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  • reservoir
  • Springer  (60)
  • Annual Reviews
  • 2020-2024
  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994  (21)
  • 1980-1984  (33)
  • 1975-1979  (6)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pore pressure diffusion and the mechanism of reservoir-induced seismicity (1984)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 947-965 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Mechanism ; reservoir ; induced seismicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The study of reservoir-induced seismicity offers a controlled setting to understand the physics of the earthquake process. Data from detailed investigations at reservoirs in South Carolina suggested that the mechanism of transmission of stress to hypocentral locations is by a process of diffusion of pore pressure (Pp). These results were compared with available worldwide data. The ‘seismic’ hydraulic diffusivity, α s , was estimated from various seismological observations, and was found to be a good estimate of the material hydraulic diffusivity, α. Application of these results to a dedicated experiment to understand RIS at Monticello Reservoir, S.C., suggested that the diffusing Pp front plays a dual role in the triggering of seismicity. The spatial and temporal pattern of RIS can be explained by the mechanical effect of diffusion of Pp with a characteristic hydraulic diffusivity within an order of magnitude of 5×104 cm2/s, corresponding to permeability values in the millidarcy range. The triggering of seismicity is due to the combined mechanical effect of Pp in reducing the strength and, possibly, the chemical effect in reducing the coefficient of friction between the clays in the pre-existing fractures and the rocks that enclose these fractures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876395
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Excessive degassing of Izu-Oshima volcano: magma convection in a conduit (1994)
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 56 (1994), S. 207-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Key words: Izu-Oshima volcano ; degassing ; magma convection ; conduit ; volatile flux ; reservoir
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract. Excess degassing of magmatic H2O and SO2 was observed at Izu-Oshima volcano during its latest degassing activity from January 1988 to March 1990. The minimum production rate for degassed magma was calculated to be about 1×104 kg/s using emission rates of magmatic H2O and SO2, and H2O and S contents of the magma. The minimum total volume of magma degassed during the 27-month period is estimated to be 2.6×108 m3. This volume is 20 times larger than that of the magma ejected during the 1986 summit eruption. Convective transport of magma through a conduit is proposed as the mechanism that causes degassing from a magma reservoir at several kilometers depth. The magma transport rate is quantitatively evaluated based on two fluid-dynamic models: Poiseuille flow in a concentric double-walled pipe, and ascent of non-degassed magma spheres through a conduit filled with degassed magma. This process is further tested for an andesitic volcano and is concluded to be a common process for volcanoes that discharge excess volatiles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004450050029
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Excessive degassing of Izu-Oshima volcano: magma convection in a conduit (1994)
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 56 (1994), S. 207-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Izu-Oshima volcano ; degassing ; magma convection ; conduit ; volatile flux ; reservoir
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Excess degassing of magmatic H2O and SO2 was observed at Izu-Oshima volcano during its latest degassing activity from January 1988 to March 1990. The minimum production rate for degassed magma was calculated to be about 1×104 kg/s using emission rates of magmatic H2O and SO2, and H2O and S contents of the magma. The minimum total volume of magma degassed during the 27-month period is estimated to be 2.6×108 m3. This volume is 20 times larger than that of the magma ejected during the 1986 summit eruption. Convective transport of magma through a conduit is proposed as the mechanism that causes degassing from a magma reservoir at several kilometers depth. The magma transport rate is quantitatively evaluated based on two fluid-dynamic models: Poiseuille flow in a concentric double-walled pipe, and ascent of non-degassed magma spheres through a conduit filled with degassed magma. This process is further tested for an andesitic volcano and is concluded to be a common process for volcanoes that discharge excess volatiles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00279605
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A solitary wave in a porous medium (1990)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 5 (1990), S. 591-607 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: Nonlinear ; linearization ; Darcy continuity equation ; transient solution ; Burgers equation ; solitary wave ; constant compressibility ; dominant fluid compressibility ; sandface ; injection ; infinite-finite ; reservoir
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The one-phase Darcy continuity equation, including the quadratic gradient term, is considered. The exact linearization of the equation is found by a functional transformation for an arbitrary spatial dimension in the limit case where the constant fluid compressibility is much more dominant than the constant compressibilities of the reservoir parameters. The equation permits a solution representing a localized wave travelling through a one-dimensional reservoir without changing its form. This is the actual long-time limit of the transient solution for a constant sandface-rate injection of a compressible fluid with a constant compressibility if the fluid is much more compressible than the matrix. A solitary wave solution is not possible for production. A fully developed solitary wave would appear only for very high pressure increases, but the first signs of the emerging solitary wave are detectable at the sandface for moderate pressure increases which can appear under physical reservoir conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00203330
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Habitat preferences of four chironomid species associated with aquatic macrophytes in an irrigation reservoir (1992)
    Springer
    Aquatic ecology 26 (1992), S. 371-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: Chironomidae ; habitat preference ; aquatic macrophyte ; life history characteristics ; reservoir
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Habitat preferences of four chironomid species associated with aquatic macrophytes were studied during the vegetation season from April to October at an irrigation reservoir located in Nagoya, Japan. The two smaller sized species,Corynoneura cuspis Tokunaga andPentapedilum tigrinum Hashimoto, were found to be abundant in two floating-leaved plants,Nymphoides indica O. Kuntze andTrapa japonica Flerov. Phytophages,C. cuspis larvae were observed freely moving on the surfaces of leaves and stems within both of these floating-leaved plant communities. Although found within both plant communities,P. tigrinum larvae, as facultative leaf miners, were more concentrated on the surfaces and within the leaves ofN. indica, which have a thin epidermis and thick mesophyll layer. The two larger sized species,Glyptotendipes viridis (Macquart) andPentapedilum sordens (van der Wulp), were found to be living principally within the stems ofN. indica and the petioles ofT. japonica. These parts of the plants, with thin epidermis and many lacunae in the parenchyma, are favorable for miners.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02255264
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between feeding of blueback herring and the zooplankton community of a Texas reservoir (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 209 (1991), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Planktivore ; zooplankton ; reservoir ; Alosa aestivalis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Following the introduction of blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis), we examined herring food habits and the crustacean zooplankton community in Lake Theo, a 30-hectare reservoir located on a tributary of the Red River in north Texas. Prior to the introduction in spring, 1982, the reservoir contained an established fish community dominated by centrarchids. Blueback herring stomachs and zooplankton were sampled quarterly from summer, 1982 through winter, 1985. Cladocerans accounted for 89.4% of the zooplankton consumed by herring. Median lengths of cladocerans and copepods in the herring diet were significantly greater than those in the reservoir. No appreciable changes in lengths of cladocerans and copepods in the reservoir were observed after blueback herring introduction, but the zooplankton community shifted from cladoceran to copepod domination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00006712
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The feeding relationships of brown trout, minnow and three-spined stickleback in an upland reservoir system (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 208 (1990), S. 169-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: trout ; minnow ; stickleback ; reservoir ; diet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Stomach contents of 242 brown trout, 1440 minnow and 368 stickleback from the North Lake and of 121 trout, 1079 minnow and 332 stickleback from the South Lake of an upland reservoir system in Co. Wicklow (Ireland) were analysed. Macroinvertebrates from each reservoir were sampled in September 1982, June and September 1983, and June 1984. A further sampling in September 1984 involved only the South Lake as low water levels prevented littoral samples being taken in the North Lake. Vertical and horizontal hauls of zooplankton were also collected during September 1983 and 1984. The diets of the three species were compared on each date using Spearman Rank Correlation coefficients and Schoener's index of dietary overlap. The diets of the minnow and stickleback regularly showed significant correlation but the trout diet was very different except during periods of very reduced water levels when all species fed on zooplankton.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00007783
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sediment resuspension in a monomictic eutrophic reservoir (1992)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 235-236 (1992), S. 133-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: reservoir ; turnover period ; nepheloid layer ; sediment resuspension ; resuspension coefficient
