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  • Cambridge University Press  (1,887)
  • Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
  • 1985-1989
  • 1980-1984  (1,924)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1930-1934
  • 1925-1929
  • 1982  (1,924)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Language
Years
  • 1985-1989
  • 1980-1984  (1,924)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1930-1934
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
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    Series available for loan
    Evaluation of procedures for determining selected aquifer parameters (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/41
    In: CRREL Report, 82-41
    Description / Table of Contents: Many of the important factors influencing the choice of appropriate aquifer test procedures are presented. The concepts of bias, accuracy and spatial variabil­ity are explained. The definitions of a number of aquifer parameters are devel­oped from basic principles demonstrating the underlying assumptions and limita­tions. The parameters considered are: piezometric head, hydraulic conductiv­ity/intrinsic permeability, flow direction, specific discharge magnitude, transmissivity, volumetric flow rate, total porosity, effective porosity, aver­age linear velocity, storage coefficient, specific yield, dispersion coefficient-aquifer dispersivity. For each parameter several techniques are described, evaluated and ranked in terms of perceived potential accuracy, simplicity and value to contaminant transport studies. It must be stressed, however, that the evaluations are based principally upon theoretical grounds, and not upon actual conduct of the described procedures.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 111 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-41
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/7365/rec/1
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9322
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstrac Preface Introduction Purpose Scope Concept of accuracy Test selection Definition of parameters Piezometric head Use of piezometers Hydraulic conductivity Flow direction Specific discharge magnitude Transmissivity Volumetric flow rate Porosity Average linear velocity Storage coefficient-specific yield Aquifer dispersivity Parameter estimation techniques Piezometric head Hydraulic conductivity Direction and magnitude of specific discharge vector Transmissivity Volumetric flow rate Total porosity Average linear velocity Storage coefficient Specific yield Effective porosity Aquifer dispersivity-dispersion coefficients Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 2
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    Breaking ice with explosives (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/40
    In: CRREL Report, 82-40
    Description / Table of Contents: The use of explosives to break floating ice sheets is described, and test data are used to develop design curves that predict explosives effects as ice thickness, charge size, and charge depth vary. Application of the curves to practical problems is illustrated by numerical examples. The general features of underwater explosions are reviewed and related to ice blasting. Quasi-static plate theory is considered, and is judged to be inapplicable to explosive cratering of ice plates. The specific energy for optimized ice blasting is found to compare quite favorably with the specific energy of icebreaking ships. All available field data for ice blasting are tabulated in appendices, together with details of the re­gression analyses from which the design curves are generated.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 68 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-40
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6971/rec/1
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9320
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction General behavior of underwater explosions Regression analysis for ice-blasting data General features of the regression curves Use of the regression curves as design curves for ice blasting Row charges and pattern charges Response of floating ice sheets to underwater explosions Specific energy and “powder factor” Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Basic data on ice blasting Appendix B: Scaled input data Appendix C: Initial regression analysis using complete polynomial Appendix D: Regression analysis with two coefficients of the original poly­nomial deleted
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  • 3
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    The effects of conductivity on high-resolution impulse radar sounding, Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/42
    In: CRREL Report, 82-42
    Description / Table of Contents: A high-resolution impulse radar profiling system was evaluated for 1) detecting the existence of sea ice which coring has revealed to exist on the bottom of the Ross Ice Shelf at Site J-9, 2) detecting the preferred horizontal c-axis azi-muthal direction of the sea ice crystals, using the voltage amplitude of the radar reflection from the sea ice bottom, and 3) determining the direction of the currents under an Antarctic ice shelf. A field program was conducted consisting of a surface radar survey on the Ross Ice Shelf at Site J-9 and surface and airborne radar profiling on the McMurdo Ice Shelf. The CRREL impulse radar system, operating at a center frequency of either 80 MHz or 20 MHz, was unable to detect the shelf bottom at Site J-9, which drilling revealed to be 416 m below the snow surface. The radar system was used to profile the McMurdo Ice Shelf both from the snow surface and from the air; a shelf thickness of about 275 m was easily detected. Theoretical considerations indicate that the bulk conductivity of the ice shelf at Site J1-9 was higher than originally anticipated, and this limited the radar sounding depth to about 405 m when operating at a frequency of 20 MHz.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-42
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a124456.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9323
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Introduction Profiling system Theoretical considerations Field program Discussion Literature cited
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  • 4
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    The brine zone in the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/39
    In: CRREL Report, 82-39
    Description / Table of Contents: Observations of a 4.4-m-high brine step in the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica, show that it has migrated about 1.2 km in 4 years. The present brine wave is overriding an older brine-soaked layer. This migration is proof of the dynamic nature of the step, which is the leading edge of a brine wave that originated at the shelf edge after a major break-out of the McMurdo Ice Shelf. The inland boundary of brine penetration is characterized by a series of descending steps that are believed to represent terminal positions of separate intrusions of brine of similar origin. The inland boundary of brine percolation is probably controlled largely by the depth at which brine encounters the firn/ ice transition (43 m). However, this boundary is not fixed by permeability considerations alone, since measurable movement of brine is still occurring at the inland boundary. Freeze-fractionation of the seawater as it migrates throught the ice shelf preferentially precipitates virtually all sodium sulfate, and concomitant removal of water by freezing in the pore spaces of the infiltrated firm produces residual brines approximately six times more concentrated than the original seawater.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 35 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-39
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA124516
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9319
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Objectives Analytical techniques Radio echo profiling Core drilling Results and discussion Brine infiltration survey Brine layer steps Brine infiltration characteristics Brine infiltration mechanisms at inland boundary Confirmation of brine depths by drilling Density and temperature profiles Ice shelf freeboard Brine upwelling Brine chemistry Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 5
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    Window performance in extreme cold (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/38
    In: CRREL Report, 82-38
    Description / Table of Contents: Extreme cold causes heavy buildup of frost, ice and condensation on many windows. It also increases the incentive for improving the airtightness of windows against heat loss. Our study shows that tightening specifications for Alaskan windows to permit only 30% of the air leakage allowed by current American airtightness standards is economically attractive. We also recommend triple glazing in much of Alaska to avoid window icing in homes and barracks. We base our conclusions on a two-year field study of Alaskan military bases that included recording humidity and temperature data, observing moisture accumulation on windows and measuring airtightness with a fan pressurization device.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-38
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA124528
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9333
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Previous work in cold weather window performance Investigation Data acquisition and analysis Modeling the window thermal regime Moisture and ice observations Airtightness testing and analysis Annual heat loss from air leakage Results and conclusions Moisture on windows Airtightness Airtightness economics Recommendations for windows in extreme cold Airtightness Multiple glazing Literature cited Appendix A: Moisture levels and airtightness Appendix B: Dewpoint data Appendix C: Sample observations of icing
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  • 6
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    Landsat-assisted environmental mapping in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/37
    In: CRREL Report, 82-37
    Description / Table of Contents: This report presents a Landsat-derived land cover map of the northwest portion of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. The report is divided into two parts. The first is devoted to the land cover map with detailed descriptions of the mapping methods and legend. The second part is a description of the study area. The classification system used for the maps is an improvement over existing methods of describing tundra vegetation. It is a comprehensive method of nomenclature that consistently applies the same criteria for all vegetation units. It is applicable for large- and small-scale mapping and is suitable for describing vegetation complexes, which are common in the patterned-ground terrain of the Alaskan Arctic. The system is applicable to Landsat-derived land cover classifications. The description of the study area focuses on five primary terrain types: flat thaw-lake plains, hilly coastal plains, foothills, mountainous terrain, and river flood plains. Topography, landforms, soils and vegetation are described for each terrain type. The report also contains area summaries for the Landsat-derived map categories. The area summaries are generated for the five terrain types and for the 89 townships within the study areas. Two land cover maps at 1:250,000 are included.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 68 Seiten , Illustrationen, 2 Karten
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-37
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/7051
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9332
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Foreword Introduction A land cover map of the ANWR study area Legend development Mapping method Results Discussion Description of the ANWR study area General description Description of specific terrain types Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Descriptions of Landsat land cover categories for ANWR Appendix B: Area summaries Appendix C: Aproximate equivalent units in several systems of land cover, wetland and vegetation classifications used in northern Alaska Appendix D: Soil taxonomy Appendix E: Summary of principal Landsat land cover categories within the terrain types of the ANWR study area
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  • 7
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    Long-term modifications of perennially frozen sediment and terrain at East Oumalik, northern Alaska (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/36
    In: CRREL Report, 82-36
    Description / Table of Contents: Camp construction and drilling activities in 1950 at the East Oumalik drill site in northern Alaska caused extensive degradation of ice-rich, perennially frozen silt and irreversible modification of the upland terrain. In a study of the long-term degradational effects at this site, the near-surface geology was defined by drilling and coring 76 holes (maximum depth of 34 m) in disturbed and undisturbed areas and by laboratory analyses of these cores. Terrain disturbances, including bulldozed roads and excavations, camp structures and off-road vehicle trails, were found to have severely disrupted the site's thermal regime. This led to a thickening of the active layer, melting of the ground ice, thaw subsidence and thaw consolidation of the sediments. Slumps, sediment gravity flows and collapse of materials on slopes bounding thaw depressions expanded the degradation laterally, with thermal and hydraulic erosion removing materials as the depressions widened and deepened with time. Degradational processes became less active after thawed sediments thickened sufficiently to slow the increase in the depth of thaw and permit slope stabilization. The site's terrain is now irregular and hummocky with numerous depressions. Seasonal thaw depths are deeper in disturbed areas than in undisturbed areas and reflect the new moisture conditions and morphology. The severity of disturbance is much greater at East Oumalik than at another old drill site, Fish Creek. The difference results primarily from differences in the physical properties of the sediments, including the quantity and distribution of ground ice.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 42 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-36
