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  • Ultrastructure  (51)
  • hypertension  (31)
  • Springer  (82)
  • Cambridge University Press
  • Frontiers Media
  • 2020-2022
  • 1980-1984  (82)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1982  (82)
Collection
Keywords
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  • Springer  (82)
  • Cambridge University Press
  • Frontiers Media
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  • 2020-2022
  • 1980-1984  (82)
  • 1975-1979
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural localization and gradient of activity of alkaline phosphatase activity during rodent odontogenesis (1982)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 273-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Odontogenesis ; Ultrastructure ; Alkaline phosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural localization and gradient of activity of alkaline phosphatase were studied with respect to cell differentiation, matrix synthesis, and matrix mineralization in the incisor and molar teeth of 4-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals were perfused intracardially at room temperature with 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M sodium cacodylate (pH 7.4) with 3–4% sucrose. The jaws were dissected, immersion-fixed for 24 h, and the incisor and molar tooth germs removed. These were demineralized in 10% EDTA in NaOH (pH 7.4) with 7% sucrose. After reactivation of the enzyme with 0.1M MgCl in Tris-maleate buffer (pH 7.4) at 4°C, the teeth were incubated for alkaline phosphatase in a medium consisting of 6 ml 3% sodiumβ-glycerophosphate, 4 ml 0.2M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 9.2), 3 ml 1.6% MgSO4, 12 ml 0.5% lead citrate (pH⋍12), and 2.1 g sucrose. The pH was adjusted to 9.2 with 0.2M HCl, the volume made up to 30 ml, and the solution centrifuged for 10 min at 5000 rpm. Control teeth were incubated in medium minus the substrate. Finally, the specimens were routinely post-fixed and embedded for sectioning and examination with a Philips 300 electron microscope. A gradient of alkaline phosphatase activity was mapped along the developing teeth in the cells of the stratum intermedium, the proximal borders of the ameloblasts, the early dentine matrix, the predentine-dentine border, matrix vesicles, and the plasma membranes of odontoblasts and subodontoblast cells. The gradient of alkaline phosphatase activity was evident in the forming tooth from the cervical loop to the crown apex and was related to the cellular events, matrix synthesis, and matrix mineralization occurring during odontogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02411250
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron microscopy of avian osteopetrosis induced by retrovirus MAV.2-O (1982)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 382-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Avian osteopetrosis ; Avian oncornavirus ; Ultrastructure ; Calcification ; Bone cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Diaphyseal tibial bone of 12.5 – 13-day and 19-day-old embryos and 20-day-old hatched chicks infected with retrovirus MAV.2-O were examined by transmission electron microscopy. The viruses were associated with lining osteoblasts and osteocytes. Whereas the infection of the osteoblast layer seemed to be a transient stage, virus association with osteocytes was a constant and main ultrastructural feature. The viruses were found either in the osteoid or in the periosteocytic space of the bone lacunae. They arose from dense cytoplasmic areas located near the cell plasmalemma via a budding process. The newly budded virus particles often had a large tail or a fine stalk-like process lost in the extracellular space. The viruses underwent calcification by deposition of inorganic material and were incorporated in the bone trabeculae. No production of virus was observed in typical osteoclasts with well-differentiated ruffled borders. The viral-induced avian osteopetrosis seemed to result from increased bone deposition through stimulation of osteoblast and osteocyte activities, whereas osteoclastic bone resorption seemed to be undisturbed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02411272
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of food on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tolmesoxide in essential hypertensives (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 287-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: tolmesoxide ; hypertension ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tolmesoxide is a new, direct-acting vasodilator drug for use in the management of both hypertension and cardiac failure. In 6 essential hypertensives inadequately controlled by combined β-blocker and diuretic therapy (average supine blood pressure 178/103 mm Hg) the addition of tolmesoxide (300–900 mg daily) was associated with a significant improvement in blood pressure control (average supine blood pressure 161/89 mmHg). The effect of food on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tolmesoxide have also been studied because, particularly at higher doses, the drug has been associated with upper gastrointestinal upset and it has been empirically recommended that it be taken with food. The blood pressure and heart rate responses were not significantly different when tolmesoxide was taken fasting or with food. Food resulted in a significant reduction in the peak plasma tolmesoxide concentration (2.14 µg/ml compared to 2.97 µg/ml) and a significant increase in the time to reach peak plasma concentration (1.67 h compared to 0.63 h). Although there was no impairment of its hypotensive effect, food significantly altered the pharmacokinetics of tolmesoxide and may therefore be useful in reducing the gastrointestinal disturbance associated with its use. In the treatment of inadequately controlled hypertension, tolmesoxide has a limited role as an alternative vasodilator.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00637615
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of labetalol and clonidine in hypertension (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 363-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: labetalol ; clonidine ; hypertension ; dose titration ; bendrofluazide ; side effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antihypertensive effect of labetalol (L) was compared with that of clonidine (C) in a randomized cross-over study in 17 hypertensive outpatients on bendrofluazide (B). After treatment for two weeks with B (5 mg qd), either L (100 mg tid) or C (0.1 mg tid) was given and their doses were titrated at 2-weekly visits until normotension was achieved, or intolerable side-effects occurred. The treatment with B and L or C was then continued in a cross-over fashion for two 6-week periods, with 3 week diuretic washouts and subsequent dose-titration periods between the treatment periods. At the end of B, the supine blood pressure (BP) was 156/101, and at the end of B + L and B + C it was 136/91 (p〈0.001) and 137/91 (p〈0.001), respectively, pooling the data from both periods. At the end of B, the standing BP was 155/115, and at the end of B + L and B + C 134/100 (p〈0.001) and 139/106 (p〈0.001), respectively. The mean daily doses required were L 476mg and C 0.335 mg. On a weight basis, labetalol had about 1/1400 of the potency of clonidine. 12 patients complained of tiredness and dry mouth on clonidine and 2 patients of unsteadiness on labetalol. Labetalol caused a psoriasiform rash on the hands in one patient and limb weakness in one patient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542319
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prazosin depression of baroreflex function in hypertensive man (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 7-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: prazosin ; baroreflexes ; hypertension ; reflex tachycardia ; alpha adrenergic blockade ; dopamine-beta-hydroxylase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Prazosin is a post synaptic alpha adrenergic blocker effective in hypertension, whose hypotensive effect is unaccompanied by reflex tachycardia or hyperreninemia, nor by other evidence of increased sympathetic activity. We studied the baroreceptor reflex arc as a potential mediator of these effects. Twenty-two essential hypertensive men were treated with prazosin alone versus placebo, and experienced a blood pressure fall (from 114.8±3.6 down to 101.1±2.5 mm Hg,p〈0.005) unaccompanied by any change in heart rate, plasma renin activity, or several other indices of sympathetic nervous system activity (plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity; urinary excretion of free catecholamines and vanillyl mandelic acid; allp〉0.1). Concomitant with the blood pressure fall, there was a significant depression of baroreflex arc sensitivity, from 11.4±2.0 ms/mmHg down to 6.6±1.9 ms/mmHg (p〈0.05), without an associated change in cardiac vagal inhibition (291.2±46.2 versus 300.3±19.2 ms,p〉0.1). Baroreflex arc sensitivity depression may in part explain the lack of reflex sympathetic outflow noted during prazosin treatment of hypertension.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00606418
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction between oxprenolol and indomethacin on blood pressure in essential hypertensive patients (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 197-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; oxprenolol ; indomethacin ; drug interaction ; hypotensive effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A double-blind, cross-over study in 16 patients with essential hypertension was carried out, to evaluate any possible interference by indomethacin, a known prostaglandin-synthetase inhibitor, with the antihypertensive effect of oxprenolol, a non-selective beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent. Both indomethacin and oxprenolol, as well as the two drugs combined, inhibited plasma renin activity; no change was found in urinary sodium excretion or body weight. Oxprenolol alone caused a highly significant decrease in the systolic (−10.4 mmHg,p〈0.001), diastolic (−7.4 mmHg,p〈0.001) and mean (−7.7 mmHg,p〈0.01) blood pressures, whereas indomethacin did not influence blood pressure. When the two drugs were given in combination, blood pressure decreased (systolic: −5.9 mmHg; diastolic: −4.0 mmHg; mean: −4.6 mmHg), but the changes induced in blood pressure were reduced by about 50% when compared with those in the oxprenolol alone period. The data show that indomethacin seems to interfere with the antihypertensive effect of oxprenolol, by an action which may be due to the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00545214
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antihypertensive, saluretic and hypokalaemic effects of cyclothiazide in comparison with hydrochlorthiazide with amiloride supplement (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 495-499 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; cyclothiazide ; hydrochlorthiazide ; thiazide diuretics ; potassium-sparing diuretics ; saluretic effect ; hypokalaemia ; hyperuricaemia ; amiloride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antihypertensive, saluretic and hypokalaemic effects of a small dose of cyclothiazide (2.5 mg daily) were compared with those of a conventional dose of an hydrochlorthiazide-amiloride hydrochloride combination (50+5 mg daily). Both preparations were given to 13 patients with mild (WHO I) hypertension in a cross-over manner for six weeks, with an intervening wash-out phase of three weeks. The antihypertensive efficacy of cyclothiazide was well comparable to that of the hydrochlorthiazide-amiloride combination, although cyclothiazide tended to inhibit renal sodium reabsorption less than the combination. Cyclothiazide tended to cause hypokalaemia, apparently due to increased potassium loss, but with the present dosage none of the 13 patients developed marked hypokalaemia (serum potassium less than 3.3 mmol/l). Both drugs led to a comparable increase in serum urate concentration. Neither of the preparations affected creatinine or free-water clearance. The results suggest that even in relatively small doses thiazides effectively decrease blood pressure, and combining thiazides with potassium-sparing diuretics is advantageous only in patients with marked hypokalaemia and its associated risks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609621
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of blood pressure and plasma norepinephrine to propranolol, metoprolol and clonidine during isometric and dynamic excercise in hypertensive patients (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 275-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: beta-blocker ; hypertension ; clonidine ; plasma catecholamines ; metoprolol ; propranolol ; blood pressure responses ; isometric work ; dynamic work
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of metropolol (beta1-selective), propranolol (nonselective) and clonidine (central alpha-stimulant) on plasma norepinephrine, blood pressure and heart rate were assessed at rest, during isometric work and dynamic exercise in 15 patients with moderate hypertension. Metroprolol resulted in a lower diastolic blood pressure during isometric and dynamic exercise than propranolol, which was paralleled by a lower plasma norepinephrine level during dynamic work; both beta-adrenergic blocking compounds resulted in a lower heart rate in all test situations than that obtained with clonidine; clonidine produced similar control of diastolic blood pressure to that obtained with the beta-adrenergic blocking agents, but did not clearly attenuate the systolic blood pressure response to dynamic exercise. Plasma norepinephrine concentrations tended to be lowest following clonidine, especially during dynamic work. The findings support the hypothesis that the central action of clonidine inhibits peripheral release of norepinephrine, but is insufficient to attenuate cardiac stimulation by physical exercise. The fact that propranolol caused higher plasma norepinephrine concentrations than metoprolol during exercise may explain the difference in the blood pressure responses during exercise.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00637613
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simplified antihypertensive therapy with pindolol retard (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 445-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: pindolol ; hypertension ; retard formulation ; plasma levels ; side effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 36 out of 52 patients with essential hypertension, whose blood pressure was not normalized with pindolol 15 mg per day, were treated with 30 mg per day for four to six weeks. Pindolol was administered in random order, either as 15 mg twice daily or as one 30 mg retard tablet once daily. Blood pressure was lowered from mean pretreatment levels of 174/111 mmHg to 149/98 mmHg by 15 mg b.d., and to 145/97 mmHg by 30 mg retard. In five patients diurnal variations in blood pressure and plasma pindolol levels were determined. At all times during the day blood pressure was at least as well controlled by 30 mg retard as by 15 mg b.d. Plasma concentration maxima were similar with both forms, but a higher concentration was maintained for a longer time after the retard tablet. Pindolol 30 mg was well tolerated and the incidence of side effects was lower than during treatment with 15 mg b.d. Thus, patients requiring high doses of pindolol for control of hypertension can safely and conveniently be treated with a single tablet of 30 mg pindolol retard.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542036
