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    Trench-Forearc Geology : Sedimentation and Tectonics on Modern and Ancient Active Plate Margins (1982)
    Oxford, London, Edinburgh, Boston, Melbourne : Blackwell Scientific Publications
    Details
    Keywords: Forearc-Becken ; Plattentektonik ; Tektonik ; Tiefseegraben
    Description / Table of Contents: Japan --- A. Taira, H. Okada, J. H. Whitaker, and A. J. Smith: The Shimanto Belt of Japan: Cretaceous-lower Miocene active-margin sedimentation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10:5-26, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.01 --- Roland von Huene and Michael A. Arthur: Sedimentation across the Japan Trench off northern Honshu Island / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10:27-48, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.02 --- Yujiro Ogawa: Tectonics of some forearc fold belts in and around the arc-arc crossing area in central Japan / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10:49-61, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.03 --- Tsunemasa Shiki and Yoshibumi Misawa: Forearc geological structure of the Japanese Islands / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10:63-73, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.04 --- Central America --- J. Casey Moore, Joel S. Watkins, Kenneth J. McMillen, Stephen B. Bachman, Jeremy K. Leggett, Neil Lundberg, Thomas H. Shipley, Jean-Francois Stephan, Floyd W. Beghtel, Arif Butt, Borys M. Didyk, Nobuaki Niitsuma, Les E. Shephard, and Herbert Stradner: Facies belts of the Middle America Trench and forearc region, southern Mexico: results from Leg 66 DSDP / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10:77-94, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.05 --- Thomas H. Shipley, John W. Ladd, Richard T. Buffler, and Joel S. Watkins: Tectonic processes along the Middle America Trench inner slope / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10:95-106, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.06 --- Kenneth J. McMillen, Robert H. Enkeboll, J. Casey Moore, Thomas H. Shipley, and John W. Ladd: Sedimentation in different tectonic environments of the Middle America Trench, southern Mexico and Guatemala / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10:107-119, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.07 --- Roland von Huene, Jean Aubouin, Jacques Azema, Grant Blackinton, Jerry A. Carter, William T. Coulbourn, Darrel S. Cowan, Joseph A. Curiale, Carlos A. Dengo, Richard W. Faas, William Harrison, Reinhard Hesse, Donald M. Hussong, John W. Ladd, Nikita Muzylov, Tsunemasa Shiki, Peter R. Thompson, and Jean Westberg: A summary of Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 67 shipboard results from the Mid-America Trench transect off Guatemala / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10:121-129, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.08 --- Neil Lundberg: Evolution of the slope landward of the Middle America Trench, Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10:131-147, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.9 --- South America --- L. D. Kulm, T. M. Thornburg, H.-J. Schrader, and J. M. Resig: Cenozoic structure, stratigraphy and tectonics of the central Peru forearc / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10:151-169, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.10 --- R. Moberly, G. L. Shepherd, and W. T. Coulbourn: Forearc and other basins, continental margin of northern and southern Peru and adjacent Ecuador and Chile / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10:171-189, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.11 --- C. D. R. Evans and J. E. Whittaker: The geology of the western part of the Borbón Basin, North-west Ecuador / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10:191-198, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.12 --- Aleutians --- M. S. Marlow, A. K. Cooper, D. W. Scholl, and H. McLean: Ancient plate boundaries in the Bering Sea region / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10:201-211, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.13 --- Tor H. Nilsen and Gian G. Zuffa: The Chugach Terrane, a Cretaceous trench-fill deposit, southern Alaska / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10:213-227, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.14 --- Tim Byrne: Structural evolution of coherent terranes in the Ghost Rocks Formation, Kodiak Island, Alaska / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10:229-242, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.15 --- Asia and Australasia --- Gregory F. Moore, Joseph R. Curray, and Frans J. Emmel: Sedimentation in the Sunda Trench and forearc region / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10:245-258, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.16 --- Gerrit J. van der Lingen: Development of the North Island Subduction System, New Zealand / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10:259-272, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.17 --- Atlantic --- G. K. Westbrook: The Barbados Ridge Complex: tectonics of a mature forearc system / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10:275-290, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.18 --- C. J. Pudsey and H. G. Reading: Sedimentology and structure of the Scotland Group, Barbados / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10:291-308, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.19 --- Jacques-André Malod, Gilbert Boillot, Claude Lepvier, Georges Mascle, Josette Taugourdeau-Lantz, Raymond Capdevila, Pierre-Alain Dupeuble, and Carla Müller: Subduction