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  • sediments  (42)
  • sediment  (29)
  • Springer  (71)
  • Annual Reviews
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  • 2020-2022
  • 1980-1984  (71)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1950-1954
  • 1982  (71)
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  • Springer  (71)
  • Annual Reviews
  • Elsevier
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  • 2020-2022
  • 1980-1984  (71)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diurnal variation in the oxygen uptake of river sedimentsin vitro by use of continuous flow-through systems (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 189-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediment ; rivers ; oxygen uptake ; continuous flow-through
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The diurnal exchange of oxygen, over the sediment-water interface, was measured on ‘undisturbed’ sediment cores incubated on the river bank of three reaches in the river Susaa, Denmark. The incubation chambers were equipped with a double pumping system, driving an internal and an external flow, respectively. The internal flow created a unidirectional flow over the sediment surface, with the same velocity as the natural river flow. River water was continuously pumped through the incubation chambers (external flow). Magnetic valves alternately shifted the inlet and outlet water through a registration chamber equipped with an oxygen probe and a temperature transducer (A/D 540, integrated circuit). The potential was amplified and registered every minute on a tape recorder. The rate of exchange of oxygen in the chambers was described by the following equation: $${\text{r - exch(t) = }}\frac{{{\text{flow(t)}}}}{{{\text{volume}}}}{\text{[inlet(t) - outlet(t)] - }}\frac{{{\text{d[outlet(t)}}}}{{{\text{dt}}}}$$ Various methods for the numerical solution of the differential equation were used. Due to a small amount of ‘noise’ on the probes, the cubic spline method gave an unrealistically high variation in the oxygen uptake. A better description was obtained, when a Fourier transformation of the inlet and outlet concentrations of oxygen was made. When 15 Fourier coefficients were used, the r-value of the model was better than 0.996. On permanently dark sediment samples, a hysteresis effect between the oxygen exchange rate and the oxygen concentration and temperature appeared. The exchange rates were lower in periods with increasing oxygen concentration. A minimum in the exchange rate was obtained, before the minimum in the concentration of oxygen and temperature was found. This type of hysteresis could be explained by equilibration in connection with the transient state conditions. The hysteresis was probably enlarged by shifts in the size of the aerobic layer in the sediment. The importance of the hysteresis in oxygen balance models for rivers is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940109
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental measurement of sediment nitrification and denitrification in Hamilton Harbour, Canada (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 207-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; water column ; nitrification ; denitrification ; experiments ; modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This research examines the role of sediment nitrification and denitrification in the nitrogen cycle of Hamilton Harbour. The Harbour is subject to large ammonia and carbon loadings from a waste-water treatment plant and from steel industries. Spring ammonia concentrations rapidly decrease from 4.5 to 0.5 mg 1−1, while spring nitrate concentrations increase from 1 to 2 mg l−1, by mid-summer. A three-layer sediment model was developed. The first layer is aerobic; in it, oxidation of organics and nitrification occurs. The second layer is for denitrification, and the third layer is for anaerobic processes. Ammonia sources for nitrification include diffusion from the water column, sources associated with the oxidation of organics, sources from denitrification and from anaerobic processes. Diffusion of oxygen, ammonia and nitrate across the sediment-water interface occurs. Temperature effects are modelled using the Arrhenius concept. A combination of zero-order kinetics for nitrate or ammonia consumption with diffusion results in a half-order reaction, with respect to the water column loss rate to sediments. From experimental measurement, the rate of nitrification is 200 mg N 1−1 sediment per day, while that of denitrification is 85 mg N 1–1 sediment per day at 20 °C. The Arrhenius activation energy is estimated as 15 000 cal/ mole-K and 17 000 cal/ mole-K for nitrification and denitrification, respectively, between 10 °C and 20 °C. Calculations of the flux of ammonia with the sediments, using the biofilm model, compare favourably with experimental observations. The ammonia flux from the water column is estimated to account for 20% of the observed decrease in water column stocks of ammonia, while the nitrate flux from the water column is estimated to account for 25% of the total nitrogen produced by the sediments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940111
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Particle size distribution and chemical parameters of the sediments of a shallow turbid impoundment (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 341-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Impoundment ; sediments ; particle size ; major ions ; nutrients ; cation exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract As part of an ecosystem study of a small mesotrophic turbid impoundment in the semi-arid part of South Africa, an investigation was made of the particle size distribution, organic content and inorganic chemical composition of the sediment. Nine transects 50 m apart were made during February 1980. Sediments were sampled with an Eckman grab. The following analyses were made: size fractionation by wet sieving, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable Na, K, Ca, Mg and PO4, total P, and loss on ignition. From the results it was clear that the finer particles, in or near the original river bed, had higher cation exchange capacity, total P, exchangeable phosphorus and organic content. Littoral areas with avian habitat and extensive macrophyte vegetation, contained coarser sediments. Organic detritus apparently migrated to the deeper part of the impoundment. Sediments of lacustrine and fluvial origin were identified by means of the Passega classification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940124
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The rates of sediment-water exchange of oxygen and sediment bioturbation in Lough Neagh, Northern Ireland (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 377-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: bioturbation ; oxygen ; sediment ; Lough Neagh
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Oxygen is transported 30 mm into the sediment at an 8 m depth site in eutrophic Lough Neagh by the irrigational activities of the benthic fauna. Faunal activity also mixes the upper 20 mm of sediment. Sediment oxygen uptake rate, redox potential-depth profile and the chlorophylla concentration were measured in the upper sediment layers from February to November 1979. Chlorophylla input to the sediment, following the Spring phytoplankton maximum, remained in the 0–1 cm sediment layer but did cause the redox potential profile to change from one with potentials around 400 mV in the upper 50 mm to one with a strong gradient over the 0–30 mm region. The start of benthic faunal activity in May caused the chlorophylla to be mixed into the 1–2 cm layer and also caused oxygen to be transported into the sediment at a rate sufficient to change the redox potential back to its initial state. The biodiffusion coefficient for solids in the upper 20 mm was estimated to be 6 × 10−8 cm2 s−1. Oxygen transport in the pore, waters of the upper sediment layers was considered to be best described as advection, caused by the irrigational activities of the benthic fauna.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940127
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial heterogeneity in whole lake sediments — towards a loading estimate (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 235-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; nutrients ; loading estimates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Studies of nutrient loadings, to shallow culturally eutrophied Alberta lakes, suggest internal inputs are significant. In this regard, estimation of bottom sediment P loads to Lake Wabamun (80 km2, 5.5 m $$\bar x$$ depth) were examined. Initially we determined the spatial variability in Total Organic Content (% loss on ignition) and Total Phosphorus, as indicators. Phosphorus fractions and biologically available phosphorus (BAP) were measured at specific stations. These data showed a very uniform distribution in sediment type with a Total Organic Content of 40.6 ± 3.3 (95% C.L.) at the west end, gradually declining to 26.3 ± 0.9 at the east end. Transects performed at routine monitoring stations indicate the representativeness of each station, e.g., station 2, 40.8 ± 1.3 (10 sites). One explanation of this uniformity is provided from210Pb analysis of shallow cores which indicate mixing to a depth of 16 cm. This is also thought to explain the mechanics of P loading to the water phase. Finally, Total Organic Content relates well to BAP (r2 = 0.80). It is hoped that this simple technique may well permit more precise extrapolation to whole lake BAP estimates at least on this lake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940114
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution and concentrations of naturally-occurring radionuclides in sediments in a uranium mining area of northern Saskatchewan, Canada (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 355-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; uranium ; radium ; radionuclides ; models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Uranium mining and milling operations can contribute to environmental degradation through the increased release of naturally-occurring radionuclides. However, studies of the interactions of these radionuclides with freshwater sediments have been limited. The present study examined the vertical distribution of uranium, thorium, radium-226, polonium-210 and lead-210 in undisturbed sediment cores collected in the vicinity of mining, milling and exploration activities. Uranium levels in surface sediments ranged from 1.9 to 5650 µg g−1, Ra-226 from 〈0.1 to 480 pCi g−1 and Pb-210 from 0.8 to 931 pCi g−1 in the samples reported here, with the highest values occurring downstream of waste rock disposal areas. Concentrations usually decreased with depth, and there was little evidence of any strong effect of bioturbation on radionuclide profiles at the scale examined here. Mathematical models of uranium and radium-226 adsorption on and movement into the sediment were constructed, based on expected adsorption coefficients and estimated loading. The model predictions of radionuclide distribution with depth were qualitatively similar to those actually measured, but the predicted concentrations were generally lower than those observed, both in unaffected areas and in areas adjacent to uranium extraction activities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000035
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Available phosphorus in lake sediments in The Netherlands (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 491-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphate ; sediment ; bioassay ; algae ; phosphate fractionation ; NTA extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The amount of phosphorus available to algae in the sediments of four lakes in the western part of the Netherlands has been assessed by means of chemical extraction and bioassay techniques. In addition to direct chemical sediment analyses, extractions were carried out with an NTA column method and a stepwise NH4 Cl-NaOH-HCI shaking method, the latter supposedly separating the weakly bound, the Fe- and Al-bound and the Ca-bound phosphates in the sediments. Bioassays, with sediment as the sole source of P, were made with Scenedesmus quadricauda in modified Skulberg's 28 medium to determine the amount of phosphates available to algae. The average total P concentration of the sediments varied from 0.8 to 3.6 mg P g−1 dry wt and correlated well with the net external P loading of the lakes. Uptake of P by algae in the bioassays varied from 0.4 to 36% — while NTA extracted 36–69% of the total P. The ratio NH4Cl extracted/ NaOH extracted/ HCI extracted phosphates is different from lake to lake, although in all lakes the highest extractions (27–62% of total P) are found in the NaOH fraction. However, in the peaty sediments of these lakes, the NaOH step extracted not only the Fe- and Al-bound phosphates but, also, large amounts of humus compounds. Hence, this fraction also contains non-available organic P. The results are related to soil type and chemical characteristics of the sediments, and compared with data from other authors. A positive correlation was found between phosphate available to algae and NTA- and NaOH-extractable P, but the correlation with total phosphorus was higher. Moreover, algal-extractable P proved to be positively correlated with total iron and clay content and negatively with the amount of organic matter. It is concluded that the sediments in the investigated lakes show great variability and that the chemical extraction techniques cannot replace the bioassays to assess the amount of phosphorus available to algae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000047