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA123731
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9330
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Methodology Geologic setting Camp construction and occupation Types of disturbance Degradational processes and the effective area of impact Areal effects of disturbance Topography Groundwater, surface water and drainage Sediment properties and near-surface stratigraphy Surficial processes Depth of thaw Comparison to Fish Creek Discussion and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 8
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    Wastewater applications in forest ecosystems (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/19
    In: CRREL Report, 82-19
    Description / Table of Contents: Under proper design and management, a forest ecosystem in the central United States should renovate municipal wastewater as long or longer than conventional agricultural systems, especially when design limitations are hydraulic loading rate, heavy metals, P and N. Forest systems require smaller buffer zones than agricultural systems and lower sprinkler pressures. Immature forests are better wastewater renovators than mature forests.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 22 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-19
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9364
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Forest systems design Pretreatment Distribution systems Public health considerations Buffer zone requirements Toxic effects Public access Hydraulic loading Nutrient uptake and loading Introduction Nitrogen Phosphorus Trace metals Design considerations Hydraulic loading rates Nitrogen loading rates Forest management options Reforestation Existing forest ecosystems Short term rotation plantations Potential long term effects on forest ecosystems Longevity of forest systems Consequences of overloading Soil chemical, physical and hydrologic properties Productivity Summary Literature cited
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  • 9
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    Optimizing deicing chemical application rates (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/18
    In: CRREL Report, 82-18
    Description / Table of Contents: Snow and ice control on highways has come to rely heavily on the use of sodium chloride to maintain a trafficable surface for unimpeded movement. Empirical approaches have led to a wide range of application rates, some clearly excessive, but justified on the ground of safety and expediency. The combination of environmental degradation from the huge quantities of salt entering the environment, along with the increased cost of salt itself and the cost of its application have spurred the search for more precise knowledge of the proper amount of salt to apply to a pavement, considering a range of environmental, traffic and chemical parameters. Since controlled tests in the field are extremely difficult to make, a circular test track of three test pavements, dense-graded asphaltic concrete (DGA), open-graded asphaltic concrete (DGA) and portland cement concrete (PCC), was constructed in a coldroom. Natural snow and ice were applied to the pavements and an instrumented slipping wheel was driven over the surfaces to generate frictional forces. These forces were measured and then used to evaluate the response to salt application with time for three test temperatures. OGA had the lowest friction values at a temperature near the freezing point, but higher initial values or more rapidly increasing values than DGA and PCC following salt application at the two lower temperatures. Optimum application rate of salt on PCC and DGA lies between 100 and 300 lb/lane mile (LM), and a higher rate resulted in slight or no improvement in friction. DGA showed anomalous results: lower friction for 300 Ib/LM and higher friction for both 100 and 500 Ib/LM.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 55 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-18
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9363
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Objectives Background Approach Influencing factors Field factors Laboratory Laboratory trafficking tests Force measurement and coefficient of friction Test tire slip Surface friction gauge Test procedure British portable tester Experimental results Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Test pavements Appendix B. Pennsylvania State University field study Appendix C. Rochester Institute of Technology field study
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  • 10
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    Seismic site characterization techniques applied to the NATO RSG-11 test site in Münster Nord, Federal Republic of Germany (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/17
    In: CRREL Report, 82-17
    Description / Table of Contents: Seismic P and SH wave refraction experiments at the NATO RSG-11 test site in Munster Nord, Federal Republic of Germany, reveal the presence of a nearly horizontal, three-layer velocity structure. The upper layer, composed of un­consolidated glacial till, is 1 m thick and has P (compressional) and SH (shear-horizontal) wave velocities of 240 and 165 m s-1. The second layer, made up of similar, more compacted material, is 9.5 m thick, with a P wave velocity of 470 m s-1 and an SH wave velocity of 275 m s-1. The third layer, interpreted as the groundwater table, is located at a depth of 10.5 m and has a P wave velocity of 1590 m s-1. The SH wave velocity of this layer is controlled by the matrix material and is the same as that of the second layer. A single, unreversed observation indicated a fourth layer at a depth of about 20 m, but the existence of this layer remains unconfirmed. The observed fundamental mode Love wave dispersion is in agreement with the theoretical dispersion predicted by the refraction velocities. Computed partial derivatives of phase velocity with respect to shear wave velocity show, for the frequencies observed, that the dispersion confirms the thicknesses and velocities of the two upper layers and is not affected by the deeper structure.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 33 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-17
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9355
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Refraction experiments Procedure Equipment Results P waves Low velocity zone SH waves Surface wave experiments Summary and discussion Literature cited Appendix A: P wave refraction data Appendix B: SH wave refraction data. Appendix C: Surface wave dispersion calculations
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  • 11
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    Relationship between the ice and unfrozen water phases in frozen soil as determined by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance and physical desorption data (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/15
    In: CRREL Report, 82-15
    Description / Table of Contents: An experiment is described that demonstrates the balance between the ice and the unfrozen water in a frozen soil as water is removed. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is used to monitor the unfrozen water content as the soil is dehydrated by a molecular sieve material. Our results show that the unfrozen water content of a Morin clay soil remains constant until the total water content has been reduced to the point where no ice remains in the system. Once the ice is depleted, the unfrozen water content determined by NMR corresponds to the total water content of the soil determined by the weight of water removed by the molecular sieve material. Thus the validity of utilizing NMR in determining unfrozen water contents vs temperature is established.
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    Pages: 8 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-15
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9357
    Language: English
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  • 12
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    Application of a numerical sea ice model to the East Greenland area (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/16
    In: CRREL Report, 82-16
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: A dynamic-thermodynamic sea ice model which employs a viscous-plastic constitutive law has been applied to the East Greenland area. The model is run on a 40-km spatial scale at 1/4-day time steps for a 60-day period with forcing data beginning on 1 October 1979. Results tend to verify that the model predicts reasonable thicknesses and velocities within the ice margin. Thermodynamic ice growth produces excessive ice extent, however, probably due to inadequate parameterization of oceanic heat flux. Ice velocities near the free ice edge are also not well simulated, and preliminary investigations attribute this to an improper wind field in this area. A simulation which neglects ice strength, effectively damping ice interaction with itself and allowing no resistance to deformation, produces excessive ice drift toward the coast and results in unrealistic nearshore thicknesses. A dynamics-only simulation produced reasonable results, including a more realistic ice extent, but the need for proper thermodynamics is also apparent. Other simulations verify that ice import from the Arctic Basin, and ice transport due to winds and currents, were also important components in the model studies.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 40 Seiten , Illustrationen , 29 cm
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-16
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9356
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Model description and application Results and discussion Wind and current fields Standard simulation Thermodynamic simulation Zero ice strength Zero ice import Zero currents Modified currents Zero winds Dynamics simulation Summary and concluding remarks Literature cite
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  • 13
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    Laboratory measurements of soil electric properties between 0.1 and 5 GHz (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/10
    In: CRREL Report, 82-10
    Description / Table of Contents: Dielectric measurements have been performed on silt and sand samples from permafrost areas using Time Domain Reflectometry. The sample temperatures were varied from +25 °C to -25 °C, and volumetric water content was varied between oven-dry and 0.55 gH2O/cm3. The data were processed for frequencies between 0.1 and 5.0 GHz. The results show a constant K' and a low K' for frequencies up to 1 GHz. A frequency dependence seen on the data above 2 GHz is probably the result of unfrozen, adsorbed water. At moisture levels near saturation at all temperatures, these soils have excellent propagation characteristics for ground-probing radar operating below 0.3 GHz. Massive ice should be easily detectable in permafrost within a few degrees of 0 °C.
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    Pages: 7 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-10
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9348
    Language: English
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  • 14
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    Shoreline conditions and bank recession along the U.S. shorelines of the St. Marys, St. Clair, Detroit and St. Lawrence Rivers (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/11
    In: CRREL Report, 82-11
    Description / Table of Contents: The purpose of this investigation was to provide data to be used in evaluating the effects of winter navigation on pro­cesses that cause bank erosion. The specific objectives were to document bank conditions and erosion sites along the rivers, to monitor and compare the amounts of winter and summer bank recession and change, and to estimate the amount of recession that occurred prior to winter navigation. Shoreline conditions and bank recession were documented during field surveys each spring and fall. Bank changes were evaluated by comparison to observations from a previous survey. Aerial photointerpretation was done to estimate the amount of bank recession that occurred prior to winter navigation. Three hundred forty-five miles of river shoreline were surveyed. Banks were eroding along 21.5 miles (6.2%). The common types of bank failures were soil falls (sloughing) and block sliding and slumping. The erosion along approxi­mately 15 miles (70%) of the 21.5 miles was occurring along reaches not bordering winter navigation channels.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 75 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-11
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9345
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Previous investigations Approach Shoreline conditions Bank changes Bank recession before winter navigation St. Marys River Bank changes Bank recession before winter navigation St. Clair River Bank changes Bank recession before winter navigation Detroit River Bank changes Bank recession before winter navigation St. Lawrence River Bank changes Historical bank recession Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: St. Marys River Appendix B: St. Clair River Appendix C: Detroit River Appendix D: St. Lawrence River
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  • 15
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    Charged dislocation in ice; II. Contribution of dielectric relaxation (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/7
    In: CRREL Report, 82-7
    In: Charged dislocation in ice, II.