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Haemodynamic changes in heart failure induced by a new vasodilator tolesmoxide (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 473-477 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: tolmesoxide ; vasodilators ; heart failure ; haemodynamics ; hypertension ; sulphoxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The haemodynamic effect of Tolmesoxide, a new sulphoxide chemically dissimilar from other vasodilators, was investigated in eight patients with chronic heart failure subsequent to ischaemic heart disease and/or hypertension. Tolmesoxide significantly increased the cardiac output and reduced the indices of systemic vascular resistance, the mean pulmonary arterial pressure and left ventricular filling pressure in most patients studied. These changes were observed both as acute and chronic effects. No significant effect on the mean arterial pressure, heart rate or myocardial oxygen supply/demand was observed. Tolmesoxide appeared to be therapeutically potent by both intravenous and oral routes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542041
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on the autonomic nervous system in borderline hypertension (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 285-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; plasma adrenaline ; plasma noradrenaline ; isoprenaline response ; noradrenaline response ; salivation ; parasympathetic nervous system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Parameters of the autonomic nervous system were studied in normotensive subjects (NT; standing blood pressure (BP)≤125/85 mmHg) and in subjects with borderline hypertension (BHT; 140/90≤standing BP〈60/100 mmHg). No differences in plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline levels were found between NT and BHT subjects, neither at rest nor during exercise at 75% of maximum work capacity. The dose of noradrenaline required to increase systolic BP by 10 mmHg was significantly higher in NT than in BHT subjects (5.13±0.42 vs 3.50±0.57 µg · min−1). No difference between NT and BHT subjects was found in the dose of isoprenaline required to increase heart rate by 20 beats · min−1 (1.21±0.12 vs 1.09±0.11 µg · min−1). Resting salivary flow was significantly lower in BHT than in NT subjects (0.39±0.06 vs 0.98±0.06 g · min−1), suggesting decreased parasympathetic activity in the former group. The enhanced pressor effect of noradrenaline, together with the decreased parasympathetic activity, could explain the elevated blood pressure and heart rate in subjects with borderline hypertension.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00548394
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of a new long-acting beta-blocker bopindolol (LT 31-200) on blood pressure, plasma catecholamines, renin and cholesterol in patients with arterial hypertension (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 491-493 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: bopindolol ; hypertension ; beta-blocker ; blood pressure ; plasma renin ; plasma catecholamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bopindolol (LT 31-200), a new, long-acting, non-selective beta-blocker, was given as monotherapy to 13 patients, 12 with essential hypertension and 1 with renovascular hypertension. After a placebo period of 4–6 weeks, bopindolol was given once daily, starting with 1 mg and subsequently increasing at two-weekly intervals to 2 and 4 mg once daily until a diastolic blood pressure⩽90 mmHg was achieved. The effective dose was continued for 12 weeks. In 10 patients plasma levels of renin, noradrenaline, adrenaline and cholesterol were measured during placebo and after 3 months of therapy. Blood pressure and heart rate were lowered significantly during bopindolol treatment. The mean effective dose was 2.2 mg per day. In 10/13 patients a diastolic blood pressure⩽90 mmHg was achieved. Side effects were minimal. Changes in plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline were small and not significant, but renin and cholesterol were significantly reduced. Thus, LT 31-200 is an effective and well tolerated beta-blocker when given in a once daily dosage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609620
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term therapy of arterial hypertension with nifedipine given alone or in combination with a beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 101-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; nifedipine ; beta-adrenoceptor blockade ; long-term treatment ; adverse effects ; propranolol ; timolol ; metoprolol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antihypertensive effect of nifedipine during long-term therapy was investigated in 5 patients receiving nifedipine as the sole drug and in 10 patients who had nifedipine in combination with a beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug. Nifedipine monotherapy was problematic because of side-effects and development of resistance to therapy after a few months. In patients who received the combined therapy significant and stable blood pressure reductions were maintained during the whole observation period (12–33 months). However, the occurrence of peripheral oedema in 4 of the patients necessitated the addition of a thiazide diuretic. It is concluded that nifedipine is not a first choice drug for the long-term treatment of arterial hypertension. When given in addition to a beta-blocker it is well tolerated and powerful but fluid retention may occur and if not counteracted by a diuretic it will limit the antihypertensive potential of the drug.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542452
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acute and long-term hypotensive effects and plasma concentrations of nifedipine in patients with essential hypertension (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 197-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: nifedipine ; hypertension ; low dose ; plasma concentration ; acute and long-term treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The acute and long-term hypotensive effects of low doses of nifedipine, and the correlation between the fall in the blood pressure (BP) and the plasma nifedipine concentration, were investigated in patients with essential hypertension. The oral administration of nifedipine 5 mg rapidly decreased BP from 163±22/101±10 to 127±12/82±9 mmHg (mean±SD; p〈0.001), and increased heart rate from 72±8 to 76±6 beats/min (p〈0.05), plasma renin activity rose from 1.2±0.6 to 1.4±0.8 ng/ml/h (p〈0.05), and plasma nifedipine concentration was 75.6±22.0 ng/ml 30 min after administration (n=7). The nifedipine concentration was significantly correlated both with the fall in BP (r=0.410, p〈0.02, n=31) and the rise in the heart rate (r=0.412, p〈0.02, n=31). Treatment with nifedipine 5 mg t.d.s. alone or in combination either with propranolol 10 mg t.d.s., or thiazide 1 tablet daily, or propranolol and thiazide, controlled BP in 36 patients during the 22 week study period. During the long-term nifedipine therapy, the plasma nifedipine level was significantly correlated with the fall in systolic (r=0.577, p〈0.01, n=20) and diastolic (r=0.595, p〈0.01, n=20) BP. It was concluded that the plasma nifedipine concentration could be correlated with the fall in BP, and that low doses of nifedipine, either as monotherapy or in combination, were effective in the acute and long-term treatment of patients with essential hypertension.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00547553
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antihypertensive mechanism of the diuretic muzolimine in mild renal failure (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 215-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; muzolimine ; mild renal functional impairment ; diuretic treatment ; body sodium ; catecholamines ; cardiovascular pressor responsiveness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eighteen patients with mild impairment of renal function (glomerular filtration rate 65±5 ml/min: m±SEM) and hypertension (168/105±6/3 mmHg) were shown on average to have abnormally increased cardiovascular pressor responsiveness to infused norepinephrine (NE; p〈0.05), whereas plasma and urinary NE, exchangeable body sodium and blood-volume did not differ significantly from normal. A slightly increased pressor responsiveness to angiotensin II was associated with a tendency to low plasma renin activity (PRA). Compared to placebo conditions, treatment with the loop-diuretic muzolimine in a mean dose of 35±2 mg/day for six weeks decreased blood-pressure and exchangeable sodium (p〈0.05), and NE pressor responsiveness was restored to normal values, whilst plasma and urinary NE were not significantly changed. This was consistent with improvement of the initially abnormal relationship between NE levels and NE responsiveness factors. In contrast, the pressor dose of angiotensin II and PRA were increased to an approximatively similar extent during muzolimine treatment. These observations suggest that removal of body sodium and a decrease in NE reactivity without an equivalent increase in sympathetic nervous activity may be important complementary factors in the antihypertensive mechanisms of diuretic treatment in patients with mild renal functional impairment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00547556
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acute effects of prizidilol on blood pressure, heart rate, catecholamines, renin and aldosterone in essential hypertension (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 289-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: prizidilol ; vasodilator ; hypertension ; beta blocker ; plasma renin ; aldosterone ; catecholamines ; acetylator type
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Prizidilol is a new antihypertensive agent reported to possess combined precapillary vasodilator and betareceptor-blocking properties. To clarify the profile of the acute effects of prizidilol in man, a variable dose study was performed in 8 patients with benign essential hypertension. Blood pressure, heart rate, plasma renin activity, aldosterone, plasma and urinary catecholamines and electrolytes were determined at short intervals before and up to 23 h after oral administration of placebo and prizidilol 150, 300 and 600 mg. The 4 studies were performed at weekly intervals according to a Latin square design. Prizidilol produced dose-dependent decreases in supine and upright blood pressure, with an initial change after about 2 h and maximal effects from 4 to 8 h after drug ingestion. Following a high dose of prizidilol, supine mean blood pressure (average 128 mmHg prior to treatment) was normalised (〈107 mmHg) from 3 to 7 h and was still below predose levels 23 h after ingestion. The only reported side effects were postural dizziness in 2 cases (corresponding to a fall in systolic upright blood pressure to 〈95 mmHg) and headache in one case. A biphasic variation in heart rate and plasma renin activity, with an early drop and a subsequent tendency to a slight rise, was observed after an intermediate or high dose of prizidilol. Plasma norepinephrine levels were increased by a high dose of prizidilol, while plasma epinephrine, aldosterone and plasma and urinary electrolytes were not consistently changed. Prizidilol in a single oral dose appeared to be a potent antihypertensive agent. The profile of heart rate and plasma renin point to early dominance of beta-blockade followed by appearance of the concomitant vasodilator properties of prizidilol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00613608
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of spironolactone on systemic blood pressure, limb blood flow and response to sympathetic stimulation in hypertensive patients (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 263-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; spironolactone ; hypotensive action ; peripheral circulation ; plethysmography ; handgrip test ; cold pressure test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Since there is only scanty, indirect information about the mechanism of the hypotensive effect of spironolactone, 9 patients with essential hypertension were studied according to a randomised double-blind, cross-over protocol. Spironolactone 100mg b.i.d. and placebo were each given for one month and the following parameters were studied: blood pressure, heart rate, response to cold pressure and hand-grip tests, as well as blood flow in the calf and finger vessels. Flow in the calf and fingers representing muscle and skin arteries, respectively, was measured semicontinuously with an ECG-triggered venous occlusion plethysmograph. After spironolactone there was a significant decrease in the systolic and diastolic blood pressures in the supine, sitting and standing positions; the sitting systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased by (mean ± SE) 27±4mm Hg (p〈0.001) and 11±4mm Hg (p〈0.02), respectively. No orthostatic response was observed. Heart rate remained unchanged. Blood flow through muscle and skin vessels increased in 6 out of 9 patients, and in these patients calculated vascular resistance in these areas decreased. Spironolactone did not significantly change the response of systemic blood pressure to the handgrip and cold pressure tests. The present data confirm the hypotensive properties of spironolactone and show that this effect is associated with dilatation of muscle and skin arteries in many but not in all the patients. The data do not support the hypothesis that spironolactone decreases the responsiveness of systemic blood pressure to orthosympathetic stimulation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00637611
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  • 18
