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  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (4,046)
  • Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
  • 1985-1989
  • 1980-1984  (4,083)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1930-1934
  • 1925-1929
  • 1982  (4,083)
Collection
Publisher
Language
Years
  • 1985-1989
  • 1980-1984  (4,083)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1930-1934
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
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    Series available for loan
    Long-term modifications of perennially frozen sediment and terrain at East Oumalik, northern Alaska (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/36
    In: CRREL Report, 82-36
    Description / Table of Contents: Camp construction and drilling activities in 1950 at the East Oumalik drill site in northern Alaska caused extensive degradation of ice-rich, perennially frozen silt and irreversible modification of the upland terrain. In a study of the long-term degradational effects at this site, the near-surface geology was defined by drilling and coring 76 holes (maximum depth of 34 m) in disturbed and undisturbed areas and by laboratory analyses of these cores. Terrain disturbances, including bulldozed roads and excavations, camp structures and off-road vehicle trails, were found to have severely disrupted the site's thermal regime. This led to a thickening of the active layer, melting of the ground ice, thaw subsidence and thaw consolidation of the sediments. Slumps, sediment gravity flows and collapse of materials on slopes bounding thaw depressions expanded the degradation laterally, with thermal and hydraulic erosion removing materials as the depressions widened and deepened with time. Degradational processes became less active after thawed sediments thickened sufficiently to slow the increase in the depth of thaw and permit slope stabilization. The site's terrain is now irregular and hummocky with numerous depressions. Seasonal thaw depths are deeper in disturbed areas than in undisturbed areas and reflect the new moisture conditions and morphology. The severity of disturbance is much greater at East Oumalik than at another old drill site, Fish Creek. The difference results primarily from differences in the physical properties of the sediments, including the quantity and distribution of ground ice.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 42 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-36
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA123731
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9330
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Methodology Geologic setting Camp construction and occupation Types of disturbance Degradational processes and the effective area of impact Areal effects of disturbance Topography Groundwater, surface water and drainage Sediment properties and near-surface stratigraphy Surficial processes Depth of thaw Comparison to Fish Creek Discussion and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 2
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    Hydraulic model study of Port Huron ice control structure (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/34
    In: CRREL Report, 82-34
    Description / Table of Contents: The ice discharge through an opening in an ice control structure was documented to be a function of the floe size, ice type, ice floe conditions and vessel direction. The model data for the average ice discharge per vessel transit scaled to prototype values compared favorably with data taken at the St. Marys River ice control structure (ICS). The model results of the force measurements were also consistent with data taken at the St. Marys ICS. The dynamic loading conditions were independent of vessel direction. The dynamic loading to the structure using 3 types of ice (plastic, natural and urea-doped) showed a considerable difference in their means and standard deviations. The urea-doped ice was evaluated for dynamic loading conditions, and reasonable peak values of 3 to 5 times the mean load at each measuring position were recorded, independent of vessel direction. It appears that synthetic random ice floes may be used in model studies where ice discharge through an opening in a structure needs to be documented. This study shows the synthetic random ice floe discharge to fall reasonably within the values obtained for natural ice discharge for both rafted and non-rafted ice fields above the ICS. However, the question of whether synthetic ice can be used for analyzing force distributions and dynamic force loading criteria cannot be fully answered at this time because the load distributions of the synthetic and natural floes appear to differ.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 68 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-34
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA123715
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9331
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Scope of work Ice discharge from Lake Huron into St. Clair River Water velocity profiles at Port Huron Ice conditions Physical model Basis for selection Description Instrumentation Model ice control structure Open water calibration Open water tests Experimental procedures and techniques Ice cover calibration Ice control structure orientation Analysis of ice discharge due to ship transits Natural ice Synthetic ice Forces on the ice control structure Static measurements Dynamic force measurements Potential additional shear stresses Anticipated ice conditions with ICS Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Application of model results Appendix B. Suggested additional studies Appendix C. Derivation of ice discharge
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  • 3
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    Window performance in extreme cold (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/38
    In: CRREL Report, 82-38
    Description / Table of Contents: Extreme cold causes heavy buildup of frost, ice and condensation on many windows. It also increases the incentive for improving the airtightness of windows against heat loss. Our study shows that tightening specifications for Alaskan windows to permit only 30% of the air leakage allowed by current American airtightness standards is economically attractive. We also recommend triple glazing in much of Alaska to avoid window icing in homes and barracks. We base our conclusions on a two-year field study of Alaskan military bases that included recording humidity and temperature data, observing moisture accumulation on windows and measuring airtightness with a fan pressurization device.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-38
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA124528
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9333
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Previous work in cold weather window performance Investigation Data acquisition and analysis Modeling the window thermal regime Moisture and ice observations Airtightness testing and analysis Annual heat loss from air leakage Results and conclusions Moisture on windows Airtightness Airtightness economics Recommendations for windows in extreme cold Airtightness Multiple glazing Literature cited Appendix A: Moisture levels and airtightness Appendix B: Dewpoint data Appendix C: Sample observations of icing
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  • 4
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    Landsat-assisted environmental mapping in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/37
    In: CRREL Report, 82-37
    Description / Table of Contents: This report presents a Landsat-derived land cover map of the northwest portion of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. The report is divided into two parts. The first is devoted to the land cover map with detailed descriptions of the mapping methods and legend. The second part is a description of the study area. The classification system used for the maps is an improvement over existing methods of describing tundra vegetation. It is a comprehensive method of nomenclature that consistently applies the same criteria for all vegetation units. It is applicable for large- and small-scale mapping and is suitable for describing vegetation complexes, which are common in the patterned-ground terrain of the Alaskan Arctic. The system is applicable to Landsat-derived land cover classifications. The description of the study area focuses on five primary terrain types: flat thaw-lake plains, hilly coastal plains, foothills, mountainous terrain, and river flood plains. Topography, landforms, soils and vegetation are described for each terrain type. The report also contains area summaries for the Landsat-derived map categories. The area summaries are generated for the five terrain types and for the 89 townships within the study areas. Two land cover maps at 1:250,000 are included.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 68 Seiten , Illustrationen, 2 Karten
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-37
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/7051
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9332
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Foreword Introduction A land cover map of the ANWR study area Legend development Mapping method Results Discussion Description of the ANWR study area General description Description of specific terrain types Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Descriptions of Landsat land cover categories for ANWR Appendix B: Area summaries Appendix C: Aproximate equivalent units in several systems of land cover, wetland and vegetation classifications used in northern Alaska Appendix D: Soil taxonomy Appendix E: Summary of principal Landsat land cover categories within the terrain types of the ANWR study area
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  • 5
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    Wastewater applications in forest ecosystems (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/19
    In: CRREL Report, 82-19
    Description / Table of Contents: Under proper design and management, a forest ecosystem in the central United States should renovate municipal wastewater as long or longer than conventional agricultural systems, especially when design limitations are hydraulic loading rate, heavy metals, P and N. Forest systems require smaller buffer zones than agricultural systems and lower sprinkler pressures. Immature forests are better wastewater renovators than mature forests.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 22 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-19
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9364
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Forest systems design Pretreatment Distribution systems Public health considerations Buffer zone requirements Toxic effects Public access Hydraulic loading Nutrient uptake and loading Introduction Nitrogen Phosphorus Trace metals Design considerations Hydraulic loading rates Nitrogen loading rates Forest management options Reforestation Existing forest ecosystems Short term rotation plantations Potential long term effects on forest ecosystems Longevity of forest systems Consequences of overloading Soil chemical, physical and hydrologic properties Productivity Summary Literature cited
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  • 6
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    Optimizing deicing chemical application rates (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/18
    In: CRREL Report, 82-18
    Description / Table of Contents: Snow and ice control on highways has come to rely heavily on the use of sodium chloride to maintain a trafficable surface for unimpeded movement. Empirical approaches have led to a wide range of application rates, some clearly excessive, but justified on the ground of safety and expediency. The combination of environmental degradation from the huge quantities of salt entering the environment, along with the increased cost of salt itself and the cost of its application have spurred the search for more precise knowledge of the proper amount of salt to apply to a pavement, considering a range of environmental, traffic and chemical parameters. Since controlled tests in the field are extremely difficult to make, a circular test track of three test pavements, dense-graded asphaltic concrete (DGA), open-graded asphaltic concrete (DGA) and portland cement concrete (PCC), was constructed in a coldroom. Natural snow and ice were applied to the pavements and an instrumented slipping wheel was driven over the surfaces to generate frictional forces. These forces were measured and then used to evaluate the response to salt application with time for three test temperatures. OGA had the lowest friction values at a temperature near the freezing point, but higher initial values or more rapidly increasing values than DGA and PCC following salt application at the two lower temperatures. Optimum application rate of salt on PCC and DGA lies between 100 and 300 lb/lane mile (LM), and a higher rate resulted in slight or no improvement in friction. DGA showed anomalous results: lower friction for 300 Ib/LM and higher friction for both 100 and 500 Ib/LM.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 55 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-18
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9363
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Objectives Background Approach Influencing factors Field factors Laboratory Laboratory trafficking tests Force measurement and coefficient of friction Test tire slip Surface friction gauge Test procedure British portable tester Experimental results Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Test pavements Appendix B. Pennsylvania State University field study Appendix C. Rochester Institute of Technology field study
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  • 7
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    Seismic site characterization techniques applied to the NATO RSG-11 test site in Münster Nord, Federal Republic of Germany (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/17
    In: CRREL Report, 82-17
    Description / Table of Contents: Seismic P and SH wave refraction experiments at the NATO RSG-11 test site in Munster Nord, Federal Republic of Germany, reveal the presence of a nearly horizontal, three-layer velocity structure. The upper layer, composed of un­consolidated glacial till, is 1 m thick and has P (compressional) and SH (shear-horizontal) wave velocities of 240 and 165 m s-1. The second layer, made up of similar, more compacted material, is 9.5 m thick, with a P wave velocity of 470 m s-1 and an SH wave velocity of 275 m s-1. The third layer, interpreted as the groundwater table, is located at a depth of 10.5 m and has a P wave velocity of 1590 m s-1. The SH wave velocity of this layer is controlled by the matrix material and is the same as that of the second layer. A single, unreversed observation indicated a fourth layer at a depth of about 20 m, but the existence of this layer remains unconfirmed. The observed fundamental mode Love wave dispersion is in agreement with the theoretical dispersion predicted by the refraction velocities. Computed partial derivatives of phase velocity with respect to shear wave velocity show, for the frequencies observed, that the dispersion confirms the thicknesses and velocities of the two upper layers and is not affected by the deeper structure.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 33 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-17
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9355
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Refraction experiments Procedure Equipment Results P waves Low velocity zone SH waves Surface wave experiments Summary and discussion Literature cited Appendix A: P wave refraction data Appendix B: SH wave refraction data. Appendix C: Surface wave dispersion calculations
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  • 8
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    Relationship between the ice and unfrozen water phases in frozen soil as determined by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance and physical desorption data (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/15
    In: CRREL Report, 82-15
    Description / Table of Contents: An experiment is described that demonstrates the balance between the ice and the unfrozen water in a frozen soil as water is removed. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is used to monitor the unfrozen water content as the soil is dehydrated by a molecular sieve material. Our results show that the unfrozen water content of a Morin clay soil remains constant until the total water content has been reduced to the point where no ice remains in the system. Once the ice is depleted, the unfrozen water content determined by NMR corresponds to the total water content of the soil determined by the weight of water removed by the molecular sieve material. Thus the validity of utilizing NMR in determining unfrozen water contents vs temperature is established.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 8 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-15
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9357
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Application of a numerical sea ice model to the East Greenland area (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/16
    In: CRREL Report, 82-16
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: A dynamic-thermodynamic sea ice model which employs a viscous-plastic constitutive law has been applied to the East Greenland area. The model is run on a 40-km spatial scale at 1/4-day time steps for a 60-day period with forcing data beginning on 1 October 1979. Results tend to verify that the model predicts reasonable thicknesses and velocities within the ice margin. Thermodynamic ice growth produces excessive ice extent, however, probably due to inadequate parameterization of oceanic heat flux. Ice velocities near the free ice edge are also not well simulated, and preliminary investigations attribute this to an improper wind field in this area. A simulation which neglects ice strength, effectively damping ice interaction with itself and allowing no resistance to deformation, produces excessive ice drift toward the coast and results in unrealistic nearshore thicknesses. A dynamics-only simulation produced reasonable results, including a more realistic ice extent, but the need for proper thermodynamics is also apparent. Other simulations verify that ice import from the Arctic Basin, and ice transport due to winds and currents, were also important components in the model studies.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 40 Seiten , Illustrationen , 29 cm
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-16
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9356
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Model description and application Results and discussion Wind and current fields Standard simulation Thermodynamic simulation Zero ice strength Zero ice import Zero currents Modified currents Zero winds Dynamics simulation Summary and concluding remarks Literature cite
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  • 10
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    Measurement of ground dielectric properties using wide-angle reflection and refraction (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/6
    In: CRREL Report, 82-6
