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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 287-291 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: tolmesoxide ; hypertension ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tolmesoxide is a new, direct-acting vasodilator drug for use in the management of both hypertension and cardiac failure. In 6 essential hypertensives inadequately controlled by combined β-blocker and diuretic therapy (average supine blood pressure 178/103 mm Hg) the addition of tolmesoxide (300–900 mg daily) was associated with a significant improvement in blood pressure control (average supine blood pressure 161/89 mmHg). The effect of food on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tolmesoxide have also been studied because, particularly at higher doses, the drug has been associated with upper gastrointestinal upset and it has been empirically recommended that it be taken with food. The blood pressure and heart rate responses were not significantly different when tolmesoxide was taken fasting or with food. Food resulted in a significant reduction in the peak plasma tolmesoxide concentration (2.14 µg/ml compared to 2.97 µg/ml) and a significant increase in the time to reach peak plasma concentration (1.67 h compared to 0.63 h). Although there was no impairment of its hypotensive effect, food significantly altered the pharmacokinetics of tolmesoxide and may therefore be useful in reducing the gastrointestinal disturbance associated with its use. In the treatment of inadequately controlled hypertension, tolmesoxide has a limited role as an alternative vasodilator.
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  • 2
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    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 363-367 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: labetalol ; clonidine ; hypertension ; dose titration ; bendrofluazide ; side effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antihypertensive effect of labetalol (L) was compared with that of clonidine (C) in a randomized cross-over study in 17 hypertensive outpatients on bendrofluazide (B). After treatment for two weeks with B (5 mg qd), either L (100 mg tid) or C (0.1 mg tid) was given and their doses were titrated at 2-weekly visits until normotension was achieved, or intolerable side-effects occurred. The treatment with B and L or C was then continued in a cross-over fashion for two 6-week periods, with 3 week diuretic washouts and subsequent dose-titration periods between the treatment periods. At the end of B, the supine blood pressure (BP) was 156/101, and at the end of B + L and B + C it was 136/91 (p〈0.001) and 137/91 (p〈0.001), respectively, pooling the data from both periods. At the end of B, the standing BP was 155/115, and at the end of B + L and B + C 134/100 (p〈0.001) and 139/106 (p〈0.001), respectively. The mean daily doses required were L 476mg and C 0.335 mg. On a weight basis, labetalol had about 1/1400 of the potency of clonidine. 12 patients complained of tiredness and dry mouth on clonidine and 2 patients of unsteadiness on labetalol. Labetalol caused a psoriasiform rash on the hands in one patient and limb weakness in one patient.
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  • 3
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 7-14 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: prazosin ; baroreflexes ; hypertension ; reflex tachycardia ; alpha adrenergic blockade ; dopamine-beta-hydroxylase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Prazosin is a post synaptic alpha adrenergic blocker effective in hypertension, whose hypotensive effect is unaccompanied by reflex tachycardia or hyperreninemia, nor by other evidence of increased sympathetic activity. We studied the baroreceptor reflex arc as a potential mediator of these effects. Twenty-two essential hypertensive men were treated with prazosin alone versus placebo, and experienced a blood pressure fall (from 114.8±3.6 down to 101.1±2.5 mm Hg,p〈0.005) unaccompanied by any change in heart rate, plasma renin activity, or several other indices of sympathetic nervous system activity (plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity; urinary excretion of free catecholamines and vanillyl mandelic acid; allp〉0.1). Concomitant with the blood pressure fall, there was a significant depression of baroreflex arc sensitivity, from 11.4±2.0 ms/mmHg down to 6.6±1.9 ms/mmHg (p〈0.05), without an associated change in cardiac vagal inhibition (291.2±46.2 versus 300.3±19.2 ms,p〉0.1). Baroreflex arc sensitivity depression may in part explain the lack of reflex sympathetic outflow noted during prazosin treatment of hypertension.
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  • 4
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 197-201 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; oxprenolol ; indomethacin ; drug interaction ; hypotensive effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A double-blind, cross-over study in 16 patients with essential hypertension was carried out, to evaluate any possible interference by indomethacin, a known prostaglandin-synthetase inhibitor, with the antihypertensive effect of oxprenolol, a non-selective beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent. Both indomethacin and oxprenolol, as well as the two drugs combined, inhibited plasma renin activity; no change was found in urinary sodium excretion or body weight. Oxprenolol alone caused a highly significant decrease in the systolic (−10.4 mmHg,p〈0.001), diastolic (−7.4 mmHg,p〈0.001) and mean (−7.7 mmHg,p〈0.01) blood pressures, whereas indomethacin did not influence blood pressure. When the two drugs were given in combination, blood pressure decreased (systolic: −5.9 mmHg; diastolic: −4.0 mmHg; mean: −4.6 mmHg), but the changes induced in blood pressure were reduced by about 50% when compared with those in the oxprenolol alone period. The data show that indomethacin seems to interfere with the antihypertensive effect of oxprenolol, by an action which may be due to the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.
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  • 5
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 495-499 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; cyclothiazide ; hydrochlorthiazide ; thiazide diuretics ; potassium-sparing diuretics ; saluretic effect ; hypokalaemia ; hyperuricaemia ; amiloride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antihypertensive, saluretic and hypokalaemic effects of a small dose of cyclothiazide (2.5 mg daily) were compared with those of a conventional dose of an hydrochlorthiazide-amiloride hydrochloride combination (50+5 mg daily). Both preparations were given to 13 patients with mild (WHO I) hypertension in a cross-over manner for six weeks, with an intervening wash-out phase of three weeks. The antihypertensive efficacy of cyclothiazide was well comparable to that of the hydrochlorthiazide-amiloride combination, although cyclothiazide tended to inhibit renal sodium reabsorption less than the combination. Cyclothiazide tended to cause hypokalaemia, apparently due to increased potassium loss, but with the present dosage none of the 13 patients developed marked hypokalaemia (serum potassium less than 3.3 mmol/l). Both drugs led to a comparable increase in serum urate concentration. Neither of the preparations affected creatinine or free-water clearance. The results suggest that even in relatively small doses thiazides effectively decrease blood pressure, and combining thiazides with potassium-sparing diuretics is advantageous only in patients with marked hypokalaemia and its associated risks.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: beta-blocker ; hypertension ; clonidine ; plasma catecholamines ; metoprolol ; propranolol ; blood pressure responses ; isometric work ; dynamic work
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of metropolol (beta1-selective), propranolol (nonselective) and clonidine (central alpha-stimulant) on plasma norepinephrine, blood pressure and heart rate were assessed at rest, during isometric work and dynamic exercise in 15 patients with moderate hypertension. Metroprolol resulted in a lower diastolic blood pressure during isometric and dynamic exercise than propranolol, which was paralleled by a lower plasma norepinephrine level during dynamic work; both beta-adrenergic blocking compounds resulted in a lower heart rate in all test situations than that obtained with clonidine; clonidine produced similar control of diastolic blood pressure to that obtained with the beta-adrenergic blocking agents, but did not clearly attenuate the systolic blood pressure response to dynamic exercise. Plasma norepinephrine concentrations tended to be lowest following clonidine, especially during dynamic work. The findings support the hypothesis that the central action of clonidine inhibits peripheral release of norepinephrine, but is insufficient to attenuate cardiac stimulation by physical exercise. The fact that propranolol caused higher plasma norepinephrine concentrations than metoprolol during exercise may explain the difference in the blood pressure responses during exercise.
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  • 7
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 445-449 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: pindolol ; hypertension ; retard formulation ; plasma levels ; side effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 36 out of 52 patients with essential hypertension, whose blood pressure was not normalized with pindolol 15 mg per day, were treated with 30 mg per day for four to six weeks. Pindolol was administered in random order, either as 15 mg twice daily or as one 30 mg retard tablet once daily. Blood pressure was lowered from mean pretreatment levels of 174/111 mmHg to 149/98 mmHg by 15 mg b.d., and to 145/97 mmHg by 30 mg retard. In five patients diurnal variations in blood pressure and plasma pindolol levels were determined. At all times during the day blood pressure was at least as well controlled by 30 mg retard as by 15 mg b.d. Plasma concentration maxima were similar with both forms, but a higher concentration was maintained for a longer time after the retard tablet. Pindolol 30 mg was well tolerated and the incidence of side effects was lower than during treatment with 15 mg b.d. Thus, patients requiring high doses of pindolol for control of hypertension can safely and conveniently be treated with a single tablet of 30 mg pindolol retard.
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  • 8
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 473-477 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: tolmesoxide ; vasodilators ; heart failure ; haemodynamics ; hypertension ; sulphoxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The haemodynamic effect of Tolmesoxide, a new sulphoxide chemically dissimilar from other vasodilators, was investigated in eight patients with chronic heart failure subsequent to ischaemic heart disease and/or hypertension. Tolmesoxide significantly increased the cardiac output and reduced the indices of systemic vascular resistance, the mean pulmonary arterial pressure and left ventricular filling pressure in most patients studied. These changes were observed both as acute and chronic effects. No significant effect on the mean arterial pressure, heart rate or myocardial oxygen supply/demand was observed. Tolmesoxide appeared to be therapeutically potent by both intravenous and oral routes.
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  • 9
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 285-288 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; plasma adrenaline ; plasma noradrenaline ; isoprenaline response ; noradrenaline response ; salivation ; parasympathetic nervous system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Parameters of the autonomic nervous system were studied in normotensive subjects (NT; standing blood pressure (BP)≤125/85 mmHg) and in subjects with borderline hypertension (BHT; 140/90≤standing BP〈60/100 mmHg). No differences in plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline levels were found between NT and BHT subjects, neither at rest nor during exercise at 75% of maximum work capacity. The dose of noradrenaline required to increase systolic BP by 10 mmHg was significantly higher in NT than in BHT subjects (5.13±0.42 vs 3.50±0.57 µg · min−1). No difference between NT and BHT subjects was found in the dose of isoprenaline required to increase heart rate by 20 beats · min−1 (1.21±0.12 vs 1.09±0.11 µg · min−1). Resting salivary flow was significantly lower in BHT than in NT subjects (0.39±0.06 vs 0.98±0.06 g · min−1), suggesting decreased parasympathetic activity in the former group. The enhanced pressor effect of noradrenaline, together with the decreased parasympathetic activity, could explain the elevated blood pressure and heart rate in subjects with borderline hypertension.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: bopindolol ; hypertension ; beta-blocker ; blood pressure ; plasma renin ; plasma catecholamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bopindolol (LT 31-200), a new, long-acting, non-selective beta-blocker, was given as monotherapy to 13 patients, 12 with essential hypertension and 1 with renovascular hypertension. After a placebo period of 4–6 weeks, bopindolol was given once daily, starting with 1 mg and subsequently increasing at two-weekly intervals to 2 and 4 mg once daily until a diastolic blood pressure⩽90 mmHg was achieved. The effective dose was continued for 12 weeks. In 10 patients plasma levels of renin, noradrenaline, adrenaline and cholesterol were measured during placebo and after 3 months of therapy. Blood pressure and heart rate were lowered significantly during bopindolol treatment. The mean effective dose was 2.2 mg per day. In 10/13 patients a diastolic blood pressure⩽90 mmHg was achieved. Side effects were minimal. Changes in plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline were small and not significant, but renin and cholesterol were significantly reduced. Thus, LT 31-200 is an effective and well tolerated beta-blocker when given in a once daily dosage.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; nifedipine ; beta-adrenoceptor blockade ; long-term treatment ; adverse effects ; propranolol ; timolol ; metoprolol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antihypertensive effect of nifedipine during long-term therapy was investigated in 5 patients receiving nifedipine as the sole drug and in 10 patients who had nifedipine in combination with a beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug. Nifedipine monotherapy was problematic because of side-effects and development of resistance to therapy after a few months. In patients who received the combined therapy significant and stable blood pressure reductions were maintained during the whole observation period (12–33 months). However, the occurrence of peripheral oedema in 4 of the patients necessitated the addition of a thiazide diuretic. It is concluded that nifedipine is not a first choice drug for the long-term treatment of arterial hypertension. When given in addition to a beta-blocker it is well tolerated and powerful but fluid retention may occur and if not counteracted by a diuretic it will limit the antihypertensive potential of the drug.