and tectonics on the continental margin off northern Spain: observations with the submersible Cyana / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10:309-315, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.20 --- Mediterranean --- X. Le Pichon, P. Huchon, J. Angelier, N. Lybéris, J. Boulin, D. Bureau, J.P. Cadet, J. Dercourt, G. Glaçon, H. Got, D. Karig, J. Mascle, L.E. Ricou, and F. Thiebault: Subduction in the Hellenic Trench: probable role of a thick evaporitic layer based on Seabeam and submersible studies / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10:319-333, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.21 --- N. H. Kenyon, R. H. Belderson, and A. H. Stride: Detailed tectonic trends on the central part of the Hellenic Outer Ridge and in the Hellenic Trench System / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10:335-343, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.22 --- Forese Carlo Wezel: The structure of the Calabro-Sicilian Arc: result of a post-orogenic intra-plate deformation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10:345-354, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.23 --- Makran of Iran and Pakistan --- Robert S. White: Deformation of the Makran accretionary sediment prism in the Gulf of Oman (north-west Indian Ocean) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10:357-372, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.24 --- Russell S. Arthurton, Abul Farah, and Wahiduddin Ahmed: The Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic history of western Baluchistan Pakistan—the northern margin of the Makran subduction complex / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10:373-385, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.25 --- G. J. H. McCall and R. G. W. Kidd: The Makran, Southeastern Iran: the anatomy of a convergent plate margin active from Cretaceous to Present / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10:387-397, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.26 --- California --- Steven B. Bachman: The Coastal Belt of the Franciscan: youngest phase of northern California subduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10:401-417, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.27 --- K. R. Aalto: The Franciscan Complex of northernmost California: sedimentation and tectonics / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10:419-432, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.28 --- M. C. Blake, Jr, A. S. Jayko, and D. G. Howell: Sedimentation, metamorphism and tectonic accretion of the Franciscan assemblage of northern California / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10:433-448, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.29 --- Darrel S. Cowan: Deformation of partly dewatered and consolidated Franciscan sediments near Piedras Blancas Point, California / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10:439-457, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.30 --- Raymond V. Ingersoll: Initiation and evolution of the Great Valley forearc basin of northern and central California, U.S.A. / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10:459-467, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.31 --- Forearc Terranes in Orogenic Belts --- Reinhard Hesse: Cretaceous-Palaeogene Flysch Zone of the East Alps and Carpathians: identification and plate-tectonic significance of ‘dormant’ and ‘active’ deep-sea trenches in the Alpine-Carpathian Arc / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10:471-494, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.32 --- J. K. Leggett, W. S. McKerrow, and D. M. Casey: The anatomy of a Lower Palaeozoic accretionary forearc: the Southern Uplands of Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10:495-520, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.33 --- Barry C. Hepworth, Grahame J. H. Oliver, and Michael J. McMurtry: Sedimentology, volcanism, structure and metamorphism of the northern margin of a Lower Palaeozoic accretionary complex; Bail Hill-Abington area of the Southern Uplands of Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10:521-534, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.34 --- Facies, Petrology and Models --- Michael B. Underwood and Steven B. Bachman: Sedimentary facies associations within subduction complexes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10:537-550, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.35 --- J. Barry Maynard, Renzo Valloni, and Ho-Shing Yu: Composition of modern deep-sea sands from arc-related basins / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10:551-561, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.36 --- D. E. Karig: Initiation of subduction zones: implications for arc evolution and ophiolite development / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10:563-576, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.37
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 576 Seiten) , Illustrationen, Diagramme
    ISBN: 0632007087
    URL: http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/10/1