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During the mixing period sediment traps were placed at 9 different levels of the water column in La Concepción reservoir (Málaga-Spain). During the exposure time a benthic nepheloid layer with high suspended matter was detected. Seston vertical flux profile shows an exponential increase with depth, suggesting that a large fraction of the collected particulate matter comes from bottom resuspension, due to an intermittent complete mixing process. It was estimated that resuspension 1 m above the bottom increased the fluxes of seston, particulate organic carbon, particulate nitrogen and particulate phosphorus by factors of 4.1, 1.5, 2.1 and 4.8 respectively. The, fitting to an exponential function allowed us to obtain a resuspension coefficient and the scale vertical length for this event, 36 m, which is higher than those estimated for other aquatic environments. From the above results the calculated vertical eddy diffusivity, suggesting a high turbulence in the water reservoir during the turnover period. Resuspension is considered important in order to estimate net downward fluxes and to understand different processes such as redistribution of sediment and fertilization of the water column.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026206
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial heterogeneity of reservoir zooplankton: a matter of timing? (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 277 (1994), S. 63-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: zooplankton ; reservoir ; spatial heterogeneity ; temporal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Description of patterns of zooplankton abundance in reservoirs has usually taken one of two approaches: (1) determining the relative importance of spatial and temporal components of heterogeneity, or (2) relating spatial variation along a reservoir's long-axis to the effects of inflows from major tributaries. This study brings together these two approaches to better understand zooplankton heterogeneity in reservoirs. Spatial and temporal patterns of zooplankton abundance were monitored during the spring of three consecutive years in a large, southeastern United States reservoir. The amount of spatial variation in zooplankton abundance exceeded temporal variation for most taxa. The differences among sites were not fixed — but rather ephemeral, in that they changed over the course of each season. Significant spatial variation was detected on most sample dates for rotifers and crustacean zooplankton. The greatest variation was along the long-axis of the reservoir (uplake vs. downlake), and differences between mainstream and embayment sites were usually secondary contributors to heterogeneity. Spring peaks in zooplankton abundance occurred later at the upstream sites than at downstream sites. This phenomenon could not be explained by either differential rates of warming in the two regions or by temporal variation in inflow rates. This difference in timing of population peaks was the basis of heterogeneity in this reservoir and the determinant of the ephemeral nature of spatial variation observed in this study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023986
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The production of five genera of Chironomidae (Diptera) in Lake Norman, a North Carolina reservoir (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 108 (1984), S. 145-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Diptera ; Chironomidae ; secondary production ; reservoir ; size-frequency method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The production of five genera of chironomids collected at 4- and 8-m depths at four stations in Lake Norman, North Carolina, was estimated using the size-frequency method. To correct for multivoltinism, the estimates were adjusted by multiplying by 365/Cohort Production Interval. Ranges of production estimates (P) in milligrams dry mass m-2 yr-1 and production/mean annual biomass ratios (P/B ratios) for each genus over both depths were: Tanytarsus, P = 744 to 8788, P/BB = 66 to 176; Cladotanytarsus, P = 74 to 2387, P/B = 69 to 100; Stempellina, P = 19 to 412, P/ B = 74 to 132; Chironomus, P = 166 to 7293, P/ B = 50 to 70; Cryptochironomus, P = 92 to 398, P/ B = 71 to 221. These estimates are among the highest reported for chironomids, due primarily to the rapid larval development times estimated for these genera.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014874
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of the zooplankton community of Billings Reservoir — São Paulo (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 121-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; seasonal fluctuation ; reservoir ; eutrophic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The composition of the zooplankton of the Billings Reservoir and its variation in an eutrophic environment, subject to frequent blooms of algae (chiefly Cyanophyceae) was studied during one year (from October, 1977 to September, 1978) in two stations in the littoral and in the limnetic zone. The zooplankton community in the limnetic zone was dominated by cyclopoid copepods (Thermocyclops crassus and Metacyclops mendocinus) and by rotifers (Brachionus, Polyarthra and others) which represented, respectively 38.5 and 35.5% of the total zooplankton. At the littoral zone, cyclopoids were the most abundant (42.3%). The cladocerans were the least significant group at both stations, and calanoid copepods were found only at the littoral zone. A higher production of small filtrators, such as rotifers, cyclopoid nauplii and Bosmina sp was observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026598
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative limnology, species diversity and biomass relationship of zooplankton and phytoplankton in five freshwater lakes in Kenya (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 272 (1994), S. 251-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: lakes ; reservoir ; limnology ; plankton diversity ; abundance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Comparative studies on the limnology, species diversity and standing stock biomass of phytoplankton and zooplankton in five freshwater lakes, Naivasha and Oloidien, Ruiru, Masinga and Nairobi reservoirs, were undertaken. Phytoplankton chlorophyll a, dissolved oxygen and temperature were also measured. Thermocyclops oblongatus (Copepoda) was dominant in all the lakes. Ceriodaphnia cornuta and Diaphanosoma excisum (Cladocera) dominated in lakes Naivasha and Oloiden, whereas in Ruiru, Masinga and Nairobi reservoirs, Brachionus angularis and Hexarthra mira (Rotifera) were the dominant zooplankters. Phytoplankton biomass as chlorophyll a was lowest in Ruiru dam 5.64 ± 4.0 µg l-1 and highest in the eutrophic Nairobi dam 71.5 ± 12.02 µg l-1. The endorheic lakes Naivasha and Oloidien showed medium values of 24.5 ± 4.0 µg l-1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00006525
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cyanophycean blooms in the reservoir of Val Joly (northern France) and their development in downstream rivers (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 289 (1994), S. 85-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: reservoir ; Cyanophytes ; phytoplankton ; river
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study was carried out in 1992 on the Val Joly reservoir and the rivers situated downstream: the River Helpe Majeure and the canalized Sambre into which it flows 40 km below the reservoir. Each year, blooms of blue-green algae occur in the reservoir. They are dominated by species such as Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (L.) Ralfs in 1991 or Pseudanabaena tenuis Koppe and Oscillatoria pseudogeminata G. Schmid in 1992. A typical fluvial composition of the phytoplankton was mostly restored above the confluence with the Sambre. Nevertheless, significant quantities of Oscillatoria and Pseudanabaena have been observed in the River Sambre, just below its confluence with the Helpe Majeure. The environmental conditions in the River Sambre do not allow Aphanizomenon to develop, but could favour Oscillatoria blooms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00007411
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Colonization and succession of benthic macroinvertebrates in a new reservoir (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 112 (1984), S. 27-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: benthic macroinvertebrates ; colonization ; succession ; reservoir ; impoundment ; mainstream ; United States ; Southeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the colonization and succession of benthic macroinvertebrates in shallow areas (〈7 m) of Lake Anna, a new mainstream impoundment in the southeastern U.S.A. Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled for the first three years after filling by means of artificial substrates placed on the bottom and retrieved with SCUBA. Lake Anna was well colonized by benthic macroinvertebrates during the summer season immediately after impoundment. The total density of organisms increased in each of the first three years. Major changes in the fauna occurred between the first and second years, but the changes between the second and third years were more subtle. The fauna could be divided into two distinct groups based upon the time when the organisms were most consistently abundant. The first colonizers appeared to be dependent upon the components of the former terrestrial ecosystem for food and habitat. As autochthonous factors began to regulate succession, diversity increased and the dominant species shifted to an assemblage of second colonizers. These factors included: (1) decomposition of terrestrial vegetation and detritus leaving bare substrate, (2) sedimentation, (3) improved food quality of the organic matter in the sediment because of ingestion and egestion by the organisms themselves, (4) increased plankton populations, and (5) appearance of macrophytes. As the second colonizers became firmly established in the third year, distinct patterns of spatial distribution began to appear among species with similar niches.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00007663
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The seasonality of zooplanktivorous fish in an African reservoir (Gebel Aulia Reservoir, White Nile, Sudan) (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 250 (1993), S. 173-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seasonality ; zooplankton ; Africa ; reservoir ; Alestes ; Brycinus ; migrations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der Fischfauna des Gebel Aulia Stausees am Weißen Nil im Sudan dominieren Arten der Gatung Alestes. Die quantitative Bedeutung und das jahreszeitliche Auftreten vonA. baremoze Joannis,A. dentex Cuvier andB. nurse Rüppell wurde im Zusammenhang mit dem saisonalen Zyklus der hydrologischen und limnologischen Bedingungen untersucht. Die Häufigkeit der Fische im Staubereich ist in der Stauphase (Oktober–April) hoch und in den Monaten, in denen kein Rückstau erfolgt (Mai–September), gering. Das saisonale Muster des Auftretens, die größenstruktur der Fischpopulation and die Maturitätsfaktoren im eigentlichen Staubereich keine seßhafte Population vorhanden ist. Die Fische unternehmen kurz vor der Geschlechtsreife anadrome Wanderungen, die Jungfische wandern katadrom.