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  • 12
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 197-201 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: nifedipine ; hypertension ; low dose ; plasma concentration ; acute and long-term treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The acute and long-term hypotensive effects of low doses of nifedipine, and the correlation between the fall in the blood pressure (BP) and the plasma nifedipine concentration, were investigated in patients with essential hypertension. The oral administration of nifedipine 5 mg rapidly decreased BP from 163±22/101±10 to 127±12/82±9 mmHg (mean±SD; p〈0.001), and increased heart rate from 72±8 to 76±6 beats/min (p〈0.05), plasma renin activity rose from 1.2±0.6 to 1.4±0.8 ng/ml/h (p〈0.05), and plasma nifedipine concentration was 75.6±22.0 ng/ml 30 min after administration (n=7). The nifedipine concentration was significantly correlated both with the fall in BP (r=0.410, p〈0.02, n=31) and the rise in the heart rate (r=0.412, p〈0.02, n=31). Treatment with nifedipine 5 mg t.d.s. alone or in combination either with propranolol 10 mg t.d.s., or thiazide 1 tablet daily, or propranolol and thiazide, controlled BP in 36 patients during the 22 week study period. During the long-term nifedipine therapy, the plasma nifedipine level was significantly correlated with the fall in systolic (r=0.577, p〈0.01, n=20) and diastolic (r=0.595, p〈0.01, n=20) BP. It was concluded that the plasma nifedipine concentration could be correlated with the fall in BP, and that low doses of nifedipine, either as monotherapy or in combination, were effective in the acute and long-term treatment of patients with essential hypertension.
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  • 13
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 215-220 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; muzolimine ; mild renal functional impairment ; diuretic treatment ; body sodium ; catecholamines ; cardiovascular pressor responsiveness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eighteen patients with mild impairment of renal function (glomerular filtration rate 65±5 ml/min: m±SEM) and hypertension (168/105±6/3 mmHg) were shown on average to have abnormally increased cardiovascular pressor responsiveness to infused norepinephrine (NE; p〈0.05), whereas plasma and urinary NE, exchangeable body sodium and blood-volume did not differ significantly from normal. A slightly increased pressor responsiveness to angiotensin II was associated with a tendency to low plasma renin activity (PRA). Compared to placebo conditions, treatment with the loop-diuretic muzolimine in a mean dose of 35±2 mg/day for six weeks decreased blood-pressure and exchangeable sodium (p〈0.05), and NE pressor responsiveness was restored to normal values, whilst plasma and urinary NE were not significantly changed. This was consistent with improvement of the initially abnormal relationship between NE levels and NE responsiveness factors. In contrast, the pressor dose of angiotensin II and PRA were increased to an approximatively similar extent during muzolimine treatment. These observations suggest that removal of body sodium and a decrease in NE reactivity without an equivalent increase in sympathetic nervous activity may be important complementary factors in the antihypertensive mechanisms of diuretic treatment in patients with mild renal functional impairment.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: prizidilol ; vasodilator ; hypertension ; beta blocker ; plasma renin ; aldosterone ; catecholamines ; acetylator type
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Prizidilol is a new antihypertensive agent reported to possess combined precapillary vasodilator and betareceptor-blocking properties. To clarify the profile of the acute effects of prizidilol in man, a variable dose study was performed in 8 patients with benign essential hypertension. Blood pressure, heart rate, plasma renin activity, aldosterone, plasma and urinary catecholamines and electrolytes were determined at short intervals before and up to 23 h after oral administration of placebo and prizidilol 150, 300 and 600 mg. The 4 studies were performed at weekly intervals according to a Latin square design. Prizidilol produced dose-dependent decreases in supine and upright blood pressure, with an initial change after about 2 h and maximal effects from 4 to 8 h after drug ingestion. Following a high dose of prizidilol, supine mean blood pressure (average 128 mmHg prior to treatment) was normalised (〈107 mmHg) from 3 to 7 h and was still below predose levels 23 h after ingestion. The only reported side effects were postural dizziness in 2 cases (corresponding to a fall in systolic upright blood pressure to 〈95 mmHg) and headache in one case. A biphasic variation in heart rate and plasma renin activity, with an early drop and a subsequent tendency to a slight rise, was observed after an intermediate or high dose of prizidilol. Plasma norepinephrine levels were increased by a high dose of prizidilol, while plasma epinephrine, aldosterone and plasma and urinary electrolytes were not consistently changed. Prizidilol in a single oral dose appeared to be a potent antihypertensive agent. The profile of heart rate and plasma renin point to early dominance of beta-blockade followed by appearance of the concomitant vasodilator properties of prizidilol.
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  • 15
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 263-267 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; spironolactone ; hypotensive action ; peripheral circulation ; plethysmography ; handgrip test ; cold pressure test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Since there is only scanty, indirect information about the mechanism of the hypotensive effect of spironolactone, 9 patients with essential hypertension were studied according to a randomised double-blind, cross-over protocol. Spironolactone 100mg b.i.d. and placebo were each given for one month and the following parameters were studied: blood pressure, heart rate, response to cold pressure and hand-grip tests, as well as blood flow in the calf and finger vessels. Flow in the calf and fingers representing muscle and skin arteries, respectively, was measured semicontinuously with an ECG-triggered venous occlusion plethysmograph. After spironolactone there was a significant decrease in the systolic and diastolic blood pressures in the supine, sitting and standing positions; the sitting systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased by (mean ± SE) 27±4mm Hg (p〈0.001) and 11±4mm Hg (p〈0.02), respectively. No orthostatic response was observed. Heart rate remained unchanged. Blood flow through muscle and skin vessels increased in 6 out of 9 patients, and in these patients calculated vascular resistance in these areas decreased. Spironolactone did not significantly change the response of systemic blood pressure to the handgrip and cold pressure tests. The present data confirm the hypotensive properties of spironolactone and show that this effect is associated with dilatation of muscle and skin arteries in many but not in all the patients. The data do not support the hypothesis that spironolactone decreases the responsiveness of systemic blood pressure to orthosympathetic stimulation.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; indapamide ; pindolol ; plasma renin activity ; plasma aldosterone concentration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sixteen patients with essential hypertension completed a double blind factorial trial comparing the effects of indapamide (2.5 mg daily) and pindolol (10 mg daily) on blood pressure, heart rate, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration. There were four randomised test phases of eight weeks each during which patients received indapamide alone, pindolol alone, indapamide plus pindolol and no active treatment (placebo). Blood pressure and heart rate were measured every two weeks. Supine mean arterial pressure fell from 117 mm Hg in the placebo phase to 111 mm Hg in the indapamide phase, 106 mm Hg in the pindolol phase and 103 mm Hg in the combined indapamide plus pindolol phase. Factorial analysis confirmed that the hypotensive effects of the two drugs were additive, without evidence of potentiation or antagonism. Indapamide caused significant reductions in plasma potassium and chloride, and increases in plasma bicarbonate and urate concentrations; it also caused increases in plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration. These changes are similar to those observed with thiazide diuretics.
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  • 17
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 487-489 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: nadolol ; hypertension ; effective dose range ; compliance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An open, observer-blind, therapeutic titration trial was carried out in 28 patients with mild or moderate essential hypertension to determine the effective dose range of nadolol given once a day. 11 patients became normotensive (supine diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or below) with 80 mg, 4 with 120 mg and 1 with 160 mg. The largest step in the reduction of blood pressure was achieved with the first dose step of 80 mg, and only a small, non-significant further decrease was obtained with higher dose levels. Thus, nadolol, unlike propranolol, has a narrow effective dose range, and this should permit a brief dose adjustment period, which would be important in improving patient compliance.
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  • 18
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 93-97 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: tolmesoxide ; vasodilator ; hypertension ; pharmacokinetics ; haemodynamics ; plasma renin activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The haemodynamic response and pharmacokinetics of single dose oral tolmesoxide were studied at various dose levels in 4 patients with severe hypertension. There was a reproducible fall in mean arterial pressure from baseline of 24.2% and a rise in heart rate of 37.6% following administration of tolmesoxide. The onset of antihypertensive action occurred within 1 h, with a peak effect at 3 h after dosing. The mean duration of action was up to 12.0 h. Tolmesoxide had a mean half-life of 3.0 h. It was rapidly absorbed with a mean peak plasma level occurring at 1.0 h. Plasma levels correlated well with the doses administered. Side-effects included mild nausea, facial flushing and postural symptoms.
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  • 19
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 457-460 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; propranolol ; hydralazine ; labetalol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a randomised cross-over trial the combination labetalol/hydrochlorothiazide was compared with the combination of propranolol/hydralazine/hydrochlorothiazide in 34 uncomplicated hypertensive patients, who were not satisfactorily controlled with hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg alone. The elevated diastolic pressure (D.P.) in 27 patients responded satisfactorily to the labetalol schedule and in 28 patients to the propranolol/hydralazine schedule. No difference was found in the rate of decrease of D.P., nor in the disappearance of hypertension — related complaints. Although the duration of the washout between treatments was at least one month, treatment was significantly more efficacious during the second period. Labetalol pre-treatment especially seemed to enhance the effect of subsequent propranolol/hydralazine administration. Side effects due to therapy were rare and were not related to any particular treatment. The median daily dose of labetalol in responders was 600 mg and that of propranolol/hydralazine 120/60 mg (in both therapies hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg was given in addition). Patients showed a slight preference for the labetaol medication. It is concluded that labetalol/hydrochlorothiazide and propranolol/hydralazine/hydrochlorothiazide are equally satisfactory in the treatment of uncomplicated hypertension.
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  • 20
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 203-206 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; ticrynafen ; hydrochlorothiazide ; renal impairment ; uricosuria ; diuretic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The efficacy of ticrynafen in the treatment of hypertension in patients with moderate renal impairment was compared with that of hydrochlorothiazide in a randomised, double-blind crossover trial in eleven subjects with renal insufficiency. Significant reductions in blood pressure occurred with both treatments, with the maximum responses occurring at different time intervals and to different degrees in individual patients. Thus, although ticrynafen caused a significant reduction in blood pressure in this group of hypertensive patients with renal insufficiency, it was not consistently different from that which could be achieved with hydrochlorothiazide. Ticrynafen also significantly reduced the serum uric acid concentration, compared with a significant rise with hydrochlorothiazide. No major biochemical abnormalities or side-effects were encountered in any subject. Thus, in these patients with renal insufficiency, ticrynafen still demonstrated a uricosuric effect as well as a useful anti-hypertensive action.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: labetalol ; chlorthalidone ; hypertension ; fixed combination ; antihypertensive therapy ; side effects ; multicentre study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a multicentre, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled study, the antihypertensive effect of labetalol 100 mg and chlorthalidone 10 mg, given alone or in combination, has been assessed in 32 hypertensive patients. The combination had a greater effect in reducing blood pressure than did its separate components. This was particularly evident after exercise. Heart rate increased during chlorthalidone therapy, decreased during labetalol therapy, and a summation effect was observed during treatment with the combination. In most cases additivity was observed, as no interaction between the single components was observed, except for heart rate after exercise, and for diastolic blood pressure in the upright position. No interaction was observed either in the biochemical indices or in the clinical side-effects.
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  • 22
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 389-390 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: nifedipine ; metoprolol ; hypertension ; calcium antagonist ; side effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a double-blind trial 26 patients with essential hypertension were treated with nifedipine or placebo for 8 weeks, following a 4-week run-in place-bo period in all patients. The daily dosage of nifedipine during this phase was 10mg 3 times daily. Metoprolol was then added to the therapeutic regimen of both groups for a further 12 weeks. Both nifedipine and metoprolol used as mono-therapy caused statistically significant reductions of arterial pressure. The addition of metoprolol to nifedipine tended to reduce blood pressure further, but blood pressures were not significantly lower than during nifedipine mono-therapy. Side-effects were few and only two patients had to be withdrawn during active therapy, one for headaches during nifedipine therapy, and another for asthma during metoprolol treatment. Combined therapy with a beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent, such as metoprolol, and a calcium antagonist with vasodilating properties, such as nifedipine, offers a theoretically interesting approach in the treatment of hypertension, even though the practical outcome in the present study probably suffered from an inadequate dose of nifedipine during the period of combined therapy.