    Description / Table of Contents: The contribution of electrically charged dislocation motion to dielectric relaxation was studied theoretically. Experimentally obtained data on charge density, dislocation density, and segment length and distribution described in Part I of this series were used to calculate dielectric relaxation spectra. The results indicate that the charged dislocation process can produce the observed audio frequency dielectric relaxation as well as the distribution of spectra.
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    Pages: iii, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-7
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9454
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Theoretical development of dielectric relaxation due to charged dislocations Numerical calculations for distributed segment length Discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Mosotti type catastrophe by charged dislocation processes
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  • 16
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    Evaluation of methods for calculating soil thermal conductivity (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/8
    In: CRREL Report, 82-8
    Description / Table of Contents: A detailed analysis of methods for calculating the thermal conductivity of soils is presented, and trends in the predic­tions of these methods are compared. The influence of changes in the moisture content on the calculated thermal con­ductivity of a soil (at constant dry density) is shown, as is the sensitivity of this calculated value to changes in dry den­sity or in the soil solids’ thermal conductivity. The methods are evaluated to determine the extent of agreement of their predictions with measured values obtained on soils of known composition and properties. The deviations of the predicted values are determined for soils that are unfrozen or frozen, coarse or fine, unsaturated, saturated or dry. The applicability of each of the methods under various conditions is determined and recommendations are made as to the best method for each condition.
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    Pages: vi, 90 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-8
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9452
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Analysis of methods for calculating thermal conductivity Introduction Influence of moisture content on thermal conductivity Influence of dry density on thermal conductivity Influence of soil solids’ thermal conductivity Comparison of the various methods Evaluation of methods for calculating thermal conductivity Soils data used for evaluation Computer program Applicability of the methods Discussion and conclusions Applicability to unfrozen soils Applicability to frozen soils Applicability to saturated soils Effect of soil mineral composition Applicability to dry soils Summary of applicability of methods Literature cited Appendix A: Properties of some test soils Appendix B: Comparison of thermal conductivity values computed by the various methods and of their deviations from the values measured
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  • 17
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    Model study of Port Huron ice control structure : wind stress simulation (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/9
    In: CRREL Report, 82-9
    Description / Table of Contents: This study deals with the distribution of forces along the converging boundaries of the Port Huron, Michigan, region where unconsolidated ice in Lake Huron is held against wind and water stresses. An experimental basin was built to induce uniform shear stress on the model ice cover by flowing water beneath the ice. The boundary segments, which held the ice cover in the region, were instrumented to measure force in the normal and tangential directions. The distribution of normal forces along the boundary was compared with as distribution derived by using a theoretical model. An ice control structure (ICS) was installed in the basin and experiments were conducted to measure the forces on the ICS and the ice release through the opening in the ICS during simulated ship passages. The experimental results are presented in a nondimensional form. In addition, the force per unit length on the ICS and the area of ice released through its opening were estimated for the expected wind conditions at the Port Huron site.
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    Pages: v, 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-9
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9347
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Theoretical models Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Experimental program Experimental facility Scaling factors Experimental results Analysis of wind data for lower Lake Huron Summary and conclusions Release of ice through the opening of an ICS Ice forces on the ice control structure Ice forces on ice control structure from a large unconsolidated ice cover Literature cited Appendix A. Equation for the stress resultants and velocities of the ice cover Appendix B. Monthly summary of wind data at Port Huron
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  • 18
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    On the differences in ablation seasons of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/33
    In: CRREL Report, 82-33
    Description / Table of Contents: Arctic sea ice is freckled with melt ponds during the ablation season; Antarctic sea ice has few, if any. On the basis of a simple surface heat budget, we investigate the meteorological conditions necessary for the onset of surface melting in an attempt to explain these observations. The low relative humidity associated with the relatively dry winds off the continent and an effective radiation parameter smaller than that characteristic of the Arctic are primarily responsible for the absence of melt features in the Antarctic. Together these require a surface-layer air temperature above 0 C before Antarctic sea ice can melt. A ratio of the bulk transfer coefficients C sub H/C sub E less than 1 also contributes to the dissimilarity in Arctic and Antarctic ablation seasons. The effects of wind speed and of the sea-ice roughness on the absolute values of C sub H and C sub E seem to moderate regional differences, but final assessment of this hypothesis awaits better data, especially from the Antarctic.
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    Pages: 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-33
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA122454
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9374
    Language: English
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  • 19
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    Fluid dynamic analysis of volcanic tremor (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/32
    In: CRREL Report, 82-32
    Description / Table of Contents: Low-frequency (10 Hz) volcanic earthquakes originate at a wide range of depths and occur before, during, and after magmatic eruptions. The characteristics of these earthquakes suggest that they are not typical tectonic events. Physically analogous processes occur in hydraulic fracturing of rock formations, low-frequency icequakes in temperate glaciers, and autoresonance in hydroelectric power stations. We propose that unsteady fluid flow in volcanic conduits is the common source mechanism of low-frequency volcanic earthquakes (tremor). The fluid dynamic source mechanism explains low-frequency earthquakes of arbitrary duration, magnitude, and depth of origin, as unsteady flow is independent of physical properties of the fluid and conduit. Fluid transients occur in both low-viscosity gases and high-viscosity liquids. A fluid transient analysis can be formulated as generally as is warranted by knowledge of the composition and physical properties of the fluid, material properties, geometry and roughness of the conduit, and boundary conditions. To demonstrate the analytical potential of the fluid dynamic theory, we consider a single-phase fluid, a melt of Mount Hood andeside at 1250 deg C, in which significant pressure and velocity variations occur only in the longitudinal direction.
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    Pages: 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-32
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA122778
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9375
    Language: English
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  • 20
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    Comparative analysis of the USSR construction codes and the US Army technical manual for design of foundations on permafrost (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/14
    In: CRREL Report, 82-14
    Description / Table of Contents: A comparative study was made of design criteria and analytical methods for footings and pile foundations on perma­frost employed in U.S.S.R. Design Code SNiP II-18-76 (1977) and U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory Special Report 80-34 developed in the early 1970's by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and published in 1980. The absence of adequate constitutive equations for frozen soils and of rigorous solutions of the boundary prob­lems has made it necessary to incorporate (explicitly or implicitly) various safety factors in the foundation analyses. From the review it is concluded that the principal difference between these practices is in the assessment and application of appropriate values of safety factors, which leads to a substantial discrepancy in the dimensions and cost of footings and pile foundations in permafrost.
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    Pages: iv, 20 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-14
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9358
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction U.S.S.R. system of standards U.S.S.R. Design Code SNiP 11-18-76 (1977) subsoils and foundations on permafrost General regulations Classification of soils Basic regulations for foundation design Analysis of subsoils and foundations Design of foundations for special soil conditions, and appendices SR 80-34 (1980) design and construction of foundations in areas of deep seasonal frost and permafrost General information Foundation design Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 21
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    Numerical solutions for a rigid-ice model of secondary frost heave (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/13
    In: CRREL Report, 82-13
    Description / Table of Contents: Frost heave is analyzed for the common case in which some ice penetrates the soil. In this situation, heave is due to the accumulation of soil-free ice just within the frozen zone, behind a frozen fringe of finite thickness. Heat and mass transport within and across that fringe are crucial processes in the dynamics of heave. This analysis concentrates on activity within the fringe, also connecting that activity to heat and mass flows in the more frozen and unfrozen zones. Each component in a set of governing differential equations is developed from rational physics and thermodynamics, using previous experimental work. It is assumed that the soil ice grows through interconnected interstices; hence it constitutes and can move as a rigid body. When the assumption is translated into mathematical terms, it completes the governing equations. The model resulting from these considerations is a one-dimensional finite element computer program that solves the equations for arbitrary initial and boundary conditions. The model is used to simulate the heave history of a hypothetical soil column frozen unidirectionally and subjected to a surcharge. The results are gratifying in that they predict qualitatively the characteristics of numerous laboratory observations. Some questions about the completeness of the theory remain, and strict verification of the model awaits further experimentation and better parameter identification.
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    Pages: iii, 11 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-13
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9344
    Language: English
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  • 22
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    Sensible and latent heat fluxes and humidity profiles following a step change in surface moisture (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/12
    In: CRREL Report, 82-12
    Description / Table of Contents: From a high-quality set of velocity, temperature, and humidity profiles collected upwind and downwind of a step change in surface roughness, temperature, and moisture, we have calculated upwind and downwind values of the heat fluxes and friction velocity. The surface change is from smooth to rough; upwind, the sensible heat flux is upward and the latent heat flux is zero; downwind, the surface is well-watered so that the latent heat flux is upward while the sensible heat flux is downward. The downwind latent heat flux in this fetch-limited flow obeys NL=0.08 Rx 0.76 where NL is the latent heat Nusselt number and Rx is the fetch Reynolds number, a parameter for characterizing fetch-limited flows. Because this relation is virtually the same as one found to describe the sensible heat and condensate fluxes over arctic leads, we conclude that the Nusselt numbers nondimensionalizing scalar fluxes are the same for a given fetch Reynolds number when boundary conditions are similar.
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    Pages: vii, 18 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-12
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9346
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Upwind: flux gradient method Downwind: integral method ResulIts Energy budget Latent heat flux Surface stress Downwind humidity profiles Discussion Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 23
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    Breakup of solid ice covers due to rapid water level variations (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/3
    In: CRREL Report, 82-3
    Description / Table of Contents: The conditions that lead to initial breakup of a solid ice on a river due to rapid water level variations are analyzed. The analysis is based on the theory of beams on an elastic foundation. First cracking is assumed to occur when the bending moment induced in the ice cover by the wave exceeds the flexural strength of the ice cover.