    Notes: Abstract The fish fauna of Gebel Aulia reservoir (White Nile) consists of 52 species withAlestes baremoze Joannis andBrycinus nurse Rüppell dominating in numbers and biomass. The seasonality and condition ofA. baremoze, A. dentex (L.) andB. nurse are described in relation to various limnological factors in the reservoir, close to the dam. The zooplankton assemblage is small-sized, consists mainly of small Cladocera and shows striking seasonality. The hydrological regime, temperature and the grazing effect of fish are the major factors influencing its development. The three species belong to a eurytopic but basically riverine fish guild. They show a seasonal cycle of abundance with high numbers at periods of water storage (October–April) and low numbers during riverine conditions. This seasonal pattern of occurrence, the size structure of the population and the maturity indices give strong evidence that no resident population is present at the study site, but upstream migrations of the immature fish occur at low water level (May–September). Return migrations of juvenile fish into the area at the dam proper take place from October until April.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00008588
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  • 16
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    Seasonal fluctuation of planktonic rotifers in Azibo reservoir (Portugal) (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 294 (1994), S. 177-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; vertical distribution ; seasonal fluctuation ; reservoir ; Portugal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The rotifers of the recently-commissioned Azibo reservoir were studied during two years. The community was similar to that of other portuguese reservoirs with Keratella cochlearis, Polyarthra spp., Asplanchna priodonta and Collotheca pelagica dominant, although densities varied strongly. Maximum rotifer density was 640 ind l−1 in 1987 and 315 ind l−1 in 1988. During the first year two density peaks were observed, while in the second year fluctuations were irregular. Phytoplankton availability was considered the main reason for the fluctuation of rotifer density, although temperature, dissolved oxygen and cladoceran interference may also have played a role. A high density of Anabaena flos-aquae might have facilitated the dominance of K. cochlearis in 1988.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021290
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  • 17
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    Population dynamics and production of the freshwater snail Chilina gibbosa Sowerby 1841 (Chilinidae, Pulmonata) in a North-Patagonian reservoir (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 190 (1990), S. 97-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Gastropoda ; growth ; life-cycle ; production ; reservoir ; Patagonia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chilina gibbosa is an endemic snail widely distributed in Patagonia, Argentina. Due to its importance in the benthic fauna and in the diet of some fish in the oligo-mesotrophic reservoir Ezequiel Ramos Mexía (39° 30′ S, 69° 00′ W), special attention has been given to its life cycle, growth patterns and annual production. Samples were taken monthly at five littoral stations between June 1983 and July 1984. Mean abundance and biomass of C. gibbosa were much higher in vegetated stations dominated by Potamogeton berteroanus (Station 1 : 583 ind. m−2, 5.95 g AFDM m−2) or by Nitella clavata (Station 5 : 275 ind. m−2, 4.18 g AFDM m−2) than bare stations with low transparency or stations with other macrophytes. The snails presented a clustered spatial pattern and their abundance was significantly correlated with macrophyte wet biomass only when this was above 250 g m−2. Analysis of size distributions showed an annual life cycle with a reproductive period in the summer. However, differences in recruitment and growth occurred probably due to differences in water temperature and food availability. Growth was maximum in summer and almost absent during winter. Hence, shell growth data fit a sigmoid curve well, and growth was somewhat higher at Station 1. Annual production at Stations 1 and 5, estimated by the ‘growth increment summation’ method (28.8 g AFDM m−2 and 14.18 g AFDM m−2 respectively), was among the highest recorded for pulmonate gastropods, possibly due to a low interspecific competition. The P : B ratio values were within the range for univoltine gastropods (4.84 and 3.39). The high productivity and turnover rate of these snails grant a high availability of food for the abundant molluscivore, the silverside Patagonina hatcheri.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014100
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Variation in nutrient limitation of lotic and lentic algal communities in a Texas (USA) river (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 206 (1990), S. 61-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: nutrient limitation ; periphyton ; phytoplankton ; river ; reservoir
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nutrient limitation of periphyton and phytoplankton was assessed in the Upper Guadalupe River, Texas USA. Nutrient-diffusing substrates with added nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were used to identify the limiting nutrient for lotic algae at three river sites in summer, fall, and winter. Pots enriched with P had significantly higher chlorophyll a concentrations for 7 of 9 trials. Added N alone did not significantly increase algal standing crops, although it was found to be secondarily limiting on one (and possibly two) occasions. Flow-through enrichment experiments were conducted in order to quantify the concentration of P needed to significantly increase algal standing crops. Response to enrichment was rapid when ambient P concentration was low (〈 0.010 mg L−1), but more moderate when ambient P levels were higher (0.015–0.025 mg L−1). Nutrient limitation of phytoplankton in small surface-release reservoirs varied throughout the study, but N was either primarily or secondarily limiting in 6 of 8 trials; shifts in the limiting nutrient were correlated with fluctuations in flow into the reservoirs. Our enrichment studies show that algal response to nutrient addition was unpredictable as phytoplankton tended to be N-limited while periphyton was mainly P-limited. Further, while discharge apparently dictated the nutrient-biomass relationship for phytoplankton in reservoirs, ambient nutrient level is an important determinant of lotic periphyton response to enrichment.
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    Impact of Holoshestes heterodon Eigenmann (Pisces: Characidae) on the plankton community of a subtropical reservoir: the importance of predation by Chaoborus larvae (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 254 (1993), S. 7-20 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: fish ; zooplankton ; Chaoborus ; reservoir ; limnocorral
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We analyzed the effects of planktivorous Holeshestes heterodon Eigenmann (Characidae) predation on the plankton community of a small subtropical reservoir, using four enclosures (volume about 17.5 m3), open to the sediment, established in the littoral zone. Two enclosures were stocked with fish (mean TL 5.7 cm), at a density of about 4–5 fish m−3 (approx. 8 g m−3), whereas two remained fishless. The experiment lasted a little longer than one month. In the fish enclosures, most Crustacea and Chaoborus larvae remained scarce, probably as a result of visually selective fish predation. In both fishless enclosures, Chaoborus larvae became abundant. However, in only one of these did large individuals become relatively numerous; this discrepancy in the demographic structure of the Chaoborus populations between the two fishless enclosures is unexplained. Only in the fishless enclosure without appreciable numbers of large Chaoborus did densities of Crustacea increase greatly. It is suggested that in the enclosure containing large Chaoborus individuals, crustacean populations were prevented from developing due to predation pressure, while the small Chaoborus larvae of the other enclosure could not readily consume these prey. Rotifers were low in abundance in the absence of fish, probably as a consequence of Chaoborus predation. Phytoplankton density increased in all four enclosures, due probably to the lack of water flow. Only in the fishless enclosure with high densities of crustaceans did phytoplankton abundance decrease markedly at the end of the experiment, perhaps because of grazing losses.