    Description / Table of Contents: The interpretation of continuous radar profiles requires an alternative geophysical means of obtaining ground dielectric information. Ground dielectric properties were measured using wide-angle reflection and refraction (WARR) soundings with a ground-probing radar set that transmits pulses f a few nanoseconds duration. The investigations, carried out over sandy gravel in interior Alaska, provided dielectric data to about a 5-m depth. The WARR soundings were displayed as individual traces allowing interference between separate events and dispersion to be observed, and the soundings were compared with continuous radar and resistivity profiles conducted concurrently to extract the maximum amount of dielectric information. The dielectric constants, derived mainly from the direct ground waves propagating along the surface, ranged from 2.9 to 7.4. Dielectric values interpreted for one site predicted the possibility of a refracted event which may have occurred during one of the soundings.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 11 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-6
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9449
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Theory of ground wave propagation from a horizontal electric dipole Equipment and methods Results Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Summary and concluding remarks Literature cited
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  • 11
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    Subsea permafrost in Harrison Bay, Alaska : an interpretation from seismic data (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/24
    In: CRREL Report, 82-24
    Description / Table of Contents: Velocity data derived from petroleum industry seismic records from Harrison Bay show that high-velocity material ( or = 2 km/s) interpreted to be ice-bonded permafrost is common. In the eastern part of the bay, the depth to high velocity material increases and velocity decreases in an orderly manner with increasing distance from shore until the layer is no longer apparent. The western part of the bay is less orderly, possibly reflecting a different geological and thermal history. This western part may be an inundated section of the low coastal plain characterized by the region north of Teshekpuk Lake, and could have contained deep thaw lakes, creating low velocity zones. Along some seismic lines, the high-velocity material extends approximately 25 km offshore. Two anomalies have been found which could be associated with rapidly degrading permafrost. One is strong attenuation, which was interpreted as an indication of gas in the shallow deposits. The other is the presence of considerable seismic noise, including identifiable small seismic events. The origin of this noise has not been positively established, and it is proposed that it may indicate that some movement is occurring in the sediments due to thaw.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 65 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-24
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA121020
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9361
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Methods Reading records Refractions Reflections Rayleigh waves Spatial resolution Anomalies Results and discussion Seismic velocity distribution Attenuation Low-level natural seismicity Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Error estimates Appendix B: Velocity profiles Appendix C: Seismic cross sections
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  • 12
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    Radar detection of ice wedges in Alaska (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/43
    In: CRREL Report, 82-43
    Description / Table of Contents: The radar signatures of ice wedges and wedge-like structures have been investigated for a variety of soil conditions. The radar used for this study emitted short sinusoidal pulses of about 10-ns duration with an approximate center frequency of 150 MHz. Most of the ice wedges existed at depths of about 1 m in a variety of silty and sandy soils with both frozen and thawed active layers. The position of the wedges was usually identified from corresponding surface features. An artificial ice wedge in coarse-grained alluvium was also profiled as well as wedge-like structures of fine silt in a coarse-grained glacial outwash. All wedges and wedge-like structures produced a hyperbolic reflection profile except when an active layer of thawed, saturated silt was present which eliminated returns from the wedges. The peaks of the hyper-bolas were sometimes masked by reflections from the permafrost table or other material interfaces, and multiple hyperbolas occurred at some sites. The dielectric constant of the host medium was often calculated from the linear portions of the hyperbolas and the results were verified by laboratory time domain reflectometry measurements per-formed on field samples. In some cases, hyperbolic profiles originated at several meters depth suggesting that deep ice wedges could be detected in areas of cold permafrost.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-43
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a124571.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9324
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Objectives and procedures Equipment used Radar TDR Definitions Massive ice Results Artificial wedge: Norwich, Vermont Ice wedges in sand: Fish Creek, Alaska Ice wedges: Prudhoe Bay, Alaska Ice wedges under thawed fine-grained soils: North Slope, Alaska Wedge-like soil structures: Ft. Greely, Alaska TDR measurements Summary and concluding remarks Literature cited Appendix A: Brief discussion of dispersion
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  • 13
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    The brine zone in the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/39
    In: CRREL Report, 82-39
    Description / Table of Contents: Observations of a 4.4-m-high brine step in the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica, show that it has migrated about 1.2 km in 4 years. The present brine wave is overriding an older brine-soaked layer. This migration is proof of the dynamic nature of the step, which is the leading edge of a brine wave that originated at the shelf edge after a major break-out of the McMurdo Ice Shelf. The inland boundary of brine penetration is characterized by a series of descending steps that are believed to represent terminal positions of separate intrusions of brine of similar origin. The inland boundary of brine percolation is probably controlled largely by the depth at which brine encounters the firn/ ice transition (43 m). However, this boundary is not fixed by permeability considerations alone, since measurable movement of brine is still occurring at the inland boundary. Freeze-fractionation of the seawater as it migrates throught the ice shelf preferentially precipitates virtually all sodium sulfate, and concomitant removal of water by freezing in the pore spaces of the infiltrated firm produces residual brines approximately six times more concentrated than the original seawater.
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    Pages: v, 35 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-39
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA124516
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9319
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Objectives Analytical techniques Radio echo profiling Core drilling Results and discussion Brine infiltration survey Brine layer steps Brine infiltration characteristics Brine infiltration mechanisms at inland boundary Confirmation of brine depths by drilling Density and temperature profiles Ice shelf freeboard Brine upwelling Brine chemistry Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 14
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    Comparative analysis of the USSR construction codes and the US Army technical manual for design of foundations on permafrost (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/14
    In: CRREL Report, 82-14
    Description / Table of Contents: A comparative study was made of design criteria and analytical methods for footings and pile foundations on perma­frost employed in U.S.S.R. Design Code SNiP II-18-76 (1977) and U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory Special Report 80-34 developed in the early 1970's by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and published in 1980. The absence of adequate constitutive equations for frozen soils and of rigorous solutions of the boundary prob­lems has made it necessary to incorporate (explicitly or implicitly) various safety factors in the foundation analyses. From the review it is concluded that the principal difference between these practices is in the assessment and application of appropriate values of safety factors, which leads to a substantial discrepancy in the dimensions and cost of footings and pile foundations in permafrost.
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    Pages: iv, 20 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-14
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9358
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction U.S.S.R. system of standards U.S.S.R. Design Code SNiP 11-18-76 (1977) subsoils and foundations on permafrost General regulations Classification of soils Basic regulations for foundation design Analysis of subsoils and foundations Design of foundations for special soil conditions, and appendices SR 80-34 (1980) design and construction of foundations in areas of deep seasonal frost and permafrost General information Foundation design Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 15
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    Sensible and latent heat fluxes and humidity profiles following a step change in surface moisture (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/12
    In: CRREL Report, 82-12
    Description / Table of Contents: From a high-quality set of velocity, temperature, and humidity profiles collected upwind and downwind of a step change in surface roughness, temperature, and moisture, we have calculated upwind and downwind values of the heat fluxes and friction velocity. The surface change is from smooth to rough; upwind, the sensible heat flux is upward and the latent heat flux is zero; downwind, the surface is well-watered so that the latent heat flux is upward while the sensible heat flux is downward. The downwind latent heat flux in this fetch-limited flow obeys NL=0.08 Rx 0.76 where NL is the latent heat Nusselt number and Rx is the fetch Reynolds number, a parameter for characterizing fetch-limited flows. Because this relation is virtually the same as one found to describe the sensible heat and condensate fluxes over arctic leads, we conclude that the Nusselt numbers nondimensionalizing scalar fluxes are the same for a given fetch Reynolds number when boundary conditions are similar.
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    Pages: vii, 18 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-12
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9346
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Upwind: flux gradient method Downwind: integral method ResulIts Energy budget Latent heat flux Surface stress Downwind humidity profiles Discussion Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 16
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    Laboratory measurements of soil electric properties between 0.1 and 5 GHz (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/10
    In: CRREL Report, 82-10
    Description / Table of Contents: Dielectric measurements have been performed on silt and sand samples from permafrost areas using Time Domain Reflectometry. The sample temperatures were varied from +25 °C to -25 °C, and volumetric water content was varied between oven-dry and 0.55 gH2O/cm3. The data were processed for frequencies between 0.1 and 5.0 GHz. The results show a constant K' and a low K' for frequencies up to 1 GHz. A frequency dependence seen on the data above 2 GHz is probably the result of unfrozen, adsorbed water. At moisture levels near saturation at all temperatures, these soils have excellent propagation characteristics for ground-probing radar operating below 0.3 GHz. Massive ice should be easily detectable in permafrost within a few degrees of 0 °C.
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    Pages: 7 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-10
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9348
    Language: English
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  • 17
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    Shoreline conditions and bank recession along the U.S. shorelines of the St. Marys, St. Clair, Detroit and St. Lawrence Rivers (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/11
    In: CRREL Report, 82-11
    Description / Table of Contents: The purpose of this investigation was to provide data to be used in evaluating the effects of winter navigation on pro­cesses that cause bank erosion. The specific objectives were to document bank conditions and erosion sites along the rivers, to monitor and compare the amounts of winter and summer bank recession and change, and to estimate the amount of recession that occurred prior to winter navigation. Shoreline conditions and bank recession were documented during field surveys each spring and fall. Bank changes were evaluated by comparison to observations from a previous survey. Aerial photointerpretation was done to estimate the amount of bank recession that occurred prior to winter navigation. Three hundred forty-five miles of river shoreline were surveyed. Banks were eroding along 21.5 miles (6.2%). The common types of bank failures were soil falls (sloughing) and block sliding and slumping. The erosion along approxi­mately 15 miles (70%) of the 21.5 miles was occurring along reaches not bordering winter navigation channels.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 75 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-11
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9345
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Previous investigations Approach Shoreline conditions Bank changes Bank recession before winter navigation St. Marys River Bank changes Bank recession before winter navigation St. Clair River Bank changes Bank recession before winter navigation Detroit River Bank changes Bank recession before winter navigation St. Lawrence River Bank changes Historical bank recession Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: St. Marys River Appendix B: St. Clair River Appendix C: Detroit River Appendix D: St. Lawrence River
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  • 18
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    Evaluation of methods for calculating soil thermal conductivity (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/8
    In: CRREL Report, 82-8
    Description / Table of Contents: A detailed analysis of methods for calculating the thermal conductivity of soils is presented, and trends in the predic­tions of these methods are compared. The influence of changes in the moisture content on the calculated thermal con­ductivity of a soil (at constant dry density) is shown, as is the sensitivity of this calculated value to changes in dry den­sity or in the soil solids’ thermal conductivity. The methods are evaluated to determine the extent of agreement of their predictions with measured values obtained on soils of known composition and properties. The deviations of the predicted values are determined for soils that are unfrozen or frozen, coarse or fine, unsaturated, saturated or dry. The applicability of each of the methods under various conditions is determined and recommendations are made as to the best method for each condition.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 90 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-8
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9452
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Analysis of methods for calculating thermal conductivity Introduction Influence of moisture content on thermal conductivity Influence of dry density on thermal conductivity Influence of soil solids’ thermal conductivity Comparison of the various methods Evaluation of methods for calculating thermal conductivity Soils data used for evaluation Computer program Applicability of the methods Discussion and conclusions Applicability to unfrozen soils Applicability to frozen soils Applicability to saturated soils Effect of soil mineral composition Applicability to dry soils Summary of applicability of methods Literature cited Appendix A: Properties of some test soils Appendix B: Comparison of thermal conductivity values computed by the various methods and of their deviations from the values measured
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  • 19
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    Model study of Port Huron ice control structure : wind stress simulation (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/9
    In: CRREL Report, 82-9
    Description / Table of Contents: This study deals with the distribution of forces along the converging boundaries of the Port Huron, Michigan, region where unconsolidated ice in Lake Huron is held against wind and water stresses. An experimental basin was built to induce uniform shear stress on the model ice cover by flowing water beneath the ice. The boundary segments, which held the ice cover in the region, were instrumented to measure force in the normal and tangential directions. The distribution of normal forces along the boundary was compared with as distribution derived by using a theoretical model. An ice control structure (ICS) was installed in the basin and experiments were conducted to measure the forces on the ICS and the ice release through the opening in the ICS during simulated ship passages. The experimental results are presented in a nondimensional form. In addition, the force per unit length on the ICS and the area of ice released through its opening were estimated for the expected wind conditions at the Port Huron site.
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    Pages: v, 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-9
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9347
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Theoretical models Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Experimental program Experimental facility Scaling factors Experimental results Analysis of wind data for lower Lake Huron Summary and conclusions Release of ice through the opening of an ICS Ice forces on the ice control structure Ice forces on ice control structure from a large unconsolidated ice cover Literature cited Appendix A. Equation for the stress resultants and velocities of the ice cover Appendix B. Monthly summary of wind data at Port Huron
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  • 20
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    Breakup of solid ice covers due to rapid water level variations (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/3
    In: CRREL Report, 82-3
    Description / Table of Contents: The conditions that lead to initial breakup of a solid ice on a river due to rapid water level variations are analyzed. The analysis is based on the theory of beams on an elastic foundation. First cracking is assumed to occur when the bending moment induced in the ice cover by the wave exceeds the flexural strength of the ice cover.