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    Effects of once daily indapamide and pindolol on blood pressure, plasma aldosterone concentration and plasma renin activity in a general practice setting (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 191-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; indapamide ; pindolol ; plasma renin activity ; plasma aldosterone concentration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sixteen patients with essential hypertension completed a double blind factorial trial comparing the effects of indapamide (2.5 mg daily) and pindolol (10 mg daily) on blood pressure, heart rate, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration. There were four randomised test phases of eight weeks each during which patients received indapamide alone, pindolol alone, indapamide plus pindolol and no active treatment (placebo). Blood pressure and heart rate were measured every two weeks. Supine mean arterial pressure fell from 117 mm Hg in the placebo phase to 111 mm Hg in the indapamide phase, 106 mm Hg in the pindolol phase and 103 mm Hg in the combined indapamide plus pindolol phase. Factorial analysis confirmed that the hypotensive effects of the two drugs were additive, without evidence of potentiation or antagonism. Indapamide caused significant reductions in plasma potassium and chloride, and increases in plasma bicarbonate and urate concentrations; it also caused increases in plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration. These changes are similar to those observed with thiazide diuretics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00545213
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  • 19
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    Titration of nadolol in the treatment of hypertension (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 487-489 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: nadolol ; hypertension ; effective dose range ; compliance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An open, observer-blind, therapeutic titration trial was carried out in 28 patients with mild or moderate essential hypertension to determine the effective dose range of nadolol given once a day. 11 patients became normotensive (supine diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or below) with 80 mg, 4 with 120 mg and 1 with 160 mg. The largest step in the reduction of blood pressure was achieved with the first dose step of 80 mg, and only a small, non-significant further decrease was obtained with higher dose levels. Thus, nadolol, unlike propranolol, has a narrow effective dose range, and this should permit a brief dose adjustment period, which would be important in improving patient compliance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609619
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  • 20
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    The clinical pharmacology of tolmesoxide (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 93-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: tolmesoxide ; vasodilator ; hypertension ; pharmacokinetics ; haemodynamics ; plasma renin activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The haemodynamic response and pharmacokinetics of single dose oral tolmesoxide were studied at various dose levels in 4 patients with severe hypertension. There was a reproducible fall in mean arterial pressure from baseline of 24.2% and a rise in heart rate of 37.6% following administration of tolmesoxide. The onset of antihypertensive action occurred within 1 h, with a peak effect at 3 h after dosing. The mean duration of action was up to 12.0 h. Tolmesoxide had a mean half-life of 3.0 h. It was rapidly absorbed with a mean peak plasma level occurring at 1.0 h. Plasma levels correlated well with the doses administered. Side-effects included mild nausea, facial flushing and postural symptoms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00545961
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  • 21
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    Comparison of labetalol, propranolol and hydralazine in hypertensive out-patients (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 457-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; propranolol ; hydralazine ; labetalol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a randomised cross-over trial the combination labetalol/hydrochlorothiazide was compared with the combination of propranolol/hydralazine/hydrochlorothiazide in 34 uncomplicated hypertensive patients, who were not satisfactorily controlled with hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg alone. The elevated diastolic pressure (D.P.) in 27 patients responded satisfactorily to the labetalol schedule and in 28 patients to the propranolol/hydralazine schedule. No difference was found in the rate of decrease of D.P., nor in the disappearance of hypertension — related complaints. Although the duration of the washout between treatments was at least one month, treatment was significantly more efficacious during the second period. Labetalol pre-treatment especially seemed to enhance the effect of subsequent propranolol/hydralazine administration. Side effects due to therapy were rare and were not related to any particular treatment. The median daily dose of labetalol in responders was 600 mg and that of propranolol/hydralazine 120/60 mg (in both therapies hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg was given in addition). Patients showed a slight preference for the labetaol medication. It is concluded that labetalol/hydrochlorothiazide and propranolol/hydralazine/hydrochlorothiazide are equally satisfactory in the treatment of uncomplicated hypertension.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542038
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  • 22
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    Ticrynafen and hydrochlorothiazide a comparison in hypertensive patients with renal impairment (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 203-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; ticrynafen ; hydrochlorothiazide ; renal impairment ; uricosuria ; diuretic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The efficacy of ticrynafen in the treatment of hypertension in patients with moderate renal impairment was compared with that of hydrochlorothiazide in a randomised, double-blind crossover trial in eleven subjects with renal insufficiency. Significant reductions in blood pressure occurred with both treatments, with the maximum responses occurring at different time intervals and to different degrees in individual patients. Thus, although ticrynafen caused a significant reduction in blood pressure in this group of hypertensive patients with renal insufficiency, it was not consistently different from that which could be achieved with hydrochlorothiazide. Ticrynafen also significantly reduced the serum uric acid concentration, compared with a significant rise with hydrochlorothiazide. No major biochemical abnormalities or side-effects were encountered in any subject. Thus, in these patients with renal insufficiency, ticrynafen still demonstrated a uricosuric effect as well as a useful anti-hypertensive action.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00545215
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  • 23
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    Clinical evaluation of labetalol alone and combined with chlorthalidone in essential hypertension: A double-blind multicentre controlled study (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 289-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: labetalol ; chlorthalidone ; hypertension ; fixed combination ; antihypertensive therapy ; side effects ; multicentre study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a multicentre, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled study, the antihypertensive effect of labetalol 100 mg and chlorthalidone 10 mg, given alone or in combination, has been assessed in 32 hypertensive patients. The combination had a greater effect in reducing blood pressure than did its separate components. This was particularly evident after exercise. Heart rate increased during chlorthalidone therapy, decreased during labetalol therapy, and a summation effect was observed during treatment with the combination. In most cases additivity was observed, as no interaction between the single components was observed, except for heart rate after exercise, and for diastolic blood pressure in the upright position. No interaction was observed either in the biochemical indices or in the clinical side-effects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00548395
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  • 24
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    Effects of treatment with nifedipine and metoprolol in essential hypertension (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 389-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: nifedipine ; metoprolol ; hypertension ; calcium antagonist ; side effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a double-blind trial 26 patients with essential hypertension were treated with nifedipine or placebo for 8 weeks, following a 4-week run-in place-bo period in all patients. The daily dosage of nifedipine during this phase was 10mg 3 times daily. Metoprolol was then added to the therapeutic regimen of both groups for a further 12 weeks. Both nifedipine and metoprolol used as mono-therapy caused statistically significant reductions of arterial pressure. The addition of metoprolol to nifedipine tended to reduce blood pressure further, but blood pressures were not significantly lower than during nifedipine mono-therapy. Side-effects were few and only two patients had to be withdrawn during active therapy, one for headaches during nifedipine therapy, and another for asthma during metoprolol treatment. Combined therapy with a beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent, such as metoprolol, and a calcium antagonist with vasodilating properties, such as nifedipine, offers a theoretically interesting approach in the treatment of hypertension, even though the practical outcome in the present study probably suffered from an inadequate dose of nifedipine during the period of combined therapy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542324
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  • 25
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    Penbutolol (Hoe 893 d) in primary hypertension (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 95-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: penbutolol ; hypertension ; primary hypertension ; blood pressure response ; plasma concentration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Penbutolol (Hoe 893 d), a long-acting non-selective beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent, was given once daily to 23 patients with primary hypertension, WHO Stages I–II. The dose (50–100 mg) needed to achieve the therapeutic goal, i.e. supine diastolic BP〈95 mm Hg, was titrated individually. On a daily dose of penbutolol 83±19 mg (mean±SD) blood pressure (BP, mean±SD) fell from 180±21/112±8 mmHg on placebo to 154±25/94±14 mmHg. 18 patients who reached the therapeutic goal (responders) continued in a double blind, cross-over study versus placebo, during which the supine BP fell on average 20/10 mmHg on the same dose of penbutolol, and 2/1 mmHg on placebo. Plasma concentrations (mean±SD) of free 0.10±0.07 µg/ml) and total (2.02±1.39 µg/ml) penbutolol did not differ between responders and nonresponders, and were not correlated with the fall in BP. Side effects were mild and mostly well tolerated. One patient developed dermatitis and another an elevation of liver enzymes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542451
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  • 26
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    In vitro and in vivo down-regulation of human plateletα 2-adrenoceptors by clonidine (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 403-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: alpha-2-adrenoceptors ; hypertension ; clonidine ; human platelets ; 3H-yohimbine binding ; receptor regulation ; clonidine withdrawal ; desensitization ; GTP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of clonidine on the number ofα 2-adrenoceptors in human platelet membranes, determined by3H-yohimbine binding, was investigatedin vitro andin vivo. Incubation of platelet membranes with clonidine (1–100 µM) for 16 h at 25 °C led to a concentration-dependent decrease in the number of3H-yohimbine binding sites of 10–25%; the affinity of3H-yohimbine to the sites was not changed (KD approximately 3–4 nM). In such “desensitized” membranes, inhibition of3H-yohimbine binding by clonidine resulted in steep, monophasic displacement curves, which in comparison to the curves from control membranes (IC50 for clonidine 90 nM), were shifted to the right (IC50: 321 nM) and were not affected by 10−4M guanosine-5′-triphosphate (GTP). Treatment of 3 hypertensive patients with clonidine (3×150 µg/d for 7 days) reduced blood pressure and heart rate. Simultaneously, both3H-yohimbine binding sites on platelet membranes and plasma catecholamine levels decreased within three days and remained at a reduced level during treatment. After abrupt cessation of clonidine treatment, blood pressure, heart rate and plasma catecholamines rapidly increased, reaching values after two days similar to or higher than those before treatment.3H-yohimbine binding sites, however, initially decreased further before returning to control values. In platelet membranes derived from hypertensive patients treated with clonidine for at least three weeks, GTP (10−4M) had no influence on inhibition of3H-yohimbine binding by (—)-adrenaline and clonidine. It is concluded that clonidine desensitizesα 2-adrenoceptors in human platelet membranesin vitro andin vivo. An important step in the desensitization process is the uncoupling of receptor occupancy by agonists and adenylate cyclase activity, as indicated by loss of the regulatory activity of GTP on desensitized membranes. The clonidine withdrawal syndrome may be caused by enhanced release of endogenous catecholamines not adequately regulated by presynapticα 2-adrenoceptors, which have become subsensitive after chronic clonidine treatment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00605989
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  • 27
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    Comparison of two doses of betaxolol and placebo in hypertension: A randomized, double-blind cross-over trial (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 491-494 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: betaxolol ; hypertension ; double-blind trial ; cross-over trial
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Betaxolol is a cardioselective beta-blocker, which has a bioavailability of 90% and a T1/2 of 20 h. A four group, cross-over double-blind trial was conducted to select between betaxolol 20 mg and 40 mg for long term trials. 60 patients were allocated randomly to one of the sequences placebo-20 mg, 20 mg-placebo, placebo-40 mg and 40 mg-placebo, each treatment lasting for 2 weeks. Groups were homogenous for baseline diastolic blood pressure (DBP), age and male/female ratio, and were slightly unbalanced for weight. A two-way ANOVA (3 treatments, 2 sequences) showed no treatment-sequence interaction nor sequence effect. The mean reduction in DBP was 14.2±1.8 mm Hg following 20 mg and 18.0±1.8 following 40 mg betaxolol, and 4.0±1.2 mm Hg during placebo (p〈0.001). Age, weight, baseline DBP and duration of hypertension did not influence the treatment effect. The 95% confidence intervals of the reduction in DBP were 10.4–17.9 for 20 mg and 14.3–21.6 mm Hg for betaxolol 40 mg. Aiming at a mean reduction to 90 mm Hg, betaxolol 20 mg would appear to be adequate in similar patient populations.