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    Effect of water temperature on the excystment of the dinoflagellate Ceratium hirundinella (O. F. Müller) Bergh (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 257 (1993), S. 17-20 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Ceratium hirundinella ; dinoflagellate ; excystment ; water temperature ; reservoir
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of water temperature on the excystment of the dinoflagellate Ceratium hirundinella (O. F. Müller) Bergh was studied in the laboratory. Excystment was observed between 15–30 °C and was 2% at an optimum water temperature of 20 °C–25°C. Little excystment occurred between 5 and 10 °C. The results at low temperatures are not in accordance with those obtained in an English lake. This disagreement suggests an adaptability of excystment to the temperature regime of the lake.
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    Chironomid (Diptera) larvae of the Butoniga reservoir, Istria, Croatia, and its feeder rivers (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 262 (1993), S. 89-96 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Chironomidae ; streams ; reservoir ; colonization ; water quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract After the formation of a drinking water reservoir at Butoniga, Istria, research on the fauna of the Chironomidae larvae was undertaken in the feeder waters and the reservoir itself. Forty eight species were identified, belonging to the subfamilies Chironominae, Orthocladiinae, Diamesinae and Tanypodinae. Chironomidae colonized the reservoir waters relatively more quickly than other groups of macroscopic invertebrates. The similarity quotient (QS) of Chironomidae of the feeder waters and the reservoir is only 37.8%, which points to the formation of new communities in the reservoir. There were qualitative and quantitative changes in the composition of Chironomidae fauna in the river Mirna and in the river Butoniga downstream from the dam after water was released from the reservoir for the purpose of testing the dam. The Chironomid composition of the feeder waters places them in quality grade II. In the Butoniga reservoir the bottom water was assigned to grade II–III, because of the decomposition of the remains of surface fauna.
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    Diel periodicity in uptake of nitrate and nitrite by reservoir phytoplankton (1976)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 49 (1976), S. 49-52 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phytoplankton ; nitrate ; nitrite ; uptake ; diel periodicity ; reservoir ; models ; nitrogen-15
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diel periodicity in the uptake of nitrate, and nitrite as measured by the 15N technique, occurs in reservoir phytoplankton. The time course of changes in the rate of nitrate uptake generally paralleled changes in irradiance. Uptake of nitrate and nitrite occurred in the dark, but at low rates. Periodicity in nitrate uptake needs to be considered in models of primary production where nitrogen is the limiting nutrient.
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    Effects of lake mixing with an axial flow pump on water chemistry and phytoplankton (1977)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 55 (1977), S. 129-138 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Artifical destratification ; lake mixing ; water quality ; water chemistry ; phytoplankton ; biomass ; blue-green algae ; green algae ; reservoir ; Oklahoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the effect of total lake mixing with an axial flow (Garton) pump on the limnology and phytoplankton of two Oklahoma lakes. The Garton pump destratified Ham's Lake (40 ha) in 3 days. Except for one small isolated basin, Ham's Lake remained completely destratified for the rest of the summer. Algal biomass declined, numbers of species of green algae increased, but numbers of species of blue-green algae did not decrease as expected. After destratification, pH remained high (〉 8), carbonate alkalinity was observed and reactive phosphate was undetectable. An axial flow pump increased the heat content of Arbuckle Lake (951 ha) and caused the lake to destratify about one month earlier than usual. Increasing the heat content of the lake did not affect the concentration of most water quality parameters or the biomass of algae.
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    Hydrobiological studies on the Ajwa reservoir, the source of raw water supply to the baroda water works (1980)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 72 (1980), S. 113-123 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Hydrobiology ; raw water ; water works ; reservoir ; algal growth ; new cladoceran genus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016239
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    Effets de la mise en eau du réservoir Desaulniers (Territoire de la Baie de James) sur le zooplancton d'une rivière et d'une tourbière reticulée (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 86 (1982), S. 271-296 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: zooplancton ; phénologie ; mise en eau ; reservoir
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents the results of an investigation which lasted three years, on the effects of impounding a river on its zooplankton community. Forty zooplankton samples were collected from the Desaulniers River and from a string bog (53°35′N, 77°35′W) in 1976 before impoundment. Sampling was also conducted in 1977 (331 samples) and 1978 (153 samples) during and after impoundment. The population dynamics of zooplankton show different patterns in 1977 and 1978. The main impacts of impoundment on the river and the bog communities are the increase of the population density, particulary of Rotifera and Copepoda, the increase of the number of species of Rotifera and the increase of the diversity indices based on numbers and biomass. These changes are observed at each sampling station. The total biomass increases in lotic stations but decreases in the string bog because the density and the biomass of Cladocera increases in the river but drops in the bog. Results are compared to those obtained in natural lakes and bog of the same area and to those published in other studies.
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    Rutland 2000: educational resources of Rutland water (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 88 (1982), S. 55-55 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: reservoir ; education
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00008296
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    Rutland water phytoplankton: the development of an asset or a nuisance? (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 88 (1982), S. 117-133 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phytoplankton ; reservoir ; succession ; abundance ; control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The development of a seasonal succession of phytoplankton species in Rutland Water is described. The factors controlling their succession and abundance are discussed in relation to changes in physical and chemical variables. At present, input of water from the catchment and by pumping from the Rivers Welland and Nene, has the greatest influence on phytoplankton abundance.
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    Bathymetric distribution of some Chironomidae (Diptera) in Rutland Water (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 88 (1982), S. 159-169 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Chironomidae ; bathymetric ; distribution ; Rutland Water ; reservoir ; SPSS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The bathymetric distribution of the eight most abundant taxa of chironomid larvae is described from benthic grab samples collected in Rutland Water from May 1977 to April 1979. Cricotopus, Psectrocladius and Endochironomus larvae were generally restricted to water less than 9 m deep. Procladius, Chironomus, Microtendipes, Polypedilum and Tanytarsini larvae were all recorded at depths down to 25 m. However, the highest population densities of the latter five taxa were recorded in shallow water. The results are discussed in relation to the diet of trout and certain management practices at the reservoir. Also described is the application of SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) to the analysis of these data.
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    Rutland Water Nature Reserve: concept, design and management (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 88 (1982), S. 211-224 
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    Keywords: nature reserve ; reservoir ; planning ; design ; management ; wildfowl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper illustrates how practical conservation management has helped to create a nature reserve of international importance for wildfowl. The development of existing and introduced habitats has produced a wide diversity of fauna and flora without causing an unnatural ecological balance and close liaison with other reservoir users has establoshed zoning areas free from disturbance resulting in both man and birds benefiting from such agreements.
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    Distribution of chironomids in the littoral zone of Lake Texoma, Oklahoma and Texas (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 89 (1982), S. 177-188 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Chironomidae ; littoral ; reservoir ; salinity ; chlorides ; particulate organic matter ; temperature ; wind
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lake Texoma in southcentral Oklahoma was formed by the impoundment of the Washita and Red Rivers. The Red River is more highly saline than the Washita and creates a complex salinity gradient across the reservoir. Populations of chironomids were monitored with multiple-plate samplers in areas of high (34–113 mg l−1 Cl−), intermediate (35–60 mg l−1 Cl−) and low (4–27 mg l−1 Cl−) salinity during the spring and summer of 1978. Food availability, temperature, salinity and wind direction influenced the distribution of the 14 genera and at least 22 species of chironomids which colonized the multiple-plate samplers. Filter-feeders attained their highest densities in the river-arm stations where levels of particulate organic matter (POM) were high. Algal grazers attained their highest densities in the clear intermediate area where the plates of the samplers were covered with algal mats. Most of the genera believed to be feeding primarily on POM decreased in density as the temperature and density of Glyptotendipes sp. rose. Certain species were restricted to either the Red River arm or the Washita River arm and this is probably a reflection of different salinity tolerances.