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    Pages: iv, 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-3
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9448
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Symbols Introduction Purpose of the study Stating the problem Fracturing of the ice cover due to the passage of surge waves Basic assumptions Derivation of the bending moments Determination of the wave characteristics Deflection of the ice Discussion and field observations Summary Literature cited
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  • 24
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    Measurement of ground dielectric properties using wide-angle reflection and refraction (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/6
    In: CRREL Report, 82-6
    Description / Table of Contents: The interpretation of continuous radar profiles requires an alternative geophysical means of obtaining ground dielectric information. Ground dielectric properties were measured using wide-angle reflection and refraction (WARR) soundings with a ground-probing radar set that transmits pulses f a few nanoseconds duration. The investigations, carried out over sandy gravel in interior Alaska, provided dielectric data to about a 5-m depth. The WARR soundings were displayed as individual traces allowing interference between separate events and dispersion to be observed, and the soundings were compared with continuous radar and resistivity profiles conducted concurrently to extract the maximum amount of dielectric information. The dielectric constants, derived mainly from the direct ground waves propagating along the surface, ranged from 2.9 to 7.4. Dielectric values interpreted for one site predicted the possibility of a refracted event which may have occurred during one of the soundings.
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    Pages: iii, 11 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-6
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9449
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Theory of ground wave propagation from a horizontal electric dipole Equipment and methods Results Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Summary and concluding remarks Literature cited
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  • 25
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    On the temperature distribution in an air-ventilated snow layer (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/5
    In: CRREL Report, 82-5
    Description / Table of Contents: The problem of simultaneous heat and mass transfer in a homogeneous snow layer, with one side kept at its initial temperature and the other side with a step temperature increase, was solved for the case of constant through-flow conditions. An experimentally determined effective thermal conductivity function, i.e. Ke = 0.0014 + 0.58 G (where G is dry mass flow rate of air in g/sq cm-s), was employed in the solution. The computed nondimensional temperature distribution agreed quite well with experimental data taken under pseudo-steady state conditions with the exception of the temperature for the lowest flow rate used in the experiment. The pronounced nonlinearity of the temperature distribution was found to be a strong function of the flow rate. For sinusoidal variation of atmospheric pressure, the responding flow in the snow medium was also found to be sinusoidal. In conjunction with the diurnal temperature change, this variation facilitated the process of repeated sublimation and condensation in alternate directions and thereby produced a surface layer of approximately constant snow density.
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    Pages: v, 10 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-5
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9450
    Language: English
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  • 26
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    Hydraulic model study of Port Huron ice control structure (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/34
    In: CRREL Report, 82-34
    Description / Table of Contents: The ice discharge through an opening in an ice control structure was documented to be a function of the floe size, ice type, ice floe conditions and vessel direction. The model data for the average ice discharge per vessel transit scaled to prototype values compared favorably with data taken at the St. Marys River ice control structure (ICS). The model results of the force measurements were also consistent with data taken at the St. Marys ICS. The dynamic loading conditions were independent of vessel direction. The dynamic loading to the structure using 3 types of ice (plastic, natural and urea-doped) showed a considerable difference in their means and standard deviations. The urea-doped ice was evaluated for dynamic loading conditions, and reasonable peak values of 3 to 5 times the mean load at each measuring position were recorded, independent of vessel direction. It appears that synthetic random ice floes may be used in model studies where ice discharge through an opening in a structure needs to be documented. This study shows the synthetic random ice floe discharge to fall reasonably within the values obtained for natural ice discharge for both rafted and non-rafted ice fields above the ICS. However, the question of whether synthetic ice can be used for analyzing force distributions and dynamic force loading criteria cannot be fully answered at this time because the load distributions of the synthetic and natural floes appear to differ.
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    Pages: 68 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-34
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA123715
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9331
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Scope of work Ice discharge from Lake Huron into St. Clair River Water velocity profiles at Port Huron Ice conditions Physical model Basis for selection Description Instrumentation Model ice control structure Open water calibration Open water tests Experimental procedures and techniques Ice cover calibration Ice control structure orientation Analysis of ice discharge due to ship transits Natural ice Synthetic ice Forces on the ice control structure Static measurements Dynamic force measurements Potential additional shear stresses Anticipated ice conditions with ICS Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Application of model results Appendix B. Suggested additional studies Appendix C. Derivation of ice discharge
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  • 27
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    Radar detection of ice wedges in Alaska (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/43
    In: CRREL Report, 82-43
    Description / Table of Contents: The radar signatures of ice wedges and wedge-like structures have been investigated for a variety of soil conditions. The radar used for this study emitted short sinusoidal pulses of about 10-ns duration with an approximate center frequency of 150 MHz. Most of the ice wedges existed at depths of about 1 m in a variety of silty and sandy soils with both frozen and thawed active layers. The position of the wedges was usually identified from corresponding surface features. An artificial ice wedge in coarse-grained alluvium was also profiled as well as wedge-like structures of fine silt in a coarse-grained glacial outwash. All wedges and wedge-like structures produced a hyperbolic reflection profile except when an active layer of thawed, saturated silt was present which eliminated returns from the wedges. The peaks of the hyper-bolas were sometimes masked by reflections from the permafrost table or other material interfaces, and multiple hyperbolas occurred at some sites. The dielectric constant of the host medium was often calculated from the linear portions of the hyperbolas and the results were verified by laboratory time domain reflectometry measurements per-formed on field samples. In some cases, hyperbolic profiles originated at several meters depth suggesting that deep ice wedges could be detected in areas of cold permafrost.
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    Pages: iv, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-43
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a124571.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9324
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Objectives and procedures Equipment used Radar TDR Definitions Massive ice Results Artificial wedge: Norwich, Vermont Ice wedges in sand: Fish Creek, Alaska Ice wedges: Prudhoe Bay, Alaska Ice wedges under thawed fine-grained soils: North Slope, Alaska Wedge-like soil structures: Ft. Greely, Alaska TDR measurements Summary and concluding remarks Literature cited Appendix A: Brief discussion of dispersion
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  • 28
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    Subsea permafrost in Harrison Bay, Alaska : an interpretation from seismic data (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/24
    In: CRREL Report, 82-24
    Description / Table of Contents: Velocity data derived from petroleum industry seismic records from Harrison Bay show that high-velocity material ( or = 2 km/s) interpreted to be ice-bonded permafrost is common. In the eastern part of the bay, the depth to high velocity material increases and velocity decreases in an orderly manner with increasing distance from shore until the layer is no longer apparent. The western part of the bay is less orderly, possibly reflecting a different geological and thermal history. This western part may be an inundated section of the low coastal plain characterized by the region north of Teshekpuk Lake, and could have contained deep thaw lakes, creating low velocity zones. Along some seismic lines, the high-velocity material extends approximately 25 km offshore. Two anomalies have been found which could be associated with rapidly degrading permafrost. One is strong attenuation, which was interpreted as an indication of gas in the shallow deposits. The other is the presence of considerable seismic noise, including identifiable small seismic events. The origin of this noise has not been positively established, and it is proposed that it may indicate that some movement is occurring in the sediments due to thaw.
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    Pages: 65 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-24
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA121020
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9361
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Methods Reading records Refractions Reflections Rayleigh waves Spatial resolution Anomalies Results and discussion Seismic velocity distribution Attenuation Low-level natural seismicity Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Error estimates Appendix B: Velocity profiles Appendix C: Seismic cross sections
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  • 29
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    Direct filtration of streamborne glacial silt (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/23
    In: CRREL Report, 82-23
    Description / Table of Contents: A direct filtration, water treatment pilot plant was operated on the Kenai River at Soldotna, Alaska, during the summer of 1980. The purpose of the pilot plant operations was to determine the feasibility of the direct filtration process for removal of glacial silt. The major criterion used to determine feasibility was production of water containing less than 1.0 NTU of turbidity. For the range of raw water turbidities encountered (22-34 NTU), the pilot plant testing indicated that direct filtration was feasible and could be considered as an alternative to conventional waiter treatment plants containing sedimentation tanks.
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    Pages: 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-23
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a120751.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9360
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric Introduction Glacial characteristics Water treatment Materials and methods Experimental design Pilot plant intake Hydrocyclone Chemical addition system Flocculation system Filtration system Pilot plant operations Coagulant chemical preparations Flow measurement Sampling Results and discussion Kenai River w ater quality Evaluation of pilot plant testing Performance of pilot plant elements Physical and chem ical variables Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited
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  • 30
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    Hydrology and climatology of the Caribou-Poker Creeks research Watershed, Alaska (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/26
    In: CRREL Report, 82-26
    Description / Table of Contents: The Caribou-Poker Creeks Research Watershed is a small (101.5-sq km) drainage basin located 48 km northwest of Fairbanks, Alaska. Elevations within the watershed range from 210 to 826 m, and approximately 28% of its area is underlain by permafrost. Climatic differences between the watershed and Fairbanks are primarily due to the higher elevation of the watershed. Generally the watershed climatic sites are warmer in winter and cooler in summer than Fairbanks. Within the watershed the greatest temperature contrasts exist in winter, when the valley-bottom sites are beneath the regional air temperature inversion, and the higher sites are above it. From May through September the total precipitation averages 270 mm, 1.47 times that received at Fairbanks. The annual precipitation is about 1.7 times that of Fairbanks. The historical precipitation record at Fairbanks indicates that summer precipitation was below the long-term normal in eight of the eleven years of watershed measurements (1969-1980); no climatic extremes occurred during this period. An analysis of annual streamflow data showed an inconsistency of baseflow recessions from year to year. The runoff-rainfall ratio for individual summer storms averaged 0.35 for Caribou Creek. Comparisons of spot discharge measurements of predominantly permafrost and non-permafrost subwatersheds showed that permafrost-dominated watersheds have a much flashier response to precipitation than non-permafrost watersheds. A comparison of the annual flow distribution of the watershed indicated that Caribou Creek has lower summer and higher winter discharges per unit area than the Chena or Salcha Rivers.