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Entrainment, deposition, and transport of fine-grained sediments in lakes (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 31-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediment ; entrainment ; deposition ; transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recent work on the settling, diffusion, entrainment, and deposition of fine-grained sediments in fresh water is reviewed and synthesized. Particular attention is given to the dependence of these processes on sediment properties such as particle size. The application of this knowledge to the analysis and numerical modeling of sediment transport is also discussed. Much of the work is concerned with the Great Lakes and, more specifically, with the Western Basin of Lake Erie.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940094
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Availability of dissolved oxygen in interstitial waters of a sandy creek (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 651-658 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: stream ; sediment ; sand ; hyporheal ; oxygen ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity and alkalinity of surface and subsurface interstitial waters were investigated at Mill Creek (a small, rural, predominantly sandy stream in east Texas). Dissolved oxygen concentration tended to decrease with sediment depth, while conductivity and alkalinity did not significantly change with substrate depth. Surface water pH was significantly higher than interstitial water (p = 0.05). Chemical analyses of subsurface water from a pre- to post-storm event showed a depression in dissolved oxygen concentration in moderate and deep interstitial waters, immediately following the return of stream base flow, with the deeper strata returning to pre-storm oxygen levels four days later. A thermal convective current mechanism is proposed which would serve to transport surface water downward into these deeper interstices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02391980
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Lake sediments as recorders of geomagnetic field variations — applications to dating post-Glacial sediments (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 587-596 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: dating ; sediments ; geomagnetic variations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Field and laboratory methods, developed to recover the record of past secular variations of geomagnetic declination and inclination carried by the remanent magnetization of some lake sediments, are described. Type curves, delineating these parameters through post-Glacial time, have now been constructed for Europe and east-central N. America. These curves, once established for any region, are useful for dating lake sediments from that region. The principal inclination features exhibited by the European curves can also be identified along the N. American curves with a delay of some 600 years, on average.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02391973
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Available phosphorus in lake sediments in The Netherlands (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 491-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphate ; sediment ; bioassay ; algae ; phosphate fractionation ; NTA extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The amount of phosphorus available to algae in the sediments of four lakes in the western part of the Netherlands has been assessed by means of chemical extraction and bioassay techniques. In addition to direct chemical sediment analyses, extractions were carried out with an NTA column method and a stepwise NH4 Cl-NaOH-HCI shaking method, the latter supposedly separating the weakly bound, the Fe- and Al-bound and the Ca-bound phosphates in the sediments. Bioassays, with sediment as the sole source of P, were made withScenedesmus quadricauda in modified Skulberg's 28 medium to determine the amount of phosphates available to algae. The average total P concentration of the sediments varied from 0.8 to 3.6 mg P g−1 dry wt and correlated well with the net external P loading of the lakes. Uptake of P by algae in the bioassays varied from 0.4 to 36% — while NTA extracted 36–69% of the total P. The ratio NH4Cl extracted/ NaOH extracted/ HCI extracted phosphates is different from lake to lake, although in all lakes the highest extractions (27–62% of total P) are found in the NaOH fraction. However, in the peaty sediments of these lakes, the NaOH step extracted not only the Fe- and Al-bound phosphates but, also, large amounts of humus compounds. Hence, this fraction also contains non-available organic P. The results are related to soil type and chemical characteristics of the sediments, and compared with data from other authors. A positive correlation was found between phosphate available to algae and NTA- and NaOH-extractable P, but the correlation with total phosphorus was higher. Moreover, algal-extractable P proved to be positively correlated with total iron and clay content and negatively with the amount of organic matter. It is concluded that the sediments in the investigated lakes show great variability and that the chemical extraction techniques cannot replace the bioassays to assess the amount of phosphorus available to algae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02391963
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Stratigraphic and dynamic effects of sediment reworking by Great Lakes zoobenthos (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 611-622 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: zoobenthos ; Great Lakes ; sediments ; radionuclides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recent sediments of the North American Great Lakes are inhabited by numerous species of macrobenthos which alter the physical and chemical properties of sediments and modify interface transport characteristics. Distributions of such radionuclides as cesium-137, lead-210, and isotopes of plutonium exhibit a zone of constant activity extending down from the sediment-water interface from 1 to 15 cm. Recent studies have confirmed that radiometrically determined mixed depths are consistent with the vertical distribution of oligochaete worms and the amphipod,Pontoporeia hoyi. Generally, 90% of the benthos are contained within the radiometrically defined mixed zone. Where comparisons are possible, rates of sediment reworking by ‘conveyor belt’ species are comparable to or exceed sedimentation rates. Systematic variations in the mixed depth occur within depositional basins with greatest depths tending to be associated with least consolidated, organically rich materials. A quantitative steady-state mixing model accounts satisfactorily for observed radioactivity and heavy metal profiles. Bioturbation appears to be an important process, limiting the resolution with which historical records of particle-associated contaminants may be reconstructed from sediment cores. As bioturbation serves to maintain contact of contaminated sediments with overlying water, this time may also characterize the long-term lake recovery for contaminants removed by burial. As the time varies with location, a mean for an entire lake is not well known, but is on the order of 20 years for Lake Huron.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02391976
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  • 13
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    The effect of land use on the diatom communities in lakes (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 86 (1982), S. 99-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: diatoms ; lakes ; land use ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Data on recenr diatom community structure and relevant environmental characteristics from the lakes and their catchments have been collected from 151 oligotrophic lakes in eastern Finland. The pattern of frequency distribution of diatoms as a function of environmental variables, including land use in the catchment, differs between diatom taxa and indicates the optimum conditions and amplitude of occurrence for particular species. This kind of study should lead to increased understanding of the environmental requirements of diatom species and will be useful in the interpretation of historical changes in lakes as well as in forecasting possible future changes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00005794
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  • 14
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    Transport of iron and manganese in relation to the shapes of their concentration-depth profiles (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 463-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: iron ; manganese ; sediments ; water ; transport ; model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A model is presented which describes the transport of iron and manganese in the vicinity of a redox boundary. It is based on input of a particulate component, to form a point source, from which soluble species diffuse along a concentration gradient. The shapes of concentration-depth profiles in marine and freshwater sediments and water columns are reviewed and discussed in terms of the model. Transport, either entirely within a water column or within the sediment, may be simply treated because the rate of vertical transport can be regarded as constant. The discontinuity in the rate of vertical transport which occurs at the sediment-water interface can provide a complicated example of the model, especially when it coincides with the redox boundary. Authigenic mineral formation processes can modify the model, sometimes to such an extent that it becomes invalid. This is particularly true for soluble iron profiles in organically rich marine sediments. Sampling interval is critical to the resultant profile shape and must be relevant to the particular environment, e.g. metres in water columns and millimetres in sediments. The differences in the rates of reduction and oxidation of iron and manganese tend to modify both the position of the profile with respect to the redox-cline and its stage of development in a seasonally anoxic system. It is these factors which determine why most of the iron which reaches a sediment is permanently incorporated whereas manganese is re-released. This mechanism determines the average ratio of iron to manganese in sedimentary rocks. The development of peaked profile shapes in water columns implies that under certain conditions dissolved iron and manganese may be transported from the water column to the pore waters of the sediment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000044
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  • 15
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    Deepwater sediments and trophic conditions in Florida lakes (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 597-602 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: eutrophication ; diagenesis ; sediments ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores were taken from near maximum depth in 15 Florida lakes representing a wide range of trophic conditions. Chemical analyses of surface sediments showed Al, Fe, and Ca to be the most abundant elements in all samples, and the ratio of Al to Ca to be smaller for eutrophic lakes. Sediment organic matter increased with trophic state, as did the degree to which it was enriched in nitrogen. Corresponding sediment C/N ratios decreased with increasing lake trophic state and showed significant negative correlation with chlorophyll a, total N, and total P in the water column. Concentrations of sedimentary chlorophyll derivatives showed some relation to trophic state but differences in basin morphometry hinder its use as an inter-lake index of chlorophyll production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000058
