat treatment reduces the elastic moduli but raises the yield strengths of the extrudates. The impact energy absorption shows a sharp increase with annealing temperature and the fracture surfaces display increasing orientation effect with increasing amounts of cold work. Air-cooled and quenched samples do not have any significant differences in these macroscopic mechanical properties. It is apparent that heat treatment increases the density and hence the crystallinity of the cold worked polymer. The improvement is marginally larger for the air-cooled than for the quenched samples. The results of this investigation suggest that it is possible to obtain a combination of mechanical properties of polypropylene by a suitable extrusion-heat treatment process.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This research is founded on new knowledge of the possibility of measuring the propagation time of transverse ultrasonic waves in concrete and on a measurement method devised by the author. This uses the measured and theoretical characteristics of concrete obtained by the ultrasonic method, that is to say the velocity of propagation of transverse ultrasonic waves vt, the dynamic modulus of elasticity in compressive and tensile loading Ebw, the dynamic modulus of transverse elasticity Gbw, determined on the bases of their ultrasonic parameters, the velocity of propagation of longitudinal waves and a complex characteristic composed of two pulse velocities (vt and vL). Extensive study of the degree of correlation between the compressive strength and the two characteristics of concrete mentioned above led the author to formulate the following statements: Correlations R=F (vt), R=f2(Ebw), R=f3(Gbw) and the multiple correlation R=F1(vt, vL) show an analogous degree of correlation which is always higher than the correlation R=f1 (vL) used up till now. From the practical point of view, the result is that to determine the strength of a concrete in a building or a structural member, it suffices to measure the propagation time of transverse ultrasonic waves and to apply R=f(vt) expressed by a regression equation. Introducing other parameters (velocity of longitudinal ultrasonic waves, the concrete density and the Poisson ratio) which implies undertaking additional measurements, will no longer give rise to appropriate effects. By varying the aggregate content and the concrete density at certain points in the concrete, it is possible to reach greater accuracy in the determination of compressive strength of concrete with the correlation R=f3(Gbw).
    Notes: Abstract On expose les résultats d'une recherche, qui permettent de formuler un jugement sur le degré de corrélation entre la résistance du béton à la compression et ses caractéristiques aux ultrasons, soit la vitesse de propagation des ultrasons par impulsons d'ondes transversales, une caractéristique complexe composée de la vitesse d'impulsion des ondes transversales et de la vitesse d'impulsion des ondes longitudinales, le module d'élasticité dynamique en compression et en tractionE bu du béton, le module d'élasticité dynamique transversaleG bw, ces relations étant comparées avec la relation employée jusqu'alors pour déterminer la résistance du béton, et la vitesse de propagation des ultrasons par impulsion d'ondes longitudinales.
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    Materials and structures 15 (1982), S. 570-570 
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    Materials and structures 15 (1982), S. 171-174 
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    Materials and structures 15 (1982), S. 161-170 
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    Materials and structures 15 (1982), S. 135-140 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The article deals with the impact fatigue test method and results on assembled metal test pieces glued with epoxy resin. The first step defines the value of a critical intensity threshold, below which the test pieces no longer risk being embrittled after one blow. Secondly, the effect of repeated impact of well defined intensity is studied on the service life of models. The test piece is bridge-shaped. A metal plate is bonded to the upper face of two parallelepipeds (steel type XC 90 or aluminium alloy AU 4G) using resin epoxy. Before bonding the substrates underwent fine or coarse surface truing, followed by sanding. The adhesive film is subjected to shear by the hammer of original design modelled on a Charpy apparatus, which ensures that the plate slides parallel to the substrate without warping. Experimental results reveal: - a remarkable intensity threshold which corresponds to an impactor available potential energyE PD of 130 J and beyond which failure no longer occurs in the case of one blow (XC 90 type steel assemblies): - during application of repeated blows of constant energy on assemblies made ofXC 90 type steel andAU 4G aluminium alloy, a fatigue threshold analogous to the one which would be determined from a Wöhler curve (E PD=55 J). Hypotheses on the failure of the adhesive bond are formulated according to the value of the potential energyE PD: microcracks would occur when EPD is below 55 J, onset and propagation of cracks when the values of EPD fall between 55 and 130 J.