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    Efficiency of modifications in the design and use of submerged funnel traps for sampling Chironomidae (Diptera) (1983)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 98 (1983), S. 113-118 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: emergence trap ; Southern Indian Lake ; reservoir ; littoral ; Ephemeroptera ; Trichoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of three modifications in design and use of submerged funnel traps on capture efficiencies for emerging Chironomidae were examined in a recently-created reservoir in northern Manitoba, Canada. The experiments showed that: (1) Sample counts were higher in traps suspended just below the surface of the water than in traps suspended 1.5 m deeper, just above the lake bottom, probably owing to difficulties in handling the deep traps. (2) Sample counts were lower in traps with small cones inserted into the neck of the collecting bottle than in traps without these cones, although the differences were not significant. Bottles fitted with mini-cones usually retained higher numbers of other invertebrates which destroyed much of the chironomid catch. (3) Sample counts were proportionally higher in traps with a basal area of 0.283 m2 compared to traps of 0.1 m2 area.
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    The influence of a deep-storage and an underground reservoir on the physicochemical limnology of a permanent central Texas river (1976)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 51 (1976), S. 43-63 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: reservoir ; physicochemical limnology ; spring run ; permanent river
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study was undertaken to determine the influence of a deep-storage reservoir and a downstream underground reservoir on the physicochemical limnology of a 98-km segment of a permanent river in central Texas. Seventeen parameters were studied. In general, impoundment in the deep-storage reservoir improved whereas inflow from the underground reservoir deteriorated water quality of the parent river. Overall combined effect of impoundment and inflow showed an improved water quality downstream from the study area from that found upstream of the study area.
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    Factors affecting depth distribution of dragonflies and other benthic insects in a thermally destabilized reservoir (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 87 (1982), S. 33-44 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: benthos ; depth distribution ; Diptera ; dragonfly ; Ephemeroptera ; Odonata ; reservoir ; South Carolina ; thermal effluent ; Trichoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The distribution and abundance of macroinvertebrates along a water depth gradient were studied in thermal and ambient temperature areas of a reservoir in the southeastern United States. Benthic samples were taken at 10 depths (0.16–5 m) during January–April, 1978. Factors affecting the depth distribution of Ceratopogonidae, Chaoboridae, Chironomidae, Ephemeroptera, Odonata, and Trichoptera are discussed. The relationship between abundance of organisms and water depth was more complex than an inverse relationship generally reported in the literature.
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    The landscape of Rutland Water (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 88 (1982), S. 43-46 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Rutland Water ; landscape ; amenity planning ; tree planting ; reservoir ; draw-down
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The landscape problems encountered at Rutland Water were: 1) the reconciliation of the reservoir and its works with the rural surroundings; 2) siting and treatment of all ancillary works; 3) mitigation of exposure of shore by draw-down; 4) the provision of opportunities for recreation without damage to the environment; and 5) conservation of nature. The means adopted were: 1) forward planning; 2) consultation and co-operation with all interests concerned; 3) extensive planting of native species and of ground shaping; and 4) arrangements for appropriate maintenance.
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    Rutland water raw water quality — problems and management (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 88 (1982), S. 93-101 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: reservoir ; raw water ; management ; chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The options available for the management of Rutland Water are identified and their use discussed. The changes in the chemistry of the stored water with regard to sulphate, silica (molybdate-reactive), dissolved reactive phosphate and total oxidised nitrogen are shown.
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    Effects of sedimentation on the storage capacity of the High Aswan Dam reservoir (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 623-639 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: reservoir ; sedimentation ; River Nile ; High Aswan Dam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The River Nile receives most of its sediment load from the Atbara and Blue Nile rivers, which carry eroded sediments north from the Ethiopian mountains during the seasonal flood period between August and October. Prior to the construction and operation of the High Aswan Dam, in 1964, 9–10 × 106 metric tons of suspended sediment were deposited annually in the flood plain of the Nile, while about 93% of the total average annual suspended load of 124 × 106 metric tons was carried out into the Mediterranean Sea. Since the full operation of the High Aswan Dam in 1968, the flood discharge of the Nile, below the dam, has been greatly modified and more than 98% of the total suspended load has been retained within the reservoir. Based on long-term records; estimated relationships between discharge and suspended load, and field measurements, the life span of the dead storage capacity has been estimated at a minimum of about 360 years. Although this preliminary calculation is less than the estimated design capacity of 450 years, it is expected that progressively more suspended solids will be released in the outflow of the reservoir and that together with the use of flood diversion schemes the High Aswan Dam is likely to approach its design life span.
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    Effects of sedimentation on the storage capacity of the High Aswan Dam reservoir (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 623-639 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: reservoir ; sedimentation ; River Nile ; High Aswan Dam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The River Nile receives most of its sediment load from the Atbara and Blue Nile rivers, which carry eroded sediments north from the Ethiopian mountains during the seasonal flood period between August and October. Prior to the construction and operation of the High Aswan Dam, in 1964, 9–10 × 106 metric tons of suspended sediment were deposited annually in the flood plain of the Nile, while about 93% of the total average annual suspended load of 124 × 106 metric tons was carried out into the Mediterranean Sea. Since the full operation of the High Aswan Dam in 1968, the flood discharge of the Nile, below the dam, has been greatly modified and more than 98% of the total suspended load has been retained within the reservoir. Based on long-term records; estimated relationships between discharge and suspended load, and field measurements, the life span of the dead storage capacity has been estimated at a minimum of about 360 years. Although this preliminary calculation is less than the estimated design capacity of 450 years, it is expected that progressively more suspended solids will be released in the outflow of the reservoir and that together with the use of flood diversion schemes the High Aswan Dam is likely to approach its design life span.
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    Effects of sediment releases from a reservoir on stream macroinvertebrates (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 96 (1982), S. 177-184 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediment ; reservoir ; stream ; macroinvertebrates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of sediment release from Guernsey Reservoir on macroinvertebrates of the North Platte River, Wyoming, were investigated during summer 1981. Suspended solids concentrations during sediment release increased from 〈20 mg l−1 to 〉300 mg l−1. Because fine particulates remained in suspension, mean particle size of substrates was unaltered. Densities of chironomids decreased 90% + during sediment release but recovered to initial levels in 3 weeks after the release ended. Densities of mayflies and oligochaetes increased. Changes in benthic populations were highly correlated with increases in suspended solids.
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    A reservoir operational rule for irrigation in Japan (1991)
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    Irrigation and drainage systems 5 (1991), S. 129-140 
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    ISSN: 1573-0654
    Keywords: drought ; irrigation ; Japan ; operation rule ; probability ; reservoir
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Operation of a reservoir for irrigation is more complicated and difficult than that for domestic water supply in Japan, owing to the fact that a requirement for irrigation takes various value depending upon effective rainfall on farmland, soil condition, and so on. Therefore, the reservoirs should be operated to correspond with demand, inflow, and unknown droughts occurring in the future. However, the reservoirs have been operated under operators' experiences without formal operational rules, because any effective theories or methods have been neither developed nor used in Japan at present. On operation of the reservoirs, there are two targets — promotion of effective release and restriction of release in preparation for droughts — conflicting with each other. It is useful to set up the operation with Required Storage for Drought Curve (RSDC) Method to achieve reasonable operation harmonizing those two targets. RSDC is composed with Target Line (TL) and Restrictive Release Lines (RRLs). TL is a target storage level to guarantee that storage will never empty until the end of the irrigation period under a certain probability. If actual storage remains above TL, effective release will be promoted. RRLs are storage levels pointing out the basis of restricting release. If actual storage falls below TL, release will be restrained in accordance with RRLs in order to get over uncertain droughts occurring in the future. In this paper, the theory of RSDC is described and the effectiveness of Rule Curve (RC) based on RSDC Method is illustrated by simulation on a single reservoir for irrigation.