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental measurement of sediment nitrification and denitrification in Hamilton Harbour, Canada (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 207-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; water column ; nitrification ; denitrification ; experiments ; modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This research examines the role of sediment nitrification and denitrification in the nitrogen cycle of Hamilton Harbour. The Harbour is subject to large ammonia and carbon loadings from a waste-water treatment plant and from steel industries. Spring ammonia concentrations rapidly decrease from 4.5 to 0.5 mg 1−1, while spring nitrate concentrations increase from 1 to 2 mg l−1, by mid-summer. A three-layer sediment model was developed. The first layer is aerobic; in it, oxidation of organics and nitrification occurs. The second layer is for denitrification, and the third layer is for anaerobic processes. Ammonia sources for nitrification include diffusion from the water column, sources associated with the oxidation of organics, sources from denitrification and from anaerobic processes. Diffusion of oxygen, ammonia and nitrate across the sediment-water interface occurs. Temperature effects are modelled using the Arrhenius concept. A combination of zero-order kinetics for nitrate or ammonia consumption with diffusion results in a half-order reaction, with respect to the water column loss rate to sediments. From experimental measurement, the rate of nitrification is 200 mg N 1−1 sediment per day, while that of denitrification is 85 mg N 1–1 sediment per day at 20 °C. The Arrhenius activation energy is estimated as 15 000 cal/ mole-K and 17 000 cal/ mole-K for nitrification and denitrification, respectively, between 10 °C and 20 °C. Calculations of the flux of ammonia with the sediments, using the biofilm model, compare favourably with experimental observations. The ammonia flux from the water column is estimated to account for 20% of the observed decrease in water column stocks of ammonia, while the nitrate flux from the water column is estimated to account for 25% of the total nitrogen produced by the sediments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02391937
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The rates of sediment-water exchange of oxygen and sediment bioturbation in Lough Neagh, Northern Ireland (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 377-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: bioturbation ; oxygen ; sediment ; Lough Neagh
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Oxygen is transported 30 mm into the sediment at an 8 m depth site in eutrophic Lough Neagh by the irrigational activities of the benthic fauna. Faunal activity also mixes the upper 20 mm of sediment. Sediment oxygen uptake rate, redox potential-depth profile and the chlorophylla concentration were measured in the upper sediment layers from February to November 1979. Chlorophylla input to the sediment, following the Spring phytoplankton maximum, remained in the 0–1 cm sediment layer but did cause the redox potential profile to change from one with potentials around 400 mV in the upper 50 mm to one with a strong gradient over the 0–30 mm region. The start of benthic faunal activity in May caused the chlorophylla to be mixed into the 1–2 cm layer and also caused oxygen to be transported into the sediment at a rate sufficient to change the redox potential back to its initial state. The biodiffusion coefficient for solids in the upper 20 mm was estimated to be 6 × 10−8 cm2 s−1. Oxygen transport in the pore, waters of the upper sediment layers was considered to be best described as advection, caused by the irrigational activities of the benthic fauna.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02391953
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  • 18
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    Introduction (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 1-1 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: symposium ; sediments ; freshwater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940091
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  • 19
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    Different patterns of phosphorus release from lake sediments in laboratory experiments (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 415-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus release ; sediment ; nitrate ; redox-potential ; sorption ; fractionation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The phosphorus release from surface sediments of eight lakes, mainly shallow lakes in agricultural areas, was studied in laboratory batch experiments with additions of acetate and/ or nitrate. The lake sediments could be separated into three categories. Some sediments did not release phosphorus under any conditions. The second category showed a high phosphorus release rate when acetate was added, in order to stimulate bacterial activity and oxygen consumption. The addition of nitrate, only, stabilized the redox conditions and prevented phosphorus release. This pattern followed the classical theories of Einsele and Mortimer. The third sediment category released phosphorus up to some level which remained constant throughout the experiment, and was independent of acetate and/or nitrate additions. Several extraction procedures and adsorption-desorption experiments were performed in order to characterize the sediment phosphorus and thus explain the different behaviours of the three sediment categories.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02391957
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transport of iron and manganese in relation to the shapes of their concentration-depth profiles (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 463-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: iron ; manganese ; sediments ; water ; transport ; model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A model is presented which describes the transport of iron and manganese in the vicinity of a redox boundary. It is based on input of a particulate component, to form a point source, from which soluble species diffuse along a concentration gradient. The shapes of concentration-depth profiles in marine and freshwater sediments and water columns are reviewed and discussed in terms of the model. Transport, either entirely within a water column or within the sediment, may be simply treated because the rate of vertical transport can be regarded as constant. The discontinuity in the rate of vertical transport which occurs at the sediment-water interface can provide a complicated example of the model, especially when it coincides with the redox boundary. Authigenic mineral formation processes can modify the model, sometimes to such an extent that it becomes invalid. This is particularly true for soluble iron profiles in organically rich marine sediments. Sampling interval is critical to the resultant profile shape and must be relevant to the particular environment, e.g. metres in water columns and millimetres in sediments. The differences in the rates of reduction and oxidation of iron and manganese tend to modify both the position of the profile with respect to the redox-cline and its stage of development in a seasonally anoxic system. It is these factors which determine why most of the iron which reaches a sediment is permanently incorporated whereas manganese is re-released. This mechanism determines the average ratio of iron to manganese in sedimentary rocks. The development of peaked profile shapes in water columns implies that under certain conditions dissolved iron and manganese may be transported from the water column to the pore waters of the sediment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02391960
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    Electronic Resource
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    Deepwater sediments and trophic conditions in Florida lakes (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 597-602 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: eutrophication ; diagenesis ; sediments ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores were taken from near maximum depth in 15 Florida lakes representing a wide range of trophic conditions. Chemical analyses of surface sediments showed Al, Fe, and Ca to be the most abundant elements in all samples, and the ratio of Al to Ca to be smaller for eutrophic lakes. Sediment organic matter increased with trophic state, as did the degree to which it was enriched in nitrogen. Corresponding sediment C/N ratios decreased with increasing lake trophic state and showed significant negative correlation with chlorophylla, total N, and total P in the water column. Concentrations of sedimentary chlorophyll derivatives showed some relation to trophic state but differences in basin morphometry hinder its use as an inter-lake index of chlorophyll production.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02391974
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
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    Microbial metabolism in surface sediments and its role in the immobilization of phosphorus in oligotrophic lake sediments (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 261-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: microbial metabolism ; phosphorus ; sediments ; oligotrophic lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rapid microbial metabolism and a large phosphorus uptake potential were observed in surface sediments of Lake George, New York. This sediment (termed the flocculent layer) also exhibited a phosphorus limited condition and a large reservoir of inorganic phosphorus associated with humic substances. These observations suggest that the empirically observed phosphorus retention in oligotrophic lake sediments may be promoted by a rapid cycling of phosphorus between microflora and its associated organic matter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02391943
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Standardization of methods of analysis for heavy metals in sediments (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 689-695 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: standardization ; heavy metals ; sediments ; base-line levels ; chemical partition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In studies of heavy metals in sediments, there is a need for standardization of the procedures for sample collection and preservation, chemical analyses and presentation of results. The method and depth of sampling depend on the aim of the investigation and on local sediment conditions, such as consistency of the sediment, rate of sedimentation, diagnetic processes and bioturbation. Therefore no general recommendations can be given in this respect. During collection and preservation, contamination and loss of constituents ust be avoided. In sediments, the best means for estimating total contents of metals is digestion with HF, in combination with strong acids. Other methods include X-ray fluorescence and neutron activation analyses. The use of HF is considered objectionable by some laboratories. A reasonable alternative is aqua regia. Because variations in granular composition affect metal contents, it is advisable to use the fraction 〈 63 μm for the analysis. Chemical partition of sediments provides an insight into the source of metallic constituents, and their pathways to deposition areas. A three-step extraction procedure, in the sequence 0.1 M hydroxylamine-HCl, H2O2 30% and HF, is proposed. Finally, attention is paid to the anthropogenic enrichment of metals in sediments. The establishment of base-line levels is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940158
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zinc in water and sediments of two finnish lakes (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 155-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: heavy metals ; zinc ; lakes ; sediments ; pollution ; industrial load ; sedimentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of zinc in Lake Vanajavesi and Lake Mallasvesi, South Finland, was determined on the basis of water and sediment studies. Lake Vanajavesi is one of the most polluted of large inland lakes, in Finland. The zinc load comes mainly from industrial sources. Lake Mallasvesi, situated near Vanajavesi, is in almost natural condition. The water samples were taken by a Ruttner sampler. In collecting sediment samples, a freezing technique was used. The results of zinc analyses indicate that, during several winters, zinc has spread with waste water to different parts of L. Vanaja against the main course of flow. A close correlation between sedimentation of zinc and waste discharge from a textile factory was found in the present study.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02391931
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrocarbon accumulation in freshwater sediments of an urban catchment (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 285-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: PAH ; aliphatic hydrocarbons ; sediment ; stormwater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The top and bottom of two sediment cores collected from an urban receiving basin in NW London, and stormwater samples from the attendant catchment, have been analysed for their hydrocarbon content. In surface sediments, basal sediments and stormwater, total aliphatic hydrocarbon levels are 445–690 µg g−1 dry wt., 43–224 µg g−1 and 0.36–1.10 mg l−1, respectively; and total levels of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are 780–1 100 µg g−1, 310–640 µg g1 and 5.83–18.21 mg l−1, respectively. Biodegradation of aliphatics is assessed by phytane:n-C18 and pristane: n-C17 ratios. Hydrocarbon sources are determined from phytane: pristane ratios, odd: even carbon chain length ratios, the presence of an unresolved complex mixture, and by comparison of the amount of methyl-substituted PAH s with that of the parent compounds. Comparison of total levels between surface and basal sediments shows a 1 to 3 fold increase in total PAHs and a 3 to 10 fold increase in aliphatic hydrocarbons over a 120 year period.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02391945