    Notes: Résumé L'étude des influences d'un choc unique d'intensité variable et de chocs répétés d'énergie constante sur la tenue d'assemblages métalliques collés par l'intermédiaire d'une résine époxydique permet de mettre en évidence, d'une part, un seuil d'intensité critique en dessous duquel le modèle ne risque plus d'être fragilisé, d'autre part de comprendre l'effet de chocs répétés sur la durée de vie de l'assemblage. Nous tentons de donner une approche explicative du mécanisme de rupture du joint de colle en fonction de l'énergie potentielle disponible lors du choc, en émettant des hypothèses sur l'initiation et la propagation des fissures dans le film de résine.
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    Materials and structures 15 (1982), S. 177-178 
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    Materials and structures 15 (1982), S. 178-179 
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    Materials and structures 15 (1982), S. 259-264 
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    Materials and structures 15 (1982), S. 199-204 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Trois exemples numériques illustrent ici les types de problèmes de gain qui peuvent être résolus par de simples techniques d’optimisation. Quoique pour trois des problèmes la solution puisse être donnée par les techniques générales de programmation linéaire, dont l’exemple trois présente deux cas, on a utilisé dans les deux autres exemples des méthodes spéciales plus efficaces. Les domaines d’application sont définis pour chaque technique. Les formulations mathématiques des contraintes reposent sur les principes de la technologie du béton. Les résultats montrent que la programmation linéaire choisie peut fournir non seulement le plan de production pour un gain maximal dans des conditions définies mais elle peut aussi aider à établir un système de gain raisonnable et conduire vers les modifications les plus efficaces des conditions existantes les mieux appropriées pour accroître la production et le gain.
    Notes: Abstract Three numerical examples illustrate both the types of profit problem related to concrete production that can be solved by linear programming, and several optimization techniques. It is shown that linear programming can provide not only the production schedule for maximum profit under a set of existing conditions but also it can point in the direction of the most efficient changes of the existing conditions for increased production and profit.
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    Materials and structures 15 (1982), S. 445-452 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des recherches effectuées au Laboratoire Central de D.S.M. ont abouti en 1975 à la mise au point d'un ciment renforcé de fibres de verre et modifié au polymère (PGRC). Ce nouveau matériau est commercialisé depuis 1979. Le PGRC est constitué de fibres de verre E, ciment, agrégats et d'un polymère: Le polymère est mélangé au ciment et aux granulats sous forme d'une dispersion aqueuse. Le polymère qui s'infiltre dans l'espace compris entre les filaments constitués par les faisceaux de fibres de verre, y forme un film qui protège le verre contre les agressions physiques et chimiques. Le PGVC est caractérisé par un vieillissement beaucoup moins prononcé que le GVC renforcé au verre E ou AR. Depuis la mise au point du PGVC une étude approfondie a été effectuée pour en déterminer les propriétés, et cet article a pour objet de donner un aperçu des résultats les plus importants de cette étude des propriétés mécaniques, de la durabilité et des propriétés physiques les plus intéressantes du PGVC. Les propriétés mécaniques traitées ici sont: la résistance à la traction, résistance à la traction en flexion, résistance au cisaillement interlaminaire et résistance à la pression ainsi que les propriétés de fluage et de fatique. Le comportement au vieillissement du PGVC a été examiné dans différentes conditions: en milieu sec (20°C et 65% R.H.), humide [immergé en eau saturée de Ca(OH)2 à 20°C], sous exposition à l'air et dans les conditions de vieillissement accélérées. Les critères retenus dans les essais de durabilité ont été la résistance à la traction en flexion et la résistance au choc. Cette étude met en évidence la meilleure résistance au vieillissement du PGVC par comparaison avec le GVC. L'influence des variations de formule sur les propriétés du PGVC, entre autres l'influence de la concentration en verre, de la teneur en polymère et du rapport granulatciment est indiquée. Pour conclure l'analyse des propriétés du PGVC, on donne un aperçu des propriétés physiques suivantes: retrait de séchage, gonflement à l'humidité, porosité, absorption d'eau, perméabilité à la vapeur d'eau, coefficient de dilatation thermique, conductibilité thermique et électrique, résistance au gel-dégel et comportement au feu.