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    Pages: 42 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-26
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA122402
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9369
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Setting Geology and soils Vegetation Climate Air temperature Precipitation Hydrology Annual and monthly runoff Individual storms Baseflow recessions Spatial flow variability Temporal flow variability Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Station histories
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    Least life-cycle costs for insulation in Alaska (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/27
    In: CRREL Report, 82-27
    Description / Table of Contents: Recommendations for economical thicknesses for building insulation result from a study of fuel and construction costs of 12 military installations in Alaska. A comparison between the insulation thickness that a building owner might choose today and what he might choose in 20 years indicates a trend for much thicker insulation in the future. An analysis of how much more expensive a building built today with the thickness that would be appropriate 20 years hence indicates only a small penalty in life-cycle costs for the additional insulation. Therefore, a minimum of R-32 walls and R-62 attics is recommended for most of Alaska.
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    Pages: 54 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-27
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA122806
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9367
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Summary Introduction Determining economic thicknesses for insulation Background Analysis method for new construction Analysis method for reinsulating existing construction Sensitivity and longevity of the results Sensitivity Longevity Recommendations Saving money vs. saving energy Energy economics conservation Building energy performance standards Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Heating system costs Appendix B: Present worth factors Appendix C: Base case and incremental thermal properties Appendix D: LCC comparison graphs for wall and roof systems Appendix E: Cost penalties for energy conservatism Appendix F: Graphic aid for figuring energy savings thermal improvements
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  • 32
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    Equations for determining the gas and brine volumes in sea ice samples (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/30
    In: CRREL Report, 82-30
    Description / Table of Contents: Equations are developed that can be used to determine the amount of gas present in sea ice from measurements of the bulk ice density, salinity and temperature in the temperature range o f-2 to -30°C. Conversely these relationships can be used to give the density of sea ice as a function of its temperature and salinity, considering both the presence of gas and of solid salts in the ice. Equations are also given that allow the calculation of the gas and brine volumes in the ice at temperatures other than that at which the bulk density was determined.
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    Pages: 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-30
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/7048
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9372
    Language: English
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  • 33
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    Growth of faceted crystals in a snow cover (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/29
    In: CRREL Report, 82-29
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice grains in a snow cover with a low temperature gradient assume a well-rounded equilibrium form. However, at temperature gradients of 0.1 to 0.2 C/cm (depending somewhat on temperature and snow density), the rounded grains recrystallize into a faceted kinetic growth form. The large temperature gradient must play a decisive role in moving the vapor fast enough to sustain the rapid growth rate associated with the kinetic growth form. Once the large temperature gradient is removed, the grains recrystallize back to the equilibrium form. the recrystallization occurs in either direction without a change in bulk density. The growth of faceted crystals begins at the warmer base of the snow cover where the excess vapor pressure is largest. A transition between the overlying rounded grains moves upward in time. Faceted crystals also grow just below crusts of reduced permeability, where the increased vapor accumulation can sustain the excess vapor pressure neded for kinetic growth. The heat and vapor flows are described using a model based on thermodynamic equilibrium. The temperature distribution is shown to be quasi-linear at steady state in homogeneous snow. The recrystallization of the snow is modeled using the rounded grains as sources and the faceted grains as sinks. In the future this model should be extended to account for different temperatures among the sources and sinks.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-29
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA122792
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9373
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Abstract Preface Introduction Vapor flow Temperature profile Crystal growth rates Equilibirum versus kinetic growth forms of snow crystals Discussion Summary Literature cited
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    Bering Strait sea ice and the Fairway Rock icefoot (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/31
    In: CRREL Report, 82-31
    Description / Table of Contents: Information on sea ice conditions in the Bering Strait and the icefoot formation around Fairway Rock, located in the strait, is presented. Cross-sectional profiles of Fairway Rock and the relief of the icefoot are given along with theoretical analyses of the possible forces active during icefoot formation. It is shown that the ice cover most likely fails in flexure as opposed to crushing or buckling, as the former requires less force. Field observations reveal that the Fairway Rock icefoot is massive, with ridges up to 15 m high, a seaward face only 20 degrees from vertical, and interior ridge slopes averaging 33 degrees. The icefoot is believed to be grounded and its width ranges from less than 10 to over 100 m.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 44 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-31
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA122477
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9317
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Bering Strait Field reconnaissance Estimation of ice forces on Fairway Rock 1. Creep deformation 2. Crushing failure 3. Flexural failure 4. Forces required to form floating or grounded pressure ridges along therock or to pile ice on the beaches 5. Buckling failure Driving forces Angle of internal friction of sea ice Summary Literature cited Appendix A: April 1982 field observations at Fairway Rock
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  • 35
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    Acoustic emissions from polycrystalline ice (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/21
    In: CRREL Report, 82-21
    Description / Table of Contents: The acoustic emission response from fine-grained polycrystalline ice subjected to constant compressive loads was examined. A number of tests were conducted with the nominal stress ranging from 0.8 to 3.67 MPa at a temperature of -5 C. The acoustic emission response was recorded and the data are presented with respect to time and strain. The source of acoustic emissions in ice is considered in terms of the formation of both microfractures and visible fractures that develop without catastrophic failure of the ice. A model to describe the acoustic emission response is developed.
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    Pages: iv, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-21
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9366
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Experimental procedures Ice specimens Mechanical test equipment Acoustic emission equipment Data recording Acoustic emission sources in ice Acoustic events and visible fracturing Source mechanisms Tests on ice single crystals General acoustic emission response Analysis of data Transient response Steady-state response Amplitude distribution Combined transient and steady-state response in the time domain Discussion Summary Literature cited
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    The Alaska Good Friday Earthquake of 1964 (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/1
    In: CRREL Report, 82-1
    Description / Table of Contents: On 27 March 1964 a major earthquake struck Southern Alaska. The city of Anchorage, which contained a large part of Alaska's population, suffered loss of life and destruction of property. The time of the day, the season, and ground conditions were such that loss of life and property was minimized. The frozen ground and the ice on fresh waster bodies responded to the earthquake shocks in a seldom-observable pattern, which was noted and recorded. Changes of sea level and slides into the sea were responsible for waterfront destruction. It is concluded that the main factor that limited structural damage was the frozen state of the ground.
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    Pages: iv, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-1
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9445
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Abstract of events Earthquakes and frozen ground The response of freshwater ice sheets to earthquake shock The earthquake disturbance in glaciated mountains Disturbed wildlife Tidal waves Summary Literature cited
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    Sea ice drag laws and simple boundary layer concepts, including application to rapid melting (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/4
    In: CRREL Report, 82-4
    Description / Table of Contents: Several proposed methods for treating the momentum flux between drifting sea ice and the underlying ocean are interpreted in terms of simple planetary-boundary-layer (PBL) turbulence theory. The classical two-layer approach, in which the solution for a thin surface layer is matched to an Ekman solution for the outer layer, is used to derive several forms of the drag law. These forms range from linear (where stress is proportional to relative speed), through quadratic (where stress is proportional to relative speed squared), to a Rossby-similarity law like that used to express frictional drag on geostrophic wind in the atmosphere. Only formulations which conform with Rossby-similarity scaling are consistent with free-drift data from the 1975 AIDJEX drift station experiment.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-4
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9447
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Background Hierarchy of drag laws and simple models The momentum equation for the planetary boundary layer Linear eddy viscosity - the constant stress layer Two-layer eddy viscosity PBL scaling A dimensionless two-layer system A dimensionless two-layer system with modified stress Evaluating the drag laws Rossby similarity parameters and buoyancy effects Discussion Literature cited
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    ASS volume 16 issue 4 Cover and Front matter (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 1-2 
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    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00017248
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    The Sage in the Inkpot: Bertrand Russell and China's Social Reconstruction in the 1920s (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 529-600 
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    Notes: However surprising Russell's combination of mathematical logic and pacifist anti-capitalist ethics may appear, it becomes understandable if one looks for its psychological roots. He who is ready to overthrow the oldest traditions in logic and to uncover the illusory nature of ancient ideals will also look with more freedom at the ideals of bourgeois ethics and not be afraid to give up values which those who are tradition-bound are unable to renounce.
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    Archer, MildredAijazuddin, F. S.Archer, MildredBastin, John; Rohatgi, Pauline: India and British Portraiture, 1770–1825Sikh Portraits by European ArtistsEarly Views of India. The Picturesque Journeys of Thomas and William Daniell, 1786–1794Prints of Southeast Asia in the India Office Library. The East India Company in Malaysia and Indonesia, 1789–1824 : London and New York, Sotheby Parke Bernet, 1979London and New York, Sotheby Parke Bernet, 1979London, Thames and Hudson, 1980London, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1979 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 683-697 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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    Potter, Karl H.: Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies. Advaita Vedānta up to Śaṃkara and His Pupils : Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1981 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 702-702 
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    Azarpay, Guitty; Belenitskii, A. M.; Marshak, B. I.; Dresden, Mark J.: Sogdian Painting: The Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art : Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, University of California Press, 1981 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 700-702 
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    Overseas Chinese Nationalism in Singapore and Malaya 1877–1912 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 397-425 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Overseas Chinese political links with China have been a subject of interest for many years. Travellers, journalists, officials and scholars have constantly made speculation, assessments and predictions about the political loyalties of overseas Chinese, and their future in their host countries. Although the overseas Chinese share a common historical and cultural background, they live in different economic environments and political climates, and in different stages of transition. Their political loyalty is especially difficult to assess. It is not just moulded by cultural, economic and political environments; it is also affected by other, less predictable factors. The rise of nationalism in the overseas Chinese communities at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries was a major factor in shaping the political life of the overseas Chinese. Using Singapore and Malaya as case studies, this paper seeks to explain how and why overseas Chinese nationalism arose during this period.