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    SOME ASPECTS OF HANDLING VELOCITY INVERSION AND HIDDEN LAYER PROBLEMS IN SEISMIC REFRACTION WORK (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: There are two types of masked layers in seismic refraction work: the velocity reversal (low-velocity layer) and the hidden layer (insufficient velocity contrast or layer thickness). On the basis of an analytical formulation of the general case of a masked layer under an overburden of plane and parallel multiple refractors the two limiting cases are discussed: the solution resulting from an uncritical interpretation of the measured time-distance curve and the blind zone solution. Between these two limiting cases there is a variety of possible masked layer solutions. These no-blind zone solutions—as well as the blind zone solution itself—are formulated separately for the velocity inversion and the hidden layer case.For the evaluation of some no-blind zone solution a diagram is presented which can be used for any case of multiple refractors in the overburden of the masked layer. However, it is only for the three- and the four-layer case that a blind zone interpretation by use of diagrams is advisable. Such diagrams are presented together with the basic sets of formulae which contain as parameters only ratios of velocities and layer thicknesses. As the velocity of the masked layer is usually unknown the diagrams are principally constructed to show the dependence on the masked layer velocity. This is useful for estimation of the largest possible error.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1982.tb01336.x
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  • 3
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    OFFSET CONTINUATION FOR SEISMIC STACKING (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Wave equation migration techniques have shown the limits of traditional stacking methods with data from tectonically complicated areas. An improved stack can be obtained utilizing the dip-moveout correction technique based on offset continuation. The properties and the limits of the algorithms used are summarized briefly.Several synthetic and real data examples are shown and compared with the results obtained using conventional processing in order to show the focusing effects and the strong improvement in signal-to-noise ratios, both at the stacked and migrated section level. The possibility of exploiting this technique to transform multiple coverage into increased spatial resolution is illustrated with examples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1982.tb01341.x
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  • 4
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    OPTIMIZATION OF SHORT DIGITAL LINEAR FILTERS FOR INCREASED ACCURACY (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The accuracy of short length digital linear filter operators can be substantially increased if the sampling interval as well as the abscissa shift are properly adjusted. This may be done by a trial and error process of adjustment of these parameters until the error made by the filter operator, applied to a suitably chosen test function, is smallest.As an illustration of the application of this method, 7-, 11- and 19-point filters for the calculation of Schlumberger apparent resistivity from a known resistivity transform are designed. Errors with the new 7-point filter are seen to be less than those with a 19-point filter of conventional design. The errors with the new 19-point filter are two to three orders of magnitude smaller than those made by the conventional 19-point filter.The new method should provide digital linear operators that allow significant improvements in accuracy for comparable computation efforts, or substantial reduction in computation for comparable accuracy of results, or something of both.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1982.tb01320.x
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  • 5
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    TIME-TO-DEPTH MIGRATION USING WAVEFRONT CURVATURE (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A well-known technique for the migration of normal-incidence two-way travel-time maps is extended to common-source-point travel-time data. The travel time and the travel-time gradient are used to compute the parameters defining the tangent plane of the reflecting interface. It is also shown how the curvature matrix of the received wavefront can be used to compute the curvature of the reflecting interface. The method is initially derived for common-source-point data and then extended to common-midpoint data.In a three-dimensional medium the wavefront curvature matrix is computed by solving a 2 × 2 symmetric matrix Riccati equation. In a two-dimensional medium and in a medium with constant velocity gradient, the wavefront curvature matrix is computed by solving a scalar Riccati equation and two linear equations. The migration procedures are also simplified.When the velocity function is unknown, the migration procedures cannot be used. An inverse modeling algorithm which simultaneously performs the migration and estimates the velocity function must then be applied. Two different inversion schemes are discussed briefly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1982.tb01305.x
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  • 6
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    AN APPROACH TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF FINE SEDIMENTS BY INDUCED POLARIZATION LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Time-domain-induced polarization (IP) laboratory measurements were performed on about 200 fine sediment samples with varying water content. The results permitted an analysis of IP properties of clays, loams, silts, and sands.Particular emphasis has been given to the analysis of the chargeability m as a function of lithotype and the water content.By analyzing decay curves, a new parameter was identified. It is a statistically specific characteristic of the lithotype and is independent of the water content. Therefore, it provides a diagnostic parameter for lithotype identification. In association with the values of chargeability and electrical resistivity, this parameter permits a reliable evaluation of water content and yields useful information about the porosity and permeability of the lithotype.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1982.tb01310.x