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    Electronic Resource
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    Physical and geochemical characteristics of suspended solids, Wilton Creek, Ontario (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 41-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: biogeochemistry ; rivers ; sediment ; water quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To understand the nature of sediment-associated nutrient and contaminant transport dynamics in fluvial systems, a stormflow sampling program of suspended solids is reported for one water year in a representative rural diffuse source catchment of southeastern Ontario. Bulk samples of subsieve suspended solids were obtained using field-portable continuous-flow centrifuge apparatus. The physical and geochemical properties of suspended solids show no significant intersite differences over reaches of 1 500–2 000 m, yet display distinctive seasonal trends. Systematic seasonal changes in particle size, organic content, and Ca, P, Mn, Al, Ti, Fe, and K appear to reflect the changing role of partial area hydrology. Ca, P, and Mn are bioaccumulated by stream algae. Mineral signature is relatively constant over the year.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940095
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of sediment releases from a reservoir on stream macroinvertebrates (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 96 (1982), S. 177-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediment ; reservoir ; stream ; macroinvertebrates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of sediment release from Guernsey Reservoir on macroinvertebrates of the North Platte River, Wyoming, were investigated during summer 1981. Suspended solids concentrations during sediment release increased from 〈20 mg l−1 to 〉300 mg l−1. Because fine particulates remained in suspension, mean particle size of substrates was unaltered. Densities of chironomids decreased 90% + during sediment release but recovered to initial levels in 3 weeks after the release ended. Densities of mayflies and oligochaetes increased. Changes in benthic populations were highly correlated with increases in suspended solids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185433
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Standardization of methods of analysis for heavy metals in sediments (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 689-695 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: standardization ; heavy metals ; sediments ; base-line levels ; chemical partition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In studies of heavy metals in sediments, there is a need for standardization of the procedures for sample collection and preservation, chemical analyses and presentation of results. The method and depth of sampling depend on the aim of the investigation and on local sediment conditions, such as consistency of the sediment, rate of sedimentation, diagnetic processes and bioturbation. Therefore no general recommendations can be given in this respect. During collection and preservation, contamination and loss of constituents ust be avoided. In sediments, the best means for estimating total contents of metals is digestion with HF, in combination with strong acids. Other methods include X-ray fluorescence and neutron activation analyses. The use of HF is considered objectionable by some laboratories. A reasonable alternative is aqua regia. Because variations in granular composition affect metal contents, it is advisable to use the fraction 〈 63 μm for the analysis. Chemical partition of sediments provides an insight into the source of metallic constituents, and their pathways to deposition areas. A three-step extraction procedure, in the sequence 0.1 M hydroxylamine-HCl, H2O2 30% and HF, is proposed. Finally, attention is paid to the anthropogenic enrichment of metals in sediments. The establishment of base-line levels is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02391984
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Different patterns of phosphorus release from lake sediments in laboratory experiments (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 415-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus release ; sediment ; nitrate ; redox-potential ; sorption ; fractionation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The phosphorus release from surface sediments of eight lakes, mainly shallow lakes in agricultural areas, was studied in laboratory batch experiments with additions of acetate and/ or nitrate. The lake sediments could be separated into three categories. Some sediments did not release phosphorus under any conditions. The second category showed a high phosphorus release rate when acetate was added, in order to stimulate bacterial activity and oxygen consumption. The addition of nitrate, only, stabilized the redox conditions and prevented phosphorus release. This pattern followed the classical theories of Einsele and Mortimer. The third sediment category released phosphorus up to some level which remained constant throughout the experiment, and was independent of acetate and/or nitrate additions. Several extraction procedures and adsorption-desorption experiments were performed in order to characterize the sediment phosphorus and thus explain the different behaviours of the three sediment categories.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000041
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Availability of dissolved oxygen in interstitial waters of a sandy creek (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 651-658 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: stream ; sediment ; sand ; hyporheal ; oxygen ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity and alkalinity of surface and subsurface interstitial waters were investigated at Mill Creek (a small, rural, predominantly sandy stream in east Texas). Dissolved oxygen concentration tended to decrease with sediment depth, while conductivity and alkalinity did not significantly change with substrate depth. Surface water pH was significantly higher than interstitial water (p = 0.05). Chemical analyses of subsurface water from a pre- to post-storm event showed a depression in dissolved oxygen concentration in moderate and deep interstitial waters, immediately following the return of stream base flow, with the deeper strata returning to pre-storm oxygen levels four days later. A thermal convective current mechanism is proposed which would serve to transport surface water downward into these deeper interstices.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000064
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    Available phosphorus in lake sediments in The Netherlands (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 491-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphate ; sediment ; bioassay ; algae ; phosphate fractionation ; NTA extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The amount of phosphorus available to algae in the sediments of four lakes in the western part of the Netherlands has been assessed by means of chemical extraction and bioassay techniques. In addition to direct chemical sediment analyses, extractions were carried out with an NTA column method and a stepwise NH4 Cl-NaOH-HCI shaking method, the latter supposedly separating the weakly bound, the Fe- and Al-bound and the Ca-bound phosphates in the sediments. Bioassays, with sediment as the sole source of P, were made withScenedesmus quadricauda in modified Skulberg's 28 medium to determine the amount of phosphates available to algae. The average total P concentration of the sediments varied from 0.8 to 3.6 mg P g−1 dry wt and correlated well with the net external P loading of the lakes. Uptake of P by algae in the bioassays varied from 0.4 to 36% — while NTA extracted 36–69% of the total P. The ratio NH4Cl extracted/ NaOH extracted/ HCI extracted phosphates is different from lake to lake, although in all lakes the highest extractions (27–62% of total P) are found in the NaOH fraction. However, in the peaty sediments of these lakes, the NaOH step extracted not only the Fe- and Al-bound phosphates but, also, large amounts of humus compounds. Hence, this fraction also contains non-available organic P. The results are related to soil type and chemical characteristics of the sediments, and compared with data from other authors. A positive correlation was found between phosphate available to algae and NTA- and NaOH-extractable P, but the correlation with total phosphorus was higher. Moreover, algal-extractable P proved to be positively correlated with total iron and clay content and negatively with the amount of organic matter. It is concluded that the sediments in the investigated lakes show great variability and that the chemical extraction techniques cannot replace the bioassays to assess the amount of phosphorus available to algae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940137
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    Modelling the influence of bioturbation on the vertical distribution of sedimentary phosphorus in L. Esrom (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 197-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: bioturbation ; modelling ; sediment ; phosphorus ; Chironomus anthracinus ; Potamothrix hammoniensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A multilayer sediment-water exchange model was used to evaluate the importance of bioturbation in the profundal sediments of L. Esrom. The temporal variation of the vertical distribution of sedimentary phosphorus fractions was modelled with an objective function of 1.50. Deviations between measured and simulated values occurred in the spring, where the measured pool of sedimentary phosphorus sharply declined in the surface sediments. The application of a model for the activity ofChironomus anthracinus based on biomass, oxygen consumption and temperature improved the model in the spring period. The downwards transport of easy-degradable surface sediments reduced the average release of sedimentary phosphorus from 12 mg P · m−2 · day−1 to 11 mg P · M−2 · day−1. The introduction of a similar model for the other important burrowing species in L. Esrom,Potamothrix hammoniensis, lowered the objective function to 1.37 and increased the average release to 12.5 mg P · m−2 · day−1. The minor role of bioturbation in sediment processes is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940110
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrocarbon accumulation in freshwater sediments of an urban catchment (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 285-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: PAH ; aliphatic hydrocarbons ; sediment ; stormwater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The top and bottom of two sediment cores collected from an urban receiving basin in NW London, and stormwater samples from the attendant catchment, have been analysed for their hydrocarbon content. In surface sediments, basal sediments and stormwater, total aliphatic hydrocarbon levels are 445–690 µg g−1 dry wt., 43–224 µg g−1 and 0.36–1.10 mg l−1, respectively; and total levels of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are 780–1 100 µg g−1, 310–640 µg g1 and 5.83–18.21 mg l−1, respectively. Biodegradation of aliphatics is assessed by phytane:n-C18 and pristane: n-C17 ratios. Hydrocarbon sources are determined from phytane: pristane ratios, odd: even carbon chain length ratios, the presence of an unresolved complex mixture, and by comparison of the amount of methyl-substituted PAH s with that of the parent compounds. Comparison of total levels between surface and basal sediments shows a 1 to 3 fold increase in total PAHs and a 3 to 10 fold increase in aliphatic hydrocarbons over a 120 year period.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940119
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    Comparison of sediment energy-texture relationships in marine and lacustrine environments (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 71-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; lakes ; seas ; oceans ; energy relationships ; population statistics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sediments in the marine environment are generally subject to higher energy levels than those of lake systems, and lakes are virtually unaffected by tidal range which modifies beach structures formed in response to wave effects. However, despite different energy levels, the textural characteristics of both marine and lacustrine sediments are very similar. The main difference between marine and lacustrine facies is the depth range over which these characteristics remain consistent. In lakes, depth limitation may influence the development of surface waves and restrict textural distributions. Simple textural relationships can be used to describe comparable marine and lacustrine sedimentary conditions. Sediments which have been altered by post-depositional erosion, such as lag deposits, or by ice-drop or wind blown settlement, show comparable textural modifications. The settlement of silt and clay size particulates, in the marine environment and lakes, may differ slightly because of the chemical differences between salt and fresh water.