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  • 23
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 95-99 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: penbutolol ; hypertension ; primary hypertension ; blood pressure response ; plasma concentration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Penbutolol (Hoe 893 d), a long-acting non-selective beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent, was given once daily to 23 patients with primary hypertension, WHO Stages I–II. The dose (50–100 mg) needed to achieve the therapeutic goal, i.e. supine diastolic BP〈95 mm Hg, was titrated individually. On a daily dose of penbutolol 83±19 mg (mean±SD) blood pressure (BP, mean±SD) fell from 180±21/112±8 mmHg on placebo to 154±25/94±14 mmHg. 18 patients who reached the therapeutic goal (responders) continued in a double blind, cross-over study versus placebo, during which the supine BP fell on average 20/10 mmHg on the same dose of penbutolol, and 2/1 mmHg on placebo. Plasma concentrations (mean±SD) of free 0.10±0.07 µg/ml) and total (2.02±1.39 µg/ml) penbutolol did not differ between responders and nonresponders, and were not correlated with the fall in BP. Side effects were mild and mostly well tolerated. One patient developed dermatitis and another an elevation of liver enzymes.
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  • 24
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 403-409 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: alpha-2-adrenoceptors ; hypertension ; clonidine ; human platelets ; 3H-yohimbine binding ; receptor regulation ; clonidine withdrawal ; desensitization ; GTP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of clonidine on the number ofα 2-adrenoceptors in human platelet membranes, determined by3H-yohimbine binding, was investigatedin vitro andin vivo. Incubation of platelet membranes with clonidine (1–100 µM) for 16 h at 25 °C led to a concentration-dependent decrease in the number of3H-yohimbine binding sites of 10–25%; the affinity of3H-yohimbine to the sites was not changed (KD approximately 3–4 nM). In such “desensitized” membranes, inhibition of3H-yohimbine binding by clonidine resulted in steep, monophasic displacement curves, which in comparison to the curves from control membranes (IC50 for clonidine 90 nM), were shifted to the right (IC50: 321 nM) and were not affected by 10−4M guanosine-5′-triphosphate (GTP). Treatment of 3 hypertensive patients with clonidine (3×150 µg/d for 7 days) reduced blood pressure and heart rate. Simultaneously, both3H-yohimbine binding sites on platelet membranes and plasma catecholamine levels decreased within three days and remained at a reduced level during treatment. After abrupt cessation of clonidine treatment, blood pressure, heart rate and plasma catecholamines rapidly increased, reaching values after two days similar to or higher than those before treatment.3H-yohimbine binding sites, however, initially decreased further before returning to control values. In platelet membranes derived from hypertensive patients treated with clonidine for at least three weeks, GTP (10−4M) had no influence on inhibition of3H-yohimbine binding by (—)-adrenaline and clonidine. It is concluded that clonidine desensitizesα 2-adrenoceptors in human platelet membranesin vitro andin vivo. An important step in the desensitization process is the uncoupling of receptor occupancy by agonists and adenylate cyclase activity, as indicated by loss of the regulatory activity of GTP on desensitized membranes. The clonidine withdrawal syndrome may be caused by enhanced release of endogenous catecholamines not adequately regulated by presynapticα 2-adrenoceptors, which have become subsensitive after chronic clonidine treatment.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 491-494 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: betaxolol ; hypertension ; double-blind trial ; cross-over trial
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Betaxolol is a cardioselective beta-blocker, which has a bioavailability of 90% and a T1/2 of 20 h. A four group, cross-over double-blind trial was conducted to select between betaxolol 20 mg and 40 mg for long term trials. 60 patients were allocated randomly to one of the sequences placebo-20 mg, 20 mg-placebo, placebo-40 mg and 40 mg-placebo, each treatment lasting for 2 weeks. Groups were homogenous for baseline diastolic blood pressure (DBP), age and male/female ratio, and were slightly unbalanced for weight. A two-way ANOVA (3 treatments, 2 sequences) showed no treatment-sequence interaction nor sequence effect. The mean reduction in DBP was 14.2±1.8 mm Hg following 20 mg and 18.0±1.8 following 40 mg betaxolol, and 4.0±1.2 mm Hg during placebo (p〈0.001). Age, weight, baseline DBP and duration of hypertension did not influence the treatment effect. The 95% confidence intervals of the reduction in DBP were 10.4–17.9 for 20 mg and 14.3–21.6 mm Hg for betaxolol 40 mg. Aiming at a mean reduction to 90 mm Hg, betaxolol 20 mg would appear to be adequate in similar patient populations.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: prizidilol ; hypertension ; side effects ; chronic treatment ; antihypertensive effect ; anaemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antihypertensive effect of a new vasodilator with betablocking properties (SK & F 92657) was investigated in 10 patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. After a mean treatment period of 26,5 weeks (6,5–49 weeks) blood pressure was significantly reduced, from 168±22/106±6 mmHg to 144±19/94±12 mmHg (p〈0.05 and 0.025). The mean dose was 410 mg (100–700 mg). Heart rate decreased slightly from 77±12 to 70±8 beats/min. Plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone showed only minor changes. Nausea, heavy dreams, facial and hand flushing and mild depression were reported as side effects. In most patients the symptoms disappeared without reduction in the dose. In one patient anaemia developed after 7 weeks and treatment with prizidilol was stopped. A slight but statistically significant decrease in haemoglobin concentration of 1.1±0.6 g/dl was observed in 5 of the 10 patients (p〈0.02). Thus, a mean dose of prizidilol of 410±242 mg/day had a mean blood pressure lowering effect of 24/12 mmHg. In 7 of the 10 patients (70%) diastolic blood pressure could be reduced to 95 mmHg or less. However, the observed haematological side-effects should be carefully monitored in further studies and may limit the clinical use of prizidilol.
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  • 27
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 379-381 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: propranolol ; hypertension ; elderly patients ; long-acting propranolol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fifteen elderly patients whose hypertension was controlled by conventional propranolol 80 mg twice a day had their medication changed to one capsule of ‘Inderal’ LA1 (160 mg) daily. The blood pressure, heart rate and propranolol concentrations were measured at various time points when the patients were receiving the conventional preparation and these assessments were repeated when the long-acting preparation was administered. Although the heart rate was lower with conventional propranolol than with ‘Inderal’ LA there was no significant difference in the blood pressure levels. The mean peak blood level of propranolol was, however, significantly lower with ‘Inderal’ LA compared with conventional propranolol and occurred later. At 12 h the plasma propranolol levels were higher after ‘Inderal’ LA than following the intake of conventional propranolol (p〈0.01); there was no difference in the plasma levels at 24 h. The area under the concentration time curve was significantly higher on conventional propranolol. Compared with published data, the plasma levels were higher than those in younger patients. ‘Inderal’ LA was well tolerated and side effects were minimal.
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  • 28
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 397-401 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; prazosin ; alpha-adrenoceptors ; alpha-blocking drugs ; UK-33,274
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eleven patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension received increasing single daily doses of UK-33,274, a new alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonist, and prazosin for 4 days, in a open cross-over study. Doses were increased until a satifactory blood pressure response was obtained. Average doses reached were 4.5 mg for UK-33,274 and 2.4 mg for prazosin. The maximum effect of the two drugs on standing blood pressure was similar, but prazosin was more effective in the supine position. Both drugs had a greater effect on standing than on supine blood pressure. UK-33,274 caused a consistent increase in heart rate while prazosin did not. Whereas there was no clear difference between the two compounds in the duration of the reduction in blood pressure the onset of action was more gradual for UK-33,274. The incidence of side-effects was similar for both drugs. The data suggest that UK-33,274 is less effective than prazosin in reducing blood pressure.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: carprazidil ; minoxidil ; hypertension ; catecholamines ; renin ; aldosterone ; blood volume ; hypertrichosis ; side effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The efficacy and side effects of the new vasodilator carprazidil and the established vasodilator minoxidil were compared in 18 hypertensive patients inadequately controlled by 2 to 4 conventional drugs; the latter included diuretics, beta-blockers and/or sympatholytics and, in half the cases, vasodilators, such as hydralazine, diazoxide or the postsynaptic alpha-blocker prazosin. The vasodilators were withdrawn and, using a crossover design all patients received carprazidil (mean final dose 88 mg) and minoxidil (20 mg) for an average period of 5 to 6 months. The effects of the 2 agents appeared to be qualitatively and quantitatively similar. Both tended to cause sodium retention and an increase in heart rate, which required an increased dose of diuretic in one third of the cases or of a beta-blocker in a quarter. With this approach mean body weight and blood volume were not altered in the established phase of carprazidil or minoxidil treatment; heart rate and plasma norepinephrine tended to be only minimally increased, plasma renin was slightly increased, and plasma aldosterone and epinephrine were largely unchanged. Supine and upright blood pressure were reduced from initial values of 189/113 and 167/113 mm Hg, to 149/95 and 138/95 mm Hg (−18 and −17%), respectively, during carprazidil, and to 154/95 and 141/96 mm Hg (−17 and −15%) during minoxidil therapy. Hypertrichosis occurred with both agents in almost all patients, and limits their more prolonged use in females. No adverse side effects on haematological parameters, liver or renal function were observed, nor was antinuclear antibody detected. It is concluded that carprazidil and minoxidil are equivalent vasodilator agents in the treatment of severe hypertension, particularly in males.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: catecholamines ; hypertension ; hypoxia ; adaptation
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 94 (1982), S. 1063-1066 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: prostaglandins ; hemodynamics ; baroreflex ; hypotension ; hypertension
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Belize ; Corn ; N-allocation ; N-cycling ; P-allocation ; Traditional agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Se determinaron los niveles de nitrógeno en maiz local, híbrido y malezas durante tres años. Las pérdidas de nitrógeno por cosecha del grano fueron 45% del nitrógeno total asimilado por la milpa. Los porcentajes de N y P en el híbrido y en el maiz negro local fueron también determinados observándose tasas de absorción sigmoidales en las raices y hojas de ambas variedades hasta alcanzar el periodo reproductivo. Luego el porcentaje de estos nutrimentos bajó rápidamente en las hojas. Los niveles en las semillas maduras en el híbrido bajaron a 78% y 52% de los valores iniciales de N y P respectivamente. mientras que en la variedad local éstos bajaron a 58% y 50% respectivamente. El maiz híbrido no se consideró apropiado para los campesinos locales debido al alto porcentaje de nitrógeno total extraido por la cosecha además de la suceptibilidad del grano cosechado a las plagas durante el almacenamiento.
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen levels at harvest in hybrid corn and weeds were determined over a three year period. Nitrogen losses due to grain removal accounted for 45% of all assimilated-N in the milpa. Percent N and percent P levels in the hybrid and a local black corn were also determined. Uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus in roots and leaves of both varieties were sigmoid until reproductive growth was initiated, at which time the percentage of both nutrients in the leaves declined rapidly. Levels in the seed at maturity in the hybrid variety accounted for 78% N and 52% P; levels were 58% N and 50% P in the local corn. Hybrid corn was not considered suitable for local farmers because a high percentage of total-N was removed at harvest and the hybrid had a high susceptibility to weevil attack.
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 147-156 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Burning ; Deserts ; Irrigation ; N-fertilization ; N-cycling ; Peru ; Sugar cane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen La caña de azucar bajo riego en la zona desértica de la Costa Peruana requiere fertilización con 300 kg N ha−1 para que se obtengan rendimientos económicos máximos. Cerca de 24 kg N ha−1 se añaden al sistema provenientes del agua de riego tomada de rios y pozos. El 1,2% del nitrógeno total del suelo se encuentra en forma disponible durante la época de crecimiento. La parta Aérea de la planta extrae entre 210 y 246 kg N ha−1 por cosecha; el 70% de esta cantidad es exportado con la caña que va al molino y el resto se pierde por quema antes del corte.