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  • 7
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    THE MAGNETOTELLURIC IMPEDANCE TENSOR—ITS RANDOM AND BIAS ERRORS (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Approaches to the reduction of bias in the computation of the elements of the magnetotelluric impedance tensor have been proposed in the past by several authors. In this paper a clear distinction is made between random errors and bias errors. No effort is made to reduce either, but the emphasis is on their estimation. Both types of errors depend critically upon the polarization of the magnetic field. The random error increases with increasing noise-to-signal ratio in the electrical field, and it is rather insensitive to noise in the magnetic field. The bias error increases with increasing noise-to-signal ratio in the magnetic field. Expressions for random errors and maximum bias errors are developed and discussed using a single station set-up. Random errors with a reference station set-up are also calculated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1982.tb01298.x
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    REPLY TO COMMENT BY A. T. BASOKUR (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1982.tb01303.x
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  • 9
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    A NOTE ON “ASPECTS OF VERTICAL SEISMIC RESOLUTION” BY O. KOEFOED (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1982.tb01321.x
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  • 10
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    A NUMERICAL METHOD TO COMPUTE THE RESISTIVITY TRANSFORM FROM WENNER SOUNDING DATA (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A numerical technique to compute the resistivity transform directly from the observed Wenner sounding data has been developed. In principle, the procedure is based on a decomposition method and consists of two steps: the first step determines a function that approximates the apparent resistivity data and the second step transforms this function into the corresponding kernel by an analytical operation. The proposed method is tested on some theoretical master curves. A high degree of precision is achieved with very little computer time. The applicability is shown on two field examples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1982.tb01346.x
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  • 11
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    APPLICATION OF BOREHOLE GEOPHYSICS AT AN EXPERIMENTAL WASTE STORAGE SITE (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A suite of electrical, radiation, and mechanical borehole probes were run in a 76-mm-diameter borehole drilled to a slant depth of 380 m in leptite and granite. The hole is located in Precambrian bedrock in central Sweden where a site is dedicated to in-situ experiments pertaining to the disposal of radioactive wastes. The challenge to borehole logging methods for such site investigations is to resolve geological features and fluid flow parameters in geological sites which are initially chosen for their homogeneity, low porosity, and minimal fracturing. The Stripa borehole is characterized by high electrical resistivity values in the 20–100 kΩm range, by acoustic velocities around 5800 m s-1 (which is close to laboratory values on intact specimens), and by total porosity of around one volume percent. In this context, probe resolution was adequate to produce interpretable information on almost all of the logs.Two principal rock types were encountered in the hole: granite, of quartz monzonitic composition, and leptite. The granite and leptite intercepts are subdivided into units characterized by mafic mineral content, sulfide mineral content, and electrical and radiation properties. Iron-rich zones in the leptite are highly anomalous on the gamma-gamma and neutron logs; thin mafic zones in the granite can also be distinguished. Occurrences of a few percent pyrite are detected by the electrical, gamma-gamma, and neutron logs. Although overall porosity is quite low throughout the hole, analysis of the resistivity and neutron logs indicates the porosity increases by a few volume percent at fracture zones. The differential resistance and caliper probes detect borehole diameter roughness of less than 1 mm, helping to confirm acoustic waveform anomalies which are indicative of fracture zones. Compres-sional wave transit time and shear-wave interference patterns usually occur coincident with open fractures observed in core, the correlation being especially good at major fracture zones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1982.tb01347.x
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  • 12
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    SINGLE-TRACE PROCESSING USING ITERATIVE CDP-STACKING (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The use of conventional CDP-stacking in the processing of reflection data imposes restrictions on the horizontal and vertical resolution. Ideally, the final seismic section should consist only of short offset or, in practice, near-trace primary energy. Through the use of the iterative stacking algorithm, the signal-to-noise ratio on a single trace in the CDP-gather may be improved to an extent comparable to what occurs on a conventional stacked trace. By using this approach and treating the near-trace section after iterative stacking as the final section, the seismic resolution can be improved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1982.tb01331.x