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    Pages: iv, 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-3
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9448
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Symbols Introduction Purpose of the study Stating the problem Fracturing of the ice cover due to the passage of surge waves Basic assumptions Derivation of the bending moments Determination of the wave characteristics Deflection of the ice Discussion and field observations Summary Literature cited
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  • 21
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    Direct filtration of streamborne glacial silt (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/23
    In: CRREL Report, 82-23
    Description / Table of Contents: A direct filtration, water treatment pilot plant was operated on the Kenai River at Soldotna, Alaska, during the summer of 1980. The purpose of the pilot plant operations was to determine the feasibility of the direct filtration process for removal of glacial silt. The major criterion used to determine feasibility was production of water containing less than 1.0 NTU of turbidity. For the range of raw water turbidities encountered (22-34 NTU), the pilot plant testing indicated that direct filtration was feasible and could be considered as an alternative to conventional waiter treatment plants containing sedimentation tanks.
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    Pages: 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-23
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a120751.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9360
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric Introduction Glacial characteristics Water treatment Materials and methods Experimental design Pilot plant intake Hydrocyclone Chemical addition system Flocculation system Filtration system Pilot plant operations Coagulant chemical preparations Flow measurement Sampling Results and discussion Kenai River w ater quality Evaluation of pilot plant testing Performance of pilot plant elements Physical and chem ical variables Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited
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  • 22
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    Hydrology and climatology of the Caribou-Poker Creeks research Watershed, Alaska (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/26
    In: CRREL Report, 82-26
    Description / Table of Contents: The Caribou-Poker Creeks Research Watershed is a small (101.5-sq km) drainage basin located 48 km northwest of Fairbanks, Alaska. Elevations within the watershed range from 210 to 826 m, and approximately 28% of its area is underlain by permafrost. Climatic differences between the watershed and Fairbanks are primarily due to the higher elevation of the watershed. Generally the watershed climatic sites are warmer in winter and cooler in summer than Fairbanks. Within the watershed the greatest temperature contrasts exist in winter, when the valley-bottom sites are beneath the regional air temperature inversion, and the higher sites are above it. From May through September the total precipitation averages 270 mm, 1.47 times that received at Fairbanks. The annual precipitation is about 1.7 times that of Fairbanks. The historical precipitation record at Fairbanks indicates that summer precipitation was below the long-term normal in eight of the eleven years of watershed measurements (1969-1980); no climatic extremes occurred during this period. An analysis of annual streamflow data showed an inconsistency of baseflow recessions from year to year. The runoff-rainfall ratio for individual summer storms averaged 0.35 for Caribou Creek. Comparisons of spot discharge measurements of predominantly permafrost and non-permafrost subwatersheds showed that permafrost-dominated watersheds have a much flashier response to precipitation than non-permafrost watersheds. A comparison of the annual flow distribution of the watershed indicated that Caribou Creek has lower summer and higher winter discharges per unit area than the Chena or Salcha Rivers.
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    Pages: 42 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-26
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA122402
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9369
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Setting Geology and soils Vegetation Climate Air temperature Precipitation Hydrology Annual and monthly runoff Individual storms Baseflow recessions Spatial flow variability Temporal flow variability Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Station histories
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  • 23
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    Least life-cycle costs for insulation in Alaska (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/27
    In: CRREL Report, 82-27
    Description / Table of Contents: Recommendations for economical thicknesses for building insulation result from a study of fuel and construction costs of 12 military installations in Alaska. A comparison between the insulation thickness that a building owner might choose today and what he might choose in 20 years indicates a trend for much thicker insulation in the future. An analysis of how much more expensive a building built today with the thickness that would be appropriate 20 years hence indicates only a small penalty in life-cycle costs for the additional insulation. Therefore, a minimum of R-32 walls and R-62 attics is recommended for most of Alaska.
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    Pages: 54 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-27
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA122806
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9367
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Summary Introduction Determining economic thicknesses for insulation Background Analysis method for new construction Analysis method for reinsulating existing construction Sensitivity and longevity of the results Sensitivity Longevity Recommendations Saving money vs. saving energy Energy economics conservation Building energy performance standards Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Heating system costs Appendix B: Present worth factors Appendix C: Base case and incremental thermal properties Appendix D: LCC comparison graphs for wall and roof systems Appendix E: Cost penalties for energy conservatism Appendix F: Graphic aid for figuring energy savings thermal improvements
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  • 24
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    Equations for determining the gas and brine volumes in sea ice samples (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/30
    In: CRREL Report, 82-30
    Description / Table of Contents: Equations are developed that can be used to determine the amount of gas present in sea ice from measurements of the bulk ice density, salinity and temperature in the temperature range o f-2 to -30°C. Conversely these relationships can be used to give the density of sea ice as a function of its temperature and salinity, considering both the presence of gas and of solid salts in the ice. Equations are also given that allow the calculation of the gas and brine volumes in the ice at temperatures other than that at which the bulk density was determined.
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    Pages: 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-30
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/7048
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9372
    Language: English
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  • 25
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    Growth of faceted crystals in a snow cover (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/29
    In: CRREL Report, 82-29
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice grains in a snow cover with a low temperature gradient assume a well-rounded equilibrium form. However, at temperature gradients of 0.1 to 0.2 C/cm (depending somewhat on temperature and snow density), the rounded grains recrystallize into a faceted kinetic growth form. The large temperature gradient must play a decisive role in moving the vapor fast enough to sustain the rapid growth rate associated with the kinetic growth form. Once the large temperature gradient is removed, the grains recrystallize back to the equilibrium form. the recrystallization occurs in either direction without a change in bulk density. The growth of faceted crystals begins at the warmer base of the snow cover where the excess vapor pressure is largest. A transition between the overlying rounded grains moves upward in time. Faceted crystals also grow just below crusts of reduced permeability, where the increased vapor accumulation can sustain the excess vapor pressure neded for kinetic growth. The heat and vapor flows are described using a model based on thermodynamic equilibrium. The temperature distribution is shown to be quasi-linear at steady state in homogeneous snow. The recrystallization of the snow is modeled using the rounded grains as sources and the faceted grains as sinks. In the future this model should be extended to account for different temperatures among the sources and sinks.
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    Pages: 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-29
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA122792
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9373
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Abstract Preface Introduction Vapor flow Temperature profile Crystal growth rates Equilibirum versus kinetic growth forms of snow crystals Discussion Summary Literature cited
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  • 26
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    Bering Strait sea ice and the Fairway Rock icefoot (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/31
    In: CRREL Report, 82-31
    Description / Table of Contents: Information on sea ice conditions in the Bering Strait and the icefoot formation around Fairway Rock, located in the strait, is presented. Cross-sectional profiles of Fairway Rock and the relief of the icefoot are given along with theoretical analyses of the possible forces active during icefoot formation. It is shown that the ice cover most likely fails in flexure as opposed to crushing or buckling, as the former requires less force. Field observations reveal that the Fairway Rock icefoot is massive, with ridges up to 15 m high, a seaward face only 20 degrees from vertical, and interior ridge slopes averaging 33 degrees. The icefoot is believed to be grounded and its width ranges from less than 10 to over 100 m.
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    Pages: 44 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-31
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA122477
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9317
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Bering Strait Field reconnaissance Estimation of ice forces on Fairway Rock 1. Creep deformation 2. Crushing failure 3. Flexural failure 4. Forces required to form floating or grounded pressure ridges along therock or to pile ice on the beaches 5. Buckling failure Driving forces Angle of internal friction of sea ice Summary Literature cited Appendix A: April 1982 field observations at Fairway Rock
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  • 27
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    On the differences in ablation seasons of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/33
    In: CRREL Report, 82-33
    Description / Table of Contents: Arctic sea ice is freckled with melt ponds during the ablation season; Antarctic sea ice has few, if any. On the basis of a simple surface heat budget, we investigate the meteorological conditions necessary for the onset of surface melting in an attempt to explain these observations. The low relative humidity associated with the relatively dry winds off the continent and an effective radiation parameter smaller than that characteristic of the Arctic are primarily responsible for the absence of melt features in the Antarctic. Together these require a surface-layer air temperature above 0 C before Antarctic sea ice can melt. A ratio of the bulk transfer coefficients C sub H/C sub E less than 1 also contributes to the dissimilarity in Arctic and Antarctic ablation seasons. The effects of wind speed and of the sea-ice roughness on the absolute values of C sub H and C sub E seem to moderate regional differences, but final assessment of this hypothesis awaits better data, especially from the Antarctic.
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    Pages: 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-33
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA122454
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9374
    Language: English
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  • 28
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    Fluid dynamic analysis of volcanic tremor (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/32
    In: CRREL Report, 82-32
    Description / Table of Contents: Low-frequency (10 Hz) volcanic earthquakes originate at a wide range of depths and occur before, during, and after magmatic eruptions. The characteristics of these earthquakes suggest that they are not typical tectonic events. Physically analogous processes occur in hydraulic fracturing of rock formations, low-frequency icequakes in temperate glaciers, and autoresonance in hydroelectric power stations. We propose that unsteady fluid flow in volcanic conduits is the common source mechanism of low-frequency volcanic earthquakes (tremor). The fluid dynamic source mechanism explains low-frequency earthquakes of arbitrary duration, magnitude, and depth of origin, as unsteady flow is independent of physical properties of the fluid and conduit. Fluid transients occur in both low-viscosity gases and high-viscosity liquids. A fluid transient analysis can be formulated as generally as is warranted by knowledge of the composition and physical properties of the fluid, material properties, geometry and roughness of the conduit, and boundary conditions. To demonstrate the analytical potential of the fluid dynamic theory, we consider a single-phase fluid, a melt of Mount Hood andeside at 1250 deg C, in which significant pressure and velocity variations occur only in the longitudinal direction.
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    Pages: 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-32
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA122778
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9375
    Language: English
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  • 29
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    Evaluation of procedures for determining selected aquifer parameters (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/41
    In: CRREL Report, 82-41
    Description / Table of Contents: Many of the important factors influencing the choice of appropriate aquifer test procedures are presented. The concepts of bias, accuracy and spatial variabil­ity are explained. The definitions of a number of aquifer parameters are devel­oped from basic principles demonstrating the underlying assumptions and limita­tions. The parameters considered are: piezometric head, hydraulic conductiv­ity/intrinsic permeability, flow direction, specific discharge magnitude, transmissivity, volumetric flow rate, total porosity, effective porosity, aver­age linear velocity, storage coefficient, specific yield, dispersion coefficient-aquifer dispersivity. For each parameter several techniques are described, evaluated and ranked in terms of perceived potential accuracy, simplicity and value to contaminant transport studies. It must be stressed, however, that the evaluations are based principally upon theoretical grounds, and not upon actual conduct of the described procedures.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 111 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-41
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/7365/rec/1
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9322
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstrac Preface Introduction Purpose Scope Concept of accuracy Test selection Definition of parameters Piezometric head Use of piezometers Hydraulic conductivity Flow direction Specific discharge magnitude Transmissivity Volumetric flow rate Porosity Average linear velocity Storage coefficient-specific yield Aquifer dispersivity Parameter estimation techniques Piezometric head Hydraulic conductivity Direction and magnitude of specific discharge vector Transmissivity Volumetric flow rate Total porosity Average linear velocity Storage coefficient Specific yield Effective porosity Aquifer dispersivity-dispersion coefficients Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 30
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    Breaking ice with explosives (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/40
    In: CRREL Report, 82-40
    Description / Table of Contents: The use of explosives to break floating ice sheets is described, and test data are used to develop design curves that predict explosives effects as ice thickness, charge size, and charge depth vary. Application of the curves to practical problems is illustrated by numerical examples. The general features of underwater explosions are reviewed and related to ice blasting. Quasi-static plate theory is considered, and is judged to be inapplicable to explosive cratering of ice plates. The specific energy for optimized ice blasting is found to compare quite favorably with the specific energy of icebreaking ships. All available field data for ice blasting are tabulated in appendices, together with details of the re­gression analyses from which the design curves are generated.
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    Pages: iv, 68 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-40
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6971/rec/1
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9320
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction General behavior of underwater explosions Regression analysis for ice-blasting data General features of the regression curves Use of the regression curves as design curves for ice blasting Row charges and pattern charges Response of floating ice sheets to underwater explosions Specific energy and “powder factor” Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Basic data on ice blasting Appendix B: Scaled input data Appendix C: Initial regression analysis using complete polynomial Appendix D: Regression analysis with two coefficients of the original poly­nomial deleted
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    The effects of conductivity on high-resolution impulse radar sounding, Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/42
    In: CRREL Report, 82-42
    Description / Table of Contents: A high-resolution impulse radar profiling system was evaluated for 1) detecting the existence of sea ice which coring has revealed to exist on the bottom of the Ross Ice Shelf at Site J-9, 2) detecting the preferred horizontal c-axis azi-muthal direction of the sea ice crystals, using the voltage amplitude of the radar reflection from the sea ice bottom, and 3) determining the direction of the currents under an Antarctic ice shelf. A field program was conducted consisting of a surface radar survey on the Ross Ice Shelf at Site J-9 and surface and airborne radar profiling on the McMurdo Ice Shelf. The CRREL impulse radar system, operating at a center frequency of either 80 MHz or 20 MHz, was unable to detect the shelf bottom at Site J-9, which drilling revealed to be 416 m below the snow surface. The radar system was used to profile the McMurdo Ice Shelf both from the snow surface and from the air; a shelf thickness of about 275 m was easily detected. Theoretical considerations indicate that the bulk conductivity of the ice shelf at Site J1-9 was higher than originally anticipated, and this limited the radar sounding depth to about 405 m when operating at a frequency of 20 MHz.