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    ‘The Omnipresent Bania:’ (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 445-462 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: After revisiting Sind in 1876, Sir Richard Burton wrote, ‘The Hindu's reed-pen is a rod of iron and abjectly the unhappy Sindi trembles before it.’ By ‘Hindu,’ Burton meant the Hindu bania, the trader and moneylender, and by ‘Sindi’ he meant the Sindhi Muslim zamindar (landholder), the perennial debtor. The creditor tyrannized over the debtor, imposing ever harsher and more inequitable terms on him. What is interesting is that Burton scarcely appeared to recognize the Hindu banias as Sindhis at all; he wrote as if they were interlopers on the Sindhi scene. It was a colourful summary of the average British official's attitude towards debt. Twenty years later, Evan James, the Commissioner in Sind, quoted Burton's remark to lend support to his own argument that debt was an intolerable burden on Sindhi Muslims in general and the great zamindars in particular.
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    Hunt, Roland; Harrison, John: The District Officer in India 1930–1947 : London, Scholar Press, 1980 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 522-523 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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    Freeman, James M.: Untouchable, an Indian Life History : London, George Allen and Unwin, 1979 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 524-528 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00015316
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    England, Portugal and the Estado da India c. 1500–1635 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 177-192 
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    Notes: In January 1635 there arrived in Goa a delegation from the English East India Company. The affluent air and dignified behaviour of its members, not to mention the obviously well-gunned and well-equipped ships that had brought them, greatly impressed the Portuguese, according to the then viceroy, the redoubtable Conde de Linhares. After the solution of the usual niceties of protocol, and after the viceroy had expatiated on the iniquities of England's erstwhile allies, the Dutch, a truce was agreed. So ended something like half a century of war at sea as the English had pushed—and surprisingly slowly, considering their reputation in Europe—into Portugal's Asian preserves. The peace did not, as Linhares had hoped, lead to the downfall of the Dutch, who went on to inflict grievous blows on Portugal in east and west alike. Nor did it establish England and Portugal as ‘senores de tudo’.Nevertheless it opened an era of generally amicable relations between the two countries in Asia, and so forms a convenient point from which to survey their previous history, and to indicate what may be learned from English sources as to the condition and affairs of the Estado da India.
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    Porter, Gareth: Vietnam, the Definitive Documentation of Human Decisions : London, Philadelphia and Rhine, Heyden, 1979 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 311-333 
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    Land Rent, Peasant Migration, and Political Power in Yao Cun, 1911–1937 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 101-122 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: In April of 1980 I was received by the Henan Province History Research Institute of the Henan Province Chinese Academy of Social Sciences to begin the first systematic oral political history project on peasant revolution in modern China. The focus of this project is on the problems of livelihood faced by the peasants of Lin county and several other counties in the pre-Liberation period, roughly 1911–49. In May I began an investigation of the history of rural Lin county and the village of Yao Cun, Lin county, Henan. In this essay I will sketch the general social and political history of Yao village in Republican years, and then draw from my preliminary field research to explain the relationship between land rent, the impoverishment of peasant smallholders, and political power in pre-Liberation China in one North China village. This relationship has received minimal emphasis in the literature on peasantry and change in pre-1949 China. One of the many reasons for this has been the tendency of past scholarship to stress the critically important role of the ‘middle peasant village’ in the Chinese revolution. The evidence from Yao cun offers a slight qualification of this middle peasant thesis.
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    Popkin, Samuel L.: The Rational Peasant: The Political Economy of Rural Society in Vietnam : Berkeley, University of California Press, 1979 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 168-169 
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    Aris, Michael; Kyi, Aung San Suu: Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson. Proceedings of the International Seminar on Tibetan Studies, Oxford 1979 : Warminster, England, Aris and Phillips, Ltd, 1980 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 170-170 
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    Stutley, Margaret: Ancient Indian Magic and Folklore: An Introduction : London and Henley, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 170-172 
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    District Officers in Decline: The Erosion of British Authority in the Bombay Countryside, 1919 to 1947 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 493-518 
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    Notes: The paradox of the authoritarian rule of the Indian Raj at the heart of Britain's liberal empire was one that ran continuously through the history of nineteenth- and twentieth-century imperialism. Both as the unpaid arsenal of Eastern expansion and defence, and as the essential stop-gap to Britain's multilateral pattern of trade, India was the necessary if incongruous adjunct of Liberal England, supporting the doctrines of progress at home on the basis of the autocratic control of its British-born hierophants over the numberless ‘contented masses’ of the Indian countryside. The resulting contrast between the increasingly self-governing white dominions, and the Indian maverick upholding in chains the very fabric of the empire, was also reflected in the political thinking of the motherland itself, by way of the stresses and contradictions which the conditions of the Raj's existence served to create within the liberal framework of the Victorian intellectual world. At the core of the Victorian liberal empire stood the strictly paternalistic government of the Raj in India; at the centre of the ‘benevolent despotism’ that British rule in the subcontinent adopted stood the steel frame of the Indian Civil Service, ‘much more of a government corporation than of a purely civil service’ and the creator as much as the executor of British policy there.
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    ASS volume 16 issue 2 Back matter (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 1-2 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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    The Overseas Chinese and Late Ch'ing Economic Modernization (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 217-232 
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    Notes: China's early economic modernization in the Late Ch'ing period has attracted a great deal of attention from economic historians who have been trying to find out causes for the failure of this attempt, and to measure the impact of Western imperialism. What they have generally ignored is the fact that China at that time was trying to break free from the growing foreign economic control, and to find an alternative to the foreign capital. The alternative was the overseas Chinese capital which, in the belief of the Ch'ing government, was capable of taking over the role of foreign capital in the economic modernization of China. This paper seeks to examine the measures taken by the Ch'ing government to attract overseas Chinese capital, and to analyse why the policy of using overseas Chinese capital failed.
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    The British Model: Institutional Reform and Occupied Japan (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 233-250 
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    Notes: They order these things differently in England. Such comment on the relevance of the British political and economic experience to postsurrender Japan has been overlooked by students ofthe occupation period. The explanation for this neglect appears to vary on national lines. Research interest into Britain's postwar foreign policy in east Asia has been limited until recently by the availability of government material, while American and later Japanese scholars following in their wake seem reluctant to recognize that in name and sometimes in reality the occupation was an allied venture, since this goes against the grain of American unilateralism. Where there has been note of allied contributions to the occupation the references have tended to be perfunctory. Two recent publications might be cited as representative of this trend among American historians. John Dower's voluminous work on Yoshida Shigeru has little on Yoshida's contacts with British occupation personnel despite frequent references to the premier's anglophilia. Justin Williams's version of the occupation is equally Americocentric. The author regards the Far Eastern Commission's role in Japan's enforced democratization as reactionary ‘because SCAP dealt with the real Japan and the FEC with an imaginary Japan. Long after SCAP became immersed in constructing the democratic Japan of the future, the FEC was still preoccupied with teaching a lesson to the Imperial Japan of old.’ As a challenging quotation useful for those setting examinations on the subject it may bear repetition but not a few British and Commonwealth diplomats might be forgiven for suggesting that the remark could be profitably reversed. The distance between the United States' image of Japan and the truth behind the rhetoric remained a persistent theme of despatches from the British mission in Tokyo (UKLIM) to the Foreign Office throughout this period.
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    Kindaich, Harukiko; Hirano, Umeyo: The Japanese Language : Rutland, Vermont and Tokyo, Charles E. Tuttlen Company, 1978 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 350-352 
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    ASS volume 16 issue 1 Back matter (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 1-2 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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    Ten Days of Wandering and Romance with Lord Raṅkanāta;ṉ: The Pa;ṉkuṋi Festival in Śriraṅkam Temple, South India (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 623-656 
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    Notes: In the third century, a poet in the ancient Cōḻ capital of Uṟaiyūr, on the banks of the Kāvērī river opposite the island of Śrīraṅkam, looked into the sad face of his lover and said that her face reminded him of the bank of the Kāavērī strewn with stalks of banana plants after the celebration of the Paṅkuṇi festival on Śrīraṅkam island. Although this early reference to the Paṅkuṇi festival being celebrated on Śrīraṅkam island dates from a period when the great Paṅkuṇi temple must have been at most a minor shrine, it seems likely that the Paṅkuṇi festival of today is a direct descendent of that early celebration. When inscriptions were carved on the temple walls between the tenth and eighteenth centuries they regularly mention the Paṅkuṇi festival as one of the main features of the temple's ritual, and references in the temple chronicle also seem to assume a continuous performance of this festival. As other festivals began to crowd into the temple calendar the Pankuni festival came to be known as the Āti festival or the ‘Original’ Festival in order to distinguish it from all others.