    Notes: Abstract Irrigated sugarcane crops on the Peruvian coastal desert require 300 kg N-fertilizer ha−1 for economically-optimum yields. About 24 kg N ha−1 is added to the systemvia irrigation water from rivers and deep wells. 1.2% of the total N in the soil is in available form during the growing season. N extracted by the aerial part of the plants ranges from 210–246 kg N ha−1 crop−1;ca. 70% of this is removed in the harvest, and most of the remainder is lostvia pre-harvest burning.
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 187-191 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium sulphate ; Argentina ; Forxtail millet ; Garlic ; N-assimilation ; N-cycling ; N-sources ; 15-N ; Urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Se examinó la distribución y absorción de nitrógeneo en moha de Hungría (Setaria itaclica) cultivada en lisímetros de campo a continuación de un cultivo de ajo colorado (Allium sativum) el cual había sido fertilizado con ureaj o con sulfato de amonio marcados con15N. Aparentemente el ajo extrajo mas nitrógeno de los lisímetros que habían sido fertilizados con urea que de los tratados con sulfato de amonio. La cantidad nitrógeno remanente enj los lisímetros luego de la cosecha de la moha fue similar para las dos fuentes de nitrógeno (ca. 32% del orginal). La moha recupereé alrededor de 16% del nitrógeneo aplicadoj al cultivo de ajo.
    Notes: Abstract We examined the distribution of residual15N and its uptake by a foxtail millet crop grown in field lysimeters following at previous garlic crops fertilized with either15N-urea or15N-ammonium sulphate. Garlic apprently removed more N from the lysimeters treated with urea-N than from those treated with (NH4)2SO4. Fertilizer-N in the lysmeters was similar (ca. 32% of original) following millet harvest. About 16 per cent of both fertilizers in the lysimeters was removed by the millet.
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 193-208 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Beans ; Brasil ; Crop N-recovery ; K-fertilizer ; N-cycling ; N-fertilizer ; 15-N ; Pfertilizer ; Urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Con el fin de aumentar la compresión del destino del nitrógeno aplicado aPhaseolus vulgaris bajo condiciones tropicales, se aplicó úrea marcada con15N y se siguió la marcha del experimento por tres períodos de cultivo sucesivos. Cada cultivo recibió 100 kg N ha−1 en forma de úrea y 41 kg K ha−1 en forma de KCl. Al final de cada período se estimó la recuperción del nitrógeno añadido, los efectos residuales del nitrógeno aplicado en el período anterior, la distribución del nitrógeno en el perfil del suelo y las pérdidas por lixiviación. Adicionalmente, para evaluar los effectos del fósforo añadido sobre el ciclo del nitrógeno se fertilizó el cultivo con 35 kg P en forma de roca fosfatada ha−1 o con 35 kg P como superfosfato ha−1 y un tercer experimento sin P como control. Los resultados mostraron que el 31,2% del nitrógeno en el primer cultivo provenía de la úrea aplicada, lo cual representa una eficiencia de utilización de 38,5%. En los dos períodos subsiguientes el 6,2% y el 1,4% del nitrógeno provenía del fertilizante anteriormente aplicado, respectivamente. Las eficiencias de utilización fueron en estos casos de 4,6 y 1,2 porciento respectivamente. En total los tres cultivos recuperaron 44,3% del nitrógeno aplicado al primero. El nitrógeno restante estaba en el suelo a había sido perdido por lixiviación, volatilización o desnitrificación. El aumento en15N en el nitrógeno mineral (NH4+NO3) indicó que al fin del segundo período de cultivo, el frente de nitrógeno aplicado había ya pasado los 120 cm de profundidad. El aumento en15N en materia orgánica indicó que la actividad de las raices del cultivo y las malezas transportó e incorporó el nitrógeno a 90–120 cm y mas. Podemos calcular que del total aplicado como fertilizante, 109 kg N ha−1 se hallaban en la biomasa cosechada, en los residuos de cosecha y en el suelo al final del primer período de cultivo. Si se considera que no hubo pérdidas por lixiviación, volatilización o desnitrificación, nuestro error experimental sería de un 10%. El mismo cálculo para el segundo y el tercer períodos de cultivo dió 76 kg N ha−1 y 80 kg N ha−1 respectivamente, indicando asi pérdidas de 20 a, 25% en los dos primeros años de cultivo. No se observaron diferencias entre las dos fuentes diferentes de fósforo.
    Notes: Abstract To increase our understanding of the fate of applied nitrogen inPhaseolus vulgaris crops grown under tropical conditions,15N-labelled urea was applied to bean crops and followed for three consecutive cropping periods. Each crop received 100 kg urea-N ha−1 and 41 kg KCl−K ha−1. At the end of each period we estimated each crop's recovery of the added nitrogen, the residual effects of nitrogen from the previous cropping period, the distribution of nitrogen in the soil profile, and leaching losses of nitrogen. In addition, to evaluate potential effects of added phosphorus on nitrogen cycling in this crop, beans were treated at planting with either 35 kg rock-phosphate-P, 35 kg superphosphate-P, or 0 kg P ha−1. Results showed that 31.2% of the nitrogen in the first crop was derived from the applied urea, which represents a nitrogen utilization efficiency of 38.5%. 6.2% of the nitrogen in the second crop was derived from fertilizer applied to the first crop, and 1.4% of the nitrogen in the third crop. Nitrogen utilization efficiencies for these two crops, with respect to the nitrogen applied to the first crop, were 4.6 and 1.2%, respectively. In total, the three crops recovered 44.3% of the nitrogen applied to the first crop. The remainder of the nitrogen was either still in the soil profile or had been lost by leaching, volatilization or denitrification.15N enrichment of mineral-N(NO3+NH4) suggests that at the end of the second crop, the pulse of fertilizer applied to the first crop had probably passed the 120 cm depth.15N enrichment of organic-N suggests that root activity of beans and weeds transported nitrogen to 90–120 cm (or deeper). We could account for 109 kg fertilizer-N ha−1 in harvested biomass, crop residue, and soil at the end of the first cropping period. This indicates an experimental error of about 10% if no nitrogen was lost by volatilization, denitrification, or leaching below 120 cm. At the end of the second and third crops, 76 and 80 kg N ha−1, respectively, could be accounted for, suggesting that 20 to 25% of the applied-N was lost from the system over a 2-crop period. The two types of added phosphorus did not significantly differ in their effects on bean yields.
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 271-281 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cacao ; Erythrina ; Leaching ; Mineralization ; N-cycling ; Nitrification ; Shade trees
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Se realizaron investigaciones sobre la mineralización y la lixiviación de nitrógeno en parcelas fertilizadas con N, P y K y en parcelas sin fertilizar en plantaciones de cacao de 30 años en la región sur de Bahia, Brasil. Los suelos del cacaotal eran CEPEC (Tropudalf), comunes en la zona. Las mediciones se realizaron durante un año. Se instalaron minilisimetros a 10, 20 y 40 cm de profundidad y se colectó el agua lixiviada semanalmente o después de intensas lluvias. La mineralización neta se midió en muestras de suelo tomadas a 0–5 y 5–15 cm de profundidad colocadas nuevamente en bolsas plásticas en el sitio de colecta. El grado de lixiviación se correlacionó con la cantidad de precipitación y aun cuando no es posible cuantificar las pérdidas por unidad de área, se estimó que estas pérdidas eran de menor cuantia. Tanto la tasa de amonificación como la de nitrificación fueron altas durante la mayor parte del año; la nitrificación fué particularmente intensa en el área fertilizada. Los análisis de la hojarasca fresca de Erythrina y de los cacaoteros mostraron que estos componentes contribuyen notablemente al ciclo del nitrógeno en la plantación de cacao. Se detectaron altas concentraciones de nitrógeno en muestras de suelo tomadas cerca de los árboles de sombra; en promedio los suelos de la zona sombreada contenian 480 mg N kg−1 suelo por encima del promedio de los suelos en plantaciones sin sombra. La cantidad de nitrógeno exportado por cosecha es notable. Se recomienda tomar en consideración la información procedente de los ciclos de nitrógeno para formular recomendaciones de fertilización.
    Notes: Abstract Studies of nitrogen mineralization and leaching were conducted in the cacao-growing region in the south of Bahia, Brazil, on plots fertilized with N, P and K and on plots without fertilizer in plantations 30–40 yrs old on CEPEC soil (Tropudalf) over a period of one year. Mini-lysimeters were installed at depths of 10, 20 and 40 cm and the leachate was collected weekly or after heavy rain. Net mineralization was measured in soil samples taken at depths of 0–5 and 5–15 cm and incubated for 30 days in plastic bags placed at the site of collection. The degree of leaching was correlated with the amount of rainfall and, although it is difficult to quantify the losses per unit area, we estimate that these losses are minor. Ammonification and nitrification were both high during most of the year; nitrification was very rapid and was especially intensive on the fertilized area. Analyses of Erythrina and cacao litter show that these components make a considerable contribution to the nitrogen recycled in a cacao plantation. High concentrations of total nitrogen were detected in soil samples taken close to shade trees and, on average, the soil of shaded areas had more than 480 mg N kg soil−1 than soil of non-shaded areas. Removal of nitrogen in harvest can also be considerable. It is advisable to take nitrogen-cycle data into account when compiling tables of fertilizer recommendations.
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 293-303 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Burning ; Denitrification ; N-cycling ; N2-fixation ; Nitrification ; Oxisol ; Rhizobium ; Savanna ; South America ; Ultisol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Las sabanas ocupan alrededor de 300 millones de hectáreas de Sudamérica. Los suelos son básicamente oxisoles y ultisoles de muy baja fertilidad y alta acidez. La vegetación natural varía en densidad y en la cantidad de biomasa producida anualmente, la cual puede llegar a ser igual a la producida por bosques de la región. Entre los microorganismos fijadores de nitrógeno, los únicos bien estudiados son las bacterias del género Rhizobium. En el manejo de la biomasa de estas áreas, es importance considerar la fijación del nitrógeno, como una fuente posible que reemplace al que fué exportado en las cosechas. La nitrificación y la denitrificación en estos, es intensa pero no bien estudiada. La distribución de lluvias durante la estación de crecimiento parece tener una influencia considerable en la provisión de nitrógeno de los suelos. Se registran considerables pérdidas de nitrógeno en este ambiente, cuando amplias áreas son quemadas anualmente.
    Notes: Abstract Savannas cover about 300 million hectares of South America. The soils are mainly oxisols and ultisols and their natural fertility is very low with high acidity. The natural vegetation varies in density and in the amount of biomass produced annually, which can be equal to that produced by forests in the region. Among the nitrogen-fixing micro-organisms, the only ones well-studied are Rhizobium bacteria. In managing the biomass in these areas, it is important to consider biological nitrogen-fixation as a possible source of nitrogen to replace that removed in crops. Nitrification and denitrification in these soils are intense but not well studied. The rainfall distribution during the growing season seems to have a considerable influence of the nitrogen supply to the soils. A considerable loss of nitrogen occurs in this environment when vast areas are burned annually.
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  • 38
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 315-323 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Argentina ; Carbon ; Energy ; Legumes ; Litter ; Mineral soil ; N-cycling ; Prosopis flexuosa ; Xerophytic forests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Se midieron la productividad primaria neta y los contenidos de carbono, nitrógeno y energía en los componentes foliares, leñosos y radicales de cinco de las plantas dominantes en dos bosques xerofiticos de la Argentina centro occidental. También se midió el contenido de carbono y de nitrógeno en el mantillo y el suelo mineral bajo el dosel de plantas individuales. Las dominantes leñosas en la vegetación de bosque chaqueño de ocho años en Chamical, La Rioja cubrían una proporción mayor del área total pero tenían una menor biomasa que las cinco dominantes leñosas de la vegetación abierta de cinco años deProsopis flexuosa en Ñacuñán, Mendoza. Se notaron también marcadas diferencias en las productividades primarias netas de ambas comunidades con valores entre 29–115 kg ha−1 año−1 en biomasa aérea para Chamical y de 51–524 kg ha−1 año−1 en biomasa aérea para Ñacuñán. El nitrógeno de la vegetación varía según las especies y dentro de las mismas asi como estacionalmente y entre los componentes. En general el nitrógeno foliar era mayor en las leguminosas que en las no leguminosas durante el verano y para la mayoría de las especies era mayor en verano que en el invierno. Las diferencias en el %N en otros componentes y en el %C entre las especies y estaciones no mostraron tendencias claras. En ambas comunidades el N y el C del suelo era mas variable con la profundidad bajo el dosel de plantas individuales que en areas no vegetadas; se hallaron también differencias entre las especies.