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  • 28
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    Prizidilol (SK & F 92657), a new vasodilator with beta-blocking properties in the treatment of essential hypertension (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 411-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: prizidilol ; hypertension ; side effects ; chronic treatment ; antihypertensive effect ; anaemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antihypertensive effect of a new vasodilator with betablocking properties (SK & F 92657) was investigated in 10 patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. After a mean treatment period of 26,5 weeks (6,5–49 weeks) blood pressure was significantly reduced, from 168±22/106±6 mmHg to 144±19/94±12 mmHg (p〈0.05 and 0.025). The mean dose was 410 mg (100–700 mg). Heart rate decreased slightly from 77±12 to 70±8 beats/min. Plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone showed only minor changes. Nausea, heavy dreams, facial and hand flushing and mild depression were reported as side effects. In most patients the symptoms disappeared without reduction in the dose. In one patient anaemia developed after 7 weeks and treatment with prizidilol was stopped. A slight but statistically significant decrease in haemoglobin concentration of 1.1±0.6 g/dl was observed in 5 of the 10 patients (p〈0.02). Thus, a mean dose of prizidilol of 410±242 mg/day had a mean blood pressure lowering effect of 24/12 mmHg. In 7 of the 10 patients (70%) diastolic blood pressure could be reduced to 95 mmHg or less. However, the observed haematological side-effects should be carefully monitored in further studies and may limit the clinical use of prizidilol.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00605990
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  • 29
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    The use of long-acting propranolol (‘Inderal’ LA) in the management of elderly hypertensive patients (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 379-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: propranolol ; hypertension ; elderly patients ; long-acting propranolol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fifteen elderly patients whose hypertension was controlled by conventional propranolol 80 mg twice a day had their medication changed to one capsule of ‘Inderal’ LA1 (160 mg) daily. The blood pressure, heart rate and propranolol concentrations were measured at various time points when the patients were receiving the conventional preparation and these assessments were repeated when the long-acting preparation was administered. Although the heart rate was lower with conventional propranolol than with ‘Inderal’ LA there was no significant difference in the blood pressure levels. The mean peak blood level of propranolol was, however, significantly lower with ‘Inderal’ LA compared with conventional propranolol and occurred later. At 12 h the plasma propranolol levels were higher after ‘Inderal’ LA than following the intake of conventional propranolol (p〈0.01); there was no difference in the plasma levels at 24 h. The area under the concentration time curve was significantly higher on conventional propranolol. Compared with published data, the plasma levels were higher than those in younger patients. ‘Inderal’ LA was well tolerated and side effects were minimal.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542538
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  • 30
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    Within patient comparison of prazosin and UK-33,274. A new alpha-adrenoceptor-antagonist (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 397-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; prazosin ; alpha-adrenoceptors ; alpha-blocking drugs ; UK-33,274
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eleven patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension received increasing single daily doses of UK-33,274, a new alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonist, and prazosin for 4 days, in a open cross-over study. Doses were increased until a satifactory blood pressure response was obtained. Average doses reached were 4.5 mg for UK-33,274 and 2.4 mg for prazosin. The maximum effect of the two drugs on standing blood pressure was similar, but prazosin was more effective in the supine position. Both drugs had a greater effect on standing than on supine blood pressure. UK-33,274 caused a consistent increase in heart rate while prazosin did not. Whereas there was no clear difference between the two compounds in the duration of the reduction in blood pressure the onset of action was more gradual for UK-33,274. The incidence of side-effects was similar for both drugs. The data suggest that UK-33,274 is less effective than prazosin in reducing blood pressure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00605988
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  • 31
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    Comparative evaluation of the new vasodilator carprazidil and minoxidil in the treatment of moderate to severe hypertension (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 483-489 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: carprazidil ; minoxidil ; hypertension ; catecholamines ; renin ; aldosterone ; blood volume ; hypertrichosis ; side effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The efficacy and side effects of the new vasodilator carprazidil and the established vasodilator minoxidil were compared in 18 hypertensive patients inadequately controlled by 2 to 4 conventional drugs; the latter included diuretics, beta-blockers and/or sympatholytics and, in half the cases, vasodilators, such as hydralazine, diazoxide or the postsynaptic alpha-blocker prazosin. The vasodilators were withdrawn and, using a crossover design all patients received carprazidil (mean final dose 88 mg) and minoxidil (20 mg) for an average period of 5 to 6 months. The effects of the 2 agents appeared to be qualitatively and quantitatively similar. Both tended to cause sodium retention and an increase in heart rate, which required an increased dose of diuretic in one third of the cases or of a beta-blocker in a quarter. With this approach mean body weight and blood volume were not altered in the established phase of carprazidil or minoxidil treatment; heart rate and plasma norepinephrine tended to be only minimally increased, plasma renin was slightly increased, and plasma aldosterone and epinephrine were largely unchanged. Supine and upright blood pressure were reduced from initial values of 189/113 and 167/113 mm Hg, to 149/95 and 138/95 mm Hg (−18 and −17%), respectively, during carprazidil, and to 154/95 and 141/96 mm Hg (−17 and −15%) during minoxidil therapy. Hypertrichosis occurred with both agents in almost all patients, and limits their more prolonged use in females. No adverse side effects on haematological parameters, liver or renal function were observed, nor was antinuclear antibody detected. It is concluded that carprazidil and minoxidil are equivalent vasodilator agents in the treatment of severe hypertension, particularly in males.
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  • 32
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    Ultrastructure of the cyanobacterium,Mastigocladus laminosus (1982)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 133 (1982), S. 11-19 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria ; Ultrastructure ; Mastigocladus laminosus ; Fischerella ; True branching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The morphology and ultrastructure of the thermophilic cyanobacteriumMastigocladus laminosus were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Mature cultures consisted of relatively old, wide filaments that branched frequently to form younger, thinner filaments. The cells of the younger filaments had a consistently cylindrical morphology, while those of older filaments were rounded and pleomorphic. The internal ultrastructure of the cells depended somewhat on their age. As young cells became larger and wider, their thylakoids underwent slight rearrangement and spread out toward the center of the cytoplasm. Polyphosphate bodies, carboxysomes (polyhedral bodies), and lipid-body-like structures increased in number as the cells aged, but ribosomes and cyanophycin granules were depleted. Cell division involved septum formation followed by ingrowth of the outer membrane and sheath. Cells in older filaments were separated from each other by a complete layer of sheath material. Septum formation in older cells was also seen to occur parallel to the long axis of the filament, thereby confirming that true branching took place.
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  • 33
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    Effects of metronidazole on growth, chloroplast structure and differentiation in gametophytes ofAnemia phyllitidis L. Sw. (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 113 (1982), S. 144-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Anemia phyllitidis ; Chloroplast ; Gametophyte ; Metronidazole ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Metronidazole inhibits cell division in gametophytes of the fernAnemia phyllitidis without changing morphogenetic patterns. Simultaneously the sensitivity of the prothallia against gibberellins which substitute for the natural sexual pheromone “antheridiogen A”, is increased. The inhibition of cell division is accompanied by a loss of chlorophyll and by severe changes in the ultra-structure of the chloroplasts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01282004
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    Nuclear and nucleolar inclusions in root tip ofBrassica napus L. (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 113 (1982), S. 189-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Membrane ; Nucleolus ; Nucleus ; Ultrastructure ; Vacuole
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Vacuole-like structures were found in the nuclei of root tip cells ofBrassica napus. The cells containing the unusual nuclear inclusions were found to be adjacent to zones of degenerating cells. Such groups of cells occurred irregularly in the meristematic regions of the young root tips. The possibility that they represent changes which have occurred in old seeds is discussed. The “vacuole-like” structures seen in the cells adjacent to the degenerating zones were bounded by a membranous layer 12 nm thick. This is thicker than most cellular membranes. The “vacuoles” frequently contained inclusions and showed similarities to protein bodies reported elsewhere. The structures are thought to represent rearrangements of cell products which may have accumulated through an imbalance of metabolism in consequence of the imminent cell degeneration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01280906
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  • 35
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    Hyphal tip ultrastructure ofAspergillus nidulans andAspergillus giganteus and possible implications of woronin bodies close to the hyphal apex of the latter species (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 113 (1982), S. 209-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Aspergillus nidulans ; Aspergillus giganteus ; Hyphal apex ; Ultrastructure ; Woronin body
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The hyphal tip ultrastructure ofAspergillus nidulans andAspergillus giganteus indicates that their apical organization is very similar to that found in other filamentous fungi. Both species have an area immediately behind the hyphal apex free of all large organelles and containing a high concentration of vesicles. InA. giganteus only one size class of vesicle is clearly evident, with a mean diameter of 72 nm. InA. nidulans two size classes of vesicle were found, with mean diameters of 75 nm and 31 nm. A Spitzenkörper is evident inA. nidulans as an area very close to the tip containing only the smaller vesicles. InA. giganteus one or more apparently mature Woronin bodies were found within the first 1 μm of some hyphal apices. The possible significance of their presence is discussed.
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    Ultrastructure of meiosis in the mossRhynchostegium serrulatum I. Prophasic microtubules and spindle dynamics (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 110 (1982), S. 23-33 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Meiosis ; Microtubules ; Polarity ; Ultrastructure ; Mosses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An extensive system of microtubules develops during meiotic prophase in the mossRhynchostegium serrulatum (Hedw.)Jaeg. &Sauerb. Development of the cytoskeleton can be traced to early prophase when the nucleus is acentric and the single plastid divides into four plastids. The cytoskeletal microtubules are associated with equidistant positioning of the four plastids at the distal tetrad poles and with migration of the nucleus to a central position in the sporocyte. The cytoskeleton, which interconnects plastids and encloses the nucleus, contributes to the establishment of moss sporocyte polarity. Just prior to metaphase I evidence of the prophase cytoskeleton is lost as the bipolar metaphase I spindle develops in association with discrete polar organizers located in opposite cleavage furrows between plastids.
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    Ultrastructural localization of polysaccharides in the motile diatomNavicula cuspidata (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 113 (1982), S. 10-22 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Diatom ; Motility ; Mucopolysaccharide ; Secretion ; Staining ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Generation of movement in benthic diatoms is thought to be intimately associated with secretion at the raphe, a slit in the silica cell wall. The presence and distribution of extracellular substances and their source was investigated cytochemically by transmission electron microscopy. Extracellular material, possibly-acid mucopolysaccharide, was observed consistently within the entire length of the raphe of both valves and also as a sheath enveloping the silica frustule. Such quantities of extracellular material are absent in conventionally fixed motile diatoms. Numerous cytoplasmic vesicles, with fibrillar contents, distributed peripherally but concentrated along the raphe and at the cell poles, react strongly with a polysaccharide specific stain; their distribution in the cell and polysaccharide content suggest these may be the source of raphe and sheath material. Results support the most recent theories on the mechanism of locomotion in outline only; the details cannot be clarified. Localization procedures using alcian blue and silver staining of peroxidised sections are discussed briefly.
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    Isolation and ultrastructural identification of membranes from the fungusGilbertella persicaria (1982)
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    Protoplasma 111 (1982), S. 87-106 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Fungi ; Gilbertella persicaria ; Membranes ; Mitochondria ; Organelle isolation ; Plasma membrane ; Ultrastructure ; Vacuoles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Methods are described for isolating and identifying subcellular membranes from walled hyphae ofGilbertella persicaria. Differences in thickness and symmetry of membranes and in contents of vesicles were used to distinguish different types of membranes. Mitochondria, vacuoles, plasma membrane, and vesicles with attached ribosomes from homogenized germlings equilibrated at the 1.2/1.4 M interface in discontinuous sucrose gradients. Accelerated flotation in centrifuged Ficol-sucrose gradients resulted in the additional separation of the mixed membranes into three fractions: one contained predominantly intact mitochondria, another was composed of vacuoles and vesicles coated with ribosomes, and a third was enriched in plasma membranes. Based upon morphometric analysis, these fractions contained 92% mitochondria, 53% vacuoles, and 89% plasma membranes, respectively. The source of vesicles coated with ribosomes was investigated since rapidly growing hyphae ofG. persicaria contained little rough endoplasmic reticulum as compared with other classes of membranes. Reconstruction from electron micrographs of mitochondrial fragmentation and vesiculation suggested that most of the ribosome-coated vesicles originated from disrupted mitochondria rather than from rough endoplasmic reticulum. The study demonstrates the utility of ultrastructural markers to identify membranesin vitro independent of, or as an adjunct to, cytochemical and biochemical markers.
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    A light and electron microscopic study of stigmas inAneilema andCommelina species (Commelinaceae) (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 112 (1982), S. 26-36 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Aneilema ; Commelina ; Cytochemistry ; Evolution ; Papillae ; Pollination ; Secretion ; Stigmas ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The stigmas of species inAneilema andCommelina are trifid and comprise elongate papillae. Progressive degeneration of papular cells is observed in stigmas from open flowers and at anthesis papillae may be moribund and collapsed. Fluid emanating from the hollow style flows onto the surface through ruptures in the cuticle at the interpapillar junctions into the interstices at maturity. This secretion stains positively for protein. Stigmas are of the “wet” type. The cuticle overlying the papillar cells is ridged and at the final stages prior to flowering this cuticle becomes detached from the underlying cellulosic wall. The sub-cuticular space so formed is filled with secretion. InAneilema species detachment of cuticle is at the papillar tip and along the lateral walls. InCommelina species the anticlinal walls of adjacent papillae are strongly attached for much of their length and thus detachment of cuticle is restricted to the papillar tip. The cell wall at the tip in both genera may proliferate forming a rudimentary transfer-cell type wall. The secretion is considered to be produced by the papillar cells. It is PAS positive but fails to stain for protein and in both the light and electron microscopes appears heterogenous. Pollen attachment, hydration, germination and early tube growth are very rapid following self-pollination, the pollen tubes entering the neck of the style within ten minutes of attachment. A unique character combination involving pollen and stigmas in these genera indicates a monophyletic origin.