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    Physical and geochemical characteristics of suspended solids, Wilton Creek, Ontario (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 41-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: biogeochemistry ; rivers ; sediment ; water quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To understand the nature of sediment-associated nutrient and contaminant transport dynamics in fluvial systems, a stormflow sampling program of suspended solids is reported for one water year in a representative rural diffuse source catchment of southeastern Ontario. Bulk samples of subsieve suspended solids were obtained using field-portable continuous-flow centrifuge apparatus. The physical and geochemical properties of suspended solids show no significant intersite differences over reaches of 1 500–2 000 m, yet display distinctive seasonal trends. Systematic seasonal changes in particle size, organic content, and Ca, P, Mn, Al, Ti, Fe, and K appear to reflect the changing role of partial area hydrology. Ca, P, and Mn are bioaccumulated by stream algae. Mineral signature is relatively constant over the year.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02391921
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    The fractionation of iron-phosphorus compounds in sediments studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 697-700 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; Mössbauer spectroscopy ; iron ; phosphorus ; geochemistry ; analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Iron compounds of phosphorus form a large part of the phosphorus bound in sediments. Mössbauer spectroscopy is a technique that enables us to study, directly, chemical forms of iron in solid samples. Mössbauer spectroscopy allowed us to check, directly, the selectivity of the extraction scheme for soil phosphorus proposed by Chang & Jackson (1957), but only as far as the iron compounds are concerned. It appears that selectivity of the extraction method leaves much to be desired.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940159
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    Model for instream regulation of radioisotopes and heavy metals in riverine waters subjected to a uranium mill discharge (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 175-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: simulation ; sediments ; radioisotopes ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the Athabaska sandstone region of northern Saskatchewan, mining and milling of uranium-bearing ore is subjecting, and will continue to subject, surface waters to inputs of soluble heavy metals and uranium and thorium decay series radioisotopes. A mathematical simulation model was developed to assess the role of riverine sediments in regulating soluble concentrations of heavy metals and radioisotopes released to the environment through treated mining and milling process effluents. Specific elements studied included As, Ni, Pb, U, and Ra-226. The model considered that diffusion into sediment porewater and adsorption by sediment particulates from sediment porewater were the two dominant mechanisms regulating sediment loading. Experiments indicated that the equilibrium adsorption behaviour of the heavy metals and radioisotopes studied could be adequately explained using a linear adsorption isotherm, over the range of concentrations expected in the environment. Experimentally determined linear isotherm slopes ranged from 200 ml g−1 to 21 000 ml gl. Diffusion into the effective depth of the sediments (20 cm) was modelled using a quadratic (second order) driving force and a corresponding mass transfer coefficient. The model coefficients were calibrated using field and laboratory data. Results of the modelling suggested that the sediments have a small effect on instream concentrations during the active phases of mining and milling. The sediments were predicted to accumulate sufficient adsorbed mass, during the operational phase of mining and milling, to act as a distributed instream source after completion of milling activities. The significance of this post-operational source was a function of the initial effluent loading, elapsed time and site specific river characteristics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940108
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    Microbial metabolism in surface sediments and its role in the immobilization of phosphorus in oligotrophic lake sediments (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 261-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: microbial metabolism ; phosphorus ; sediments ; oligotrophic lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rapid microbial metabolism and a large phosphorus uptake potential were observed in surface sediments of Lake George, New York. This sediment (termed the flocculent layer) also exhibited a phosphorus limited condition and a large reservoir of inorganic phosphorus associated with humic substances. These observations suggest that the empirically observed phosphorus retention in oligotrophic lake sediments may be promoted by a rapid cycling of phosphorus between microflora and its associated organic matter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940117
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    Distribution and concentrations of naturally-occurring radionuclides in sediments in a uranium mining area of northern Saskatchewan, Canada (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 355-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; uranium ; radium ; radionuclides ; models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Uranium mining and milling operations can contribute to environmental degradation through the increased release of naturally-occurring radionuclides. However, studies of the interactions of these radionuclides with freshwater sediments have been limited. The present study examined the vertical distribution of uranium, thorium, radium-226, polonium-210 and lead-210 in undisturbed sediment cores collected in the vicinity of mining, milling and exploration activities. Uranium levels in surface sediments ranged from 1.9 to 5650 µg g−1, Ra-226 from 〈0.1 to 480 pCi g−1 and Pb-210 from 0.8 to 931 pCi g−1 in the samples reported here, with the highest values occurring downstream of waste rock disposal areas. Concentrations usually decreased with depth, and there was little evidence of any strong effect of bioturbation on radionuclide profiles at the scale examined here. Mathematical models of uranium and radium-226 adsorption on and movement into the sediment were constructed, based on expected adsorption coefficients and estimated loading. The model predictions of radionuclide distribution with depth were qualitatively similar to those actually measured, but the predicted concentrations were generally lower than those observed, both in unaffected areas and in areas adjacent to uranium extraction activities.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940125
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    Distribution and concentrations of naturally-occurring radionuclides in sediments in a uranium mining area of northern Saskatchewan, Canada (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 355-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; uranium ; radium ; radionuclides ; models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Uranium mining and milling operations can contribute to environmental degradation through the increased release of naturally-occurring radionuclides. However, studies of the interactions of these radionuclides with freshwater sediments have been limited. The present study examined the vertical distribution of uranium, thorium, radium-226, polonium-210 and lead-210 in undisturbed sediment cores collected in the vicinity of mining, milling and exploration activities. Uranium levels in surface sediments ranged from 1.9 to 5650 µg g−1, Ra-226 from 〈0.1 to 480 pCi g−1 and Pb-210 from 0.8 to 931 pCi g−1 in the samples reported here, with the highest values occurring downstream of waste rock disposal areas. Concentrations usually decreased with depth, and there was little evidence of any strong effect of bioturbation on radionuclide profiles at the scale examined here. Mathematical models of uranium and radium-226 adsorption on and movement into the sediment were constructed, based on expected adsorption coefficients and estimated loading. The model predictions of radionuclide distribution with depth were qualitatively similar to those actually measured, but the predicted concentrations were generally lower than those observed, both in unaffected areas and in areas adjacent to uranium extraction activities.
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    The fractionation of iron-phosphorus compounds in sediments studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 697-700 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; Mössbauer spectroscopy ; iron ; phosphorus ; geochemistry ; analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Iron compounds of phosphorus form a large part of the phosphorus bound in sediments. Mössbauer spectroscopy is a technique that enables us to study, directly, chemical forms of iron in solid samples. Mössbauer spectroscopy allowed us to check, directly, the selectivity of the extraction scheme for soil phosphorus proposed by Chang & Jackson (1957), but only as far as the iron compounds are concerned. It appears that selectivity of the extraction method leaves much to be desired.
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    Modelling the influence of bioturbation on the vertical distribution of sedimentary phosphorus in L. Esrom (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 197-206 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: bioturbation ; modelling ; sediment ; phosphorus ; Chironomus anthracinus ; Potamothrix hammoniensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A multilayer sediment-water exchange model was used to evaluate the importance of bioturbation in the profundal sediments of L. Esrom. The temporal variation of the vertical distribution of sedimentary phosphorus fractions was modelled with an objective function of 1.50. Deviations between measured and simulated values occurred in the spring, where the measured pool of sedimentary phosphorus sharply declined in the surface sediments. The application of a model for the activity ofChironomus anthracinus based on biomass, oxygen consumption and temperature improved the model in the spring period. The downwards transport of easy-degradable surface sediments reduced the average release of sedimentary phosphorus from 12 mg P · m−2 · day−1 to 11 mg P · M−2 · day−1. The introduction of a similar model for the other important burrowing species in L. Esrom,Potamothrix hammoniensis, lowered the objective function to 1.37 and increased the average release to 12.5 mg P · m−2 · day−1. The minor role of bioturbation in sediment processes is discussed.
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    Spatial heterogeneity in whole lake sediments — towards a loading estimate (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 235-240 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; nutrients ; loading estimates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Studies of nutrient loadings, to shallow culturally eutrophied Alberta lakes, suggest internal inputs are significant. In this regard, estimation of bottom sediment P loads to Lake Wabamun (80 km2, 5.5 m $$\bar x$$ depth) were examined. Initially we determined the spatial variability in Total Organic Content (% loss on ignition) and Total Phosphorus, as indicators. Phosphorus fractions and biologically available phosphorus (BAP) were measured at specific stations. These data showed a very uniform distribution in sediment type with a Total Organic Content of 40.6 ± 3.3 (95% C.L.) at the west end, gradually declining to 26.3 ± 0.9 at the east end. Transects performed at routine monitoring stations indicate the representativeness of each station, e.g., station 2, 40.8 ± 1.3 (10 sites). One explanation of this uniformity is provided from210Pb analysis of shallow cores which indicate mixing to a depth of 16 cm. This is also thought to explain the mechanics of P loading to the water phase. Finally, Total Organic Content relates well to BAP (r2 = 0.80). It is hoped that this simple technique may well permit more precise extrapolation to whole lake BAP estimates at least on this lake.