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    Pages: iv, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-42
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a124456.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9323
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Introduction Profiling system Theoretical considerations Field program Discussion Literature cited
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    Numerical solutions for a rigid-ice model of secondary frost heave (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/13
    In: CRREL Report, 82-13
    Description / Table of Contents: Frost heave is analyzed for the common case in which some ice penetrates the soil. In this situation, heave is due to the accumulation of soil-free ice just within the frozen zone, behind a frozen fringe of finite thickness. Heat and mass transport within and across that fringe are crucial processes in the dynamics of heave. This analysis concentrates on activity within the fringe, also connecting that activity to heat and mass flows in the more frozen and unfrozen zones. Each component in a set of governing differential equations is developed from rational physics and thermodynamics, using previous experimental work. It is assumed that the soil ice grows through interconnected interstices; hence it constitutes and can move as a rigid body. When the assumption is translated into mathematical terms, it completes the governing equations. The model resulting from these considerations is a one-dimensional finite element computer program that solves the equations for arbitrary initial and boundary conditions. The model is used to simulate the heave history of a hypothetical soil column frozen unidirectionally and subjected to a surcharge. The results are gratifying in that they predict qualitatively the characteristics of numerous laboratory observations. Some questions about the completeness of the theory remain, and strict verification of the model awaits further experimentation and better parameter identification.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 11 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-13
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9344
    Language: English
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    Charged dislocation in ice; II. Contribution of dielectric relaxation (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/7
    In: CRREL Report, 82-7
    In: Charged dislocation in ice, II.
    Description / Table of Contents: The contribution of electrically charged dislocation motion to dielectric relaxation was studied theoretically. Experimentally obtained data on charge density, dislocation density, and segment length and distribution described in Part I of this series were used to calculate dielectric relaxation spectra. The results indicate that the charged dislocation process can produce the observed audio frequency dielectric relaxation as well as the distribution of spectra.
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    Pages: iii, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-7
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9454
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Theoretical development of dielectric relaxation due to charged dislocations Numerical calculations for distributed segment length Discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Mosotti type catastrophe by charged dislocation processes
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    Acoustic emissions from polycrystalline ice (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/21
    In: CRREL Report, 82-21
    Description / Table of Contents: The acoustic emission response from fine-grained polycrystalline ice subjected to constant compressive loads was examined. A number of tests were conducted with the nominal stress ranging from 0.8 to 3.67 MPa at a temperature of -5 C. The acoustic emission response was recorded and the data are presented with respect to time and strain. The source of acoustic emissions in ice is considered in terms of the formation of both microfractures and visible fractures that develop without catastrophic failure of the ice. A model to describe the acoustic emission response is developed.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-21
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9366
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Experimental procedures Ice specimens Mechanical test equipment Acoustic emission equipment Data recording Acoustic emission sources in ice Acoustic events and visible fracturing Source mechanisms Tests on ice single crystals General acoustic emission response Analysis of data Transient response Steady-state response Amplitude distribution Combined transient and steady-state response in the time domain Discussion Summary Literature cited
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    The Alaska Good Friday Earthquake of 1964 (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/1
    In: CRREL Report, 82-1
    Description / Table of Contents: On 27 March 1964 a major earthquake struck Southern Alaska. The city of Anchorage, which contained a large part of Alaska's population, suffered loss of life and destruction of property. The time of the day, the season, and ground conditions were such that loss of life and property was minimized. The frozen ground and the ice on fresh waster bodies responded to the earthquake shocks in a seldom-observable pattern, which was noted and recorded. Changes of sea level and slides into the sea were responsible for waterfront destruction. It is concluded that the main factor that limited structural damage was the frozen state of the ground.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-1
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9445
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Abstract of events Earthquakes and frozen ground The response of freshwater ice sheets to earthquake shock The earthquake disturbance in glaciated mountains Disturbed wildlife Tidal waves Summary Literature cited
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    Sea ice drag laws and simple boundary layer concepts, including application to rapid melting (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/4
    In: CRREL Report, 82-4
    Description / Table of Contents: Several proposed methods for treating the momentum flux between drifting sea ice and the underlying ocean are interpreted in terms of simple planetary-boundary-layer (PBL) turbulence theory. The classical two-layer approach, in which the solution for a thin surface layer is matched to an Ekman solution for the outer layer, is used to derive several forms of the drag law. These forms range from linear (where stress is proportional to relative speed), through quadratic (where stress is proportional to relative speed squared), to a Rossby-similarity law like that used to express frictional drag on geostrophic wind in the atmosphere. Only formulations which conform with Rossby-similarity scaling are consistent with free-drift data from the 1975 AIDJEX drift station experiment.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-4
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9447
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Background Hierarchy of drag laws and simple models The momentum equation for the planetary boundary layer Linear eddy viscosity - the constant stress layer Two-layer eddy viscosity PBL scaling A dimensionless two-layer system A dimensionless two-layer system with modified stress Evaluating the drag laws Rossby similarity parameters and buoyancy effects Discussion Literature cited
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    On the temperature distribution in an air-ventilated snow layer (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/5
    In: CRREL Report, 82-5
    Description / Table of Contents: The problem of simultaneous heat and mass transfer in a homogeneous snow layer, with one side kept at its initial temperature and the other side with a step temperature increase, was solved for the case of constant through-flow conditions. An experimentally determined effective thermal conductivity function, i.e. Ke = 0.0014 + 0.58 G (where G is dry mass flow rate of air in g/sq cm-s), was employed in the solution. The computed nondimensional temperature distribution agreed quite well with experimental data taken under pseudo-steady state conditions with the exception of the temperature for the lowest flow rate used in the experiment. The pronounced nonlinearity of the temperature distribution was found to be a strong function of the flow rate. For sinusoidal variation of atmospheric pressure, the responding flow in the snow medium was also found to be sinusoidal. In conjunction with the diurnal temperature change, this variation facilitated the process of repeated sublimation and condensation in alternate directions and thereby produced a surface layer of approximately constant snow density.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 10 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-5
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9450
    Language: English
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    THE PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SOCIETY CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS CONSTITUTION (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 10 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1982.tb00182.x
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    A TECHNIQUE FOR THE DETECTION AND COMPENSATION OF SYSTEMATIC HEIGHT ERRORS IN BLOCK AERIAL TRIANGULATION (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 10 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper is concerned with a new technique (the terrestrial/photogrammetric (TP) technique) for the detection and compensation of systematic height errors in block aerial triangulation. The technique improves the height accuracy of such triangulation by reducing the original bridging distance, using new bands of corrected photogrammetric tie points as height control together with the original bands of the terrestrial (or ground) height control. A number of photogrammetric blocks with different characteristics and configurations have been tested in a comprehensive manner. The tests show that the TP technique gives consistent results over a wide range of circumstances and that it is a most effective, simple and inexpensive method for the compensation of systematic errors.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméCet article relate une technique nouvelle permettant de détecter et de compenser les erreurs altimétriques systématiques dans l'aérotriangulation par blocs: la technique terrestre/photogrammétrique (TP). Cette technique améliore la précision altimétrique de l'aérotriangulation en réduisant la distance de l'aérocheminement original, grâce à l'utilisation d'un canevas de points d'appuis altimétriques composés de points de liaison photogrammétriques corrigés, en supplément du canevas original de points d'appui altimétriques déterminés sur le terrain.On a essayé de manière approfondie un grand nombre de blocs dotés de caractéristiques et de configurations diverses. Les essais montrent que la technique TP fournit des résultats fiables dans un large éventail de circonstances et que c'est une méthode de compensation des erreurs systématiques efficace, simple et peu coûteuse.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIm Artikel wird ein neues Verfahren behandelt (das terrestrisch-photogrammetrische Verfahren (TP)), das zur Aufdeckung und Kompensation system-atischer Höhenfehler in der Block triangulation dient. Es wird die Höhengenauigkeit durch Verkürzung der ursprünglichen Überbrückungsdistanz verbessert, indem neue Streifen korrigierter Verbindungspunkte als Höhenpasspunkte zusammen mit den ursprünglichen Reihen der terrestrischen Höhenpasspunkte verwendet werden. Eine Anzahl photogrammetrischer Blöcke unterschiedlicher Figur und Charakteristik wurde umfassend getestet. Die Tests zeigen, dass die TP-Methode konstante Ergebnisse für einen grossen Bereich van Möglichkeiten ergibt und dass es ein höchst effektives, einfaches und billiges Verfahren zur Eliminierung systematischer Fehler ist.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1982.tb00155.x
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    NOTES (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 10 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1982.tb00165.x
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    LAND USE APPLICATIONS OF IMAGING RADAR: RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 10 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: During June and July 1981, synthetic aperture radar imagery was acquired of selected sites in ten European countries as part of the European SAR 580 campaign. Evaluation of this imagery in the UK will be carried out by 18 approved experiments (out of 56 for Europe) when the processed data becomes available to investigators. To assist the evaluation process, a review is given of some recent research on applications of imaging radar in agricultural and urban areas. Research is described which considered the effects of terrain parameters and radar parameters on crop classification accuracy. The relative merits of a quantitative or a qualitative approach in classification of radar data are considered. Combined use of radar and Landsat data achieves a marked improvement in classification accuracy. The development of spatial filtering techniques may assist in the problem in urban areas resulting from the dependence of image tone on the relative alignment of ground features and radar look direction.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméPendant les mois dejuin et juillet 1981, on a, dans le cadre de la campagne européenne SAR 580, recueilli des données de radar imageur à synthèse d'ouverture sur des sites choisis dans une dizaine de pays d'Europe. Ces données seront évaluées au Royaume-Uni au moyen de 18 expériences ayant été acceptées (sur un total de 56 menées en Europe); ce travail commencera dès que les données une fois traitées seront distribuées aux chercheurs. Pour accompagner cette procédure d'evaluation, on fournit une analyse de quelques recherches récentes sur les applications de l'imagerie radar aux zones agricoles et urbaines.L'une de ces recherches prenait en compte les effets des paramètres liés au terrain sur l'exactitude de la classification des cultures. Les mérites réciproques des approches quantitatives et qualitatives dans la classification des données radar sont également examinés.Le recours à une combinaison de données radar et Landsat permet d'améliorer de manière significative l'exactitude de la classification. La mise en oeuvre des techniques de filtrage spatial peut aider à réduire, dans les zones urbaines, les conséquences néfastes sur la tonalité de l'image, d'objets au sol en alignement relatif avec la direction d'observation du radar.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIm Juni und Juli 1981 erfolgten Radaraufnahmen mittels synthetischer Apertur von ausgewählten Gebieten in 10 europäischen Ländern als Teil der Europäischen SAR 580 Kampagne. Die Analyse dieser Aufzeichnungen wird im Vereinigten Königreich durch 18 (aus insgesamt 56 für Europa) bestätigte Experimente erfolgen, nachdem die Daten zur Verfügung stehen. Um den Analysenprozess zu unterstützen, wird ein Überblick über kürzliche Forschungen zu Radaraufzeichnungen in landwirtschaftlichen und städtischen Gebieten gegeben. Es werden auch Forschungen beschrieben, bei denen die Einflüsse von Geländeparametern auf die Genauigkeit der Ernteklassifizierung untersucht wurden. Der relative Wert eines quantitativen oder qualitativen Versuchs zur Klassifizierung von Radardaten wird abgeschätzt. Eine Kombination von Radarund Landsat-Daten ergibt eine merkliche Verbesserung bei Klassifizierungsgenauigkeit. Die Entwicklung von Verfahren der räumlichen Filterung kann von Wert bei städtischen Gebieten sein, weil es eine Abhängigkeit des Grauwertes von der relativen Ausdehnung von Geländecharakteristika und der Richtung der Radaraufnahme gibt.
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    NOTES (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1982.tb00180.x
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    EDITORIAL (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1982.tb00153.x
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    THE COMPUTATION OF THE ORDNANCE SURVEY BUTE AERIAL TRIANGULATION USING XYZBLC (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 10 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Some aspects of the XYZBLC suite of programs for aerial triangulation are described. The Ordnance Survey Bute block of photography at a scale of 1: 24000 is computed by independent models using XYZBLC. Three of the strips in the block are treated as a test block and are computed with different configurations of control. Conclusions are drawn with regard to the usefulness of height control doublets and other dense control configurations.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Quelques aspects de l'ensemble XYZBLC de logiciels d'aérotriangulation sont décrits. Le bloc Bute de l'Ordnance Survey, composé de photographies à l'échelle du 1: 24000, a été calculé par modèles indépendants avec les logiciels XYZBLC. On a considéré trois des bandes du bloc comme formant un bloc d'essai et on les a calculées avec diverses combinaisons de canevas de points d'appui. On en tire des conclusions quant à l'utilité des doublets de points d'appui altimétriques et de diverses autres configurations denses de canevas d'appui. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Beschreibung einiger Aspekte des XYZBLC-Programmsystems zur Aero-triangulation. Ein Block des Ordnance Survey im Bildmassstab 1: 24000 wurde damit nach der Methode der unabhängigen Modelle berechnet. Drei der Streifen des Blocks wurden als Testblock behandelt und mit verschiedenen Passpunktanordnungen berechnet. Es werden Schlussfolgerungen in bezug auf die Nützlichkeit von Zwillingspunkten zur Höhenorientierung und andere dichte Passpunktanordnungen gezogen.