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    Microcyst formation in the plasmodial slime moldDidymium iridis (1982)
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    Protoplasma 112 (1982), S. 81-91 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Didymium iridis ; Microcyst-encystment ; Ultrastructure ; Differentiation ; Myxomycete
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Myxamoebae ofDidymium iridis were removed from the bacterial food source and induced to encyst by transfer to 10 mM phosphate buffer. After 24 hours of induction approximately 90% of the myxamoebae had differentiated into microcysts. The kinetics of encystment were not significantly affected by pH or osmolarity of the encystment medium. Early stages of encystment were distinguished by the appearance of autophagic vacuoles and an extracellular “slime-like” sheath. The outer wall layer, consisting of dense fibrils, was unevenly deposited after 4 hours. An electron-lucent, second wall layer appeared between 5–10 hours followed by a densely packed, third wall layer adjacent to the plasma membrane. Wall formation appeared to involve smooth-membraned vesicles of possible Golgi origin. The vesicle contents and outer wall layer reacted with the periodic acid-silver methenamine stain for polysaccharide. The density of intramembrane particles of the protoplasmic fracture face increased during encystment with a gradual formation of aggregates of particles.
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    Tentacle contraction and ultrastructure inDiscophrya collini: The response to cations (1982)
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    Protoplasma 112 (1982), S. 92-100 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Discophrya ; Tentacle contraction ; Cations ; Calcium ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Discophrya collini is a suctorian protozoan with contractile tentacles containing a microtubule-lined canal and microfilaments. The effects of a range of cations on tentacle contraction and ultrastructure have been determined. Treatment with 80 mM CaCl2 and 95 mM MgCl2 causes contraction to 28% and 57% of the control length respectively. Re-extension takes over 4 hours in the culture medium, but CaCl2-treated tentacles are re-extended after a 5 minutes treatment with 10−2 M EDTA or 5 × 10−3 M EGTA. CuCl2 causes a significant contraction at 10−5 M (to 77%); LaCl3 at 10−4 M (to 65%); ZnCl2 at 10−2 M (to 65%), but BaCl2, CoCl2, MnCl2, NiCl2, and SrCl2 cause significant changes only at 10−1 M. The cytoplasm of CaCl2-treated cells contains two forms of membraneous structures when viewed in TEM; that of MgCl2-treated cells reveals granular areas of medium electron density. None of these features are seen in control cells. The microtubules of the tentacle canal appear to be intact upon its retraction into the cell with no change occurring in the numbers or relative positions of the microtubules. The tentacle cortex is wrinkled. It is suggested from this and previous work that tentacle contraction may be mediated by a microfilament-based mechanism, and that calcium may be involved.
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    Cross-linking bridges associated with the microbody-lipid globule complex inChytriomyces aureus andChytriomyces hyalinus (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 112 (1982), S. 181-188 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Fungus ; Zoospore ; Ultrastructure ; Membranes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Determining how the orientation and association among organelles are maintained within zoospores of theChytridiales is important to understanding the control of zoospore motility. Zoospores of the aquatic fungi,Chytriomyces aureus andC. hyalinus, contain microbody-lipid globule complexes with an elongate microbody adjacent to the portion of a lipid globule facing the cell's interior and a fenestrated cisterna (the rumposome) opposed to the surface of the lipid globule toward the plasma membrane. Mitochondria are intimately associated with the microbody. Electron microscopy of the microbody-lipid globule complex fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide, with or without tannic acid, reveals cross-linking bridges connecting the rumposome to the plasma membrane, to the microbody, and to microtubules of the rootlet extending from the kinetosome. It is concluded that these bridges are responsible, at least in part, for the consistent location of the microbody-lipid globule complex in the zoospore body. The possible role of the rumposome as a receptor organelle is discussed.
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    Rapidly-secreting, cultured oat cells serve as a model system for the study of cellular exocytosis. Characterization of cells and isolated secretory vesicles (1982)
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    Protoplasma 112 (1982), S. 196-204 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Secretion ; Vesicles ; Ultrastructure ; Cultured cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Callus-derived suspension cultures of oats dramatically increase the viscosity of the culture media after one month in culture. Colorimetric assays for sugars and protein, as well as measurements of viscosity, suggest that the released material is a long-chain polysaccharide, probably a pectinaceous substance. These cells grow slowly in liquid culture, yet despite their low cell density, they are able to increase the viscosity of the media several fold within seven days after media transfer. Ultrastructural observations show that oat cells have features common to actively-secreting cells; especially evident are numerous dictyosomes with hypertrophied cisternae. Using a combination of filtering and centrifugation techniques we were able to recover large numbers of intact secretory vesicles. The interior of the vesicles stain with periodic acid-silver hexamine, and colormetric analysis of the vesicle pellet for total sugars confirms the presence of polysaccharides in this vesicle fraction. Because of the uniformity of these cells, the high rate of secretion, and the accessability of a large vesicle population, this culture system is'a useful model for studying the secretory process in plant cells.
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    Effect of adaptation to high altitude hypoxia on catecholamine metabolism in spontaneously hypertensive rats (1982)
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 93 (1982), S. 24-26 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: catecholamines ; hypertension ; hypoxia ; adaptation
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Hemodynamic response of normotensive and hypertensive rats to prostaglandins and indomethacin (1982)
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 94 (1982), S. 1063-1066 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: prostaglandins ; hemodynamics ; baroreflex ; hypotension ; hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Fine structure of the larval rhinophores of the nudibranch, Rostanga pulchra, with emphasis on the sensory receptor cells (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 225 (1982), S. 235-248 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rhinophore ; Larva ; Nudibranch ; Sensory cell ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rhinophores of the veliger larva of Rostanga pulchra are located in the intravelar field near the base of the velar lobes. Each rhinophore is a cylindrical structure, tapering distally, and covered with a dense meshwork of microvilli. A conspicuous row of ciliary tufts runs along each side of the rhinophore and several stiffer tufts, composed of fewer cilia, are positioned around the tip or at the base. The rhinophoral epithelium consists of supporting cells, ciliated cells (giving rise to the ciliary rows), dendritic terminals (giving rise to the tufts around the apex), and sinuses containing occasional amebocytes. The lumen of the rhinophore is occupied by the rhinophoral ganglion and muscle cells that are oriented in two perpendicular planes. Cell bodies of the dendritic endings are located within the rhinophoral ganglion, which in turn joins into the optic and cerebral ganglia. Rhinophoral ganglionic neurons do not synapse with each other, but numerous neuromuscular synapses are found in the lumen of the rhinophore. Morphological evidence suggests that the dendritic endings are chemoreceptors and the ciliated cells are possibly mechanoreceptors but are not functional at this stage in development. The functional role of the rhinophores is discussed in relation to larval behavior at settlement and metamorphosis.
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    Ultrastructure of pinealocytes of the kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordi) (1982)
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    Cell & tissue research 226 (1982), S. 167-175 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Ultrastructure ; Kangaroo rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the pinealocytes of the wild-captured ord kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordi) was examined. A homogeneous population of pinealocytes was present in the pineal gland of the kangaroo rat. The Golgi apparatus, granular endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes, dense-core vesicles, vacuoles containing a flocculent material and lipid droplets were consistent components of the pinealocyte cytoplasm, whereas infrequently-observed organelles included centrioles, multivesicular bodies, subsurface cisternae, “synaptic” ribbons and cilia. The number of dense-core vesicles was relatively high and dense-core vesicles and vacuoles containing a flocculent material were present in the same cell. Although it has been recently suggested that two different secretory processes, i.e., neurosecretory-like (Golgi apparatus — dense-core vesicles) and ependymal-like (granular endoplasmic reticulum — vacuoles containing a flocculent material) may be involved in different regulatory mechanisms in the pinealocytes, the definitive answer to this is still far from clear. Therefore, the pineal gland of the kangaroo rat appears to be a good model for the study of the potential relationship between these two secretory processes, especially in respect to seasonal changes.
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    The fine structure of the polymorphic spermatozoa of Fusitriton oregonensis (Mollusca: Gastropoda), with notes on the cytochemistry of the internal secretions (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 227 (1982), S. 235-255 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sperm polymorphism ; Ultrastructure ; Mollusca ; Prosobranchia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The prosobranch Fusitriton oregonensis exhibits an unusual form of sperm polymorphism. The viable, eupyrene sperm are attached in groups of about fifty to worm-shaped, apyrene, carrier sperm. There is a second apyrene sperm, which is lancet-shaped and has a different internal organization than the carrier, but does not transport eupyrene sperm. The eupyrene sperm are filiform (185 μm long), with a conical acrosome, elongate nucleus and midpiece. They contain large stores of glycogen in the principal piece, together with an unusually high proportion of protein. The latter is due to a complex interconnecting system of fibres that supports the tail internally. A distinct annulus is located, characteristically, at the junction between midpiece and principal piece. The carrier sperm has a core of about 112 axonemes that arise from basal bodies in the anterior end and extend through its entire length of 36 μm. The basal bodies have unstriated rootlets that are embedded in a granular cap. Large membrane-bound “yolk bodies” are arranged along the length of the carrier sperm, on either side of the median axonemal core. Dense bodies, which may be indigestible residues formed from the degeneration of the nucleus, are excreted by exocytosis. Individual carrier sperm are capable of “corkscrew” propulsion, resembling that of spirochaetes. The lancet sperm is three times as long as the carrier. The sixteen or so axonemes, which are arranged peripherally like a cage enclosing the cytoplasm, originate from a dense centriolar plate in the anterior end. The cytoplasm is filled with secretions including small yolk granules, dense bodies (also excreted), clear vesicles, and a membranated granular secretion that resembles mucus. The possible functions of the lancet and carrier sperm are discussed.
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    Three-dimensional organization of smooth muscle cells in blood vessels of laboratory rodents (1982)
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    Cell & tissue research 227 (1982), S. 429-437 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Smooth muscle ; Arteriole ; Three-dimension ; Ultrastructure ; Laboratory rodents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three-dimensional aspects of smooth muscle cells of the microvas-culature were studied ultrastructurally in laboratory rodents by means of serial thin sections and reconstruction of muscle cell models. It was demonstrated that a muscle cell of an arteriole (luminal diameter (LD) 17 μm) in hamster striated muscle was spindle-shaped, 70 μm long, and wound twice round the vessel axis. The volume of the cell was calculated as 750 μm3 and its surface area as 1330 μm2. A muscle cell in an arteriole (LD 6 μm) in the rat retina was irregular in shape, about 22 μm long, and had branched processes. The cell volume was calculated as 139 μm3 and its surface area as 298 μm2.
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    The interstitial cells in the colon of the rabbit (1982)
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    Cell & tissue research 222 (1982), S. 41-51 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Interstitial cell ; Myenteric plexus ; Colon ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The interstitial cells associated with the myenteric plexus of the rabbit colon were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. It was demonstrated that the interstitial cells were stellate or fusiform in shape and located over the ganglia, over nerve bundles and between muscle cells. They were characterized by many slender processes, and resemble fibroblasts. No basal lamina was observed between the interstitial cells and muscle cells. It was concluded that structural features of the interstitial cells are distinctly different from those of neurons, Schwann cells, or of smooth muscle cells, while they show clear similarities to those of fibroblasts. By scanning electron microscopy the shapes and the relations of these cells could be demonstrated in great detail.