    Notes: Abstract Net primary productivity and the nitrogen, carbon, and energy contents of the leaf, aerial wood and root components of the five most important woody dominants in two xerophytic forests in central-west Argentina were measured. Nitrogen and carbon contents of litter and mineral soil beneath individual plant canopies were also studied. The woody dominants in the 8-yr old ‘chaco’ woodland in Chamical, La Rioja, covered a greater proportion of total community area but had less aerial biomass than the 5 woody dominants of the 50-yr-old openProsopis flexuosa woodland in Ñacuñán, Mendoza. Marked differences in net primary production among species of the two communities were also noted (29–115 kg aerial biomass ha−1 yr−1 in the Chamicalvs 51–524 kg ha−1 yr−1 in the Ñacuñán woodland). Nitrogen in vegetation varied by species, and within species, varied by season and plant component. In general, leaf-N was higher in legumes in summer than in non-legumes in summer, and for most species higher in summer than in winter. Differences in %N in other plant components and in per cent C among species and seasons were less consistent. In both communities, soil N and C were higher and more variable with depth under individual plant canopies than in non-vegetated areas, and differences among species were apparent.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Desert woodland ; N-cycling ; N2fixation ; Prosopis glandulosa ; Sonoran Desert
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Los bosques de Prosopis en el desierto Sonorense tienen niveles de producción de biomasa (parte aérea) y productividad mucho mayores que las predecibles para comunidades de plantas de desierto con muy bajos niveles de precipitación. Los bosques freatofiticos deP. glandulosa cerca del Mar de Salton, California, producen 13 000 kg ha−1 de biomasa aérea con una productividad 3700 kg ha−1 año−1. Tan alto nivel de productividad es posible porque Prosopis no es afectado por los factores que limitan la aprovechabilidad de agua y nitrógeno. Los primeros 60 cm del perfil del suelo bajo el dosel de Prosopis contienen 1020 g m−2 de nitrógeno total, el 25% existe en la forma de nitrato. Tales acumulaciones de nitrógeno pueden ser el resultado de la fijación simbiótica activa. Los primeros valores estimados sugieren que son fijados entre 25–30 kg N ha−1 año−1 en estos bosques. Puesto que Prosopis cubre solamente 34% de esta área y sus recursos de agua no son limitantes, puede ser posible la obtención de mayores niveles de fijación de nitrógeno y productividad de los cultivos si se manejan con mayores densidades.
    Notes: Abstract Prosopis woodlands in the Sonoran Desert have levels of above-ground biomass and productivity much higher than those predicted for desert plant communities with such low levels of precipitation. A stand ofP. glandulosa near the Salton Sea, California, has 13,000 kg ha−1 aboveground biomass and a productivity of 3700 kg ha−1 yr−1. Such a high level of productivity is possible because Prosopis is decoupled from the normal limiting factors of water and nitrogen availability. Soil nitrogen contents for the upper 60 cm of soil beneath Prosopis canopies have 1020 g m−2 total nitrogen, 25 per cent of which is in the form of nitrate. Such accumulations of nitrogen may be the result of active symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Early estimates suggest that about 25–30 kg N ha−1 yr−1 is fixed in these stands. Since Prosopis covers only 34% of the ground surface and its water resources are not limiting, much higher levels of nitrogen fixation and productivity may be possible in managed stands at greater densities.
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  • 40
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 377-387 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Chile ; Energy flow ; Eutrophication ; Lake Aculeo ; N-cycling ; Primary production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen En un lago muy eutrofizado en Chile se estudiaron el flujo de energía y la tasa de recambio de nitrógeno. La fijación de carbono mostró variaciones estacionales entre 25 y 450 mg C m−2 h−1 en la zona fótica; cerca de 6,25×106 kg C fueron fijados durante 1980. El recambio de nitrógeno, calculado asumiendo una relación arbitraria C∶N=6,0, fue de 1,04×106 kg N año.
    Notes: Abstract We examined energy flow and nitrogen turnover in a highly eutrophic lake in Chile. Carbon fixation varied seasonally between 25–450 mg C m−2 h−1 in the photic zone, andca. 6.25×106 kg C were fixed in the lake during 1980. Nitrogen turnover in the phytomas wasca. 1.04×106 kg N yr−1 based on an arbitrary C∶N ratio of 6.0.
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  • 41
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 35-43 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Agro-ecosystems ; Mathematical models ; N-cycling ; Simulation modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Los modelos de simulación del comportamiento en agro-ecosistemas difieren en dos características: (i)entereza o minuciosidad conceptual, en términos del número de procesos que considera, y (ii)el nivel de detalle en el cual cada proceso es modelado. Estas características del modelo son determinadas por los objetivos para los cuales el modelo es diseñado y por el grado acutal del conocimiento de los procesos incluídos en el modelo. Los niveles de entereza conceptual y de detalle en un modelo determinan las aplicaciones potenciales para las cuales dicho modelo puede ser utilizado. Las aplicationes pueden ser orientadas a la investigación, manejo o planificación. Un modelo adecuado para una aplicación determinada debería tener un nivel apropiado de entereza y detalle para lograr el objetivo establecido. Los criterios de ayuda en la selección y evaluación de los modelos de simulación del nitrógeno para una aplicación particular incluyen: (i) la disponibilidad de facilidades computacionales, (ii) las escalas espacial y temporal de aplicación, (iii) el uso deseado de las simulaciones, (iv) la disponibilidad de datos de entrada al modelo, y (v) los ámbitos de confianza asociadas con las salidas del modelo.
    Notes: Abstract Available simulation models for describing nitrogen behavior in agro-ecosystems vary in two characteristics:(i) conceptual completeness in terms of the number of processes considered, and(ii) thelevel of detail at which each process is modeled. These model characteristics are determined by both the objectives that the model is designed to meet and the current state-of-the-art understanding of the various processes included in the model. The levels of conceptual completeness and detail in a model govern the potential applications for which the model may be used. Applications of models may be research-oriented, management-oriented, or planning-oriented. A model suitable for a given application should have an appropriate level of completeness and detail to accomplish the stated objective. Criteria to aid in the selection and evaluation of nitrogen simulation models for a particular application include: i) the availability of computational facilities, ii) the spatial and temporal scales of application, iii) the intended use of the simulations, iv) the availability of model input data, and v) the confidence regions associated with the model output.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Amazonas ; Deforestation ; Leaching ; 15-N ; N-cycling ; Mineralization ; Urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen La agricultura brasileña se expande a la región amazónica donde áreas virgenes grandes se ponen actualmente bajo cultivo. Es por lo tanto urgente mejorar el conocimiento de las características y condiciones de los suelos de esa región. En este estudio un podzol amarillo rojizo y un latosol amarillo fueren usados para estudiar el transporte de urea y sus transformaciones bajo saturación en el laboratorio. Los suelos fueron colectados en un área deforestada en 1976 y plantada bajo frutales. Los suelos se sometieron a técnicas de desplazamiento miscible bajo alimentación contínua y aplicaciones pulsadas con el fin de describir matemáticamente el transporte de úrea en función del tiempo y de la profundidad. Se consideró que los mecanismos de transformación obedecían cinéticas de primer orden. La úrea es rápidamente lixiviada de ambos suelos. La recuperación de úrea en el efluente de las columnas de 30 cm de diámetro fué de 91% para el podzol y 86% para el latosol. El nitrógeno amoniacal, producto de la hidrólisis de úrea se lixivió rápidamente y su recuperación en el efluente fué 4,2% para el podzol y 11,2% para el latosol. Una proporción muy pequeña del nitrógeno, incluyendo el NH4 + intercambiable y el nitrógeno en la biomasa, permaneció en las columas al final del experimento. Estos resultados indican el extremo cuidado en el manejo de estos suelos necesario para evitar pérdidas de nitrógeno, particularmente del aplicado en fertilizantes.
    Notes: Abstract Brazilian agriculture is now expanding toward the Amazon region, where large new areas of virgin lands are being brought under cultivation. There is therefore an urgent need to better understand the conditions and characteristics of the soils of that region. In this study a Red Yellow Podzol and a Yellow Latosol were used to examine urea transport and transformation in the laboratory under water-saturated conditions. The soils were collected in an area that was deforested in 1976 and planted to tropical fruits since then. Soils were subjected to miscible displacement techniques under both continuous feed and pulse applications of urea to mathematically describe urea transport and transformation as functions of depth and time. Transformation mechanisms were considered to be first order kinetics. Urea was readily leached from both soils. Recovery of urea in the effluent of the 30 cm colums was 91% for the Podzol and 86% for the Latosol. NH4 +−N from urea hydrolysis was also readily leached and its recovery in the effluent was 4.2% for the Podzol and 11.2% for the Latosol. Very little nitrogen-including exchangeable NH4 +−N and biomass nitrogen-was left in the columns of either soil at the end of the experiment. These results emphasize that extremely careful management of these soils is necessary to prevent nitrogen losses, particularly losses of fertilizer-N.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alfalfa ; Deserts ; K-fertilization ; N-cycling ; N2-fixation ; Peru ; P-fertilization ; Rhizobium Urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen La alfalfa irrigada y altamente fertilizada cultivade en los desiertos del Sur del Perú, ha alcanzado tasas máximas de crecimiento de cerca de 200 kg ha−1 día−1 de forraje seco, durante el período de verano, y de 150 ka ha−1 día−1 durante el invierno. Estas altas tasas fueron mantenidas por 10–20 días, después de los cuales las tasas de crecimiento bajaron. Rendimientos tope de cerca de 5000 kg ha−1 de forraje seco en verano y 3500 kg ha−1 en invierno, fueron obtenidos en un período de crecimiento de 53 días. Simulaciones con un modelo adaptado, indican que una tasa decreciente de fotosíntesis de hojas viejas, es una probable causa para esta baja. Simulaciones de curvas de crecimiento fueron también sensibles al nivel de reservas de carbohidratos en el sistema de raíces en la cosecha. La alta fertilización NPK (420, 280 y 420 kg ha−1 año−1 Urea-N P y K respectivamente) aumentó el nivel de NO3−N en el suelo 2,5 veces, K disponible 1,6 veces y P disponible 4,3 veces. El contenido de NH4−N no aumentó. Las altas cantidades de nutrientes disponibles resultaron en solo cerca de 10% de aumento en tasas máximas de crecimiento y en máximos rendimientos. Con respecto a la composición de plantas (%N, %P y %K) se observó una respuesta significativa solo al alto nivel de P, y una muy ligera, no significativa, respuesta al más alto nivel de K fué también notada. Alta fertilización con N no aumentó el contenido de N de la planta; indicando que las cepas de Rhizobium presentes son capaces de fijar hasta 900–1000 kg N ha−1 anño−1 en el forraje. Inoculantes comerciales no mejoraron esta capacidad de fijación de N; aún en suelos vírgenes desérticos después de solo algunas cosechas, rendimientos tanto como contenidos de N de alfalfa no inoculada fueron del mismo orden de magtitud que alfalfa inoculada.