    Notes: Abstract Several properties of glass fibre-reinforced polymer-modified cement composites, such as strength, durability, fatigue, creep, shrinkage, freeze-thaw resistance, permeability, thermal movements and fire resistance are described. The results obtained are mainly for glass fibre-reinforced cement containing five per cent by volume of E-glass fibres in an ordinary Portland cement/sand mixture with fifteen per cent by volume of polymer. Other composites are also considered. To indicate long-term behaviour, results of accelerated ageing tests are presented.
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    Materials and structures 15 (1982), S. 453-460 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On examine ici les critères de conformité d'après la littérature sur le sujet. Comme ni l'utilisateur ni le producteur ne peuvent connaître la proportion exacte de béton de résistance insuffisante, le risque ne peut être déterminé par les valeurs en ordonnée de la courbe de distribution OC correspondant aux règles de réception appliquées. Le risque réel de l'utilisateur est donné par l'intégrale normalisée de la courbe OC pour p〉P1, tandis que le risque du producteur l'est par l'intégrale normalisée de la courbe OC de rejet pour p〈p1, où p1 est la proportion tolérée de béton de résistance insuffisante. On donne les expressions analytiques de ces deux sortes de risques. Pour des raisons économiques, le risque de l'utilisateur devrait être égal au risque du producteur. A partir de cette égalité, on dérive und relation entre les constantes des règles de réception. On constate que, au lieu des deux règles de réception que les publications proposent, l'application d'une règle unique détermine un risque commun plus faible. On détermine les constantes de cette règle de sorte que le risque commun soit minimal.
    Notes: Abstract Compliance criteria proposed in the literature are examined and analytical expressions for the owner's and the producer's risk implied by these criteria are given. For safety, as well as for economical reasons, the equality of the two risks is proposed and from this equality the constants of the compliance criteria are computed. It is shown that the common risk becomes lower if instead of the two acceptance rules proposed in the literature a single rule is applied and the constants of the single rule which minimizes the common risk are determined.
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    Materials and structures 15 (1982), S. 549-558 
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    Materials and structures 15 (1982), S. 175-176 
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    Materials and structures 15 (1982), S. 180-180 
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    Materials and structures 15 (1982), S. 185-194 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cet article traite d’une nouvelle caractéristique de qualité des granulats, l’eau caractéristique (CW) qui représente la quantité d’eau indiquée par un essai type, qui recouvre la surface des particules et qui est partiellement absorbée. CW est proportionnel à la surface spécifique et doit être pris en compte pour ce qui regarde la dimension, la forme, la texture et l’absorption d’eau immédiate du granulat. Autrement dit, pour toutes les propriétés qui déterminent aussi bien la quantité d’eau que les caractéristiques de comptage du béton frais. On a mis au point une méthode de détermination de CW sur un échantillon significatif de 5 kg de granulat au moyen d’un équipement simple et robuste. En même temps, on détermine le poids spécifique apparent, la proportion de pores remplis d’air et la densité. Il est apparu que CW est lié aux principales propriétés du granulat du béton frais et du béton durci. Les courbes de variation de ces propriétés en fonction de CW montrent des points significatifs (maxima ou minima) suivant la propriété étudiée (dimension du granulat, teneur en ciment, etc.). Les valeurs de CW correspondant à ces points significatifs sont à peu près les mêmes. Leur valeur moyenne représente lavaleur optimale de l’eau caractéristique CWB. Par conséquent, un béton dont le granulat a été incorporé de telle sorte qu’il acquiert cette valeur CWB montrera les meilleures performances aussi bien à l’état frais qu’à l’état compacté. On présente ici deux applications de cette propriété fondamentale de CW: le contrôle de qualité et le dosage du béton. Cette condition CWB peut être satisfaite par un granulat à granulométrie continue ou discontinue.