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    GEOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF RECONNAISSANCE FRAME PHOTOGRAPHY (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 10 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The wide availability of reconnaissance frame photography, together with the advantage of high image resolution that such photography provides and the extreme flight conditions under which it can be taken, means that it is of great interest to photogrammetrists. However, the geometry of the image is invariably distorted due to the mode of operation of the camera. In this paper, the effects of the focal plane shutter and apparent image motion compensation on the geometry of the photographs are considered.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméLe fait que la photographic de reconnaissance soil très répandue, conjointe-ment aux avantages que présente la grande résolution des images fournies par ces systèmes et les conditions extrêmes de vol dans lesquelles on peut les prendre, milite pour une prise en compte de lew intérêt par les photogrammètres. Toutefois la géométrie de ces images est systématiquement déformée par suite du mode de fonctionnement de la chambre. On traite dans cet article des effets de l'obturateur focal et de la compensation du filé de l'image sur la géométrie des photographies.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDie grosse Verbreitung von Erkundungsfotos zusammen mit der grossen Auflösung solcher Fotos und den extremen Bedingungen unter denen sie auf-genommen wurden, lassen diese auch für den Photogrammeter interessant erscheinen. Die Geometrie dieser Bilder ist jedoch infolge der speziellen Kamera-funktion verzerrt. Im Artikel werden die Einflüsse des Schlitzverschlusses und des Bildwanderungsausgleichs auf die Bildgeometrie untersucht.
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    ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING, 1981 (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1982.tb00162.x
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY. By G. S. Kumar.MANUAL OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY (Fourth Edition). Editor-in-Chief: C. C. Slama.
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    A Photogrammetric Flood (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1982.tb00166.x
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    AN ALGORITHM FOR THE CALIBRATION OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC SYSTEMS (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The algorithm presented assumes a preliminary determination of the elements of inner orientation and bases its mathematical model on the collinearity condition, from which projective equations are derived. Linearisation of condition equations is based on Taylor's expansion, whilst the subsequent solution follows iteration cycles. The method aims to derive composite corrections to image coordinates, with the aid of test field data.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméL'auteur présente un algorithme oú l'on suppose déterminés au préalable les éléments d'orientation interne. La modélisation mathématique s'appuie sur les conditions de co-linéarité et sur les équations qui en résultent en projection. On linéarise les équations de conditions en utilisant un développement en série de Taylor, et l'on obtient la solution correspondante par itération. La méthode vise à apporter des corrections aux coordonnées images en utilisant les données d'un polygone d'essai.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBei dem dargestellten Algorithmus wird die vorläufige Bestimmung der Elemente der inneren Orientierung angenommen, und das mathematische Modell basiert aufder Kollinearitätsgleichung, woraus perspektive Gleichungen abgeleitet werden. Die Linearisierung der Bedingungsgleichungen erfolgt durch Anwendung der Taylor-Reihe, was für die folgenden Berechnungen einen iterativen Prozess bedingt. Mit der Methode wird angestrebt, Bildkoordinaten mit Hilfe von Testfelddaten zu verbessern.
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    THE USE OF SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR FOR MAPPING (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 10 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: There is a growing interest in the potential of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) for mapping and for gathering intelligence for map revision. This paper first gives a simple guide to the characteristics of SAR and then describes a study carried out to investigate the geometric properties of the imagery and the information content which is of interest for topographic mapping and the production of large scale plans. The conclusions cautiously indicate a potential although better quality images are required and more information must be known about the optimum conditions which should obtain when the data are recorded.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn assiste à un intérét croissant envers le radar à ouverture synthétique (SAR) et ses possibilityés pour la cartographie et pour la collecte de renseignements utiles à la révision. Ce texte commence par donner un simple rappel des caractéristiques de ces radars pour décrire ensuite une étude effectuée sur le contenu informatif et les proprietyés géométriques de l'imagerie radar, qui intèresse la cartographie topographique et la confection de plans à grande échelle.Les conclusions font prudemment état d'une potentialité mais soulignent qu'il faudrait disposer d'images de meilleure qualityé et avoir davantage d'informations sur les conditions optimales à respecter lors de l'enregistrement des données.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEs besteht zunehmendes Interesse an den Möglichkeiten von Radaraufnahmen mittels synthetischer Apertur (SAR) zur Kartenherstellung und Erfassung von Daten zur Laufendhaltung. Zunächst wird im Artikel eine einfache Einführung in die SAR-Charakteristika gegeben. Dann erfolgt eine Beschreibung eines Versuches zur Untersuchung der geometrischen Eigenschaften und des Informationsgehalts, der von Interesse für die Herstellung topographischer und grossmassstäbiger Karten ist. Vorsichtige Schlussfolgerungen ergeben Möglichkeiten zur Verwendung solcher Informationen, wobeijedoch eine bessere Bildqualität zu fordern ist. Auch müssen noch mehr Kenntnisse über die optimalen Bedingungen bezüglich der Datenregistrierung bestehen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1982.tb00174.x
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    COMPARATIVE RESOLUTION OF LANDSAT 3 MSS AND RBV IMAGE DATA OF CHINA (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 10 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) and return beam vidicon (RBV) image data in both analogue and digital formats were used to assess the performance of the MSS and RBV sensor systems, and to determine their potential for recording information associated with topographic or land use maps of selected Chinese study areas (Beijing, Tianjin and the Huang He elbow). MSS images permitted the detection of 40 per cent to 50 per cent of the features identified on maps of 1: 250000 scale and larger, whereas the higher resolution Landsat 3 RBV images provided 10 per cent to 20 per cent additional information. Completeness of information extracted from a colour cathode ray tube display exceeded that obtained from analogue single band black and white MSS images by only 5 per cent to 10 per cent. Only through major improvements in spatial resolution will it be possible to compile maps at scales of 1: 250000 and larger from satellite data. Significantly, it appears that instantaneous field of view values of 5 m to 10 m will be required to produce image data of sufficient resolution for topographic mapping or detailed thematic studies of the Asian environment.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On a utilisé les données de l'imagerie spatiale provenant du scanneur multispectral (MSS) et du tube vidicon à retour de faisceau (RBV) de Landsat, à la fois sous forme analogique et numérique, pour évaluer la performance des systèmes de capteurs MSS et RBV, et pour déterminer leur aptitude à contenir l'information figurant dans les cartes topographiques et les cartes d'occupation du sol, sur des polygones d'essais sélectionnés en Chine (Pekin, Tianjin, et le coude du Huan He). Les images MSS ont permis de détecter 40 à 50 pour cent des détails figurant sur les cartes à une échelle supérieure ou égale à 1: 250000, tandis que les images RBV à meilleure résolution de Landsat C fournissaient 10 à 20 pour cent d'informations supplémentaires. Le volume des informations extraites sur un écran cathodique de visualisation en couleurs n'a dépassé le volume obtenu à partir d'images d'une seule bande MSS en noir et blanc que de 5 à 10 pour cent seulement. Il semble que ce ne soit que par des améliorations importantes dans la résolution spatiale que l'on pourra tirer des données de satellites des cartes à des échelles supérieures ou égales à 1: 250000. Il apparait de manière significative qu'un champ instantané de prise de vues de 5 à 10 m (pixel) sera nécessaire pour obtenir des images ayant une résolution suffisante pour la cartographie topographique ou pour des études thématiques détaillées sur l'environnement asiatique.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Verwendung von Landsat-aufzeichnungen, die mit Hilfe des multispektralen Scanners (MSS) und des Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) aufgenommen wurden und sowohl in analoger als auch digitaler Form vorlagen. um die Leistungsfähigkeit dieser Aufnahmesysteme zu ermitteln und die Möglichkeiten zur Gewinnung von Informationen zur Herstellung von topographischen oder Landnutzungskarten in ausgewählten chinesischen Versuchsgebieten (Beijing, Tianjin undder Huang He Bogen). MSS-Bilder gestatteten die Erkennung von 40 bis 50% der auf Karten im Massstab 1: 250 000 oder grösser identifizierten Objekte, während die RBV-Bilder von Landsat 3, die eine grössere Auflösung hatten, 10 bis 20% zusätzliche Informationen lieferten.Die Vollständigkeit der Information, die von einem Farbdisplay erhalten wurde, überstieg die von analogen einkanaligen schwarzweissen MSS-Bildern erhaltenen nur um 5 bis 10%. Nur durch wesentliche Verbesserungen der Objektauflösung wird es möglich sein, Karten 1: 250000 und grösser nach Satellitendaten herzustellen. Es wird offensichtlich eine Objecktauflösung von 5 bis 10m gefordert, um Bilddaten genügender Auflösung für die Herstellung topographischer Karten oder thematischer Studien des asiatischen Raums zu erzeugen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1982.tb00158.x
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    Effect of Temperature on the Contents of the Two Energy-Reserve Substances, Paramylon and Wax Esters, in Euglena gracilis (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . When a streptomycin-bleached mutant of Euglena gracilis strain Z was cultured in the dark at 33, 26, or 15°C, the content of paramylon was higher at lower growing temperature while that of wax esters was higher at higher temperature. Transfer of the cells grown at 33°C–15°C decreased the wax ester content while increasing the paramylon content; transfer in the reverse direction caused reverse changes. On incubation with labeled acetate, the cells grown at 33°C showed more distribution of radioactivity in wax esters than the cells grown at lower temperatures. Apparently the two energy-reserve substances have different physiological functions.
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    ABSTRACTS (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1982.tb05436.x
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    Ellobiophrya conviva n. sp., a Commensal of Marine Ectoprocts, and a Revision of the Family Ellobiophryidae (Ciliophora, Peritricha) (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The sessiline peritrich Ellobiophrya conviva n. sp. is described from marine ectoprocts of the genus Bugula, the first report of an ellobiophryid on bryozoan hosts. The new species is distinguished from others of its genus by its different body proportions, size, host, and structure of the clasping holdfast (for which the new name cinctum is chosen). Ellobiophrya conviva has been found only on B. neritina and B. turrita and shows a marked seasonal cycle of abundance. The family Ellobiophryidae Chatton & Lwoff is revised on the basis of new information provided by E. conviva, with the single species of the genus Clausophrya removed to Ellobiophrya as E. oblida Naidenova & Zaika n. comb. The genus Caliperia Laird remains unchanged. The two genera of the revised family are distinguished from one another by differences in the structure of the cinctum. Hypotheses are advanced to explain the morphogenesis of the cinctum and the evolution of ellobiophryids from other peritrichs.