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    An investigation into some physical and biotic effects of flooding on reservoir mud previously subjected to a period of aerial exposure (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 97 (1982), S. 27-35 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Hong Kong ; man-made lake ; marginal zone ; sediments ; Melanoides tuberculata ; freshwater gastropods ; allochthonous ; water-level fluctuations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A series of laboratory experiments were carried out in order to investigate the effects of selected physical and biotic processes on the substratum of a recently flooded gently sloping marginal zone of Plover Cove Reservoir, Hong Kong. The physical effects of disturbance of the sediments promoted the redistribution of organic matter, as shown by differences in the percentage of organic matter in the supernatant and residue resulting when reservoir mud was stirred. It is suggested that such a process would promote the transfer of allochthonous organic carbon from the marginal zone (the area of input of such material) to the rest of the water body. Substrate characteristics were also influenced by the activities of two species of benthic gastropod,Sinotaia quadrata andMelanoides tuberculata. These animals increased the rate of production of particles from soaked blocks of parent mud when compared with experimental treatments in the absence of snails. Additionally both species enhanced the production of aggregates from fine sediments with a particle size of less than 125 µm. The magnitudes of both processes were statistically significant. Laboratory observations showed thatM. tuberculata had a significantly faster rate of aggregate and fine particulate production thanS. quadrata and it is possible that the former species may have the capacity to modify the substrate characteristics of the newly flooded marginal zone of Plover Cove.
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    Convection in bottom sediments and its role in material exchange between water and sediments (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 86 (1982), S. 105-108 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: convection ; sediment ; temperature ; convectional diffusion ; material exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In two Finnish lakes, in winter and summer, a constant temperature in the sediment was not reached until a depth of 1.5–2 m. The thermal stratification pattern in the sediment was similar to that in water. However, the lack of turbulent mixing in the sediment resulted in a thin ‘episediment’. This stratification was caused by convection. Convection currents in the sediment were most prevalent during spring and autumn overturn when the density of overlying water was greater than that of the interstitial water. Convection was also possible in winter. The duration and magnitude of convection was dependent on warming and cooling rates. Such convection currents may be important in material exchange between sediment and water since material concentrations in interstitial water are 5–100 times greater than in overlying water.
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    Effect of artificial destratification on iron, manganese, and zinc in the water, sediments, and two species of benthic macroinvertebrates in an Oklahoma lake (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 87 (1982), S. 11-16 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: lake stratification ; artificial destratification ; lake mixing ; heavy metals ; sediments ; benthic macroinvertebrates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ham's Lake was destratified in the summers of 1977 and 1978 by pumping surface water to the bottom. However, an arm was prevented from mixing by a submerged dam of a former farm pond and remained stratified. The concentration of manganese in the water increased to over 5 000 µg 1−1 in the hypolimnion of the anoxic arm in summer. Soluble manganese averaged 28% of total concentration. Total iron concentrations were relatively high in the water and sorbed iron values were extremely low in the sediments. Soluble iron averaged 12% of total concentration. Zinc values were low in the water and sediments. Chaoborus punctipennis and Chironomus riparius concentrated iron and zinc and discriminated against manganese. Concentration factors were unaffected by mixing.
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    Effects of the burrowing mayfly, Hexagenia, on nitrogen and sulfur fractions in lake sediment microcosms (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 87 (1982), S. 273-283 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Hexagenia ; sediment ; sulfur ; nitrogen ; bioturbation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of the burrowing mayfly, Hexagenia, on nitrogen and sulfur fractions of sediment, and overlying water were determined. Laboratory microcosms were used to reproduce the benthic environment. The activities of Hexagenia increased sediment Eh (1.98 ± 0.486 (22) mV · day −1), and decreased pH in sediment (−0.007 ± 0.001 (22) day −1) and overlying water(-0.024 ± 0.004 (10) day−1). In the control, Eh decreased and pH did not change. The presence of Hexagenia also markedly increased ammonia in sediment (5.46 ± 0.14 (22) ppm N · day−1) and overlying water (0.792 ± 0.154 (10) ppm N · day−1), while the control did not change. In addition, the sulfate fraction of sediment (0.177 ± 0.006 (17)% dry mass) and water (50.0 ± 4.9 (5) mg · I−1) in microcosms with Hexagenia was greater than that of the control (0.151 ± 0.005 (16)% dry mass; 14.7 ± 1.71 (3) mg · 1−1) at the termination of the experiment. Hexagenia may also stimulate the mineralization of carbon-bonded sulfur. The general role of Hexagenia in altering sediment chemistry is discussed.
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    The fractionation of iron-phosphorus compounds in sediments studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 697-700 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; Mössbauer spectroscopy ; iron ; phosphorus ; geochemistry ; analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Iron compounds of phosphorus form a large part of the phosphorus bound in sediments. Mössbauer spectroscopy is a technique that enables us to study, directly, chemical forms of iron in solid samples. Mössbauer spectroscopy allowed us to check, directly, the selectivity of the extraction scheme for soil phosphorus proposed by Chang & Jackson (1957), but only as far as the iron compounds are concerned. It appears that selectivity of the extraction method leaves much to be desired.
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    The rates of sediment-water exchange of oxygen and sediment bioturbation in Lough Neagh, Northern Ireland (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 377-382 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: bioturbation ; oxygen ; sediment ; Lough Neagh
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Oxygen is transported 30 mm into the sediment at an 8 m depth site in eutrophic Lough Neagh by the irrigational activities of the benthic fauna. Faunal activity also mixes the upper 20 mm of sediment. Sediment oxygen uptake rate, redox potential-depth profile and the chlorophyll a concentration were measured in the upper sediment layers from February to November 1979. Chlorophyll a input to the sediment, following the Spring phytoplankton maximum, remained in the 0–1 cm sediment layer but did cause the redox potential profile to change from one with potentials around 400 mV in the upper 50 mm to one with a strong gradient over the 0–30 mm region. The start of benthic faunal activity in May caused the chlorophyll a to be mixed into the 1–2 cm layer and also caused oxygen to be transported into the sediment at a rate sufficient to change the redox potential back to its initial state. The biodiffusion coefficient for solids in the upper 20 mm was estimated to be 6 × 10−8 cm2 s−1. Oxygen transport in the pore, waters of the upper sediment layers was considered to be best described as advection, caused by the irrigational activities of the benthic fauna.
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    Accumulative phases for heavy metals in limnic sediments (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 269-284 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: heavy metals ; sediment ; concentrates ; extraction ; availability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Data from mechanical concentrates of recent sediments indicate that clay minerals, clay-rich aggregates and heavy minerals are the major carriers of heavy metals in detrital sediment fractions. Hydrous Fe/Mn oxides and carbonates and sulfides, in their specific environments, are the predominant accumulative phases for heavy metals in autochthonous fractions. Sequential chemical extraction techniques permit the estimation of characteristic heavy metal bonding forms: exchangeable metal cations, easily reducible, moderately reducible, organic and residual metal fractions, whereby both diagenetic processes and the potential availability of toxic compounds can be studied. The data from lakes affected by acid precipitation indicate that zinc, cobalt and nickel are mainly released from the easily reducible sediment fractions and cadmium from organic phases. In contrast at pH 4.4, neither lead nor copper seem to be remobilized to any significant extent. Immobilization by carbonate precipitation seems to provide an effective mechanism for the reduction of dissolved inputs 9f metals such as zinc and cadmium in pH-buffered, hard water systems.
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    Deepwater sediments and trophic conditions in Florida lakes (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 597-602 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: eutrophication ; diagenesis ; sediments ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores were taken from near maximum depth in 15 Florida lakes representing a wide range of trophic conditions. Chemical analyses of surface sediments showed Al, Fe, and Ca to be the most abundant elements in all samples, and the ratio of Al to Ca to be smaller for eutrophic lakes. Sediment organic matter increased with trophic state, as did the degree to which it was enriched in nitrogen. Corresponding sediment C/N ratios decreased with increasing lake trophic state and showed significant negative correlation with chlorophylla, total N, and total P in the water column. Concentrations of sedimentary chlorophyll derivatives showed some relation to trophic state but differences in basin morphometry hinder its use as an inter-lake index of chlorophyll production.
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    Introduction (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 1-8 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: symposium ; sediments ; freshwater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02391917
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    Availability of dissolved oxygen in interstitial waters of a sandy creek (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 651-658 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: stream ; sediment ; sand ; hyporheal ; oxygen ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity and alkalinity of surface and subsurface interstitial waters were investigated at Mill Creek (a small, rural, predominantly sandy stream in east Texas). Dissolved oxygen concentration tended to decrease with sediment depth, while conductivity and alkalinity did not significantly change with substrate depth. Surface water pH was significantly higher than interstitial water (p = 0.05). Chemical analyses of subsurface water from a pre- to post-storm event showed a depression in dissolved oxygen concentration in moderate and deep interstitial waters, immediately following the return of stream base flow, with the deeper strata returning to pre-storm oxygen levels four days later. A thermal convective current mechanism is proposed which would serve to transport surface water downward into these deeper interstices.
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    Entrainment, deposition, and transport of fine-grained sediments in lakes (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 31-40 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediment ; entrainment ; deposition ; transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recent work on the settling, diffusion, entrainment, and deposition of fine-grained sediments in fresh water is reviewed and synthesized. Particular attention is given to the dependence of these processes on sediment properties such as particle size. The application of this knowledge to the analysis and numerical modeling of sediment transport is also discussed. Much of the work is concerned with the Great Lakes and, more specifically, with the Western Basin of Lake Erie.