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    Mellor, John W.: The New Economics of Growth. A Strategy for India and the Developing World : Ithaca and London, Cornell University Press, 1980 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 698-700 
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    Boxer, C. R.: João de Barros: Portuguese Humanist and Historian of Asia : New Delhi, Concept Publishing Company, 1981 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 703-704 
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    ASS volume 16 issue 3 Cover and Front matter (1982)
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    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 1-2 
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    To Reform China: Naitō Konan's Formative Years in the Meiji Press (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 353-395 
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    Notes: In the early decades of this century, Naitō Konan (1866–1934) became Japan's leading authority on Chinese history and contemporary Chinese affairs. His early education in Kangaku (Chinese studies) had emphasized the Neo-Confucian tradition of jitsugaku or the practical application of learning, a broad trend in Japan then and one subscribed to by Naitō's family. Thus, before his arrival in Tokyo in late 1887, Naitō was already deeply concerned with China. He also possessed a kind of Kangaku assumption that China and Japan were linked culturally, and by extension their contemporary fates before the West were linked. The jitsugaku underpinning to Naitō's thought spurred him to seek out solutions for China's ills (and Japan's) on the basis of his knowledge of the past.
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    The Roots of ‘Communal’ Violence in Rural Bengal (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 463-491 
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    Notes: In 1947 the fabric of Bengali rural society woven together by a common language and a syncretist popular culture was torn asunder on lines of religion. During the final two decades of colonial rule in India the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Jamuna deltaic tracts of east Bengal increasingly became the scene of tension and violent conflict between a Muslim peasantry and a predominantly Hindu landed gentry. The conflict between rival élites in a plural society over government jobs and positions of vantage in the legislative arena has been a subject of scholarly studies in twentieth-century Bengal. Successive ‘legislative attacks’ of one status and interest group upon another have been carefully identified and documented, and their significance assessed. The inner dynamics of the struggle in the countryside and the periodic outbursts of ‘communal’ fury that rent rural Bengal during this period have not come under the same systematic investigation. Yet, without the agrarian dimension to the Hindu–Muslim problem in Bengal, the politics of separatism would in all likelihood have proved ineffectual and been washed away by the strong tide of a composite nationalism.
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    ASS volume 16 issue 2 Cover and Front matter (1982)
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    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 1-2 
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    Vequaud, Yves; Robinson, George: The Art of Mithila: Ceremonial Paintings from an Ancient Kingdom : London, Thames and Hudson, 1977 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 519-522 
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    The Caleb Cushing Mission (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 193-216 
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    Notes: American trade with China was ushered in by the voyage of the Empress of China to Canton in 1784. Within a few years commerce had become so profitable that the United States appointed Major Samuel Shaw to act as the American Consul in China. Very quickly the United States became the number two trader with China and the most serious rival to England. However, American ships were neither as large nor as numerous as those of the British East Indies Company and American merchants possessed neither the financial backing nor the prestige of their British counterpart. The United States was still a weak naval power and traders could not depend on any significant protection from the fleet. Furthermore, the Washington government was unable to exert any appreciable influence on Chinese authorities and they settled into a well-patterned position of following the British lead in the Far East.
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    Party Politics in Japan: The June 1980 Election (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 251-276 
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    Notes: For many reasons the June election was unusual. To begin with, it was the first time in twenty-seven years that a general election was called due to the passage of a ‘vote of non-confidence’ in the House of Commons.Moreover, it was a ‘double election’ as the regular triennial election of the House of Councillors was scheduled for the same time. Most uniquely, it was also the first time in Japan's electoral history that an incumbent Prime Minister died in office while in the course of the campaign. Finally, it was seen as the first serious opportunity for the combined opposition forces to terminate the uninterruped one-party rule of the Liberal Democratic Party (hereafter referred to as the LDP) since 1955. Results of the election and the subsequent choice of Suzuki Zenko as the Prime Minister surprised not only observers but also the ‘insiders’ ofJapanese politics. This paper attempts to: (1) elaborate on the background that led to the election; (2) illustrate and analyze the electoral facts; and (3) examine their implications for Japan's party politics in the 1980s.
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    Low, D. A.: Congress and the Raj: Facets of the Indian Struggle 1917–47 : London, Heineman Educational Books, 1977 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 334-349 
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    ASS volume 16 issue 1 Cover and Front matter (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 1-2 
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    The Transfer of Power, 1947 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 1-32 
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    Notes: Those who kindly invited me to give this lecture showed some resistance to its sub-title. I insisted on ‘a view from the sidelines’ because I wished to emphasize that my remarks would be based on my own presence at the events of 1947 and confined to those matters with which I had direct acquaintance. This is still largely true: mine is in part an undisguisedly personal tale. But the matter is rather more complicated. For one thing, while I was certainly a spectator I was also able for a couple of months in 1947 to scamper on to a segment of New Delhi's field of fateful play, even to get a touch or two of the ball, before returning to my place on the terraces. But for the purpose of this lecture I could not content myself with recollections; I have, as it were, examined the slow re-plays of the television cameras. In trying to match my memories, diaries and letters from 1947 with the files at India Office Records, there have, I confess, been phases of bewilderment on the way to such modest and provisional enlightenment as I can offer. It is not simply that in the 34 years the world has moved on, the perspective has changed; that is a problem which the historian's whole skill is devoted to overcome. The difficulty is aggravated when the spectator cum minor actor in the drama of yesteryear puts on the historian's robe; for not only the world but he with it has changed.
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    Holubnychy, Lydia: Michael Borodin and the Chinese Revolution, 1923–1925 : Ann Arbor, University Microfilms International, 1979 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 166-167 
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    Gwei-Djen, Lu; Needham, Joseph: Celestial Lancets: A History and Rationale of Acupuncture and Moxa : Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1980 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 172-174 
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    Talaq-i-Tafwid and Stipulations in a Muslim Marriage Contract: Important Means of Protecting the Position of the South Asian Muslim Wife (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 277-309 
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    Notes: Muslim law confers supreme authority in marital relations on the husband, to such an extent that the husband can unilaterally and extra-judicially dissolve the matrimonial bond by pronouncement of the verbal formula of divorce (talaq). The wife's position may be to some extent protected by the fact that her deferred dower becomes payable to her upon termination of the marriage by divorce or the death of her husband. However, the dower may either have been set at a minimal amount or have been severely reduced by intervening years of inflation so as to provide neither an affective restraint on the husband's exercise of his power of talaq nor much real assistance to the wife after she has been divorced and turned out of her husband's house. On the other hand, if the dower is set at such an amount as to constitute a real restraint on her husband in regard to his exercise of talaq and the marriage breaks down, the husband may refuse to divorce the Wife by talaq (since by doing so he would incur liability for the dower debt) and may suggest that she agree to a divorce by mutual consent (Khul' or mubara' a). However, a concomitant of a divorce by mutual consent is some financial remuneratioin by the wife to the husband; usually the husband requires the wife to relinquish her rights to dower. The wife may thus easily be placed in position of having to buy her way out of an unhappy marriage.
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    Carey, P. B. R.: The Archive of Yogyakarta. Vol. I. Documents Relating to Politics and Internal Court Affairs : London, Oxfor Univeristy Press, 1980 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 352-352 
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    Constitutional Revolution in Japanese Law, Society and Politics (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 33-67 
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    Notes: Modern Japan has experienced two constitutional revolutions, one from the latter half of the nineteenth century until 1945, and the other since 1945. By ‘constitutional revolution’ is meant a long process in which a fundamental shift takes place in constitutional values diffused throughout society by means of law, administrative actions, judicial decisions, and education, both formal and informal.
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    ASS volume 16 issue 4 Back matter (1982)
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    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 1-10 
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    Premchand and Indian Nationalism (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 601-621 
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    Notes: Writing for Premchand (1880–1936) was a mission. In the course of a literary career that spanned over three decades he passionately clung to the belief that no writer in a subject country could afford the luxury of writing without a social purpose. India, so long as it was ‘under the yoke of alien subjection’, could not ‘scale the highest peaks of art’. Her writers were obliged by their political and social conditions to educate the people wherever it was possible for them to do so. The more intensely they felt, the more effectively educative became their work. Aware of the inevitable price, in terms of literary quality, that the colonial writer had willy-nilly to pay, Premchand had the insight to see the identity between the demands of society and the demands of literature. And precisely because he could perceive this identity, he succeeded increasingly in creating works that combined social purpose and artistic excellence.
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    AnisuzzamanHarrison, A. T.; Fraser, T. G.Ricklefs, M. C.; Voorhoeve, P.: Factory Correspondence and other Bengali Documents in the India Office Library and RecordsThe Graham Indian Mutiny PapersIndonesian Manuscripts in Great Britain. A Catalogue of Manuscripts in Indonesian Languages in British Public Collections : London, IOLR, 1981Belfast, Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, 1980London, Oxford University Press, 1977 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 697-698 
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    Science-based Industrialization in a Developiṅg Country: The Case of the Indian Scientific Instruments Industry 1947–1968 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 657-682 
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    Notes: This paper represents an attempt to throw more light on the problems faced by developing countries in their efforts to industrialize, through an examination of the recent economic history of a particular case, the scientific instruments industry in India. Since many of these problems are connected with technological matters, particular attention is paid to the relations between ‘science’ and ‘production’, broadly defined, and to how these relations affect prospects for industrial development under present-day conditions. The paper's other focus is the role of'planning’ in the industry's development, and the gap between what the planners envisaged and what happened in actual practice.
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    The Emergence of an Indigenous Business Class in Maharashtra in the Eighteenth Century (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 427-443 
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    Notes: The present paper is divided into three parts. Part I describes and analyses the emergence of an indigenous business class in Maharashtra, in western India, during the Peshwa times, and its position under early British rule. Part II discusses the dominance of Brahman savakars in the newly emerged business class. Part III presents an overview and states general observations relating to the subject.