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    The Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Paramecium bursaria in the Littoral Zone (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The spatial and seasonal distribution of Paramecium bursaria in two small Indiana ponds was studied using a sampling grid. Very small (5.0 ml) samples were taken so that the individual microhabitats could be studied. The results were evaluated in comparison to the data collected for the P. aurelia complex collected in the same manner and at the same sites. It was found that P. bursaria exist in a clumped distribution, but that the distribution was not very different from random. Paramecium bursaria also exist at the surface and at the mud-water interface. Temperature does not seem to play a statistically significant role in determining population size. The breeding system of P. bursaria is optimized for an outbreeding population of low density. In comparison, the species of the P. aurelia complex exist in a very clumped distribution, are found only at the mud-water interface, and are inbreeders. The evolutionary strategies of the two types of paramecia are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1982.tb04007.x
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    La Spore des Actinomyxidies: Synactinomyxon longicauda n. sp., un Nouveau Type de Groupement Sporal et Adaptations Planctoniques: Emission et Structure du Sporoplasme (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: L'étude du caractère planctonique de différentes spores d'Actinomyxidies montre une complexité croissante dans leur adaptation au milieu aquatique. Au contact de l'eau, les trois cellules épéisporales de chaque spore se transforment en flotteurs de forme différente suivant les espèces. Ces flotteurs peuvent s'unir entre eux en un style équivelent à un quatrième flotteur ou associer diversement les huit spores issues d'un měme pansporocyste. C'est le cas dans le genre Synactinomyxon dont la diagnose est modifiée pour inclure une deuxième espèce S. Iongicauda n. sp. Un type nouveau est décrit chez lequel la preéence d'ancres à l'extrémité des cellules épisporales permet de maintenir efficacement réunies plusieurs dizaines de spores émises simultanément. Nous avons observé dans les genres Aurantiactinomyxon, Synactinomyxon, Echinactinomyxon l'emission du sporoplasme. II est libére en entier et capable de se déplacer dans l'eau pendant plus d'une heure grǎce à des mouvements amoeboïdes. Chez Aurantiactinomyxon eiseniellae les études ultrastructurales montrent que l'enveloppe du pansporocyste, d'une part, les épispores et les capsules polaires d'autre part sont réalisées à partir de cellules distinctes et profondément modifiées. Quant au sporoplasme, autrefois décrit comme un plasmode avec de nombreuses paires de noyaux, il contient, en fait, des ensembles identiques dont chacun est constitué de l'union d'un noyau satellite et d'une cellule uninucléée.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ABSTRACTThe study of the planktonic character of different Actinomyxidia spores reveals increasingly complex adaptations to an aquatic environment. On contact with water, the three episporal cells of each spore transform into floats, the forms of which differ according to species. These floats can join together so that a fourth type of float is formed, or they can unite in various ways the eight spores originating from the same pansporocyst. This is the case in the genus Synactinomyxon whose diagnosis is modified to include a second species S. Iongicauda n. sp. A new type is described in which the presence of anchors at the extremities of the episporal cells permits several dozen spores that have been emitted simultaneously to be kept together. We have observed the emission of the sporoplasm in the genera Aurantiactinomyxon, Synactinomyxon, and Echinactinomyxon. It is freed completely and for more than an hour is capable of changing its position in the water by amoeboid movements. In the case of Aurantiactinomyxon eiseniellae, ultrastructural studies show that the pansporocyst envelope on the one hand, and the epispores and polar capsules on the other hand, are formed from separate but profoundly modified cells. The sporoplasm, however, sometimes described as a plasmodium with numerous pairs of nuclei, contains, in fact, identical complexes, each consisting of a uninucleate cell united with a satellite nucleus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1982.tb04011.x
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    Kinetic Analysis of Chemokinesis of Paramecium (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Paramecia detect and accumulate in or disperse from some chemicals. Cells do this by changing frequency of turning and speed of swimming. There are at least two mechanisms by which cells respond: one dependent on ability to turn, one dependent on speed modulation. There are also two classes of chemicals: those that require the cells' ability to turn in order to cause accumulation and dispersal (type I), and those that apparently require only speed modulation (type II). Attractants of type I cause qualitatively similar changes in behavior to repellents of type II and the converse; therefore, assays are needed to distinguish between these two classes of chemicals, despite qualitatively similar behavior of some attractants and repellents. We examined two assays of paramecium chemoresponse, T-maze assay and well test, to understand how the T-maze distinguishes between attractants of type I and repellents of type II and why the well test does not.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1982.tb04016.x
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    Spore Germination in the True Slime Mold Didymium nigripes (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The morphology of spore germination in Didymium nigripes was studied using scanning electron microscopy and Nomarski phase optics. First, the outer spore wall splits, revealing a fibrillar inner wall. Remnants of the inner wall continue to cover the newly emerged amoeba. A single nucleus and a prominent vacuole are visible throughout germination. Germination is more rapid in glucose-peptone-yeast extract than in phosphate buffer. Germination is completely inhibited at 4°C, and is very slow at 18°C. Germination is most rapid at 26°C; at 21°C or 32°C it is slightly slower. Germination is reversibly inhibited by 20 μ/ml cycloheximide, but not by 200 μ/ml 5-fluoro uracil or 200 μ/ml proflavin. It is completely inhibited by 10-3 M Na azide.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1982.tb04020.x
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    Effect of Temperature and Osmolarity on Growth of Crithidia fasciculata, C. hutneri, C. luciliae thermophila, and Herpetomonas samuelpessoai (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Crithidia fasciculata (Anopheles, Culex, and Nöller strains), C. hutneri, C. luciliae thermophila, and Herpetomonas samuelpessoai were grown in a defined medium with different values of osmolarity at different temperatures. C. fasciculata (all strains) grew best between 300 to 500 mOsm; H. samuelpessoai, 400–500 mOsm; and C. hutneri and C. luciliae thermophila, 500–800 mOsm. At higher temperatures better growth was obtained at the upper osmolarities.
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    In Memoriam: WILLIAM BALAMUTH (1914–1981) (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1982.tb02872.x
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    Distribution of Members of the Crypthecodinium cohnii (Dinophyceae) Species Complex (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Crypthecodinium cohnii, a small marine heterotrophic homothallic dinoflagellate, has diversified into a complex of morphologically very similar breeding groups (biological species or sibling species), some of which have become widely dispersed. Membership of two clones in the same sibling species is shown by their sexual compatibility as determined by genetic complementation in zygotes formed from motility mutants derived from the two stocks. Membership in different sibling species may be inferrec when motility mutants of one strain do not complement those of another. Fifty-six clones representing seaweed enrichments from *** geographic sites have been found to belong to 28 sibling species; 35 clones are members of seven wide-ranging biological species, and 21 are single representatives of 21 other breeding groups within the ranges of the others. Of 174 clonal isolates in our possession, 168 conform in size and shape to C. cohnii. Six others which have smaller cells and only one-fifth the standard DNA and chromosome number belong, we believe, to another species. The C. cohnii complex provides a unique opportunity for the study of evolutionary divergence and geographical dispersion of a dinoflagellate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1982.tb02874.x
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    Genus Pleistophora Gurley, 1893: An Assemblage of at Least Three Genera (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Until recently, pansporoblastic microsporidia that produce a variable and large number of sporoblasts from a sporont have been included in a single genus, namely Pleistophora Gurley, 1893. Ultrastructural studies have been used to determine whether the resemblance of these species is fundamental or superficial. The results indicated that the multisporous pansporoblastic forms belong to at least three genera and, thus, that Pleistophora is a “composite genus.” The term pansporoblast was originally used for stages in myxosporidian development. The term sporophorous vesicle adopted from Gurley is suggested for the spore-containing vesicle in the Microspora. Three species were studied: Pleistophora typicalis, the type-species; Pleistophora culicis, for which a new genus Vavraia has already been proposed; and Pleistophora simulii. P. typicalis and V. culicis have isolated nuclei throughout their development, and the sporophorous vesicle wall enveloping the sporoblasts is derived from amorphous secretions laid down during merogony external to the plasmalemma. Pleistophora and Vavraia are differentiated principally in terms of the structure of the sporophorous vesicle wall and mode of division of the sporogonial plasmodium. The nuclei of young sporonts of P. simulii are in diplokaryon arrangement and undergo meiosis to give haploid nuclei in the sporoblasts. The sporophorous vesicle wall is membranoid and is laid down external to the plasmalemma at the onset of sporogony. A new genus, Polydispyrenia n. g., is suggested for this species, the affinities of which are closer to the dimorphic species of microsporidia than to Pleistophora or Vavraia. The terms “merontogenetic sporophorous vesicle” and “sporontogenetic sporophorous vesicle” are used to distinguish between the two groups.
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    Effects of Malaria (Plasmodium berghei) on the Maternal-Fetal Relationship in Mice (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Plasmodium berghei infection was more severe in pregnant than in nonpregnant mice. Infection initiated on gestation day 7 resulted in rapidly increasing parasitemia and deaths of all pregnant mice within 12 days, while some nonpregnant mice survived until day 21 postinfection. When mice were infected on gestation day 12 or 14, a proportion of mice died before parturition; but some animals survived to deliver living pups. Reduced birthweights and increased spleen weight to body weight ratios were seen in pups from infected mice as compared with pups from uninfected animals. Histopathological abnormalities of placentae from infected animals included degeneration of the normal labyrinthine architecture and thickening of the trophobast separating maternal and fetal blood vessels.
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    Biochemical Characterization of Secreted Proteases During Growth in Tetrahymena pyriformis WH-14: Comparison of Extracellular with Intracellular Proteases (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Tetrahymena pyriformis strain WH-14 secreted large quantities of intracellular proteases into its culture medium during growth. Extracellular enzymes were purified to homogeneity from cell-free medium by ammonium sulfate precipitation, CM-Sephadex column chromatography, gel filtration, and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The DEAE-cellulose eluates were separated into four peaks (P-I, P-II, P-III, and P-IV), each of which exhibited a different specific activity toward azocasein and α-N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-ρ-nitroanilide (Bz-Arg-Nan). These four forms of the protease showed similarity in amino acid composition, molecular weight (21,000–24,000), and antigenic reactivity. They had pH optima at neutral range. P-I showed the highest specificity to azocasein whereas P-IV was most effective toward the synthetic substrates. The Km values for hydrolysis of Bz-Arg-Nan were 2.4, 1.6, 1.3, and 1.4 mM for P-I, P-II. P-III, and P-IV, respectively, and the corresponding Kcat/Km values were 5.0, 9.4, 28.5, and 114.3 S-1.M-1. These properties of secreted proteases were compared with those of intracellular proteases purified by the same procedure except for the initial Triton X-100 extraction. There were similarities in specific activity toward two substrates, molecular weight, Km, pH optima, and antigenic reactivity between the proteases from two sources, providing evidence that the intracellular proteases may be secreted into the extracellular medium without modification.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1982.tb02886.x
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    Separation of Individual Stages of Trypanosoma cruzi Grown in Cell Culture by Continuous Free-Flow Electrophoresis (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The separation of extracellular protozoan parasites from host cells based on a difference in surface charge has been described. However, with Trypanosoma cruzi no method exists for the isolation of pure parasite stages from heterogeneous mixtures. Studies on the electrophoresis of mixed stage populations confirm significant surface charge density differences exist among epimastigotes, trypomastigotes, and amastigotes. In ascending order of electronegativity, amastigotes have the lowest charge density, try-pomastigotes next, followed by epimastigotes. A technique has been developed for the separation of purified populations of parasites based on these charge differences using a continuous free-flow electrophoresis apparatus. The separated populations are morphologically intact and maintain their infectivity to mice. This separation method is applicable for preparative and analytical isolation of pure stages of T. cruzi for biochemical and immunological studies.
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    Changes in Two Acid Hydrolase Levels During Cyst Differentiation of a Ciliate, Histriculus muscorum (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Cellular levels of protein and two acid hydrolases, acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) and acid proteinase, were followed during cyst differentiation, arbitrarily divided into five stages, in the ciliate Histriculus muscorum Kahl. Extracellular enzyme activities were also measured. Protein content decreased gradually during cyst differentiation. In mature cysts the protein content was ca. 60% that of stationary phase organisms. The activities of both acid hydrolases remained unchanged during stage 1 and then decreased gradually; acid proteinase decreased more rapidly. Both enzymes remained slightly active in the mature cysts. The acid proteinase activity of stage 1 was reduced by cycloheximide treatment at time zero, whereas the enzyme was no longer sensitive to the inhibitor when treated at 1.5 h (late stage 1) after the first wash with encysting medium. Acid phosphatase activity was insensitive to the inhibitor. Extracellular release of acid phosphatase increased linearly at least until stage 5, although the extracellular release of acid proteinase was not detected. Cycloheximide blocked the extracellular release of acid phosphatase after stage 1. These results suggest that de novo synthesis of acid proteinase occurs during stage 1 and that lysosomes may play an important role during early stages of cyst differentiation.
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    Formation of 2-Aminobutanoic Acid from Threonine and Methionine by Mixed Rumen Ciliate Protozoa (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Notes: Precursors of 2-aminobutanoic acid (2-ABA), found in the incubation medium of mixed rumen ciliate protozoa, were examined with washed or starved bacteria-free ciliates. Threonine and methionine strongly stimulated the formation of 2-ABA. Formation of 2-ABA by direct conversion of threonine and dethiomethylation of methionine was confirmed by radiotracer experiments with [U-14C]L-threonine and [carboxyl-14C] and [methyl-14C]L-methionine.
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    AVAILABILITY OF SPECIAL PUBLICATION! (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1982.tb01336.x
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    Biochemical Requirements for Intracellular Invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi: Protein Synthesis (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    Notes: The effects of irreversible inhibition of protein synthesis by pactamycin in either infective forms of Trypanosoma cruzi or mammalian host cells on cellular invasion by this human pathogen were investigated. Treatment of bloodstream forms of T. cruzi with pactamycin markedly reduced their ability to bind either fibroblast-like cells of monkey origin or myoblasts of rat origin. The number of amastigote forms that could be established intracellularly was also significantly decreased with respect to control values obtained when mock-treated (medium alone) trypomastigotes were incubated with the cells. Pactamycin treatment also reduced the infectivity of T. cruzi trypomastigotes for mice as evidenced by both significantly reduced parasitemia levels and mortality rates when compared with those of control mice infected with mock-treated parasites. Inhibition of protein synthesis in the host cells neither prevented cell infection by untreated trypomastigotes nor altered the percentages of infected cells or the magnitude of the infection in vitro. These results indicate that protein synthesis is a requirement for cell invasion by T. cruzi and that the parasite can establish itself and replicate within cells relying on its own protein synthesis ability.
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    NOTICE OF PASSING OF PROTOZOOLOGISTS (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    Esterase Variants in Four Species of the Paramecium aurelia Complex (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    Notes: One hundred eighty-eight stocks of Paramecium primaurelia, P. biaurelia, P. tetraurelia, and P. octaurelia were grown axenically and tested for five esterases, visualized by starch gel electrophoresis, in a search for variant stocks. The five esterases can be distinguished on the bases of their substrate specificity, sensitivity to an inhibitor, and response to different growth conditions. This paper addresses the nature of the electrophoretic change in mobility of the variant stocks in order that species relationships can be more accurately assessed. Crosses carried out in all four species show that single genes determine the differences in mobility between variant and common subtypes. Extracts of variant stocks that gave similar patterns were run against each other, tested for their sensitivity to the inhibitor, and the pattern was compared to that found in extracts of stocks with variant and common subtypes in other species. The majority of the variants in P. primaurelia, P. tetraurelia, and P. octaurelia show an electrophoretic mobility characteristic of a common subtype, or a variant, in another species. The same proportion of variant subtypes as common subtypes have mobilities similar to esterase subtypes found in other species. Of the four species examined in this paper, P. tetraurelia and P. octaurelia appear to be most closely related on the basis of shared esterase subtypes. In P. biaurelia the mobilities of most of the variants are unique, as are the common esterase subtypes in this species. P. biaurelia stands out as having the greatest number of esterase subtypes, with very few of them homologous to subtypes found in other species. This observation supports the idea of greater diversification of stocks within P. biaurelia than for the other three species.