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    Noradrenergic axon terminals in the substantia gelatinosa of the rat spinal cord (1982)
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    Cell & tissue research 222 (1982), S. 359-378 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Axon terminals ; Substantia gelatinosa ; Spinal cord ; Noradrenaline ; Ultrastructure ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The noradrenergic terminals in the substantia gelatinosa of the dorsal horn of the cervical spinal cord of the rat were investigated by means of the histofluorescence technique and electron-microscopic cytochemistry using the glyoxylic acid-KMnO4 fixation technique. In accordance with the topographical distribution of fluorescent catecholaminergic fibers, noradrenergic terminals containing small granular vesicles were frequently observed electron microscopically in the outer layer of the substantia gelatinosa. These terminals were most frequently found to appose without showing typical synaptic features, small-caliber dendrites, spine apparatus, and rarely, large caliber dendrites. Only in a few cases, the noradrenergic terminals exhibited typical synaptic contacts with dendritic elements of small size. In addition, noradrenergic terminals apposed non-noradrenergic terminals containing small agranular vesicles. In rats bearing surgical lesions of the dorsal roots, no noradrenergic terminal were found in contact with the degenerated axon terminals in the substantia gelatinosa. These findings suggest that the noradrenergic afferents to the substantia gelatinosa may exert their influence on sensory transmission via dorsal horn cells.
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    Presence of dense-core vesicles in pinealocytes of the cat (1982)
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    Cell & tissue research 222 (1982), S. 695-698 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Ultrastructure ; Dense-core vesicles ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dense-core vesicles, 90–200 nm in diameter, were found in pinealocytes of the cat. They were present both in perikarya and cell processes.
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    Ultrastructural immunocytochemical characterization of isotocin, vasotocin and neurophysin neurons in the magnocellular preoptic nucleus of the goldfish (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 223 (1982), S. 685-694 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunoelectron microscopy ; Preoptic nucleus ; Goldfish ; Magnocellular neuroendocrine cells ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We describe the ultrastructural localization of isotocin, vasotocin and neurophysin in the magnocellular preoptic nucleus of the goldfish. With the aid of immunocytochemical techniques, we see staining both in classical neurosecretory granules and in diffuse agranular form throughout somata and processes. Signs of cellular and synaptic interactions between chemically identified neurons include axon terminals which contain vasotocin immunoreactivity and membrane specializations (puncta adhaerentia) between adjacent somata. Our investigations provide an anatomical basis for neuroendocrine and neurotransmitter-like functions of peptidergic neurons in the teleost preoptic nucleus.
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    The pinealocyte nucleolus (1982)
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    Cell & tissue research 224 (1982), S. 195-206 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pinealocytes ; Nucleolus ; Rat ; Ultrastructure ; Twenty-four-hour changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An ultrastructural and morphometric analysis was made of the nucleolar components in pinealocytes of 40 male Fischer rats sampled at eight times in an LD 12∶12 photoperiod cycle. Comparisons of results from the eight times showed variation in estimated mean volume of the granular component of ±29%, and of the fibrillar component ±11%, in relation to daily means. Peaks in mean volume of total nucleolus and its granular component occurred at 1 h of light. Near maximal and minimal mean volumes of the fibrillar component both occurred during both light and dark. Fibrillar centers (nucleolar organizer regions) of different sizes were found at all sampling times. It is concluded that temporal patterns in 24-h changes in the nucleolar components are most prominent in the granular component, and are more complex than suggested by changes in total nucleolar size or mean dimensions, and than represented by a simple biphasic circadian rhythm. Examples of different stages in the migration of the granular component, and of possible sites of nucleo-cytoplasmic transfer of nucleolar material, are described.
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    Ultrastructure of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) in the amphibian urodele, Pleurodeles waltlii (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 224 (1982), S. 663-671 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue) ; Urodeles ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'ultrastructure du tissu lymphoïde associé au tube digestif (GALT) a été étudiée chez l'amphibien urodèle, Pleurodeles waltlii. Les follicules lymphoïdes se présentent comme de vrais infiltrés entre les éléments conjonctifs de la muqueuse. Ils se trouvent principalement constitués par des plasmocytes mûrs et en développement, des macrophages et des granulocytes. Les cellules lymphoïdes migratrices provoquent une invasion massive de l'épithelium intestinal qui présente des modifications notables comme la disparition de la membrane basale et une diminution du nombre de cellules muqueuses. D'après son organisation et ses composants cellulaires, le GALT de P. waltlii semble représenter un précurseur phylogénétique primitif de la “barrière immunologique intestinale” des mammifères.
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) has been studied in the salamander, Pleurodeles waltlii. Lymphoid accumulations appear as true infiltrates scattered throughout the lamina propria cell elements. The most important components of these infiltrates are small and medium sized lymphocytes, and, in lesser amounts, developing and mature plasma cells, macrophages and granulocytes. Migrating lymphoid cells massively invade the intestinal epithelium inducing noticeable modifications, such as the disappearance of the basement membrane and decreased numbers of mucous cells. Thus, in its organization and cell composition, the GALT of P. waltlii appears to represent a primitive phylogenetic precursor of the mammalian “intestinalimmunologic ” barrier.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213761
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    Histotopography and ultrastructure of the thin limbs of the loop of Henle in the hamster (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 225 (1982), S. 111-127 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Loops of Henle ; Thin limbs ; Kidney (hamster) ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the kidney of the Syrian hamster the descending thin limbs of both the short and long loops of Henle are not spatially separated from each other and descend between the vascular bundles. Ultrastructurally, five different epithelial types are distinguished in the thin limbs of the short and long loops of Henle. Short loops possess only a descending thin limb with a simply organized epithelium (type 1). Long loops comprise an upper and a lower part of the descending thin limb and the ascending thin limb. The upper part of the long descending thin limb is equipped with a complex and highly interdigitating epithelium with shallow junctions (type 2), which gradually transforms into the simple noninterdigitating type-3 epithelium of the lower part. In a minor portion of long descending thin limbs, however, the upper part begins with an even more complexly organized epithelium (type 2a) than type 2. Type-2a epithelium is conspicuously thicker and possesses a more elaborate mode of cellular interdigitation. Along the descent of this tubular part through the inner stripe of the outer medulla, type-2a epithelium transforms into type-2 epithelium. It is suggested that the long descending thin limbs, which start with type-2a epithelium, belong to the longest loops. The type-4 epithelium of the ascending thin limbs is characterized by flat and extensively interdigitating cells with shallow junctions. The unique pattern of the type-2 a epithelium favors the assumption that solute secretion essentially contributes to the increase in concentration of tubular fluid in long descending thin limbs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216222
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    Effects of acute opiate-peptide administration on pro-opiomelanocortin cells of the intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 225 (1982), S. 217-222 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Opiate peptides ; Pituitary ; Pro-opiomelanocortin cells ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of acute injections of synthetic opiate peptides into the lateral cerebral ventricle of young adult male rats on cells of the intermediate lobe of the pituitary were studied. Met-enkephalin (100/μg) injected into anesthetized rats, or 20 μg beta-endorphin administered via a previously implanted cannula to unanesthetized animals, will lead to cell degranulation and often to expanded Golgi zones and prominent regions of rough endoplasmic reticulum in secretory cells when tissue is fixed 45–60 min after peptide administration. Treatment of animals with the opiate antagonist naloxone hydrochloride prior to enkephalin injection appeared to prevent the cellular changes elicited with peptide alone. Observations suggest that opiate peptides administered to the cerebrospinal fluid may stimulate release of pro-opiomelanocortin-peptide from pituitary cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216230
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    Development of the ovarian surface and associated germ cells in the human fetus (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 226 (1982), S. 493-510 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovarian cords ; Surface epithelium ; Fetal germ cells ; Mesonephros ; Ultrastructure ; SEM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ovarian surface and associated germ cells have been studied in human fetuses from 12 weeks of age until near term, using light, TEM and SEM techniques. The surface epithelium and related cords proliferate extensively, especially at midterm. The cords in the ovarian cortex appear to be linked with ingrowths from the surface epithelium, and both structures have a common basal lamina. Germ cells are always interspersed among the somatic cells of the surface epithelium and associated cords. These results indicate that both the proliferating cords and surface epithelium may contribute to the formation of early follicles. Furthermore, the occurrence, of elements having some of the features of primitive steroidogenic cells in the regions of cordsurface epithelium continuity, suggests that both structures (surface epithelium and cords) contribute somatic cells, which in addition to becoming granulosa cells, might also contribute to the provision of primitive interstitial cells. Gonocytes tend to migrate through the developing ovarian tissue towards the surface where they become extruded into the peritoneal cavity. This phenomenon might contribute to the reduction in the number of germ cells at birth and parallels the atretic processes within the ovary.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214779
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    A quantitative ultrastructural analysis of changes in hamster cheek-pouch epithelium treated with vitamin A (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 226 (1982), S. 541-554 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oral epithelium ; Cell differentiation ; Vitamin A ; Ultrastructure ; Stereology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural changes induced by the topical application of retinol acetate on hamster cheek pouch epithelium were evaluated using stereological analysis. Electron micrographs were prepared of the basal and superficial regions of the nucleated cell layer of the epithelium obtained from 3 treated and 3 control animals and examined at two levels of magnification. A total of 528 micrographs were analyzed using a coherent double lattice test system. Although the mean thickness of the nucleated cell layer did not change significantly after 10 days of treatment with retinol acetate the formation of keratinized squames was completely inhibited. This was paralleled by significant changes in the volume density of a number of organelles in both the basal and superficial strata. Rough endoplasmic reticulum increased significantly whereas filaments, which maintained a constant diameter of approximately 9 nm, keratohyalin granules and membrane-coating granules decreased in both strata. Desmosomes also showed a significant decrease in numerical area density in the treated tissues. In contrast, no changes were observed in the volume density of the Golgi apparatus, free ribosomes or mitochondria in the treated epithelium. It is concluded that this treatment provides an epithelium lacking all features of keratinization and may be a useful model for examining metabolic activities specifically associated with keratinization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214783
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    The structure of a hair mechanoreceptor in the antennule of crayfish (Crustacea) (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 226 (1982), S. 565-578 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mechanosensory hair ; Chordotonal organ ; Ultrastructure ; Crustacea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In this study we examine the fine structure of mechanosensory hairs in the antennule of crayfish. The sensory hair is a stiff shaft with feather-like filaments. The hair's base is a large expansion of membrane which allows the hair shaft to deflect. The sensory transducing elements are located far from the hair, but are coupled mechanically with the hair shaft by a fine extracellular chorda. The sensory element is a type of scolopidium which consists of a scolopale cell and three sensory cells with a 9 + 0 type ciliary process. This type of scolopidium is characteristic of the chordotonal organ that has no cuticular structure on the surface of the exoskeleton. In this crustacean hair receptor, the deflection of the cuticular hair is transmitted through the chorda to the scolopidium which is a tension-sensitive transducer. The present study reveals that the mechanosensory hair of decapod crustaceans is a chordotonal organ accompanied by a cuticular hair structure. We also discuss comparative aspects of cuticular and subcuticular chordotonal organs in arthropods.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214785
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    Correlation of mitochondrial form and function in vivo: Microinjection of substrate and nucleotides (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 227 (1982), S. 129-137 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Ultrastructure ; Microinjection ; ATP ; ADP ; Amoeba proteus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Microinjection of adenine nucleotides and substrates into the cytoplasm of Amoeba proteus followed by EM examination has been used in an attempt to relate alterations in mitochondrial morphology with functional changes. Contracted mitochondria with dark matrix and wide cristae (Type I), and expanded mitochondria with light matrix and narrower cristae (Type II) coexist in normal active amoebae, but their numbers can be varied according to different cell activity states. Following injection of ATP, the mitochondria of the amoebae showed a time-dependent movement towards a predominately Type II form, whilst injections of ADP produced predominately the Type I form. Injection of succinate or deionised water, even in large amounts, had little effect on the numbers of Type I or Type II forms. The change induced by ATP was of long duration; that induced by ADP was influenced by both concentration injected and the cell's substrate levels. With 3 mM solutions of ADP the mitochondrial population was primarily of Type I organelles; higher ADP concentrations or the simultaneous injection of succinate, however, resulted in a switch with time to increased proportions of Type II mitochondria. The results extend the findings of previous in vivo and in vitro mitochondrial studies and are discussed in the light of these.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00206336
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    A light- and electron-microscopic study on the migration of primordial germ cells in the teleost, Oryzias latipes (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 227 (1982), S. 139-151 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Migration ; Primordial germ cell ; Teleost ; Oryzias latipes ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The primordial germ cells (PGCs) of Oryzias latipes in migration to the gonadal anlage have been investigated by light and electron microscopy. The ultrastructure of the PGCs, which occur in the subendodermal space on the syncytial periblast, differ conspicuously from that of the surrounding endodermal cells. After the PGCs move to the cavity between lateral plate and ectoderm, they are taken into the somatomesodermal layer and transferred to the dorsal mesentery where they form gonadal anlage with mesodermal cells. During their translocation to the dorsal mesentery through the somatic mesoderm, apparently without formation of pseudopods, the PGCs are completely surrounded by mesodermal cells. Since these conditions seem unfavorable to the active translocation of the PGCs to the dorsal mesentery, it is more likely that the PGCs are transferred passively by the morphogenic activity of the lateral-plate mesoderm. Counts of the number of the PGCs revealed that they are mitotically dormant during the migratory period. After the completion of the migration, they regain their proliferative activity. The PGCs in the female proliferate more actively than those in the male, which provides the first morphological indication of sex differentiation in this species of fish.