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    ASS volume 16 issue 3 Back matter (1982)
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    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 1-2 
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    The Creation of a Chinese Lineage: The Teng of Ha Tsuen, 1669–1751 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 69-100 
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    Notes: Prior to the foundation of the People's Republic in 1949 the formal apparatus of the Chinese imperial state rarely extended below the hsien, or county level. There was, in effect, ‘local self government’ and in certain parts of China this meant rule by powerful, localized descent groups. While some Chinese patrilineages remained small and politically insignificant, others grew until they resembled petty states. These large lineage organizations, which I prefer to call ‘dominant lineages’, made dependents out of neighbours, controlled market centers, and maintained their own militias and local defence corps. In this paper the formation of one such dominant lineage is described in detail.
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    Ahmed, Akbar S.Ahmed, Akbar S.: Millenium and Charisma among Pathans: A Critical Essay in Social AnthropologyPukhtun Economy and Society: Traditional Structure and Economic Development in a Tribal Society : London, Boston and Henley, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1976London, Boston and Henley, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 159-166 
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    Ashes and Powers: Myth, Rite and Miracle in an Indian God-Man's Cult (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 123-158 
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    Notes: Guru cults are an increasingly prominent feature of Indian religious life today, especially in the towns and cities, and among the urban middle classes. Many of these gurus are actually worshipped by their followers, who believe that they have magical powers; and in most cults the devotional element is strong. Since independence there seem to be more gurus in India; more of them have a more than local following; their followings are growing rapidly, and the cults are receiving more publicity, which reflects their discernible impact on the Indian scene. The godmen, as they are called, are often somewhat ostentatious; their travels, by air, road or rail, are widely reported in the press, and their followings are known to include numerous high ranking and well known figures in the worlds of politics, business, the professions and academia. Courted and feted, they preside over anniversary functions, commemorations, and installations, and their pictures and books are to be found on bookstalls throughout the subcontinent. In part, the publicity given to the gurus and godmen of India reflects the growing popular interest in them among western followers: the antics of the International Society of Krishna Consciousness, in Oxford Street or in Berkeley, California; the Transcendental Meditation Movement of the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, with a following of as many as four hundred thousand in the west; the powerful vogue in America for the boy Guru Maharaj; and the ecstatic cult of Bhagwan Rajneesh, which attracts hundreds to Poona, are just a few of the more notorious examples.
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    Dallapiccola, Anna Libera; Lallemant, Stephanie Zingel-Avé: The Stūpa. Its Religious, Historical and Architectural Significance : Wiesbaden, Franz Steiner Verlag, 1980 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 174-176 
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    The Dangers of Femininity in Willa Cather's Fiction (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Journal of American studies 16 (1982), S. 391-406 
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    ISSN: 0021-8758
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    Topics: English, American Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: When she was twenty-one, Willa Cather wrote, “The mind that can follow a ‘mission’ is not an artistic one. An artist can know no other purpose than his art.... The feminine mind has a hankering for hobbies and missions.” From the outset of her writing career as a journalist, Cather was intensely conscious of what to her seemed a difficult anomaly: being a serious writer and being a woman. She believed that women were conditioned to think and write in a literal and “horribly subjective” fashion, so that their literary productions were “an infernal mess.” When she embarked on a full-time writing career at the age of thirty-nine, she insisted that to avoid a feminine mind, one must avoid a feminine way of life:One must have the power of refuse most of the rest of life ... to be free, to work at [my] table — that is all in all. .... There are fates and fates but one cannot live them all. Some would call mine servitude but I call it liberation. Miss Jewett too, turned away from marriage.Cather's single-minded determination to succeed and her uncompromising way of life that would ensure success as a writer rather than a woman writer prompted her to reject her background in her first pieces of fiction. She lived in rural southern Nebraska for seven years, from the ages of ten to seventeen, and in some early short stories she portrayed small-town life on the Plains as narrow, spiritually crushing and dominated by terrible physical hardship.Jennifer Bailey is Lecturer in American Literature in the Department of American Studies at the University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD.
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    “A new battle on evolution”: The Anti-Chain Store Trade-at-Home Agitation of 1929–1930 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Journal of American studies 16 (1982), S. 407-426 
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    ISSN: 0021-8758
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: English, American Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Five years after William Jennings Bryan and Clarence Darrow bitterly debated the descent of man before the world's press at the Dayton, Tennessee, “monkey trial,” the New York liberal weekly The Nation brought news to its metropolitan readers that “A new battle on evolution is raging in the South. This time, however,” wrote Harry Schacter, “the issue is not religious but economic... The battle is between the small retailer, taking the fundamentalist position, against the chain store, an exponent of modernism in distribution.” The “chain-store menace” was, Schacter judged, “the question most talked of below the Ohio.” Not just in the South, but from the Rockies to the Appalachians and from the Great Lakes to the Gulf, hundreds of organizations sprang up in the winter of 1929–1930 to urge all good citizens to “trade-at-home” by boycotting the “foreign-owned, community-wrecking” chain stores. Dozens of anti-chain newspapers were rushed into circulation, while broadcasters emulated the example set by the undisputed leader of the enemies of the chains, Shreveport radio station owner W. K. Henderson. In all, the agitation was carried on “with a virulence which has not been matched in business since those early days in the Pennsylvania oil regions when the ‘independents’ rose up in their wrath against John D. Rockefeller's ‘Anaconda,’” and although the full passion of revivalist fervour lasted but a few months, the agitation proved to be the prelude to a decade of bitter legislative struggle between chains and independents.
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    Bickman, MartinIrwin, John T.Bell, Michael Davitt: The Unsounded Centre: Jungian Studies in American RomanticismAmerican Hieroglyphics: The Symbol of the Egyptian Hieroglyphics in the American RenaissanceThe Development of American Romance: The Sacrifice of Relation : Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1980New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1980Chicago and London, University of Chicago Press, 1981 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Journal of American studies 16 (1982), S. 457-459 
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    ISSN: 0021-8758
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: English, American Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Carson, Clayborne: In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s : Cambridge, Mass., Harvard Univ. Press, 1981 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Journal of American studies 16 (1982), S. 463-464 
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    ISSN: 0021-8758
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: English, American Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Ridgely, J. V.: Nineteenth-Century Southern Literature : Lexington, The University Press of Kentucky, 1980 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Journal of American studies 16 (1982), S. 474-474 
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    ISSN: 0021-8758
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: English, American Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Russell, Mariann: Melvin B. Tolson: A Literary Analysis : Columbia and London, University of Missouri Press, 1980 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Journal of American studies 16 (1982), S. 476-476 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8758
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: English, American Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    John, Arthur: The Best Years of the Century: Richard Watson Gilder, Scribner's Monthly & the Century Magazine, 1870–1909 : Urbana, Chicago, London, University of Illinois Press, 1981 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Journal of American studies 16 (1982), S. 486-487 
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    ISSN: 0021-8758
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: English, American Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Wilmeth, Don B.: The Language of American Popular Entertainment: A Glossary of Argot, Slang and Terminology : London, Greenwood Press, 1981 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Journal of American studies 16 (1982), S. 501-501 
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    ISSN: 0021-8758
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: English, American Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
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    Logue, Cal M.; Dorgan, Howard: The Oratory of Southern Demagogues : Baton Rouge and London, Louisiana State University Press, 1981 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Journal of American studies 16 (1982), S. 506-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8758
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: English, American Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
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    Wachhorst, Wyn: Thomas Alva Edison: An American Myth : Cambridge, Mass., The MIT Press, 1981 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Journal of American studies 16 (1982), S. 509-510 
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    ISSN: 0021-8758
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: English, American Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Bryer, Jackson R.: The Theatre We Worked For”: The Letters of Eugene O'Neill to Kenneth Macgowan, with introductory essays by Travis Bogard : New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1982 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Journal of American studies 16 (1982), S. 512-513 
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    ISSN: 0021-8758
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: English, American Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
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    AMS volume 16 issue 2 Cover and Back matter (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Journal of American studies 16 (1982), S. 1-6 
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    ISSN: 0021-8758
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: English, American Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
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    Whitehall, Washington and the Promotion of American Studies in Britain during World War Two (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Journal of American studies 16 (1982), S. 165-188 
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    ISSN: 0021-8758
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: English, American Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: On 18 March 1941 Duff Cooper, the British Minister of Information, sent a short but important letter to the President of the Board of Education. In it he discussed the lack of American studies in British schools and universities and called upon the Board urgently to consider ways of improving the situation. On the face of it, the moment was hardly propitious for minor educational reform. Britain was fighting on alone against Germany and Italy, the Battle of the Atlantic had worsened, and new setbacks were about to befall British armies in Libya, Greece and Crete. Yet Duff Cooper's suggestions were adopted with an alacrity that was remarkable by Whitehall standards. An ambitious programme to promote the study of America was quickly set in train for elementary and secondary schools, followed, though more slowly and less successfully, by action at the university level. Throughout, the Ministry of Information and the Board of Education enjoyed the enthusiastic support of other Government departments, particularly the Foreign Office, and of outside bodies including the BBC and Oxford University Press. Also closely involved were the American Ambassador, John Winant, several US Consuls around Britain and distinguished American historians such as Allan Nevins and Henry Steele Commager. These developments constitute an important and neglected episode in the story of American studies in Britain. They also offer an interesting sidelight on the place of cultural diplomacy in the foreign policies of the British and US Governments during World War Two.
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    Collins, Bruce: The Origins of America's Civil War : London, Edward Arnold, 1981 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Journal of American studies 16 (1982), S. 265-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8758
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: English, American Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0021875800010641
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