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    THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY (1982)
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    Isospora vanriperorum n. nom. for I. cardinalis Levine, Van Riper & Van Riper, 1980, Preoccupied (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Glycogen Phosphorylase and Synthase Activities of Rumen Ciliates of the Genus Entodinium (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    Notes: Glycogen phosphorylase and synthase activities were detected in the sonic lysate of rumen ciliates of the genus Entodinium. The ciliate phosphorylase had the following properties. The pH optimum was narrow and centered at pH 5.9. The activity was maximum at 30°C; above 40°C a rapid inactivation occurred. The Km value for glucose-1-phosphate (G-1-P) and for glycogen was 15 mM and 0.069% (w/v), respectively. NaF and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid had no stimulative effect on the enzyme activity, though adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate and theophylline activated it. NaHSO3 inhibited the enzyme activity at a concentration of 1 mM. The inhibition of glucose was noncompetitive for G-1-P. Glycolytic intermediates and nucleotides had a minor effect on phosphorylase activity. Glycogen synthase existed in two forms, glucose-6-phosphate dependent and independent forms: the proportion of the latter form increased with the decrease of reserve polysaccharide levels in the ciliates. Correlations between glycolytic enzyme activities included phosphorylase and synthase activities and reserve polysaccharide contents in the ciliates were determined, and a possible regulatory mechanism of polysaccharide synthesis and degradation was discussed.
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    Biochemical and Structural Analyses of Microtubules in the Pellicular Membrane of Leishmania tropica (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    Notes: The structure of the major protein of the pellicular membrane of Leishmania tropica was investigated. This protein is composed of two polypeptides, of ca. 50,000 d molecular weight, that were found to cross-react immunologically with the α and β subunits of pig brain tubulin. The polypeptides and pig brain tubulin subunits were partially digested with S. aureus V8 protease, and the peptides obtained analysed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A comparison of the patterns showed that the β subunits of Leishmania and pig tubulin have very similar primary structures, while the α subunits have evolved divergently. These experiments demonstrate that the major polypeptides found in the pellicular membrane of L. tropica are α and β subunits of tubulin. Immuno-electron microscopy indicates that the tubulin is located in the microtubules associated with the pellicular membrane of Leishmania. Arrays of microtubules were prepared by nonionic detergent treatment of the cells and observed by electron microscopy after negative staining. Optical diffraction reveals a 5 nm spacing between protofilaments in the microtubule and a 4 nm axial periodicity corresponding to the tubulin subunits. The pitch of the shallow left-hand three-start helix is 12°. A distance of 47 nm separates each microtubule from the next. These data show that the dimensions and supramolecular organization of the tubulin subunits in the microtubules are identical in the pellicular membrane of L. tropica and in mammalian brain.
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    Further Studies on Haemogregarina bigemina Laveran & Mesnil, the Marine Fish Blennius pholis L., and the Isopod Gnathia maxillaris Montagu (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Haemogregarina bigemina is redescribed from the blood of the marine fish Blennius pholis, and stages presumed to be those of the haemogregarine are recorded from the hematophagous praniza larva of the isopod Gnathia maxillaris. At College Rocks, Aberystwyth, Wales, the main study area, a high incidence of infection occurred in B. pholis. No exoerythrocytic stages were observed in these fish, nor was sexual dimorphism of the gametocyte evident. As in an earlier study, ecological evidence favored transmission by G. maxillaris rather than by leeches. Gametocytes, syzygy, oocysts, sporoblasts, and sporozoites were identified in the anterior hindgut of the isopod. The stages observed in G. maxillaris are compared with those of other haemogregarines described from the digestive tract of leeches. Mention is made of an intraleucocytic haemogregarine of another fish, Crenilabrus melops.
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    Some Corrections in Haemogregarine (Apicomplexa: Protozoa) Nomenclature (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    Notes: The nomenclature of three genera in the family Haemogregarinidae (Haemogregarina, Karyolysus, and Hepatozoon) has been reviewed and the following new names are introduced to replace homonyms or for previously unnamed species: Haemogregarina carlosi n. nom., in the erythrocytes of the lizard Lacerta ocellata; Haemogregarina tincae n. nom., in the stomach and intestine of the tench Tinca tinca; Hepatozoon insectivorae n. sp., in the leucocytes of the shrews Sorex araneus and Crocidura leucodon; Hepatozoon krampitzi n. sp., in the leucocytes of the vole Microtus oeconomus; Hepatozoon peromysci n. sp., in the leucocytes of the deermice Peromyscus boylii and P. truei gilberti; and Hepatozoon pallida (Pessoa et al., 1971) n. comb., in the erythrocytes of the snake Thamnodynastes pallidus nattereri.
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    The Ultrastructure of Specimens of Paramecium multimicronucleatum Impregnated with Silver by the Fernández-Galiano Method (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    Notes: Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of specimens of Paramecium multimicronucleatum treated with the Rio-Hortega silver-impregnation method as modified by Fernández-Galiano demonstrate that considerable deposition of silver occurs around the kinetosomes, especially at the level of the basal plate and also at the proximal end of the kinetosome. In addition, silver is heavily deposited within the kinetodesmal fibers, in the fibrous matrix that surrounds the postciliary and transverse microtubules, in the connective structures observed between the two kinetosomes of a pair and between the kinetodesmal fiber and the anterior kinetosome, and in the trichocysts. Differences and similarities in sites of deposit when other methods of silver impregnation are employed are discussed and the particular value of the present technique in studies of ciliate systematics and phytogeny is stressed.
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    FORTHCOMING MEETINGS OF INTEREST (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    Abbreviated Instructions to Journal of Protozoology Contributors (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    SUBJECT INDEX-VOLUME 29 (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    Grateful Acknowledgment (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Physiological Studies on the Cytopharyngeal Pouch, a Prey Receptacle in the Carnivorous Macrostomal Form of Tetrahymena vorax (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    Notes: . Various ions and treatments known to alter the availability of free Ca2+ were examined with respect to their effects on the cytopharyngeal pouch, a large prey receptacle found in the potentially carnivorous macrostomal form of Tetrahymena vorax. Addition of Ca2+, Ba2+, or Sr2+ induced the pouch to separate from the region of the cytostome, forming a large empty vacuole. Na+, alone, had no effect, but lowered the concentration of Ca2+ required to produce maximum vacuolar formation in populations of cells. Vacuolar induction was also initiated by the cation ionophore A23187 or by subjecting macrostomal cells to an electric current. In the presence of divalent cation chelators EDTA and EGTA, the cytopharyngeal pouch collapsed and was resorbed. Taken together, these results suggest that Ca2+ plays an important role during phagocytosis in this cell type.
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    A New Species of Eimeria from the Golden-Mantled Ground Squirrel, Spermophilus lateralis, in Northern Colorado (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Oocysts of Eimeria morainensis n. sp. are described from the golden-mantled ground squirrel, Spermophilus lateralis. in Northern Colorado. The oocysts of E. morainensis are double-walled and subspherical, 20.3 × 19.8 (18.7–26.2 × 17.5–21.2) μm; and the sporocysts are ellipsoid, 12.1 × 6.9 (8.7–13.7 × 6.2–8.7) μm. Oocyst residuum and micropyle are absent, but a polar granule is present. Sporocyst residuum and Stieda body are present. Differences in oocyst characteristics provide the basis for recognition of this new species of Eimeria.
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    A Light and Electron Microscopical Study of Trichoduboscqia epeori Léger (Microspora: Duboscqiidae) (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    Notes: Trichoduboscqia epeori Léger was found to parasitize nymphs of the mayfly Rhithrogena iridina Kolenati in southwest Germany for a new host record. It was studied by light and electron microscopy. The pansporoblast membrane is evaginated at several points, usually four, to produce long needle-like appendages 〉20 μm in length with a resilient inner core superficially resembling collagen, which is thought to maintain their orientation. It is suggested that the pansporoblast appendages may play a role in host infection. The structure and ultrastructure of developmental stages are recorded for the first time. Apart from the pansporoblast appendages, the ultrastructure of T. epeori conforms to the general pattern seen in many other pansporoblastic Microspora. Typically 16 spores are produced per pansporoblast but 32-spore pansporoblasts were also found, and the taxonomic significance of this is discussed.
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    The Fine Structure of Conidophrys pitelkae Bradbury Related to its Life Cycle and Taxonomic Position in the Apostomatida (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    Notes: Electron microscopy of the tomite of Conidophrys pitelkae confirms that Jankowski was correct in including the pilisuctorians in the Apostomatida. Like other apostome tomites, the tomite of Conidophrys possesses a rosette opening to the exterior, kinetodesmata made up of stacks of individual kinetodesmal fibrils, and canaliculi that are surrounded by dense inclusion bodies and open on the ventral surface. The fine structure of the trophont of Conidophrys, however, is quite unlike that of other apostome trophonts. The elaborate infraciliature of the tomite disappears immediately after it settles and reappears de novo on the trophont just before tomitogenesis. The cyst wall, which completely encloses the trophont and grows with it, attaches the ciliate to a seta on its, host, the shrimp Crangon crangon. The setae on which tomites settle vary greatly in size and shape, but each appears to have at its tip some digitiform cuticular projections that surmount a pore, which opens into the lumen of the seta. The trophont's only direct connection to its host is at the cytostome, a unique structure formed of delicate tubules that pass through the pore into the lumen of the seta. Ingestion is by micropinocytosis, and there are no visible food reserves.
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    Morphologie et Ultrastructure de Spirochona gemmipara Stein, 1852 (Ciliophora, Chonotrichida). I. Structures Corticales et Buccales de I'Adulte (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Les colorations au protargol ainsi que la microscopie électronique á transmission et á balayage permettent de distinguer quatre parties dans I'organisation de Spirochona gemmipara: la collerette formée d'une entonnoir et d'une volute abritant la ciliature, le pseudatrium, et le cytostome; le cou contenant le cytopharynx, le systéme excréteur. et I'appareil cytoproctal; le corps renfle par les noyaux et les vacuoles digestives: et le pseudostyle allonge assurant la fixation au substrat. En majeure partie, le spirochone est limité par une pellicule non ciliée et dépourvue de cils; la pellicule comprend la membrane cellulaire, un épiplasme épais percé de nombreux pores et des triplets de microtubules (MT) sous-pelliculaires. Principalement située dans I'entonnoir, la ciliature somatiquc du spirochone est répartie en deux ensembles inégaux, le champ gauche et le champ droit. Les cinéties sont séparées par des crétes contenant les MT post-ciliaires disposés en une couche verticale; les MT sous-cinétiens sont nombreux, arrangés parallélement á la base des cinétosomes; ceux-lá présentent également une lame dense et des MT transverses, et une fibre cinétodesmale discrete. Un important réseau de faisceaux fibrillaires est disposé orthogonalement par rapport aux cinéties. La base de I'entonnoir est déprimée en une petite cavitéévasée, le pseudatrium; celui-lá conduit à un cytostome ouvert en permanence. Dépourvu de némadesmes, le cytopharynx est un tube cylindrique formé par une dizaine de rideaux microtubulaires; prés du cytostome, chaque rideau porte en plus quelques MT radiaires assimilés aux lamelles Z des Nassulida. Le phagoplasme est riche en tubules complexes et en vésicules de taille moyenne à contenu contrasté. Le champ X, peu organisé, comprend 10–30 cinétosomes situés à gauche du cytostome; il ne correspond certainement pas á la ciliature périorale droite de Chilodochona. Si cette difference se retrouve chez d'autres Chonotriches, il sera nécessaire de séparer taxonomiquement les espéces possédant une ciliature périorale de celles qui en sont dépourvues.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ABSTRACTIn the organization of Spirochona gemmipara, four parts can be demonstrated by protargol staining and also by scanning and transmission electron microscopy: the collar, composed of a funnel and a volute, which shelters the cilia, the pseudatrium, and the cytostome: the neck, which contains the cytopharynx, the excretory system, and the cytoproctal apparatus; the body, enlarged by the nuclei and the digestive vacuoles; and the elongated pseudostyle, which ensures attachment to the substrate. Most of the surface of the spirochone is covered by the pellicula devoid of cilia and alveoli; the pellicula comprises the cell membrane, a thick epiplasm perforated with numerous pores and subpellicular triplets of microtubules (MT). The somatic ciliature of the spirochone is located principally in the funnel and is divided into two unequal parts, the left and right fields. The kineties are separated from one another by ridges, each containing one layer of postciliary MT: numerous subkinetal MT run in a parallel direction under the kinetics; moreover, the kinetosomes show a transverse dense spur and MT, and a modest kinetodesmal fiber. A conspicuous net of fibrillar bundles runs orthogonally to the kineties. The base of the funnel forms a small splayed depression, the pseudatrium; the latter leads to a permanently open cytostome. The cytopharynx is a cylindrical tube devoid of nematodesmata but containing ca. 10 microtubular curtains, each bearing also some radial MT resembling the Z lamellae of the Nassulida. The phagoplasm contains many complex tubules and numerous middle-sized vesicles with an electron-dense content. The X field, which is not well organized and comprises 10–30 kinetosomes, lies on the left of the cytostome; it certainly does not correspond to the right perioral ciliature of Chilodochona. If this disparity is found again in other chonotrichs, it will be necessary to separate taxonomically the species that possess a perioral ciliature from those that do not.