    Notes: Abstract Irrigated and highly fertilized alfalfa growing in the deserts of Southern Peru reached maximum growth rates of about 200 kg dry forage ha−1 d−1 during the summer period and of 150 kg ha−1 d−1 during winter. These high rates were maintained for 10 to 20 days, after which growth rates declined. ‘Ceiling’ yields of about 5000 kg dry forage ha−1 in summer and 3500 kg ha−1 in winter were obtained in a growth period of 53 days. Simulations with an adapted model indicate that a decreased photosynthetic rate for aging leaves is a probable cause for the decrease. Growth curve simulations were also very sensitive to the level of carbohydrate reserves in the root system at harvest. High NPK fertilization (420, 280 and 420 kg ha−1 yr−1 of urea-N, P and K respectively) increased NO3−N in soil 2.5 fold, available-K 1.6 fold, and available-P 4.3 fold. NH4−N content did not increase. The higher amounts of available nutrients resulted in only about 10 percent increases in maximum growth rate and maximum yields. With respect to plant composition (%N, %P and %K), a significant response only to the higher P level was observed and a very slight, non-significant response to the higher K level was also noted. High N-fertilization did not increase the N-content of the plant, indicating that the rhizobia present are able to fix up to 900–1000 kg N ha−1 yr−1 in the aboveground herbage. Commercial inoculants did not improve this N-fixation capacity; even in virgin desert soils after only a few harvests, yields as well as N-contents of non-inoculated alfalfa were of the same order of magnitude as inoculated alfalfa.
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  • 44
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 283-291 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Banana trees ; Coffe ; Inga jinicuil ; Inga vera ; Mexico ; N-cycling ; N2-fixation ; Orange trees
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen En estudios de fertilización en México se ha encontrado que la production de café puede ser estimulada por la adición de nitrógeno. Uno de los métodos tradicionales de cultivo de café es el de proveer al cultivo de sombra por medio de árboles de la familia Leguminosae los cuales pueden jugar un papel importante en la producción del café a través de la fijación biológica de nitrógeno. La presencia e importancia de fijación de nitrógeno se evaluó en cuatro sistemas: café solo, café conInga junicuil Schletcher, café conInga vera H.B. & K. y café con bananos y naranjos. En todos los sistemas las hojas de café con epifilos, restos leñoso en el mantillo, suelo, raices y nódulos fueron estudiados por el método de reducción de acetileno para fijación de nitrógeno. Todos estos componentes presentaron actividad fijadora excepto las raices. El total de fijación aparente fué mayor en el sitio conI. jinicuil, equivalente a 〉40 kg N ha−1 ão−1 asumiendo una relación de 3∶1 para C2H2∶N2. La actividad estaba relacionada con los nódulos deI. jinicuil. La fijación aparente en los otros tres sitios fue menos de 1 kg N ha−1 año−1. La fijación de nitrógeno para el sitio conI. jinicuil equivale al 53% de la cantidad promedio de fertilizante nitrogenado aplicado anualmente, lo cual puede tomarse como indicativo de que la fijación de nitrógeno por leguminosas adicionales al cultivo puede ser una fuente importante de nitrógeno para el café.
    Notes: Abstract Fertilizer studies in Mexico indicate that coffee production can be stimulated by added nitrogen. One traditional method of coffee cultivation employs leguminous trees for shade, but these species may also play an important role in coffee production by biologically fixing nitrogen. The presence and importance of nitrogen fixation was evaluated in four systems: coffee only, coffee plus the leguminous shade treeInga jinicuil Schletchter, coffee plus the leguminous treeInga vera H.B. and K., and coffee plus banana and orange trees. In all systems coffee leaves with epiphylls, wood litter, soil, roots, and root nodules were assayed for nitrogen fixing activity with the acetylene reduction technique. All components of these systems exhibited activity except roots. Total apparent fixation was highest in theInga jinicuil site, and equivalent to 〉40 kg N ha−1 yr−1 assuming a 3∶1 C2H2∶N2 ratio. The activity was primarily associated withInga jinicuil nodules. Apparent fixation in the other three sites was less than 1 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Nitrogen fixed in theI. jinicuil site was 53% of the average amount of fertilizer nitrogen applied annually, suggesting that fixation by non-crop legumes can be an important nitrogen source for coffee agro-ecosystems.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Amazonas ; Denitrification ; N-conservation mechanisms ; N-cycling ; N2-fixation ; Oxisol ; Rainforest ; Venezuela
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Los contenidos y flujos de nitrógeno, incluyendo fijación de nitrógeno y denitrificación, se midieron en un bosque lluvioso tropical que crece sobre oxisoles en el Territorio Amazonas de Venezuela. El contenido de nitrógeno era comparable con el de bosques templados, pero era más elevado que en un bosque adyacente sobre spodosoles. Los flujos eran más elevados que en bosques de zonas templadas, pero más bajos que en otro bosque tropical de suelos más fértiles. A pesar de que el nitrógeno era abundante, esto no significa que este elemento no podría ser un factor limitante para la agricultura si el bosque se corta, y se cultiva la tierra. Los mecanismos de fijación y conservación de nitrógeno dependen de la estructura del bosque no perturbado, y la destrucción del bosque eventualmente disminuiría el suministro de nitrógeno al suelo.
    Notes: Abstract Standing stocks and fluxes of nitrogen, including nitrogen fixation and denitrification, were measured in a tropical rainforest on Oxisol in the Amazon Territory of Venezuela. The standing stock of nitrogen was comparable to that of temperate forests, but was higher than that in an adjacent forest on Spodosol. Fluxes were higher than in forests in the temperate zone, but lower than in another tropical forest on more fertile soil. Even though nitrogen was abundant, this does not mean that nitrogen could not be limiting to agriculture if the forest is cleared and the land cultivated. The nitrogen fixing and nitrogen conserving mechanisms are dependent upon the structure of the undisturbed forest, and destruction of the forest would eventually decrease the input of nitrogen to the soil.
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  • 46
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 333-342 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Belize ; Cohune palm ; Dry forest ; Fallow ; Hardwood ; Litter ; N-cycling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Dos asociaciones boscosas (Palma Cohune y Matorral Alto) se estudiaron en relación a sus reservas y flujos de nutrimentos y sus posibilidades de aprovechamiento agricola. Se siguió la evolución del nitrógeno en el suelo y en la caida de hojarasca durante un año obteniéndose asi información sobre los procesos pedogenéticos en el barbecho del bosque. A través de muestreos destructivos se encontró que en la biomasa del bosque de Palma Cohune habían 690 kg N ha−1 y en el Matorral Alto solo 203 kg N ha−1. La biomasa de hojarasca era excepcionalmente alta en Palma Cohune alcanzando un valor de 497 kg materia seca ha−1; en el bosque de Matorral Alto la hojarasca era de 65 kg materia seca ha−1. Esto probablemente se deba a la baja velocidad de descomposición en el caso de la palma. Las reservas sustanciales encontradas en ambos barbechos para el nitrógeno podrían ser parcialmente utilizadas para la producción agrícola campesina.
    Notes: Abstract Two forest associations, cohune palm (Cohune Ridge) and mixed tropical hardwood (High Bush), were assessed on the basis of nutrient movement and storage for their suitability for agriculture. Continuous monitoring of soil nitrogen and leaf litterfall over a one-year period provided information on soil building processes in the forest fallow. Destructive cuts revealed the storage of 690 kg N ha−1 in the standing biomass of the Cohune forest versus 203 kg N ha−1 in the High Bush. Litter biomass was exceptionally high in the Cohune Ridge (497 kg ha−1 dry matter) as compared to the High Bush (65 kg ha−1 dry matter) and other tropical forests. This is probably because of a low rate of decomposition in the Cohune Ridge palm forest. A substantial reserve of nitrogen is present in both forests' fallows, and this can in part be harvested by the small farmer for crop production.
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  • 47
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 367-376 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Amazonas ; Entisol ; Hydrologic losses ; N-cycling ; N2-fixation ; Oxisol ; Streamflow ; Regional budget ; Ultisol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Con el fin de comprender la importancia relativa de los ecosistemas y los procesos del ciclo de nitrógeno dentro de la cuenca Amazónica, hemos establecido un balance generalizado para este elemento basado en los datos de pérdidas de nitrógeno por las aguas y la fijación biológica en los bosques Amazónicos. Se incluye en el modelo la información disponible para las aguas que entran y salen de la cuenca entera asi como para una cuenca experimental sobre oxisoles y ultisoles cerca de Manaus, Brasil. También se incluyen datos de fijación biológica de nitrógeno en suelos diferentes de la Amazonia Central. Entre 4–6 kg N ha−1 año−1 salen por el rio Amazonas y cantidades semejantes entran al sistema por precipitación. La fijación biológica de nitrógeno en las raices contribuye con ca. 2 kg N ha−1 año−1 en bosques sobre oxisoles, 20 kg N ha−1 año−1 en bosques sobre ultisoles y unos 200 kg N ha−1 año−1 en bosques sobre entisoles mas fértiles en la ‘varzea’. La relación NH4−N vs NO3−N está alrededor de 5–10 tanto para las aguas de lluvia como para las de los rios cerca de Manaus. Para la cuenca del Amazonas se obtuvo, basándose en los datos arriba mencionados y en algunas premises, el siguiente balance regional. Entradas por precipitación, 36×108 kg N año−1; fijación biológica de nitrógeno, 120×108 kg N año−1. Las salidas por el rio Amazonas, 36×108 kg N año−1 y por desnitrificación y volatilización (por diferencia), 120–108 kg N año−1.
    Notes: Abstract In order to better understand the relative importance of different ecosystems and nitrogen cycling processes within the Amazon basin to the nitrogen economy of this region, we constructed a generalized nitrogen budget for the region based on data for hydrologic losses of nitrogen and nitrogen fixation in Amazon forests. Data included information available for nitrogen in water entering and leaving both the entire basin and watersheds on oxisol and ultisol soils near Manaus, Brazil, in addition to biological nitrogen fixation in forests on ultisol, oxisol and entisol (‘varzea’) soils in Central Amazonia. Available data indicate that 4–6 kg N ha−1 yr−1 are lost via the River Amazonas, and that a similar amount enters in rainfall. Root-associated biological nitrogen fixation contributesca. 2 kg N ha−1 yr−1 to forests on oxisols, 20 kg N ha−1 yr−1 to forests on utisols, and 200 kg N ha−1 yr−1 to forests on fertile varzea soils. There is 5–10 fold more NH4 +−N than NO3−N in rain and stream water entering and leaving the waterbasin near Manaus. Calculations based on these data plus certain assumption yield the following regional nitrogen balance estimate: inputs through bulk deposition of 36×108 kg N yr−1 and through biological nitrogen fixation of 120×108 kg N yr−1, and outputsvia the River Amazonas of 36×108 kg N yr−1 andvia denitrification and volatization (by difference) of 120×108 kg N yr−1.
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 247-258 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Coffee ; Decomposition ; Litterfall ; N-cycling ; N2-fixation ; Shade trees ; Venezuela
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen La distribución y flujos de nitrógeno en algunos componentes de una plantación de café bajo sombra fueron estudiados en un cafetal de montaña (1380 m altitud) en Venezuela. Las reservas mayores de nitrógeno estaban en el suelo que hasta los 60 cm tenía 49×103kg N ha−1. El flujo de nitrógeno asociado con la caida de hojarasca estaba dominado por la fracción de hojas de los árboles de sombra que contribuyeron con 86 kg N ha−1 año−1 del total de 189 kg N ha−1 año−1. La rápida descomposición de esa hojarasca, aun cuando mostró una fase de acumulación de nitrógeno, es fuente importante de nitrógeno para las raices del cafeto que ocupan preferentemente los primeros 30 cm del suelo y aun en la hojarasca misma. Se encontró evidencia de sincronización entre los picos de transferencia de nitrógeno por la hojarasca y los períodos de mayor demanda por el cultivo. Se encontró que el sistema puede compensar ampliamente le salida de nitrógeno por cosecha con el subsidio proveniente de los árboles de sombra.Erythrina sp eInga sp son fijadores potenciales de nitrógeno aun cuando en determinaciones hechas durante el período de sequía no se detectó actividad de fijación biológica. La constante de descomposición (k) promedio para la hojarasca fue de 4.5, equivalente a una vida media de unos dos meses.