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    Ingrowth of optic nerve fibers and onset of myelin ensheathment in the optic tectum of the trout (Salmo gairdneri) (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 227 (1982), S. 201-211 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Optic systems ; Axonal growth ; Myelination ; Ultrastructure ; Teleosts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The early differentiation of the optic pathway of the trout was studied by means of autoradiography, silver impregnation and electron microscopy. Ingrowth of optic nerve fibers into the optic tectum was consistently shown by tracer application and Golgi studies to occur at stage 28, about one week before hatching. Fibers being arranged in discrete bundles were rapidly growing through the longitudinal axis of tectum and at stage 33 reached its posterior end. Cross sections of these fiber bundles at different positions revealed myelin ensheatment to be initiated at the end of stage 34 at the anterior pole of the tectum. Since in the optic nerve of the trout the onset of myelination occurred even earlier (stage 33), it is assumed that this differentiation process follows a rostro-caudal gradient during development of the optic pathway.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00206341
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    Sensory input to growth stimulating neuroendocrine cells of Lymnaea stagnalis (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 227 (1982), S. 371-386 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tentacle sensory input system ; Neuroendocrine control of growth ; Ultrastructure ; L. stagnalis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Several environmental factors influence the growth of the basommatophoran freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Growth is hormonally controlled by 4 cerebral clusters of ca 50–75 peptidergic, neuroendocrine Light Green Cells (LGC). The present light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopic study shows that the LGC are synaptically contacted by a tentacle sensory system (TSS). The TSS consists of 2 types of primary sensory neurone, viz. ca 150 S1-cells and ca 50–100 S2-cells. A S1-cell has a non-ciliated dendrite and an axon branch that synaptically contacts the soma of a S2-cell. A S2-cell has a branching, ciliated dendrite. Probably, S1- and S2-cells have different sensory modalities and can integrate sensory information by intersensory interaction. The S2-axons run through the tentacular nerves, the cerebral ganglia, and the intercerebral commissure. In each ganglion S2-axons branch and form synaptic contacts on the axons and somata of the LGC and on glial cells that surround the LGC. In an LGC-cluster, 1–3 LGC-somata are particularly strongly innervated. Probably, the TSS is involved in the environmental control of growth in L. stagnalis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00210892
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    Lack of correlation between ultrastructural and pharmacological types of non-adrenergic autonomic nerves (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 221 (1982), S. 551-581 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerves ; Cholinergic nerves ; Ultrastructure ; Nervous transmission
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to test the premise that non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) autonomic nerves have a distinctive ultrastructural appearance, clearly different from that of cholinergic nerves, a detailed quantitative ultrastructural analysis has been made of the non-adrenergic innervation of 15 tissues thought from pharmacological evidence to be innervated by NANC nerves (rat and rabbit anococcygeus muscles; rabbit hepatic portal vein; extrinsically denervated toad lung); cholinergic nerves (atria of rat, rabbit, guinea-pig and toad); or both (guinea-pig cervical and thoracic trachealis muscle; rabbit rectococcygeus muscle; urinary bladder of rat, rabbit, guinea-pig and toad) in addition to their adrenergic supply. Following fixation with a modified chromaffin procedure allowing identification of adrenergic nerves, large, randomly selected samples of non-adrenergic nerve profiles from each tissue were analysed with respect to numbers, relative proportions, and size frequency distributions of different vesicle classes within the profiles. The neuromuscular relationships within each tissue were also analysed. On the basis of these analyses, it is clear that there are no consistent ultrastructural differences between cholinergic and NANC autonomic nerves: neither proportions nor sizes of the vesicles provide any clue as to the transmitter used by a particular nerve. The great majority of nerve profiles, whether cholinergic or NANC, contain predominantly small clear “synaptic” vesicles. Large filled “peptidergic” vesicles are no more common in most NANC nerves than in most cholinergic ones. It is concluded, on ultrastructural grounds, that the primary transmitter in these NANC autonomie nerves is most likely to be stored in and released from the small clear vesicles.
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    Comparative study of structure and function of blood cells from two Drosophila species (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 221 (1982), S. 607-615 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hemocytes ; Drosophila ; Ultrastructure ; Phagocytosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Hemocytes of Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila yakuba larvae have been defined in terms of their ultrastructure and functions in “coagulation”, wound healing, encapsulation, phenol-oxydase activity, and phagocytosis. The position of these cells among the classical hemocyte types of insects is determined. We distinguish two plasmatocyte types (macrophage plasmatocytes and lamellocytes) which do not seem to belong to the same lineage, and oenocytoids which are the crystal cells of the literature.
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    A comparative ultrastructural and physiological study on melanophores of wild-type and periodic albino mutants of Xenopus laevis (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 222 (1982), S. 1-9 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Melanophores ; Periodic albinism ; Ultrastructure ; Physiology ; Xenopus laevis, tadpoles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pigment of tail-fin melanophores in periodic albino Xenopus laevis tadpoles is dispersed in response to darkness and to α-MSH in a manner similar to wild-type melanophores. However, periodic albino tadpoles lack the response to different background conditions and the melatonin-induced aggregation in darkness. The tyrosinase activity in cells of the latter type tadpoles is weak compared to the wild-type cells. Ultrastructural examination of melanophores from periodic albino mutants and cells from wild-type tadpoles shows similar organelles at corresponding sites. A morphological difference can be observed in the fine structure of the melanosomes, which in albinos resembles an earlier stage of development. It is postulated that periodic albino Xenopus laevis possess the cellular mechanism to disperse pigment in the melanophores, but that under physiological conditions the release of α-MSH appears to be absent or scarce.
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    Fine structure of seminiferous tubules from prenatally irradiated rats (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 222 (1982), S. 143-152 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sertoli cells ; Seminiferous tubules ; Irradiated rats ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the seminiferous tubules was studied in rats that had been subjected to whole body irradiation on the 19th day of gestation. The seminiferous tubules from 3 months-old irradiated animals are devoid of germ cells and contain only Sertoli cells. Compared with controls of the same age, the seminiferous tubule basal membrane is thickened and multilayered and several alterations are observed in the Sertoli cells. The most characteristic of these alterations are: (a) an abnormal number of nuclear heterochromatin clumps, (b) the presence of numerous cytoplasmic vacuoles and various sized lipid droplets, (c) elaborate interdigitations and junctions between adjacent cells, and (d) the presence of anomalous ectoplasmic specializations disposed perpendicularly to the Sertoli cell membrane.
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    Ultrastructural observations on the pineal gland of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 222 (1982), S. 531-546 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Ultrastructure ; Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the pineal parenchymal cells, pinealocytes and glia-like cells, of the Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) is described. Pinealocyte nuclei contain spindle-shaped inclusions consisting of bundles of closely packed parallel filaments of about 8 nm in thickness. Mitochondria contain lamellar and tubular cristae. Smaller and larger mitochondria are usually localized separately in individual pinealocytes. Flattened mitochondria contain two to four closely arranged, unusual lamellar cristae, which lie parallel to the surface of the mitochondria. These cristae exhibit particular structures. Rough endoplasmic reticulum is frequently found in close association with such flattened mitochondria. Tubular expansions of the outer membrane of mitochondria occur frequently. The pinealocyte cytoplasm contains stacks of flattened cisternae, which are continuous with both smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Pinealocyte cell bodies and processes contain granulated vesicles. Although larger granulated vesicles measuring up to 300 nm in diameter occasionally occur, smaller granulated vesicles (about 100 nm in diameter) and larger ones are usually localized separately in individual cells. Vacuoles containing flocculent material are found in groups in close association with rough endoplasmic reticulum. Glia-like cells with darker cytoplasm and nuclei lie surrounding pericapillary or intercellular spaces. The glia-like cells are characterized by the presence of abundant lipid droplets and occasional pigment granules. Bundles of filaments run parallel to the long axis of the processes of the glia-like cells.
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    The life cycle of the gastrin granule (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 222 (1982), S. 479-491 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastrin cell ; Secretory granules ; Secretory process ; Peptide hormones ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of gastrin cells in the rat antrum was analyzed with standardized and quantitative planimetric methods. Resting and active cells were compared. The gastrin cells were activated by removal of the acidproducing part of the stomach (fundectomy). As a result the serum gastrin concentrations were greatly elevated. Compared with gastrin cells in fasted control rats the gastrin cells in fundectomized rats were increased in number, contained fewer cytoplasmic granules, increased amount of endoplasmic reticulum, and an enlarged Golgi area. Generally, the secretory granules of the gastrin cell displayed a wide range of electron density from highly electron-dense to electron-lucent. They exhibited certain characteristic features: 1) Electron-dense granules made up a greater proportion of the total granule population in active gastrin cells than in resting cells. 2) Electron-dense granules were more frequent near the Golgi stacks than in the periphery of the cell. 3) Electron-dense granules were smaller in size than the electron-lucent granules; hence, small electron-dense granules probably represent young granules (progranules), while large, electron-lucent granules represent mature (old) granules. 4) Electron-dense granules invariably displayed a more intense immunoreactivity than electron-lucent granules. The gastrins are generated from a large precursor molecule. The posttranslational processing of this precursor is reflected in the gastrin-component pattern. The gastrin-component pattern in antral extracts of fundectomized and normal fasting rats differed in that the proportion of the gastrin-4-like component was reduced, whereas the gastrin-34-like component was increased in the fundectomized rats. The results suggest a greater proportion of small gastrin components in the mature granules than in the newly formed ones, presumably due to more extensive conversion of larger forms into smaller forms with a longer granule half-life. As a result gastrin-17-and gastrin-34-like components make up a larger proportion of total gastrin in active gastrin cells than in resting gastrin cells.
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    Primary cultures of endothelial cells of the rat liver (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 223 (1982), S. 201-215 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver ; Endothelial cells ; Primary culture ; Ultrastructure ; Adsorptive endocytosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A new isolation and purification procedure for endothelial cells of the rat liver and the conditions for large scale survival of these cells in maintenance culture are reported. Cells isolated by this new method and cultured with homologous rat serum on a collagen matrix show the restoration of several ultrastructural characteristics typical of rat liver endothelial cells in situ, including the broad cytoplasmic extensions that contain the sieve plates. These fenestrated cytoplasmic projections, which cover the liver sinusoids in vivo, are well preserved and are reformed in a manner reminiscent of the situation in situ. Reformation of specific membrane receptors is indicated by the reappearance of the capacity to take up horseradish peroxidase by adsorptive endocytosis, a characteristic that is lost during the cell isolation procedure. From the results obtained in this study, maintenance culture of rat liver endothelial cells seems to be a promising system for studying the regulation of pore size of the fenestrated sieve plates by alcohol and certain hormones, for studying the interaction of endothelial cells with other liver cells and tumor cells, and for studying the mechanisms of adsorptive endocytosis.