    Notes: Abstract The paper presents a new quality characteristic of aggregate the characteristic water (CW): a method to determine it and two of its applications: to the control of the quality of aggregate and to the mix proportioning of concrete. The CW represents “the amount of water resulting from a standard test, which covers the surface of the particles and partially satisfies their absorption”. The CW is proportional to the specific surface and is taking into account size, shape, texture and immediate water absorption of aggregate. The method used to determine CW is carried out on a significant sample of 5kg aggregate, using a simple and robust device. The reliability of the method has proved very satisfactory.
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    Materials and structures 15 (1982), S. 264-264 
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    Materials and structures 15 (1982), S. 195-198 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This article presents a theoretical study in the field of frost resistance of concrete. The effect of several variables is examined i. e. pore diameter and thickness of pore walls, degree of saturation, expansion of ice according to freezing temperature, modulus of elasticity of concrete. A diagram is traced presenting the stresses set up in concrete according to the degree of saturation and freezing temperature for different pore wall thicknesses and characteristics. The following comments are formulated after examining this figure: - for degree of saturation S=1, the tensile stresses in the concrete round the pores always exceed the tensile strength of concrete whatever the modulus of elasticity. The structures taken as examples show that the stresses decrease when the modulus of elasticity of the concrete falls and when the pore wall thickness increases. These stresses also decrease as a fonction of the fall in the degree of saturation but they increase with the lowering of freezing temperature for an identical degree of saturation.
    Notes: Résumé On présente dans cet article une étude théorique relative à la résistance du béton au gel. On a examiné l’effet de plusieurs variables: le diamètre des pores et l’épaisseur de la paroi les entourant, le degré de saturation, l’expansion de la glace en fonction de la température de congélation, le module d’élasticité du béton. On a élaboré un diagramme qui présente les contraintes engendrées dans le béton en fonction du degré de saturation, de la température de congélation, pour différentes épaisseurs des parois des pores, et différentes caractéristiques.
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    Materials and structures 15 (1982), S. 521-521 
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    Materials and structures 15 (1982), S. 469-473 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Determination of mechanical properties of concretes subjected to tensile loading constant in time. The first research phase consisted of studying the deformations of calcite and expanded clay microconcrete test pieces. By measuring with strain gauges the elongation of the test pieces along the casting axis, it was possible to determine the modulus of longitudinal deformation, the degree of reversibility and the failure of materials under tensile load. It then becomes obvious that the concrete behaviour is practically linear and brittle, not being reversible even for very small loads. This seems due to the presence of microcracks and micropores existing in the material before application of loads. When these tensile loads (=25 and 50% failure) are kept constant in time, the total deformation (under loading) and the residual deformation (after unloading) are seen to vary in a quite identical way and they tend towards a limit after about 60 days. Observation shows that creep deformation is practically equal to residual deformation. The tensile load has therefore produced irreversible elongation over time. This phenomenon arises from the redistribution of internal stresses which are modified by water migration in the material. After creep a modification of concrete mechanical properties is observed. Indeed, once the creep deformation stabilized and after unloading of samples, resuming testing reveals an increase of modulus of longitudinal deformation and the reversibility of the materials. Tensile creep has therefore brought about concrete consolidation with respect to tensile deformation. On the other hand the stresses characterizing the failure of the test piece are practically not modified. Creep deformation directly linked to water movements in the concrete are more extensive in lightweight aggregate concretes because their pore structure is more pronounced.
    Notes: Résumé Nous nous proposons d'étudier l'influence du temps de chargement sur les propriétés mécaniques d'un microbéton de calcite et un béton d'argile expansée soumis à des efforts de traction. La mesure des déformations totales et résiduelles montre que l'allongement des éprouvettes sous la charge de traction est un phénomène irréversible qui provoque une modification des caractéristiques mécaniques des matériaux. Après fluage, on observe une légère consolidation du matériau qui se traduit par une augmentation du module de déformation longitudinale et une meilleure réversibilité du béton.
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  • 99
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Materials and structures 15 (1982), S. 559-563 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Materials and structures 15 (1982), S. 563-564 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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