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    Cultural eutrophication of West Point Lake — a 10-year study (1990)
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    Hydrobiologia 199 (1990), S. 143-156 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Primary productivity ; reservoir ; eutrophication ; trophic status ; phytoplankton ; pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Urban development, primarily in the Atlanta, Georgia, metropolitan area, caused a significant rise in the volume of treated wastewater discharged into the Chattahoochee River from 1976 to 1985. West Point Lake, 109 km downstream from Atlanta, responded to the increased nutrient loading with an increase in mean annual phytoplankton primary productivity of from 550 mg C m−2 day−1 in 1976 to 1580 mg C m−2 day−1 in 1985, a move from mesotrophic to eutrophic status. Monthly water quality measurements in the lake headwaters failed to detect the trend of increasing enrichment. Phytoplankton chlorophyll a concentrations did not indicate a trend of increasing algal biomass. Increased productivity was caused by improved photosynthetic efficiency that resulted from a shift in the size distribution of algae comprising the phytoplankton community. Larger centric diatoms with relatively slow turnover rates that were dominant during the early years (1976–1980) of impoundment were replaced by smaller green and blue-green algal taxa with faster turnover rates during later years (1981–1985).
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    Colonization and succession of benthic macroinvertebrates in Arcadia Lake, a South-Central USA reservoir (1992)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 242 (1992), S. 123-131 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Benthic macroinvertebrates ; reservoir ; colonization ; succession ; freshwater ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Colonization and succession of benthic macroinvertebrates in Arcadia Lake, an urban reservoir, were studied for four years. Physicochemical conditions including water temperature, dissolved oxygen concentrations, pH, specific conductance, and Secchi disc depth were also recorded. Colonization of the reservoir occured fairly rapidly through a sequence of three invasions. The first, and most significant, colonists were primarily facultative species already present in streams and ponds that were inundated by the impoundment. Later arrivals tended to be limnophilic species that probably came from other bodies of water. Of 30 species encountered in a pre-impoundment collection, only six were still present three years following impoundment. Thirty-three additional benthic macroinvertebrates species invaded the area following impoundment. Dominant taxa in the reservoir included Dero nivea, Limnodrilus sp., Chaoborus punctipennis, Chironomus sp., and Procladius sp. Pollutants accumulating in this urban reservoir, including metals and pesticides, and siltation probably have kept benthic populations relatively low and possibly reduced potential species diversity.
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    An evaluation of artificial substrates for sampling macrobenthos in reservoirs (1977)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 53 (1977), S. 257-269 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: macrobenthos ; artificial substrates ; sampling technique ; reservoir ; SCUBA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Artificial substrates were compared with a Ponar grab for sampling benthic macroinvertebrates in Lake Anna, Louisa Co., Virginia. The objective was t0 find which technique was best for assessment 0f thermal effluent effects using the following criteria: 1) provide reliable data on density and composition 0f the macrobenthos with a reasonable number 0f replicates; 2) collect the most taxa; and, 3) require the least amount 0f time. Leaves, 3M Corporation's #200 conservation web, and limestone rocks were compared. Each material was tested separately in chicken wire baskets placed 0n the bottom at several depths. Three replicates of each type were retrieved monthly from each depth using SCUBA and cloth flour sacks and compared with grab samples taken from the same depths. Lesser amounts of these materials were tested separately in smaller plastic containers. All large artificial substrate samplers collected significantly more individuals (P = 0.05) and taxa than the Ponar grab. Small web and leaf samplers best met all three 0f the established criteria. The SCUBA system developed in the study is a fast and reliable sampling method.
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    Profundal benthos of a multibasin foothills reservoir in Colorado, U.S.A. (1979)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 63 (1979), S. 199-208 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Profundal benthos ; reservoir ; Colorado ; Oligochaeta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The composition, temporal and spatial distribution, and productivity of profundal benthos were investigated in a Colorado Front Range reservoir which impounds water diverted from the Western Slope of the Rocky Mountains. Horsetooth Reservoir, 10.6 km × 1.0 km, consists of three basins with depths greater than 50 m connected by two equalizing channels ca. 30 m deep. Water quality parameters did not vary significantly between sites, but temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen varied seasonally. The composition and organic content of sediment exhibited a gradient from inlet to outlet which significantly influenced faunal density and distribution patterns. Although 28 genera of macroinvertebrates were collected, the oligochaetes Tubifex tubifex (Müller) and Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri Claparède comprised 97.6% of the total organisms. Chironomids comprised 2.2%. The relative contribution of chironomids to total biomass decreased with increasing depth; the reverse was true for oligochaetes. Mean annual density ranged from 3,827 to 51,901 total organisms/m2 for six sampling sites. Mean annual biomass varied from 0.16 to 2.3 g ash-free dry wt/m2. Annual turnover ratios ranged from 3.6 to 4.5. Annual production estimates varied from 7.2 to 82.8 kg/ha ash-free dry weight, averaging 39.3 kg/ha or 26.9 kcal/m2.
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    Spatial and temporal patterns of temperature, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen and conductivity in an oligo-mesotrophic, deep-storage reservoir in central Texas (1979)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 66 (1979), S. 209-221 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: stratification ; alkalinity ; dissolved oxygen ; conductivity ; spatial and temporal patterns ; reservoir
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Impoundment behavior was determined for alkalinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and conductivity from stations located along the length of a bottom-draining, oligo-mesotrophic, hardwater, deep-storage reservoir located in central Texas. The epilimnion deepened the length of the reservoir throughout the summer as a result of drawdown. Bicarbonate alkalinity and conductivity exhibited both longitudinal and vertical stratification. Alkalinity and conductivity in the epilimnion decreased from the riverine reach downreservoir to the dam. This longitudinal progression was attributed to inflow and photosynthetically induced epilimnetic decalcification. Hypolimnetic anoxic conditions first occurred in the sedimentation zone in the upreservoir and riverine reaches and then developed in a downreservoir pattern as summer progressed as a result of drawdown. Alkalinity and conductivity in the hypolimnion increased during anoxic conditions and consequently increased in a downreservoir progression.
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    Water chemistry changes during artificial aeration of spruce Knob Lake, West Virginia (1980)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 70 (1980), S. 201-216 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Artificial aeration ; water chemistry ; chlorophyll ; phosphorus budget ; reservoir
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The water mass below 3.5 m in Spruce Knob Lake was artificially aerated with a modified full lift aerator during two consecutive summers (1974 and 1975) of an investigation that began in July of 1973 and ended in September, 1975. Artificial aeration increased water temperature below 3.5 m without causing destratification. Several chemical parameters were significantly affected by artificial aeration, especially from July to autumnal overturn in 1974 and 1975. Below 3.5 m, total inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, nitrite, soluble reactive phosphorus, and total phosphorus, were lower during aeration than in the summer of no aeration (1973). Although artificial aeration lowered soluble reactive and total phosphorus, there was no significant impact on the phosphorus budget of the impoundment. In 1975, continuous aeration from vernal overturn to autumnal overturn resulted in higher nitrate concentrations below 3.5 m than in the preceeding summers. Lower pH values encountered through the whole water column in 1975 followed a brief isothermal interruption of summer stratification in early June. There was no direct effect of artificial aeration on either temperature or water chemistry parameters in the epilimnion. Significantly lower chlorophyll concentrations observed in 1975 were related to destratification in June. Primary production was unaffected by aeration.