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    Electron-microscopic study of the development of the periarteriolar zone in splenic white pulp of rats (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 223 (1982), S. 335-348 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spleen (rat) ; Ultrastructure ; Periarteriolar lymphatic sheath ; Interdigitating cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To obtain more information concerning the origin of interdigitating cells, the postnatal development and morphology of the periarteriolar lymphatic sheath in splenic white pulp of rats was investigated by light- and electron-microscopy. Special attention was paid to the ontogeny of interdigitating cells. The spleens of the animals were studied in the age range from 1 h to 28 days after birth. The splenic white pulp of neonatal rats consists only of a few reticuloblasts, which are concentrically arranged around central arterioles. After 21 h an increase in promonocytes and monocytes was noted. Between the fifth and seventh postnatal day monocytogenic cells with a light and almost translucent cytoplasm appear, which display long cytoplasmic projections between the adjacent cells. Neighbouring lymphocytes often insert finger-like processes into the invaginated cellular membrane of these transitional forms. This intimate cellular contact is supported by zonulae occludentes. These cells represent transitional forms between monocytes and interdigitating cells. From seven days of age onwards typical interdigitating cells were present as in adult animals. After the differentiation into an inner and outer periarteriolar lymphatic sheath, the T-cell-dependent area of splenic white pulp has attained its adult appearance and further changes are not to be expected. On the basis of these findings, it is highly probable that interdigitating cells develop via transformation of monocytes.
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    Ultrastructure of scales in a teleost (Carassius auratus L.) after use of rapid freeze-fixation and freeze-substitution (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 223 (1982), S. 349-367 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Teleost scales ; Ultrastructure ; Rapid freeze-fixation ; Mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumé Des précisions concernant les aspects ultrastructuraux des dépôts minéraux dans les écailles deCarassius auratus ont été obtenues grâce à l'utilisation de la congélation ultra-rapide suivie d'une cryosubstitution en milieu anhydre. Ces données sont comparées à celles fournies par les méthodes usuelles utilisant des fixateurs aqueux. La couche externe des écailles comprend des fibres collagènes disposées sans ordre apparent. Les dépôts minéraux se produisent surtout dans la substance interfibrillaire où des granules denses semblent représenter des sites actifs au cours de la minéralisation apparentée au type sphéritique. La plaque basale comporte deux catégories de fibres collagènes. Les unes, les plus nombreuses, de plus fort diamètre, sont organisées en lamelles formant une structure en contre-plaqué; les autres appelées “fibres TC”, orientées de la base de l'écaille vers la zone superficielle, jouent un rôle important dans les premières phases de la minéralisation de type inotropique dans cette partie de l'écaille. Dans les deux couches de l'écaille, la phase minérale est surtout trouvée dans la substance interfibrillaire. De ce fait, les écailles élasmoides des Téleostéens peuvent être distinguées des autres écailles dermiques connues de Vertébrés inférieurs.
    Notes: Summary New data on the ultrastructural features of the elasmoid scales ofCarassius auratus have been obtained by use of rapid freezing with subsequent freeze-substitution in anhydrous solvents. These are compared with the results obtained using conventional aqueous fixatives. The external layer of the scales is composed of randomly oriented collagen fibres. In the first stages of mineralization, mineral deposits are located in the interfibrillary substance where dense granules appear to be active sites of mineralization. Spheritic mineralization occurs in this layer. The fibrillary plate is composed of two kinds of collagen fibres. Most of them are organized in lamellae forming the “plywood-like structure”. They are thicker than the so-called “TC fibres”, which are oriented from the basal part towards the superficial layer. These TC fibres are involved in the first stages of mineral deposition in the fibrillary plate where inotropic mineralization occurs. The mineral phase is almost always located in the interfibrillary matrix in both layers of the elasmoid scale. In this respect, teleost scales differ from those described so far in other lower vertebrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01258495
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    The ultrastructure of the eye of the mosquitofishGambusia affinis (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 223 (1982), S. 431-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Eye ; Ultrastructure ; Gambusia affinis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the tissue components of the eye ofGambusia affinis, excluding the sensory cells, is described. The cornea consists of two different sections of collagenous layers of different density. The choroid includes an argentea composed ofα- andβ-melanophores, lipopterinophores and a choriocapillaris associated with the rete mirabile of the choroid body. Bruch's membrane, underlying the retinal pigment layer, can develop complex associations with fibroblasts delimiting the choriocapillaris. The outer section (stroma) of the iris includes several cell types that are not found in the inner or vitread section. In adultGambusia the lens capsule is well developed, but in twoweek-oldSarotherodon larvae the lens epithelium is covered only by a glycocalyx.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01258500
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    Cytoplasmic organization and quantitation of microtubules in bovine mammary epithelial cells during lactation and involution (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 223 (1982), S. 421-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Microtubules ; Cattle ; Mammary gland ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural examination of milk secretory cells from lactating bovine mammary gland revealed presence of numerous microtubules in the apical and paranuclear cytoplasm, particularly in the vicinity of Golgi components. Most microtubules were oriented perpendicular to the apical plasma membrane and appeared to form a framework around Golgi dictyosomal elements and secretory vesicles. In comparison, non-secretory cells obtained from involuting glands displayed few microtubules and these were randomly located throughout the cytoplasm with no particular orientation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01258499
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    Apical surface of the epithelial cells in the gallbladder of the rainbow trout and the tench (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 224 (1982), S. 449-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gallbladder epithelium ; Brush border ; Apocrine secretion ; Ultrastructure ; Teleosts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The free surface of the epithelial cells in the gallbladder of the rainbow trout (a predatory fish) and the tench (an omnivorous fish) is characterized by well-developed microvilli. They are irregularly arranged in the tench, but form a true brush border consisting of regularly aligned microvilli in the rainbow trout. In both species membrane-bounded cytoplasmic protrusions, up to 5 μm in diameter, extend from the apical surface. These protrusions are free of granules, secretory vesicles or other organelles; only in the tench some of them contain glycogen. Thus, the previously used terms “apocrine and droplet secretion” are not justified; the epithelial protrusions are now to be regarded as droplets of degenerated cytoplasm. Since they resemble the protrusions reported in fetal and postnatal epithelial cells in the gallbladder of higher vertebrates, interspecific differences are discussed. There is no significant correlation between the seasonal activity of the fish and the abundance or structure of the cytoplasmic protrusions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216886
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    Ultrastructural study of interdigitating cells in the thymus of the spotless starling, Sturnus unicolor (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 225 (1982), S. 687-691 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Interdigitating cells ; Thymus ; Birds ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Interdigitating cells (IDC) in the thymus of the spotless starling, Sturnus unicolor, were examined by electron microscopy. They occur principally in the thymic medulla and corticomedullary border. They possess an irregular nucleus and a perinuclear area of cytoplasm, containing most of the membranous organelles, surrounded by a peripheral electron-lucent zone. Clusters of smooth Golgi vesicles and complicated labyrinthine membrane-membrane contacts are the most characteristic cytological features. Birbeck granules are absent. Lymphocytes, plasma cells and even myoid cells can be found embedded in the cytoplasm. Immature elements, intermediate between epithelial-reticular cells and interdigitating cells, are tentatively identified as prointerdigitating cells. The functional significance of IDCs, and their phylogenetic significance in the vertebrate immune system, is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214813
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    Ultrastructure of the rat median eminence after superfusion (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 226 (1982), S. 27-35 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Ultrastructure ; In vitro systems ; Neurosecretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Isolated medio-basal hypothalami of adult rats were continuously superfused in a chamber with controllable inputs and outputs, for periods from 30 to 240 min. The median eminence was prepared for transmission electron microscopy under carefully controlled conditions by immersion fixation with osmium tetroxide. The ultrastructure of superfused median eminence was compared with that of directly fixed, non-superfused median eminence. Even after 4h of superfusion, the median eminence displays remarkably well preserved histological and cytological patterns; cytomembranes, cell organelles, intercellular relationships, and extracellular spaces were remarkably similar in superfused and non-superfused tissues. As a consequence of osmium tetroxide fixation, microtubules were not observable. The ultrastructural information obtained from unstimulated rat median eminence superfused in vitro provides a basis for future morphofunctional correlations in the study of neurosecretion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217079
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    Ultrastructural changes in the neurohypophysis of the aged male rat (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 226 (1982), S. 51-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Ultrastructure ; Ageing ; Hormone-containing vesicles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neurohypophyses (neural lobes of the pituitary) of young adult (3–6 months) and aged (12–30 months) male rats were studied by means of electron microscopy. Stereomorphometric analyses were performed to determine the size, number and relative volume of the hormone-containing vesicles. The principal observations included: 1) the conspicuous depletion in aged rats of the granular hormone-containing vesicles from the axon terminals and the Herring bodies, with a decrease in the relative volume fraction of the vesicles from 4.8 Vv % in the control animals to 1.1 Vv % in the aged rats; 2) a change in the size-distribution of the hormone vesicles; 3) an increase in the extracellular space around the nerve terminals, axons and capillaries; and 4) lipid accumulations and signs of activation in the pituicytes. The possible physiological significance of the findings is discussed in the light of several regulatory functions known to be altered during the process of ageing.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217081
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    Axon terminals with unusual vesicles in the brain of the polychaete, Ophryotrocha puerilis (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 226 (1982), S. 237-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Polychaetes ; Neuroendocrine system ; Nerve endings ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the brain of Ophryotrocha puerilis swollen nerve endings filled with electron-lucent vesicles and aggregates of vesicles were observed. The vesicles do not resemble elementary neurosecretory granules. Tests for biogenic amines were negative; no dense-core vesicles were found. The vesicle type described here cannot be related to any of the types thus far found in nerve cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217098
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    Estrogen-mediated exocytosis in the glandular epithelium of prostates in castrated and hypophysectomized dogs (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 226 (1982), S. 689-693 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Exocytosis ; Estrogen ; Ultrastructure ; Canine prostate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Glandular cells in the prostate of the intact, adult dog contain numerous, large secretory granules that are released by exocytosis. Following hypophysectomy or castration, the glandular epithelium atrophies and the secretory granules degenerate and eventually disappear. Pharmacologic doses of estradiol-17β 17-cyclopentylpropionate cause the regressed glandular cells to synthesize a new population of smaller granules that are also released by exocytosis, even though estrogen is known to inhibit fluid secretion by the canine prostate. Thus, the mechanisms involved in prostatic synthesis and exocytosis of secretory granules are independent of those regulating fluid secretion and are operative in the absence of androgen or pituitary hormones.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214795
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    Lymph node macrophages and reticulum cells in the immune response (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 227 (1982), S. 277-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lymph node (rat) ; Macrophages ; Dendritic reticulum cells ; Immune response to paratyphoid vaccine ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology and kinetics of macrophages and reticulum cells of rat lymph nodes have been studied in relation to the immune response to a second exposure to antigen. During the first 24 h after stimulation monocyte-like exudate macrophages, including some scattered interdigitating cells (IDC), contain granules similar to those present in epidermal Langerhans cells and lymph-borne veiled cells. In this induction phase these macrophages migrate from the marginal sinus into the paracortex and during the migration they gradually transform into IDC. In the proliferation phase the paracortex is mainly populated by transitional macrophages and there are almost no typical IDC present between the lymphoblasts. In the memory phase the relative number of IDC again rapidly increases. During this period in the paracortex there are often typical IDC which contain partially digested necrotic lymphocytes, thus resembling tingible body macrophages (TBM) of the germinal centre in this respect. It is suggested that the newly arrived macrophages induce the lymphoblast reaction, while mature IDC may have an inhibitory function in the memory phase of the immune response. In this phase the phagocytic potential of IDC is clearly shown.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00210886
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