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    Comparison of sediment energy-texture relationships in marine and lacustrine environments (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 71-84 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; lakes ; seas ; oceans ; energy relationships ; population statistics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sediments in the marine environment are generally subject to higher energy levels than those of lake systems, and lakes are virtually unaffected by tidal range which modifies beach structures formed in response to wave effects. However, despite different energy levels, the textural characteristics of both marine and lacustrine sediments are very similar. The main difference between marine and lacustrine facies is the depth range over which these characteristics remain consistent. In lakes, depth limitation may influence the development of surface waves and restrict textural distributions. Simple textural relationships can be used to describe comparable marine and lacustrine sedimentary conditions. Sediments which have been altered by post-depositional erosion, such as lag deposits, or by ice-drop or wind blown settlement, show comparable textural modifications. The settlement of silt and clay size particulates, in the marine environment and lakes, may differ slightly because of the chemical differences between salt and fresh water.
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    Whole-lake lead burdens in sediments of lakes in southern Ontario, Canada (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 121-130 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; lead
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The anthropogenic stable lead content of the sediments of eight softwater Precambrian lakes in southern Ontario was measured at 34–92 sites per lake. Whole-lake anthropogenic lead burdens varied between only 610 and 770 mg m−2. There was no relationship between lead burden and either water replenishment time of the lake (TW) or the ratio of watershed area to lake area (Ad/A0), which varied by factors of 4 and 12 respectively. These results can be explained if a) the lead deposition in this region is uniform, and b) the only significant input of lead to the lakes is via deposition from the atmosphere directly on the lakes' surfaces. Therefore spatial differences in anthropogenic lead within a lake represent the redistribution or focusing pattern of the sediments.
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    Diurnal variation in the oxygen uptake of river sedimentsin vitro by use of continuous flow-through systems (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 189-195 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediment ; rivers ; oxygen uptake ; continuous flow-through
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The diurnal exchange of oxygen, over the sediment-water interface, was measured on ‘undisturbed’ sediment cores incubated on the river bank of three reaches in the river Susaa, Denmark. The incubation chambers were equipped with a double pumping system, driving an internal and an external flow, respectively. The internal flow created a unidirectional flow over the sediment surface, with the same velocity as the natural river flow. River water was continuously pumped through the incubation chambers (external flow). Magnetic valves alternately shifted the inlet and outlet water through a registration chamber equipped with an oxygen probe and a temperature transducer (A/D 540, integrated circuit). The potential was amplified and registered every minute on a tape recorder. The rate of exchange of oxygen in the chambers was described by the following equation: $${\text{r - exch(t) = }}\frac{{{\text{flow(t)}}}}{{{\text{volume}}}}{\text{[inlet(t) - outlet(t)] - }}\frac{{{\text{d[outlet(t)}}}}{{{\text{dt}}}}$$ Various methods for the numerical solution of the differential equation were used. Due to a small amount of ‘noise’ on the probes, the cubic spline method gave an unrealistically high variation in the oxygen uptake. A better description was obtained, when a Fourier transformation of the inlet and outlet concentrations of oxygen was made. When 15 Fourier coefficients were used, the r-value of the model was better than 0.996. On permanently dark sediment samples, a hysteresis effect between the oxygen exchange rate and the oxygen concentration and temperature appeared. The exchange rates were lower in periods with increasing oxygen concentration. A minimum in the exchange rate was obtained, before the minimum in the concentration of oxygen and temperature was found. This type of hysteresis could be explained by equilibration in connection with the transient state conditions. The hysteresis was probably enlarged by shifts in the size of the aerobic layer in the sediment. The importance of the hysteresis in oxygen balance models for rivers is discussed.
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    Accumulative phases for heavy metals in limnic sediments (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 269-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: heavy metals ; sediment ; concentrates ; extraction ; availability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Data from mechanical concentrates of recent sediments indicate that clay minerals, clay-rich aggregates and heavy minerals are the major carriers of heavy metals in detrital sediment fractions. Hydrous Fe/Mn oxides and carbonates and sulfides, in their specific environments, are the predominant accumulative phases for heavy metals in autochthonous fractions. Sequential chemical extraction techniques permit the estimation of characteristic heavy metal bonding forms: exchangeable metal cations, easily reducible, moderately reducible, organic and residual metal fractions, whereby both diagenetic processes and the potential availability of toxic compounds can be studied. The data from lakes affected by acid precipitation indicate that zinc, cobalt and nickel are mainly released from the easily reducible sediment fractions and cadmium from organic phases. In contrast at pH 4.4, neither lead nor copper seem to be remobilized to any significant extent. Immobilization by carbonate precipitation seems to provide an effective mechanism for the reduction of dissolved inputs 9f metals such as zinc and cadmium in pH-buffered, hard water systems.
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    Particle size distribution and chemical parameters of the sediments of a shallow turbid impoundment (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 341-353 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Impoundment ; sediments ; particle size ; major ions ; nutrients ; cation exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract As part of an ecosystem study of a small mesotrophic turbid impoundment in the semi-arid part of South Africa, an investigation was made of the particle size distribution, organic content and inorganic chemical composition of the sediment. Nine transects 50 m apart were made during February 1980. Sediments were sampled with an Eckman grab. The following analyses were made: size fractionation by wet sieving, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable Na, K, Ca, Mg and PO4, total P, and loss on ignition. From the results it was clear that the finer particles, in or near the original river bed, had higher cation exchange capacity, total P, exchangeable phosphorus and organic content. Littoral areas with avian habitat and extensive macrophyte vegetation, contained coarser sediments. Organic detritus apparently migrated to the deeper part of the impoundment. Sediments of lacustrine and fluvial origin were identified by means of the Passega classification.
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    Lake sediments as recorders of geomagnetic field variations — applications to dating post-Glacial sediments (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 587-596 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: dating ; sediments ; geomagnetic variations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Field and laboratory methods, developed to recover the record of past secular variations of geomagnetic declination and inclination carried by the remanent magnetization of some lake sediments, are described. Type curves, delineating these parameters through post-Glacial time, have now been constructed for Europe and east-central N. America. These curves, once established for any region, are useful for dating lake sediments from that region. The principal inclination features exhibited by the European curves can also be identified along the N. American curves with a delay of some 600 years, on average.
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    Stratigraphic and dynamic effects of sediment reworking by Great Lakes zoobenthos (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 611-622 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: zoobenthos ; Great Lakes ; sediments ; radionuclides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recent sediments of the North American Great Lakes are inhabited by numerous species of macrobenthos which alter the physical and chemical properties of sediments and modify interface transport characteristics. Distributions of such radionuclides as cesium-137, lead-210, and isotopes of plutonium exhibit a zone of constant activity extending down from the sediment-water interface from 1 to 15 cm. Recent studies have confirmed that radiometrically determined mixed depths are consistent with the vertical distribution of oligochaete worms and the amphipod, Pontoporeia hoyi. Generally, 90% of the benthos are contained within the radiometrically defined mixed zone. Where comparisons are possible, rates of sediment reworking by ‘conveyor belt’ species are comparable to or exceed sedimentation rates. Systematic variations in the mixed depth occur within depositional basins with greatest depths tending to be associated with least consolidated, organically rich materials. A quantitative steady-state mixing model accounts satisfactorily for observed radioactivity and heavy metal profiles. Bioturbation appears to be an important process, limiting the resolution with which historical records of particle-associated contaminants may be reconstructed from sediment cores. As bioturbation serves to maintain contact of contaminated sediments with overlying water, this time may also characterize the long-term lake recovery for contaminants removed by burial. As the time varies with location, a mean for an entire lake is not well known, but is on the order of 20 years for Lake Huron.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000060
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    Standardization of methods of analysis for heavy metals in sediments (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 689-695 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: standardization ; heavy metals ; sediments ; base-line levels ; chemical partition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In studies of heavy metals in sediments, there is a need for standardization of the procedures for sample collection and preservation, chemical analyses and presentation of results. The method and depth of sampling depend on the aim of the investigation and on local sediment conditions, such as consistency of the sediment, rate of sedimentation, diagnetic processes and bioturbation. Therefore no general recommendations can be given in this respect. During collection and preservation, contamination and loss of constituents ust be avoided. In sediments, the best means for estimating total contents of metals is digestion with HF, in combination with strong acids. Other methods include X-ray fluorescence and neutron activation analyses. The use of HF is considered objectionable by some laboratories. A reasonable alternative is aqua regia. Because variations in granular composition affect metal contents, it is advisable to use the fraction 〈 63 μm for the analysis. Chemical partition of sediments provides an insight into the source of metallic constituents, and their pathways to deposition areas. A three-step extraction procedure, in the sequence 0.1 M hydroxylamine-HCl, H2O2 30% and HF, is proposed. Finally, attention is paid to the anthropogenic enrichment of metals in sediments. The establishment of base-line levels is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000068
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    Whole-lake lead burdens in sediments of lakes in southern Ontario, Canada (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 121-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; lead
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The anthropogenic stable lead content of the sediments of eight softwater Precambrian lakes in southern Ontario was measured at 34–92 sites per lake. Whole-lake anthropogenic lead burdens varied between only 610 and 770 mg m−2. There was no relationship between lead burden and either water replenishment time of the lake (TW) or the ratio of watershed area to lake area (Ad/A0), which varied by factors of 4 and 12 respectively. These results can be explained if a) the lead deposition in this region is uniform, and b) the only significant input of lead to the lakes is via deposition from the atmosphere directly on the lakes' surfaces. Therefore spatial differences in anthropogenic lead within a lake represent the redistribution or focusing pattern of the sediments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940101