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    Effects of pH, phosphate and ammonia on the rate of uptake of nitrate and ammonia by freshwater phytoplankton (1981)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 76 (1981), S. 23-26 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: nitrate uptake ; ammonia uptake ; pH ; phosphate ; ammonia ; phytoplankton ; reservoir ; Oklahoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of phosphate (PO4 +3) and pH in regulating nitrate (NO3) and ammonia (NH3 +) uptake by phytoplankton was investigated in two Oklahoma lakes using 15N tracers. Addition of PO4 +3 above ambient concentrations had a negligible effect on the rate of uptake of NO3 − or NH3 +. Manipulation of pH of lake water had little effect on uptake of either NO3 − or NH3 +. A correlation analysis suggested that NO3 − is not used by phytoplankton when NH3 + concentrations exceed about 210 µg NH3 +-N(1)−1.
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    Area structure plans of Leicestershire County and Rutland District Councils (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 88 (1982), S. 52-52 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: reservoir ; planning policies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The poster summarised Leicestershire County and Rutland District Councils Planning policies operative in the area surrounding Rutland Water. The policies are contained in the Structure Plan for Rutland, approved in December 1979, Rutland District Council's Settlement Policy and the Empingham District Plan preliminary discussion document. The policies of more specific application to the area surrounding Rutland Water are those of the Empingham District Plan which relate to land use, recreation and traffic management in the Parishes of Burley, Edith Weston, Egleton, Empingham, Exton, Gunthorpe, Hambleton, Horn, Lyndon, Manton, Normanton and Whitwell. The theme reflected in all policies covering this area is one of conservation. It is expressed in one of the Structure Plan's basic policies as follows: ‘Rutland's Planning Role should be one of positive conservation particularly of natural resources with an emphasis on minimising the loss of, and where practicable improving the natural assets of farmland, woodland, minerals and water.’
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    The effect of Langmuir circulation on the distribution and settling of algae and suspended particles (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 88 (1982), S. 88-88 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: reservoir ; Langmuir circulation ; algae ; sedimentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The quantitative extent to which the large-scale organised water motion in the surface waters of lakes and reservoirs, known as Langmuir circulation, affects the distribution and settling of algae and other suspended particles is not known and has thus been ignored in conventionally used water quality models. Since the distribution and settling of these particles is important in determining water quality, this study set out to investigate these effects using a mathematical model based on the two-dimensional advection-diffusion mass transport equation describing the temporal and spatial distribution of suspended particles in a typical Langmuir cell. The Langmuir circulation flow field and turbulent diffusion coefficients are empirically modelled by relating them to environmental parameters (Buranathanitt et al., in press). The results show that Langmuir circulation does affect particle distribution and settling. For particles with small sinking speeds, such as the lighter algae, the circulation causes intense mixing, resulting in essentially uniform distribution of particles over the cell (as assumed in the ‘well-mixed compartment model’). For particles with high sinking velocities, however, aggregation can occur, giving rise to significant reduction in sinking loss. For diatoms, effective sinking speeds are as much as 6% less than when cells are not operating while for coarse silt particles in a cell of large width to depth ratio a reduction of more than 60% is possible. Two preliminary laboratory experiments have also been performed in order to obtain further information on both the physical characteristics of Langmuir cells and their effects on suspended particles. The results of a wind-wave tank experiment suggest that the Langmuir circulation scale of motion is related to the height of the surface waves, thus providing an empirical means of determining the size of Langmuir cells from environmental variables. A particle settling tank experiment confirmed, in a qualitative way, the results obtained in the analytical study, with both the uniformly mixed and aggregation phenomena being reproduced (Buranathanitti et al., submitted). Full details of the work described in this abstract will be published elsewhere (Buranathanitt et al., in press; Buranathanitt et al., submitted).)
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    Establishing and maintaining the trout fishery at Rutland Water (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 88 (1982), S. 179-189 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: reservoir ; trout ; angling ; impoundment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rutland Water was stocked with trout in 1975 after removing the existing fish populations. Growth and survival of rainbow and brown trout are compared with the reservoir's filling regime, and re-colonisation by other fish species is described. The use of angler success as an indicator of fish stock density and its management is discussed.
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    Benthic invertebrates of Rutland Water (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 88 (1982), S. 147-156 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: reservoir ; benthos ; invertebrates ; colonisation ; abundance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The colonisation of Rutland Water by benthic invertebrates has been monitored from 1976 when the reservoir was first filled. A modified Ekman grab was used to sample populations quantitatively while false substrates and dredge samples were used to obtain supplementary data. Hand net and hand-sorting were used to study the littoral zone. The dominant taxa in the reservoir are Asellus aquaticus, A. meridianus, Gammarus pulex, Crangonyx pseudogracilis, Helobdella stagnalis, Erpobdella octoculata, Polycelis tenuis, larval Chironomidae and Oligochaeta. Other species which appeared abundantly, such as Limnaea pereger and Planorbis albus, have now disappeared and it is suggested that the generally low levels of gastropods might account for the poor performance of species such as Dugesia lugubris and Glossiphonia complanata. Other aspects of abundance are discussed, as are the effects of maturation of the system.
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    Temporal variations in the diet of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) and rainbow trout (S. gairdneri R.) in Rutland Water (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 88 (1982), S. 199-206 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: trout ; Salmo trutta ; Salmo gairdneri ; diet ; Rutland Water ; reservoir
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The diet of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) and rainbow trout (S. gairdneri Richardson) in Rutland Water were compared during the first two fishing seasons (April–October 1977 and 1978). Fortnightly samples of approximately forty stomachs were obtained from boat and bank, rod-and-line caught trout giving a total of 1046 stomachs over the two seasons. During 1977 seasonal changes in the diet were divided into two phases; the first being a period of abundant drowned terrestrial food until June. This was followed by a period of more stable water level from July onwards when chironomid larvae and pupae were consistently the most important food items and the diversity of food also increased. In 1978 the proportion of chironomid pupae and larvae declined and they were replaced in the diet by Gammarus and Asellus.
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    Rutland Water — from conception to operation (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 88 (1982), S. 7-17 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Rutland Water ; reservoir ; water supply ; demand ; design ; recreation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rutland Water was planned in the 1960s to meet the water needs of the expanding East Midland region of England. Chosen from 64 possible sites, it was approved in 1970 and construction started in 1971. The dam was closed and the reservoir started to fill from its natural catchment in 1975; pumping started from the rivers Welland and Nene in 1976 and the reservoir was full by March 1979. Details of the stages in its development are given together with an indication of the ways in which the recreational uses of the reservoir have been integrated with its water supply function.
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    The feeding of trout during the filling phase of Rutland Water (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 88 (1982), S. 191-198 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: trout ; littoral fauna ; impoundment ; flooding ; reservoir ; Rutland Water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fingerling Salmo trutta L. and S. gairdneri R. were stocked in Rutland Water in early 1975. Initial rapid growth was associated with feeding on littoral and planktonic Crustacea during this year. Rapid water level changes occurred over the winter months, interspersed with longer periods of stability during the summer. These changes caused changes in trout diet. Terrestrial food (e.g. earthworms), released from flooded land was important during winter months; aquatic items which increased in abundance during periods of stable water levels (e.g. Gammarus pulex, Limnaea pereger, Chironomidae larvae and pupae) were important during spring, summer and autumn. It is suggested that the rapid growth rates recorded in the first two years of the reservoir are the result of the ready availability of different food sources.