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    Growth Cycle-Dependent Overproduction and Accumulation of Protoporphyrin IX in Tetrahymena: Effect of Heavy Metals (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Cells of the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis GL overproduce and accumulate massive quantities of the heme intermediate, protoporphyrin IX. Protoporphyrin is localized intracellularly in discrete membranous compartments. The amount of porphyrin stored in the cell changes dramatically as cells progress through the growth cycle. Porphyrin overproduction is stimulated by δ-aminolevulinic acid, but only during the mid-stationary phase. Overproduction of protoporphyrin IX apparently results from an increase, late in the growth cycle, of activities subsequent to δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase. Feedback inhibition in the pathway by accumulated protoporphyrin IX does not occur. The presence of Co2+ completely inhibits accumulation of protoporphyrin IX in a manner reversed by δ-aminolevulinic acid. Sn4+ stimulates protoporphyrin IX accumulation in the culture.
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  • 89
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    The Surface Charge of Tritrichomonas foetus (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The surface charge of Tritrichomonas foetus was evaluated by means of the binding of colloidal iron hydroxide particles at pH 1.8 and cationized ferritin particles at pH 7.2 to the cell surface, as visualized by electron microscopy and by direct measurements of the electrophoretic mobility (EPM), of cells suspended in solutions of different ionic strength and pH. At pH 7.2, T. foetus has a negative surface charge with a mean EPM of −1.03 μmμs−1μV−1μcm. At lower pH, there is a decrease in the negative surface charge with an isoelectric point at pH 1.2. At higher pH (〉 9.0), there is an increase in the surface charge reaching an EPM of −2.5 μmμs−1μV−1μcm. These results indicate that the surface of T. foetus contains both negatively and positively charged dissociating groups. Binding of colloidal iron hydroxide and cationized ferritin particles throughout the cell surface of the protozoon was observed. Treatment of T. foetus with neuraminidase or trypsin reduced significantly the EPM of the cells. Enzyme-treated cells recovered their normal EPM when incubated for 6 h in fresh culture medium by a process that is inhibited by puromycin.
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  • 90
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    Growth of Isolated Amastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi in Cell-Free Medium (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Amastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi were purified from overlays of infected Vero cell cultures by centrifugation over a discontinuous gradient of metrizamide. Pure amastigote preparations were usually recovered from the pellet under the layer of specific gravity 1.086. The isolated amastigotes grew in cell-free ML-15HA medium. Growth rate for the different strains of T. cruzi were in the order Y 〉 Tulahuan 〉 CL. The generation time of amastigotes in ML-15HA medium was 16.8, 18.0, and 26.4 h for the Y, Tulahuen, and CL strains, respectively, in the presence of 5% CO2) and 16.8, 31.2, and 36.4 h, respectively, in the absence of CO2. Intracellular amastigotes did not differ ultrastructurally from amastigotes from either the density-gradient fractionation or culture in cell-free medium.
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  • 91
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    Unicapsula seriolae n. sp. (Myxosporea, Multivalvulida) from Australian Yellowtail Kingfish Seriola lalandi (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Unicapsula seriolae n. sp. forms long plasmodia within the striated muscle fibers of Seriola lalandi off eastern Australia. Its spores are composed of three valves, only one of which contains a developed polar capsule. Within the capsule, the filament makes 2 1/2–3 turns, and this criterion can be used to separate U. seriolae from the two other members of the genus. The flesh of infected fish disintegrates during slow cooking.
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  • 92
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    Trypanosoma cervi from Alaskan Reindeer, Rangifer tarandus (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Twenty-nine (64.4%) of 45 reindeer, Rangifer tarandus, examined over a two-year period were infected with trypanosomes. Trypomastigotes and dividing epimastigotes were found in the blood of fawns, cows, and bulls. Morphometric analysis of bloodstream trypomastigotes from reindeer and comparison of these parasites with similar stages of trypanosomes from elk, mule deer, and white-tailed deer from the contiguous United States proved them conspecific; the trypanosomes from these members of the Cervidae are identified as Trypanosoma cervi Kingston & Morton, 1975. This is the first report of trypanosomes from reindeer. No pathogenic effects are known to be caused by these parasites.
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    Growth Requirements of Symbiont-Free and Symbiont Lambda-Bearing Paramecium octaurelia 299 for Folic Acid and Biopterin (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We investigated the growth requirements of symbiont-free and symbiont lambda-bearing Paramecium octaurelia stock 299 for folic acid and biopterin in chemically defined culture medium. Symbiont-free P. octaurelia required both folic acid and biopterin for growth. In the absence of these substances growth of symbiont-free P. octaurelia failed after the first transfer, whereas symbiont lambda-bearing P. octaurelia could be maintained indefinitely in serial subculture. In the absence of folic acid and biopterin, sulfanil-amide inhibited growth of the symbiont lambda-beating protozoa. In the presence of folic acid and biopterin, the antiobiotic selectively inhibited growth of lambda symbionts but did not affect growth of the protozoa. In both cases, inhibition by sulfanilamide was reversed by addition of p-aminobenzoic acid to the medium. These results support our earlier finding that folic acid is required for growth of symbiont-free P. octaurelia 299 and that growth of the lambda-bearing strain without exogenous folate denoted synthesis of folic acid by the symbionts. In addition, it appears that the symbionts produce sufficient biopterin to meet the needs of the host protozoon for growth.
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    NOTICE TO POTENTIAL MEMBERS, SUBSCRIBERS, AND ADVERTISERS (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1982.tb01350.x
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  • 95
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    Abstracts from the British Section of the Society of Protozoologists (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1982.tb01351.x
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  • 96
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    BOOK REVIEW SECTION (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:Canning, Elizabeth U., ed. 1981. Parasitological Topics: a Presentation Volume to P. C. C. Garnham F.R.S. on the Occasion of His 80th Birthday 1981Krylov, M. V. 1981. Piroplazmidy. [Piroplasms.]Baker, J. R. 1982. The Biology of Parasitic ProtozoaBarriga, Omar O. 1981. The Immunology of Parasitic Infections: a Handbook for Physicians, Veterinarians, and BiologistsBeyer, T. V., Bezukladnikova, N. A., Galuzo, I. G., Konovalova, S. I. & Pak, S. M., eds. 1979. Toksoplasmidy. [The ToxoplasmidsGeltzer, Ya. G., Korganova, G. A., Mavlyanova, M. I. & Nikolyuk, V. I., eds. 1980. Pochvennye Prosteyshie. [The Soil Protozoa.] (ProtozoologiyaBeyer, T. V., Kazakova, I. I., Lakhonina, G. M., Roigas, E. M. & Teras, J. H., eds. 1981. Vzaimootnosheniya Prosteyshikh s Virusami. [The Interaction between Protozoa and Viruses.] (ProtozoologiyaOgimoto, Keiji & Imai, Soichi 1981 Allas of Rumen MicrobiologyLong, Peter L., ed. 1982. The Biology of the CoccidiaLloyd, David, Poole, Robert & Edwards, Steven W. 1982. The Cell Division Cycle: Temporal Organization and Control of Cellular Growth and ReproductionFrederick, J. F., ed. 1981. Origins and Evolution of Eukaryotic Intracellular Organelles. [Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.Hayat, M. A. 1981. Fixation for Electron MicroscopyBuetow, D. E., ed. 1982. The Biology of Euglena.Ogden, C. G. & Hedley, R. H. 1980. An Atlas of Freshwater Testate AmoebaeParker, S. P., ed. 1982. Synopsis and Classification of Living OrganismsMargulis, L. & Schwartz, K. V. 1982. Five Kingdoms: an Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on EarthCairns, J., Jr., ed. 1982. Artificial SubstratesCurds, C. R. 1982. British and Other Freshwater Ciliated Protozoa
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  • 97
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    Tritrichomonas foetus: Fine Structure of Freeze-Fractured Membranes (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Freeze-fracture techniques reveal differences in fine structure between the anterior three flagella of Tritrichomonas foetus and its recurrent flagellum. The anterior flagella have rosettes of 9–12 intramembranous particles on both the P and E faces. The recurrent flagellum lacks rosettes but has ribbon-like arrays of particles along the length of the flagellum, which may be involved in the flagellum's attachment to the cell body. This flagellum is attached to the membrane of the cell body along a distinct groove that contains few discernible particles. Some large intramembranous particles are visible on the P face of the cell body membrane at the point where the flagellum emerges from the cell body. The randomly distributed particles on the P and E faces of the plasma membrane have a particle density of 919/μm2 and 468/μm2 respectively, and there are areas on both faces that are devoid of particles. Freeze-fracture techniques also reveal numerous fenestrations in the membrane of the Golgi complex and about 24 pores per μm2 in the nuclear. membrane.
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    Scanning Electron Microscopy of Cytoskeletal Elements in the Oral Apparatus of Tetrahymena (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Extraction of the ciliated protozoon Tetrahymena with nonionic detergents produces a surface-related cytoskeleton that consists of a basic lamina of whole-cell dimensions together with associated microtubule and microfilament systems, including all ciliary basal bodies. The organization of the isolated cytoskeleton has been studied using scanning electron microscopy, and several new features are described in the oral region. Here the ciliary basal bodies are arranged in a very stable and highly complex pattern. This pattern was found to be identical in the four species of Tetrahymena we examined. In addition, various microtubular bundles and two separate systems of filaments were observed in scanning electron micrographs of isolated oral skeletons. The appearance of the deep fiber bundle in preparations of this type suggests that it arises, at least in part, as an extension of the ribbed wall microtubules. On the basis of its distribution within the oral skeleton, one of the filament systems described is suggested to be a contractile system responsible for pinching off food vacuoles.
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    A Secondary Alcohol Dehydrogenase from Tetrahymena furgasoni (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Dehydrogenase activity with hydroxysteroids has been observed in Tetrahymena furgasoni (formerly T. pyriformis strain W), and the enzyme responsible has been isolated from this organism. The purified dehydrogenase is active with a variety of steroid alcohols at apparent Km values ranging from 0.2 to 4.0 mM. The C-3 hydroxyl of ring A of the steroid nucleus is the preferred position of oxidation. However, a variety of other secondary alcohols are also substrates, with apparent Km values for 2-butanol, 2-pentanol, and cyclohexanol of 880, 1000. and 150 mM, respectively. With both steroidal and nonsteroidal alcohols. NAD is the preferred co-substrate, although low activity with NADP is observed. Evidence is presented that the activity with secondary alcohols, whether steroidal or not, is the property of a single protein species.
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    Effects of Pinealectomy and Ocular Enucleation on Diurnal Periodicity of Leucocytozoon smithi (Haemosporina) Gametocytes in the Peripheral Blood of Domestic Turkeys (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 29 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Domestic turkeys naturally infected with Leucocytozoon smithi were blinded by bilateral ocular enucleation, pinealectomized, sham-pinealectomized, pinealectomized plus enucleated, or maintained as controls. Groups of turkeys were acclimated to either light-dark periods of 14L:10D or “darkness” with intermittent periods (10–20 min) of red light at irregular hours approximately every three days as required for maintenance of turkeys. Peripheral gametocyte numbers of L. smithi in all groups were determined every 2 h over a 36 h period. Under 14L: 10D photoperiod, no observable difference in the pattern of gametocyte circadian rhythmicity between pinealectomized, enucleated, pinealectomized plus enucleated, and control turkeys was noted. Although mean parasitemias differed among groups, peak gametocyte numbers occurred between 1000 and 1800 h; how parasitemias occurred between 2000 and 0400 h. However, the phase of gametocyte rhythmicity in pinealectomized plus enucleated turkey hosts did exhibit a lag with reference to other hosts when examined by least squares fits of simple harmonics. Under conditions of “darkness” with intermittent, irregular periods of red light, L. smithi gametocyte numbers of individual turkeys, pinealectomized, sham-pinealectomized, or maintained as controls, exhibited a circadian periodicity though parasite cycles were out of phase with the natural photoperiod to which the turkeys previously had been exposed. A slight drift out of phase of L. smithi gametocyte periodicity occurred among turkeys in the sham-pinealectomized and the control groups while a considerably more prominent drift out of phase was seen among the parasite rhythmicity patterns of the pinealectomized birds. Data indicate that the pineal gland of the turkey did not directly mediate L. smithi gametocyte circadian periodicity, although an indirect involvement in regulating the timing of parasite rhythmicity is suggested.
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