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    Zinc in water and sediments of two finnish lakes (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 155-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: heavy metals ; zinc ; lakes ; sediments ; pollution ; industrial load ; sedimentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of zinc in Lake Vanajavesi and Lake Mallasvesi, South Finland, was determined on the basis of water and sediment studies. Lake Vanajavesi is one of the most polluted of large inland lakes, in Finland. The zinc load comes mainly from industrial sources. Lake Mallasvesi, situated near Vanajavesi, is in almost natural condition. The water samples were taken by a Ruttner sampler. In collecting sediment samples, a freezing technique was used. The results of zinc analyses indicate that, during several winters, zinc has spread with waste water to different parts of L. Vanaja against the main course of flow. A close correlation between sedimentation of zinc and waste discharge from a textile factory was found in the present study.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940105
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    Model for instream regulation of radioisotopes and heavy metals in riverine waters subjected to a uranium mill discharge (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 175-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: simulation ; sediments ; radioisotopes ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the Athabaska sandstone region of northern Saskatchewan, mining and milling of uranium-bearing ore is subjecting, and will continue to subject, surface waters to inputs of soluble heavy metals and uranium and thorium decay series radioisotopes. A mathematical simulation model was developed to assess the role of riverine sediments in regulating soluble concentrations of heavy metals and radioisotopes released to the environment through treated mining and milling process effluents. Specific elements studied included As, Ni, Pb, U, and Ra-226. The model considered that diffusion into sediment porewater and adsorption by sediment particulates from sediment porewater were the two dominant mechanisms regulating sediment loading. Experiments indicated that the equilibrium adsorption behaviour of the heavy metals and radioisotopes studied could be adequately explained using a linear adsorption isotherm, over the range of concentrations expected in the environment. Experimentally determined linear isotherm slopes ranged from 200 ml g−1 to 21 000 ml gl. Diffusion into the effective depth of the sediments (20 cm) was modelled using a quadratic (second order) driving force and a corresponding mass transfer coefficient. The model coefficients were calibrated using field and laboratory data. Results of the modelling suggested that the sediments have a small effect on instream concentrations during the active phases of mining and milling. The sediments were predicted to accumulate sufficient adsorbed mass, during the operational phase of mining and milling, to act as a distributed instream source after completion of milling activities. The significance of this post-operational source was a function of the initial effluent loading, elapsed time and site specific river characteristics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02391934
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    Transport of iron and manganese in relation to the shapes of their concentration-depth profiles (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 463-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: iron ; manganese ; sediments ; water ; transport ; model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A model is presented which describes the transport of iron and manganese in the vicinity of a redox boundary. It is based on input of a particulate component, to form a point source, from which soluble species diffuse along a concentration gradient. The shapes of concentration-depth profiles in marine and freshwater sediments and water columns are reviewed and discussed in terms of the model. Transport, either entirely within a water column or within the sediment, may be simply treated because the rate of vertical transport can be regarded as constant. The discontinuity in the rate of vertical transport which occurs at the sediment-water interface can provide a complicated example of the model, especially when it coincides with the redox boundary. Authigenic mineral formation processes can modify the model, sometimes to such an extent that it becomes invalid. This is particularly true for soluble iron profiles in organically rich marine sediments. Sampling interval is critical to the resultant profile shape and must be relevant to the particular environment, e.g. metres in water columns and millimetres in sediments. The differences in the rates of reduction and oxidation of iron and manganese tend to modify both the position of the profile with respect to the redox-cline and its stage of development in a seasonally anoxic system. It is these factors which determine why most of the iron which reaches a sediment is permanently incorporated whereas manganese is re-released. This mechanism determines the average ratio of iron to manganese in sedimentary rocks. The development of peaked profile shapes in water columns implies that under certain conditions dissolved iron and manganese may be transported from the water column to the pore waters of the sediment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940134
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    Lake sediments as recorders of geomagnetic field variations — applications to dating post-Glacial sediments (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 587-596 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: dating ; sediments ; geomagnetic variations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Field and laboratory methods, developed to recover the record of past secular variations of geomagnetic declination and inclination carried by the remanent magnetization of some lake sediments, are described. Type curves, delineating these parameters through post-Glacial time, have now been constructed for Europe and east-central N. America. These curves, once established for any region, are useful for dating lake sediments from that region. The principal inclination features exhibited by the European curves can also be identified along the N. American curves with a delay of some 600 years, on average.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940147
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    Different patterns of phosphorus release from lake sediments in laboratory experiments (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 415-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus release ; sediment ; nitrate ; redox-potential ; sorption ; fractionation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The phosphorus release from surface sediments of eight lakes, mainly shallow lakes in agricultural areas, was studied in laboratory batch experiments with additions of acetate and/ or nitrate. The lake sediments could be separated into three categories. Some sediments did not release phosphorus under any conditions. The second category showed a high phosphorus release rate when acetate was added, in order to stimulate bacterial activity and oxygen consumption. The addition of nitrate, only, stabilized the redox conditions and prevented phosphorus release. This pattern followed the classical theories of Einsele and Mortimer. The third sediment category released phosphorus up to some level which remained constant throughout the experiment, and was independent of acetate and/or nitrate additions. Several extraction procedures and adsorption-desorption experiments were performed in order to characterize the sediment phosphorus and thus explain the different behaviours of the three sediment categories.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940131
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    Stratigraphic and dynamic effects of sediment reworking by Great Lakes zoobenthos (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 611-622 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: zoobenthos ; Great Lakes ; sediments ; radionuclides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recent sediments of the North American Great Lakes are inhabited by numerous species of macrobenthos which alter the physical and chemical properties of sediments and modify interface transport characteristics. Distributions of such radionuclides as cesium-137, lead-210, and isotopes of plutonium exhibit a zone of constant activity extending down from the sediment-water interface from 1 to 15 cm. Recent studies have confirmed that radiometrically determined mixed depths are consistent with the vertical distribution of oligochaete worms and the amphipod,Pontoporeia hoyi. Generally, 90% of the benthos are contained within the radiometrically defined mixed zone. Where comparisons are possible, rates of sediment reworking by ‘conveyor belt’ species are comparable to or exceed sedimentation rates. Systematic variations in the mixed depth occur within depositional basins with greatest depths tending to be associated with least consolidated, organically rich materials. A quantitative steady-state mixing model accounts satisfactorily for observed radioactivity and heavy metal profiles. Bioturbation appears to be an important process, limiting the resolution with which historical records of particle-associated contaminants may be reconstructed from sediment cores. As bioturbation serves to maintain contact of contaminated sediments with overlying water, this time may also characterize the long-term lake recovery for contaminants removed by burial. As the time varies with location, a mean for an entire lake is not well known, but is on the order of 20 years for Lake Huron.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940150
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    Structural and functional characteristics of epiphyton and epipelon in relation to their distribution in Lake Vechten (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 95 (1982), S. 79-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: periphyton ; submerged macrophytes ; sediment ; artificial substrates ; oxygen exchange ; production ; decomposition ; sedimentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Epiphyton and epipelon were quantitatively collected, respectively, from the submerged macrophytes and the sandy lake bottom of Lake Vechten (The Netherlands). On a weight basis, epiphyton was maximal in autumn and epipelon in summer. In winter the chemical composition of epiphyton and epipelon was similar. In summer the epiphyton had on a unit weight basis more organic matter and carbonate, and had per unit organic matter a higher algal number, nitrogen and energy content than the epipelon. Algae predominating the epiphyton were filamentous greens and pennate diatoms; those in the epipelon were pennate diatoms and blue-green algae. In both cases, species known to frequent the phytoplankton were abundant. The diatoms were quantified using paper chromatographic pigment analyses. Both the epiphyton and the epipelon exhibited maximal photosynthesis in mid summer. That light was generally the limiting factor was evident from periphyton developed on artificial substrates. This periphyton differed widely in its composition from that on the natural substrates, mainly because the latter collected much more sedimenting matter. In dense Ceratophyllum stands light was severely attenuated and the significant gradients in oxygen and pH were caused by the differences with depth in the proportions of photosynthesis and respiration. The oxygen content and pH at the bottom decreased owing to epipelic respiration. The epiphytic composition depended greatly on the degree of light attenuation. The epiphytic and epipelic respiration, except during part of the early summer, exceeded photosynthesis on a 24 h basis; this included the macrophytic photosynthesis during the time the vegetation was maximally developed. During the growing season import of organic matter, i.e. deposited seston, greatly exceeded that due to the photosynthetic production. After the summer maximum, the epipelon decreased faster than predicted from its oxygen exchange. It was concluded that sedimentation and resuspension determined mainly the changes in epiphyton and epipelon. Especially when covered with vegetation, the lower littoral of Lake Vechten plays a large part in the aerobic decomposition of sestonic organic matter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00044478
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    Gas chromatographic determination of total amino acids and protein in sediments using the ninhydrin-CO2 reaction (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 97 (1982), S. 81-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: amino acids ; protein ; sediments ; ninhydrin reaction ; gas chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A sensitive modification of the ninhydrin-CO2 method involving the gas chromatographic determination of the total protein and amino acid content of sediment is described. The method gives a linear response over the amino acid concentration range 10−5 M to 4 × 10−2 M. It can be used for whole sediment, hydrolysates and interstitial water. The performance of the method is compared with the fluorescamine method for primary amines.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014961
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