    Notes: Abstract The distribution and fluxes of nitrogen in some parts of a coffee plantation under shade were studied at a typical mountain (1380 m a sl) location in Venezuela. The amounts of nitrogen in the soil to 60 cm depth are by far the largest nitrogen store, reaching a total of 49 000 kg ha−1. The nitrogen flow associated with litterfall was dominated by the shade-tree fraction accounting for a transfer of 86 kg ha−1 yr−1 of the total 189 kg ha−1 yr−1. The rapid decomposition of this litter, although showing a phase of nitrogen accumulation, is an important source of nitrogen to the roots of coffee which occupy preferentially the upper 30 cm of soil and even the litter layer itself. Some evidence of synchrony was found between the peaks of nitrogen transfer to the soil by litter and the periods of high nitrogen demand by the crop plants. It is proposed that the system can amply compensate the nitrogen outputs by harvest (17 kg ha−1 yr−1) with a subsidy from the shade trees.Erythrina sp. andInga sp. are potential nitrogen fixers although we found no active sites during the dry period sampled. The average litter decomposition constant, k, expressed in terms of nitrogen, was estimated as 4.5, equivalent to a half-life of approximately two months.
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 61-71 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonia ; Atmosphere ; N-cycling ; Nitric acid ; Nitric oxide ; Nitrogen dioxide ; Nitrous oxide ; Tropospheric-N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen En el presente trabajo se hace un análisis de las fuentes, concentraciones, reacciones químicas y depósitos de los principales compuestos nitrogenados atmosféricos. Las emisiones a la atmósfera de N2O y NH3 provienen casi exclusivamente de procesos biológicos en continentes y océanos. Los NOx son producidos principalmente en la quema de combustibles fósiles y de biomasa. La oxidación de los NOx a NO3 − y la formación de sales de amonio son las únicas transformaciones químicas relevantes en la tropósfera. Sólo el 10% del NH3 emitido es oxidado. La remoción de la atmósfera de los compuestos nitrogenados se produce fundamentalmente por lavado por lluvia de NH4 + y NO3 −. Parte del N2O pasa a la estratósfera y parte debe ser removido en la biósfera a través de un proceso no establecido. En la atmósfera ocurren importantes procesos de fijación de nitrógeno y el NOx producido en la quema de combustibles fósiles y de biomasa y en las descargas eléctricas representa entre 30 y 40% del total del nitrógeno fijado. Se plantea un balance del nitrógeno troposférico. Teniendo en consideración que la oxidación fotoquímica del NOx es rápida y que el transporte atmosférico es relativamente lento con respecto al ciclo troposférico del agua, se encuentra que los compuestos nitrogenados vuelven a la superficie de la tierra en lugares cercanos a donde fueron emitidos. Se establece que la entrada de nitrógeno fijo a los continentes y océanos por fijación biológica e industrial es escasamente superior a la producida en el agua de lluvia. Sin embargo, debido a que la lluvia cae en todas partes, el aporte de este nitrógeno fijo en el agua de lluvia es sólo significativo en los suelos en donde no se practica una agricultura intensiva.
    Notes: Abstract In this work an analysis of the sources, atmospheric concentration, chemical reactions and sinks of the principal atmospheric nitrogen compounds is made. Atmospheric emissions of N2O and NH3 are almost entirely due to biological activity on the continents and in the oceans. The combustion of fossil fuels and biomass is the principal source of NOx. The only relevant chemical transformations in the troposphere are the oxidation of NOx to NO3 − and the formation of ammonium salts. Only 10% of the NH3 emitted is oxidized. Washout of NH4 + and NO3 − by rainfall is the principal mechanism for removing nitrogen compounds from the atmosphere. Part of the N2O enters the stratosphere and part must be removed in the biosphere by processes not yet established. NOx produced in the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels and biomass and by lightning represents between 30 and 40% of the total nitrogen fixed. A complete nitrogen balance for the troposphere is presented. Since the photochemical oxidation of NOx is rapid and atmospheric transport is relatively slow with respect to the cycling of water in the troposphere, nitrogen compounds return to the earth's surface close to where they were emitted. Fixed-nitrogen inputs to the continents and oceans due to biological and industrial fixation are slightly greater than those due to rain water. However, since rain falls everywhere, input from this source is only important on soils not subject to intensive agriculture.
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 91-103 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Forests ; Land clearing ; N-cycling ; N-fertilization ; Shifting-cultivation ; Tropics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Se conoce bastante poco acera de la dinámica del N en sistemas de agricultura migratoria y otras prácticas de cultivo en el trópico húmedo latinoamericano. Los suelos Oxisoles y Ultisoles que predominan en el 82% de la región están bastante bien dotados de N. Contrariamente a lo que comunmente se cree la mayoría del nitrógeno en ecosistemas naturales se encentra en el suelo y no en la biomasa. Por lo tanto las pérdidas de nitrógeno por la quema son del 20–25% del N existente en el ecosistema. El desmonte mecanizado causa mayores pérdidas de N que el desmonte por tumba y quema tradicional. La ceniza contribuye con cantidades considerables de nitrógeno (67–127 kg N ha−1) al suelo lo cual evita las deficiencias de nitrógeno para el primer cultivo que se siembra. En un Ultisol de la Amazonía la deficiencia de nitrógeno es aguda a partir del segundo cultivo. La tasa de descomposición total para el nitrógeno en la capa arable es alta durante los dos primeros años después de la quema pero se alcanza un nuevo valor de equlibrio posteriormente. La producción contínua de cultivos de ciclo corto es factible en estos suelos mediante prácticas agronómicas correctas. Los cultivos como el maiz y el arroz responden positivamente a dósis de 80–120 kg ha−1 de fertilización con N. La eficiencia de utilización del nitrógeno aplicado es comparable a la de zonas templadas y varía con la época de siembra y sistemas de cultivos. El establecimiento de pastizales después de la quema no causa pérdidas apreciable de nitrógeno en el suelo, especialmente si se siembran mezclas de gramineas con leguminosas y se manejan bien. Debido a que estas observaciones están basadas en datos recolectados en pocos sitios es por lo tanto dificil generalizar. La fertilización con nitrógeno debe considerarse conjuntamente con el manejo adecuado de otras limitaciones de los suelos tales como la acidez y el estado del suelo con respecto a otros elementos nutritivos.
    Notes: Abstract Relatively little is known about the dynamics of N in shifting cultivation and related cropping systems in the humid tropics of Latin America. The soils that predominate in 82% of the region, namely Oxisols and Ultisols, have a fairly high total N content. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the bulk of the N in tropical rainforests is present in the soil, and not in the biomass. Losses of N through clearing and burning are about 20–25% of the N existing in the ecosystem. Mechanized land clearing causes larger N losses than the traditional slash and burn method. Ashes can contribute substantial amounts (67–127 kg N ha−1) to the soil, which prevents N deficiency for the first crop sown, but N deficiency is observed from the second crop onwards. The rate of total-N decomposition in the arable layer is high during the first two years after burning, but subsequently reaches a new equilibrium with continuous cultivation. Continuous production of food crops is feasible in Ultisols and Oxisols of the Amazon with correct agronomic practices. Crops such as maize and rice require N fertilization rates of 80–120 kg N ha−1. The efficiency of applied-N utilization is comparable to that in the temperate zone and varies with planting season and cropping system. Pastures following burning do not cause significant losses of N in the soil, particularly if they consist of properly managed mixtures of grasses and legumes. These observations are based on data collected from only a small number of sites, making generalization difficult. Nitrogen dynamics should be viewed in conjunction with other soil factors such as acidity and the availability of other nutrients.
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 139-146 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Beans ; Crop rotation ; Intercropping ; Leaching ; Legume ; N-cycling ; N2-fixation ; N-fertilizer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen La caña de azucar se cultiva extensamente en Brasil desde hace mas de cincuenta años y en el noreste del pais desde la época del descubrimiento. El uso del fertilizante nitrogenado empezó en 1940 con aplicaciones de nitrato de sodio que resultaban en poco aumento de los rendimientos en general. El rendimiento promedio actual es de 70×103 kg ha−1 año−1 (promedio de cuatro cosechas); se realiza la primera cosecha al año y medio de la siembra y en los años sucesivos se cosecha la soca. Se obtienen respuestas positivas a la fertilización nitrogenada solamente en estas últimas cosechas de socas. Las entradas de nitrógeno a la planta provienen del nitrógeno nativo del suelo, el añadido por fertilizante y por fijación biológica. Las pérdidas incluyen la lixiviación de nitrógeno de las hojas y por decomposición de raices y la exportación de hojas y tallos por cosecha. El retorno de los residuos de la fábrica al campo presenta aun ciertos problemas técnicos y económicos. La fijación biológica de nitrógeno puede ser razonablemente estimada asumiendo que el 17% del nitrógeno total de la planta proviene de esta fuente; o sea unos 16,6 kg N ha−1 para una cosecha de 70×103 kg ha−1. Los cultivos de leguminosas intercalados o en rotación con la caña de azucar podrían elevar la fijación biológica de nitrógeno hasta valores de 35 kg N ha−1 año−1 (rotación con soya) o 25 kg N ha−1 año−1 (cultivo intrecalado de frijol, Phaseolus).
    Notes: Summary Sugarcane has been grown extensively in Brasil for more than 50 years, and in the northeast from the time Brasil was discovered. Use of N-fertilizer started in the 1940's with applications of sodium nitrate, and little yield improvement was obtained in most cases. Average yield is around 70 t ha−1 yr−1 (4-harvest mean), with the first harvest 1.5 year from planting and a ratoon harvest each year thereafter. Nitrogen responses are obtained only with ratoon crops. Nitrogen inputs to the plant come from native soil-N, fertilizer-N, and biological fixation. Sources of loss include N-leaching from leaves and decomposing roots and loss of stems and leaves at harvest. There are technical and economic problems with returning factory waste (vinhoto) to the fields as fertilizer. A reasonably conservative estimate of biological nitrogen fixation holds that 17% of total plant nitrogen is fixed by the plant, or 16.6 kg N ha−1 for a harvest of 70×103 kg ha−1. Rotation and intercropping of legumes with sugarcane could increase N2-fixation by 35 kg N ha−1 yr−1 (soybean rotation) and 25 kg N ha−1 yr−1 (Phaseolus beans intercropping).
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 221-226 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Chile ; Drinking water ; Irrigation ; N-cycling ; Nitrate ; Sewage ; Vegetables
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen En areas dedicadas al cultivo de hortalizas cercanas a Santiago de Chile se añaden a los cultivosca. 780 kg N ha−1 año−1 con el agua de riego proveniente de efluentes municipales no tratados. De esta cantidad entre 161 y 287 kg N ha−1 año−1 es extraido por cosecha y gran parte del remanente aparentemente alcanza el agua freática que está a profundidades entre 1 y 15 m. El nivel de nitratos en los pozos utilizados para el consumo humano excede los valores máximos permisibles.
    Notes: Abstract In the agricultural areas near Santiago, Chile,ca. 780 kg N ha−1 yr−1 are added to vegetable cropsvia irrigation with untreated sewage effluent draining from the metropolitan area. Nitrate levels in surface wells in the area, from which drinking water is derived, often exceed established limits for human consumption. Of the 779 kg N ha−1 added to crops in one year, 161–287 kg N ha−1 yr−1 were removed by crop harvest and much of the remainder apparently eventually leached to the 1–15 m deep water table.
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 241-246 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Coffee ; Legumes ; Mineralization ; N-cycling ; N-fertilization ; N-losses ; Shade trees ; Weeds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen La forma principal en que el nitrógeno es añadido al ecosistema del cafetal es por medio de abonos (100–300 kg N ha−1 año−1). Pequeñas cantidades del elemento ingresan de la precipitación atmosférica y por fijación de los árboles de sombra que son leguminosos (1–40 kg N ha−1 año−1). La mineralización de la materia orgánica puede ser una fuente importante de nitrógeno. Las pérdidas de este elemento del sistema incluyen lo que se extrae de la cosecha (15–90 kg N ha−1 año−1), lo que se pierde por la leña sacada que resulte de la poda del cafeto y de la sombra, pérdidas por erosión, lixiviación y en forma de compuestos gaseosos. El ciclo global de un cafetal con sombra incluye tres subsistemas correlacionados, los del cafeto, de la sombra y de las malas hierbas.