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    Effects of sedimentation on the storage capacity of the High Aswan Dam reservoir (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 623-639 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: reservoir ; sedimentation ; River Nile ; High Aswan Dam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The River Nile receives most of its sediment load from the Atbara and Blue Nile rivers, which carry eroded sediments north from the Ethiopian mountains during the seasonal flood period between August and October. Prior to the construction and operation of the High Aswan Dam, in 1964, 9–10 × 106 metric tons of suspended sediment were deposited annually in the flood plain of the Nile, while about 93% of the total average annual suspended load of 124 × 106 metric tons was carried out into the Mediterranean Sea. Since the full operation of the High Aswan Dam in 1968, the flood discharge of the Nile, below the dam, has been greatly modified and more than 98% of the total suspended load has been retained within the reservoir. Based on long-term records; estimated relationships between discharge and suspended load, and field measurements, the life span of the dead storage capacity has been estimated at a minimum of about 360 years. Although this preliminary calculation is less than the estimated design capacity of 450 years, it is expected that progressively more suspended solids will be released in the outflow of the reservoir and that together with the use of flood diversion schemes the High Aswan Dam is likely to approach its design life span.
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    Effects of changes in discharge level on temperature and oxygen regimes in a new reservoir and downstream (1983)
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    Hydrobiologia 101 (1983), S. 179-187 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: discharge level ; reservoir ; oxygen regime ; temperature regime ; downstream effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Temperature and oxygen regimes were monitored weekly in a four-year old reservoir and downstream for ten weeks during the summer (May 15 to July 30, 1979), and monthly in the fall and winter. During the summer discharge levels were changed from top to bottom in the eighth week, back to top in the ninth, all at 0.71 m3/s (= 25 cfs), and returned to the bottom in the tenth, but at 1.14 m3/s (= 40 cfs). Changing the discharge level had little or no impact on the thermal regime within the lake or downstream at 1.14 m3/s and only a moderate impact on water in the lake near the dam at 0.71 m3/s bottom discharge by generating double thermoclines. Oxygen depletion rates were greatest near the surface of the lake, mainly due to temperature effects, but increased greatly at the 3 m depth, the level of the top discharge port, when discharge was changed from bottom to top. Discharge of anoxic waters through the bottom of the dam caused a drop in oxygen content immediately downstream but oxygen content returned to inflow values within 1 km downstream of the dam.
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    Macroinvertebrate colonization of replacement substrate below a hypolimnial release reservoir (1981)
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    Hydrobiologia 78 (1981), S. 133-146 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: macroinvertebrate ; hypolimnial ; reservoir ; mitigation ; gravels ; recolonization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Loss of substrate from occasional high flows below reservoirs on the Trinity River prompted government agencies to replace the gravels to protect the anadromous fisheries resource. Several riffles were restored using 2.5 to to cm gravels. Three of these and two natural riffles, with gravels ranging up to 20 cm, were surveyed over a two-year period to determine the effect of this gravel replacement on the macroinvertebrate fauna. Replaced gravels were too small to support the diversity of organisms found on natural riffle gravels. In addition, temperature alteration by the hypolimnial release reservoir prevented colonization by all but a few organisms able to tolerate such conditions in the riffles below the dam. Large but unstable populations of Simulium, Baetis, and the Chironominae developed below the dam, aided by an abundant periphyton and detrital food supply and lack of competition and predation. It is concluded that habitat diversity through the use of a range of gravel sizes up to the size naturally found in productive riffles should be used in riffle restoration projects in order to increase habitat complexity, species diversity, density, and biomass important in maintaining fishery stocks.
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    Tree pre-planting at Rutland Water (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 88 (1982), S. 51-51 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tree-planting ; reservoir ; drawdown
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The aesthetic problems posed by reservoir margins have been recognised for many years. They stem from a complex pattern of action and interaction of several environmental variables — water manipulation patterns, wave action, substrate characteristics, grazing and other factors. These factors usually result in reservoir margins being not only visually unattractive and physically unstable, but also of low ecological diversity. The Natural Environment Research Council and Water Research Centre have, since 1968, together funded a research programme to investigate the use of plant species to combat these problems. In isolated instances in the UK, woody species in particular have succeeded in colonising margins naturally, to very good visual effect (e.g. at Lake Vyrnwy). ‘Biotechnical’ treatments — using artificially planted shrubs and trees — have been successfully used in large Central European reservoirs to combat soil erosion by waves. Following trials of various woody species on the margins of established reservoirs, 10 species/cultivars were ‘pre-planted’ above and below the future top water level (TWL) of Rutland Water in 1973, 5 years before reservoir filling was completed. Pre-planting theoretically allows better survival by trees of subsequent partial inundation. The precise siting of pre-planted trees in the vertical dimension should normally be done using modelled predictions of reservoir summer median water level (a variable important to tree survival). The complex factors affecting the operation of Rutland Water made precise prediction impossible; the experimental plot eventually extended from 500 mm above TWL, to 2 000 mm below TWL, in 500 mm steps. 252 trees were involved in the plot and their growth has been monitored for the past 7 years. The species being predominantly hydrophytic, drought was a problem in the years prior to reservoir filling. Mulching with grass-cuttings proved to be helpful in this respect. Subsequently, prolonged periods of high water level have been deleterious to tree survival in the lower areas of the plot. Once abstraction/recharging patterns become more cyclic, it is anticipated that tree growth will stabilise.
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    Traffic and visitor surveys at Rutland Water (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 88 (1982), S. 53-54 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: reservoir ; visitors ; traffic ; amenity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    The production of public supply drinking water from Rutland Water at the wing treatment works (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 88 (1982), S. 103-116 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: reservoir ; treatment ; pulsator ; quality ; haloforms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The paper describes the treatment facilities and processes at the Wing Works where Rutland water is treated to potable standards. It summarises the experience gained in the operation of the works since it opened in 1977 and includes a brief account of an investigation into the production of haloforms.
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    Prediction and Assessment of Flammability Hazards Associated with Metered-Dose Inhalers Containing Flammable Propellants (1992)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 9 (1992), S. 636-642 
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    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: metered-dose inhaler (MDI) ; aerosol ; formulation ; flammability ; propellant ; spacer ; reservoir
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Several potential replacements for chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in metered-dose inhalers (MDIs) are flammable. The flammability hazard associated with their use was assessed using a range of MDIs containing 0–100% (w/w) n-butane (flammable) in HFC-134a (nonflammable) fitted with either 25-, 63-, or 100-µl metering valves or continuous valves. In flame projection tests each MDI was fired horizontally into a flame, and the ignited flume length emitted from the MDI was measured. Flame projections of ≥60 cm were produced by all formulations fitted with continuous valves which contained ≥40% (w/w) n-butane in HFC-134a. Using metering valves the maximum flame projection obtained was 30 cm. This was observed with a formulation containing 90% (w/w) n-butane in HFC-134a and a 100-µl valve. For a particular formulation, smaller metering valves produced shorter flame projections. Because many MDIs are used in conjunction with extension devices, the likelihood of accidental propellant vapor ignition was determined in Nebuhaler and Inspirease reservoirs and a Breathancer spacer. Ignition was predictable based on propellant composition, metered volume, number of actuations, and spacer capacity. Calculated n-butane concentrations in excess of the lower flammability limit [LFL; 1.9% (v/v)] but below the upper flammability limit [UFL; 8.5% (v/v)] were usually predictive of flammability following ignition by a glowing nichrome wire mounted inside the extension device. No ignition was predicted or observed following one or two 25-µl actuations of 100% n-butane into large volume Nebuhaler (750 ml) or Inspirease (660 ml) devices. Additionally, several other formulations containing lower proportions of n-butane also remained nonflammable, due to failure to reach the LFL. In the small-volume Breathancer spacer (140 ml), nonflammability was usually due to n-butane exceeding its UFL. In this situation further dilution during respiration could result in a flammable mixture. Using a carefully selected propellant blend, metering volume, and spacer design, environmentally acceptable flammable propellants may have considerable utility in MDIs reformulated without CFCs.
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