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen inputs to the coffee ecosystem are dominated by additions of fertilizer-N (100–300 kg N ha−1 yr−1). Small nitrogen inputs from rains and variable from inputs fixation by the leguminous shade trees can amount to 1–40 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Organic matter mineralization can be an important nitrogen source also. Nitrogen losses from the system include removal of N in the harvest (15–90 kg N ha−1 yr−1), the removal of coffee and shade tree prunings for firewood, losses from erosion, leaching losses and gaseous losses. Unfortunately, very little information exists for leaching and gaseous losses and for the factors that regulate these processes. The overall nitrogen cycle in shaded coffee plantings includes three interrelated subsystems. These are the coffee, shade and weeds subcycles.
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 259-269 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cacao ; Decomposition ; Litterfall ; N-cycling ; N2fixation ; Shade trees ; Venezuela
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Se estudío una plantación de cacao bajo sombra mixta en Venezuela con el fin de estimar las reservas de nitrógeno en el suelo y los cacaoteros asi como los flujos de materia orgánica y nitrógeno asociados a la caida de hojarasca, descomposición y extracción por cosecha durante un ãno. La fitomasa de los cacaoteros contenía 302 kg N ha−1 de los cuales el 50% estaba en las partes leñosas aéreas. Las raices finas y las hojas conteníanca. 60kg N ha−1. La hojarasca del suelo fué muestreada trimestralmente y se halló que contenía entre 24 kg N ha−1 en Mayo y 50 kg N ha−1 en Noviembre con un promedio anual de 37 kg N ha−1. Las hojas de los árboles de sombra en este compartimiento contenían 23 kg N ha−1. El suelo hasta 60 cm contenía 35×103 kg N ha−1;ca. 40% de esta cantidad se encontró en los primeros 20 cm. La caida de hojarasca se estudió mensualmente; el total anual fué de 21×103 kg ha−1 a−1 materia seca con unas contribución de las hojas de sombra mayor de 50%. La tasa de transferencia de nitrógeno en la caida de hojarasca fué de 321 kg N ha−1 a−1. Las tasas de descomposición calculadas para los compartimientos hojas de árboles de sombra, hojas de cacaoteros, ramitas y flores mas frutos fueron de 7,7, 9,5, 7,5 y 19,7 respectivamente. En experimentos de descomposición en bolsas de malla se encontraron pequenos aumentos en el% N en todas las fracciones de hojarasca mientras qué éstas se descomponían. La lluvia colectada en Octubre y Noviembre contenía nitrógeno predominantemente en forma amoniacal pero al pasar por el dosel la relación NH4∶NO3 se hizo mas estrecha. La salida de nitrógeno por cosecha se estimó en 45 kg N ha−1 a−1, con un posterior retorno deca. 20 kg N ha−1 a−1 en forma de residuos de cosecha una vez separados los granos de cacao. La salida neta de nitrógeno por cosecha puede ser ampliamente compensada por los ingresos de nitrógeno provenientes de la hojarasca de los árboles de sombra. La explotación de horizontes mas profundos del suelo y posiblemente la fijación biológica de nitrógeno en las especies de árboles leguminosos usados como sombra, pueden, explicar los rendimientos sostenidos sin fertilizantes.
    Notes: Abstract A cacao (Theobroma cacao) plantation under shade trees was studied in northern Venezuela in order to estimate nitrogen stores in the soil and plantation trees and nitrogen fluxes associated with litterfall, decomposition and harvest. The cacao plants contained 302 kg N ha−1, of which woody above-ground parts made up 50%. Fine roots and leaves containedca. 60 kg N ha−1. Litter on the soil surface was sampled quarterly and found to contain from 24 kg N ha−1 in November to 50 kg N ha−1 in May, with an annual average of 37 kg N ha−1. Shade tree leaves made up 61% of the total nitrogen in the litter on the soil. Mineral soil stores of total nitrogen were 35×103 kg N ha−1, 40% of which was found in the first 20 cm depth. Litterfall rates were studied monthly for a year; 20.9×103 kg dry litter ha−1 fell during the year, the major contribution (50%) from shade-tree leaves. The rate of nitrogen transfer with litterfall was 321 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Decomposition rates (k) for shade-tree leaves, cacao leaves, twigs, and flowers and fruits were 7.7, 9.5, 7.5 and 19.7 respectively. In litterbag decomposition experiments, a small increase in per cent N was observed as decomposition progressed for all fractions. Rainfall collected during October and November contained nitrogen predominantly as NH4, a fraction of which was retained by the canopy. Nitrogen output by harvest wasca. 45 kg N ha−1 yr−1, with some 20 kg N ha−1 yr−1 returned to the field with pod shells after processing. The net harvest output can be amply compensated for by inputs of nitrogen in shade-tree leaf litter alone. Much of this shade-tree nitrogen may be from deeper soil horizons than those exploited by cacao and possibly from biological N2-fixation by the shade trees.
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 305-314 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Burning ; Internal N-recycling ; N-cycling ; N-inputs ; N-losses ; Savanna ; Trachypogon sp. ; Venezuela
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen El balance de nitrógeno de una sabana de Trachypogon en Calabozo, Venezuela fué calculado para las condiciones medias utilizando la acumulación de biomasa, su contenido de nitrógeno y las tasas de producción de materia orgánica. Como resultado de las quemas de las sabanas de Trachypogon se pierden 8,5 kg N ha−1 año−1, mientras que las entradas por precipitación son de 2,6 kg N ha−1 año−1. La absorción por la vegetación es de 14,8 kg N ha−1 año−1 mientras que el N total requerido para formar nuevos tejidos durante el período de crecimiento es de ca. 30 kg N ha−1 año−1. Asi se puede estimar que cerca del 50% del nitrógeno requerido por las plantas es reciclado internamente. Las pérdidas de nitrógeno por la quema son probablemente compensadas por la fijación biológica de nitrógeno pero no existen datos para estas sabanas. Los cálculos presentados en este trabajo se basan en pocos datos y se requerirían mas mediciones para establecer un balance de nitrógeno mas definitivo.
    Notes: Abstract The nitrogen balance of a Trachypogon grassland in Calabozo, Venezuela, is calculated for average conditions using biomass accumulation, nitrogen content, and turnover rates of organic matter. Burning Trachypogon grasslands results in losses of 8.5 kg N ha−1 yr−1, while rainfall inputs average 2.6 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Uptake of N by vegetation is 14.8 kg N ha−1 yr−1, but the total N required to build new tissue during a growing season is about 30 kg N ha−1 yr−1, so that about 50% of the nitrogen in the vegetation is recycled internally. Nitrogen lossesvia fire are probably balanced by biological N2-fixation, but no data are available for N-fixation in these savannas. The calculations presented in this paper are based on few data and more measurements are needed to develop a conclusive picture of the N-balance of Trachypogon grasslands.
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 355-358 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Amazonas ; Arthropods ; Decomposition ; Inundation forests ; Litterfall ; N-cycling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Durante los años 1976 y 1977 se estudiaron los flujos de energía y nutrimentos en un bosque de innundación en la región de aguas negras del Amazonas. La mayor parte de la caida de hojarasca ocurre durante la fase de aguas altas mientras que la mayor descomposición ocurrió durante la fase de aguas bajas. La tasa de descomposición para el nitrógeno en bolsas de 15 mm de malla, fue de 4.7 años para el 95%. Cerca del 30% de la caida anual de hojas fue descompuesta por artrópodos del suelo.
    Notes: Abstract In 1976/77 energy flow and nutrient cycling in an Amazonian blackwater inundation forest were studied. The major part of the litter biomass turnover occurred during the emersion phase. 95% decomposition rate for nitrogen was measured with 15 mm mesh litter bags and was 4.7 years. Over 30 per cent of the annual leaf-fall was decomposed by soil-dwelling arthropods.
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Chile ; Lithraea caustica ; Litterfall ; N-cycling ; Piedmont-matorral ; Quillaja saponaria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen En el matorral premontano de Chile se estudiaron algunas partes del ciclo de nitrógeno de dos de sus dominantes (Lithraea caustica y Quillaria saponaria) durante 15 meses. Los análisis mostraron que los ingresos de nitrógeno por lluvia y deposición seca fueron de 8,5 kg N ha−1 año−1; este valor podría ser mayor si se considera el ingreso adicional por impactación de compuestos nitrogenados sobre la vegetación (no medido). Debido a su mayor cobertura porcentual,L. caustica contribuyó con mas hojarasca queQ. saponaria obteniendose valores de 1089 y 737 kg ha−1 materia seca año−1 respectivamente. Sin embargo, al considerar el area bajo los individuos,Q. saponaria produjo mas hojarasca queL. caustica (640vs 350 g materia seca m−2 año−1. Durante la descomposición de la hojarasca,L. caustica liberó 2,61 g N kg−1 hojarasca seca año mientras queQ. saponaria liberó 0,60 g N kg−1 hojarasca seca año−1.
    Notes: Abstract Parts of the nitrogen cycle involving two dominants (Lithraea caustica andQuillaja saponaria) in the Chilean piedmont matorral have been studied over a 15-month period. Analyses showed that 8.2 kg N ha−1 yr−1 entered the system in rainfall and dry deposition, though impaction of N-containing compounds on vegetation (not measured) may elevate this value.L. caustica, by virtue of its greater percent cover, contributed more leaf litter than didQ. saponaria to the system (1089,vs 737 kg dry matter ha−1 yr−1, respectively), although on an individual basisQ. saponaria produced more litter (640,vs 350 g dry leaf litter m−2 yr−1 rL. caustica). This plus the greater nitrogen release ofL. caustica leaf litter during decomposition (2.61,vs 0.60 g N kg dry litter−1 yr−1 forQ. saponaria) andQ. saponaria's higher N-content of dropped leaves (0.54,vs 0.37% N forL. caustica) may indicate a more external cycling of nitrogen inQ. saponaria relative to that inL. caustica. These two species may therefore represent two different strategies of individual nitrogen cycling, external and internal.
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  • 58
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: N-assimilation ; N-cycling ; N-fertilization ; N2-fixation ; Nitrogenase ; N-mineralization ; N-reductase ; pH changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen El nitrógeno, abundante pero sin embargo limitante para los cultivos, entra en las plantas en forma de nitrato o amonio o es incorporado al sistema a través de fijación biológica. La incorporación del nitrógeno al sistema suelo-planta-animal está limitado por las tasas de fijación biológica e industrial. La primera ahorra energía fosil pero la segunda fuente es la predominante en la agricultura moderna. La investigación del metabolismo de nitrógeno tiene objetivos prácticos tales como el permitir un uso mas eficiente de los fertilizantes nitrogenados por los cultivos, incluyendo aquellos que puedan fijar N2 pero se benefician de suplementos de fertilizantes nitrogenados. La acumulación de nitrogeno en los cultivos trae como consecuencia cambios de acidez en el suelo cuya dirección depende de la forma de nitrógeno utilizada. Aun existe poca información sobre los efectos a largo plazo de la fertilización nitrogenada sobre la acidez del suelo, factor que es determinante de la productividad de muchos suelos en los trópicos. Asi pues, el control de pH por las plantas y el balance de acidez en el suelo son areas de interés para futuras investigaciones.
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen, an abundant and yet limiting nutrient for crop and food production, enters the plant as nitrate or ammonium, or as dinitrogen through biological fixation by procaryotes associated with the plant. Nitrogen incorporation into the soil-plant-animal system is ultimately restricted by rates of biological and industrial fixation. Biological fixation conserves fossil fuel, but fertilization is preferred in most present agriculture. Nitrogen-metabolism research has the practical objectives of allowing more efficient N-fertilizer utilization by plants, including those that fix N2 but benefit from fertilizer_N supplements. Nitrogen accumulation by harvested crops results in changes in soil acidity, with the direction of change depending on the N-source. There is little information on long-term effects of crop N-nutrition on acidity, and acidity is a critical factor that affects agricultural productivity in many tropical soils. Thus, plant control of pH and the acid/base balance in the soil as a consequence of nitrogen uptake and assimilation are important areas of future research.
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