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  • 13
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    RECIPROCAL AVERAGING TECHNIQUES IN THE GEOELECTRICAL BOUNDARY ELEMENT APPROACH (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A Fredholm integral equation of the first kind with respect to the surface charge density is presented via a weighted residual formulation in the standard isotropic problem. The surface charge densities are numerically obtained by solving the well-known Fredholm integral equation of the second kind, where the new equation can be regarded as a constraint. The accuracy of boundary element solutions is examined in connection with the violation of such a constraint and the “modified reciprocal averaging techniques” are proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1982.tb01332.x
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  • 14
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    THE INFLUENCE OF SHALE EFFECTS UPON THE ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF RESERVOIR ROCKS (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The roots of the so-called shaly-sand problem in hydrocarbon evaluation lie in the effect of relatively fine-grained minerals upon measured electrical parameters of granular reservoirs. This influence manifests itself as an excess conductivity, over and above that due to the purely geometric effects of electrolyte distribution within the pore space. For formations with low shaliness, this excess conductivity is usually insignificant in typical oilfield situations.The influence of shaliness upon observed values of formation resistivity has been appraised by collating core-sample data from four different reservoirs. It has been demonstrated that during the course of electrical measurement under conditions of full electrolyte saturation, any given lithology can exhibit both negligible and highly significant shale effects depending upon the resistivity of the interstitial aqueous electrolyte. The effects of shaliness are also governed by the degree of water saturation.Because the manifestation of shaliness in electrical data is not a function of lithology alone, recourse is made to a more realistic concept of shale effects whereby a formation, or section of a formation, is classified as “effectively clean” or “effectively shaly” according to whether it obeys or defies, respectively, the fundamental empirical laws of Archie (1942). In particular, since an intrinsic formation factor can be obtained directly in fully-saturated effectively clean reservoirs, whereas only an apparent quantity may be recorded directly in fully-saturated effectively shaly reservoirs, the ratio of apparent to intrinsic formation factor serves as a useful conceptual indicator of shale effects, attaining the limiting value of unity only under effectively clean conditions.In the context of electrical measurement the terms “shaliness” and “shale effects” are evidently not synonymous and it is the latter which should be considered when selecting equations for the computation of water saturation. The implications for well-log analysis follow through formulated guidelines that describe the relative levels of shale effects in different zones of lithologically uniform reservoirs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1982.tb01333.x
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  • 15
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    THE POTENTIAL OF SHEAR-WAVE OBSERVATIONS (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Shear waves can today be generated and observed, though not with the flexibility and the technical standard of compressional waves, and they can be identified in seismograms by various means. Their potential lies not so much in their lower velocity (corresponding—for the same frequency—to shorter wavelength and higher resolution) but in the fact that they probe the earth with stresses and strains that differ from those of compressional waves. Full utilization of the information potential of shear waves, therefore, requires combined use of P-and S-waves.Complications in the combined use of different wave types should be regarded as opportunities to obtain additional information. A typical example is the observation that the depth of one and the same interface estimated on the bases of P- and SH-reflections, respectively, can differ significantly. This discrepancy may be due to the anisotropy of a finely layered medium. Under favorable circumstances some of the parameters describing this anisotropy can be deduced from the different depth estimates and the curvature of the squared-offset/squared-time representation of the different reflections. Since in anisotropic media vertically polarized shear waves are significantly different from horizontally polarized ones, the combined observation of all three waves opens up additional possibilities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1982.tb01314.x
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    QUANTITATIVE INTERPRETATION OF HORIZONTAL-LOOP EM MEASUREMENTS USING A PERMEABLE SPHERE MODEL (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: An interpretation scheme for horizontal-loop EM measurements is presented for a permeable sphere model. The induced multipole moments are found to contribute significantly even at very low frequencies for a permeable conductor. The anomaly profiles are computed considering multipole excitation (up to 20) to study the effect of depth of burial and permeability of conductor. The anomaly half-width along with the inphase and quadrature anomaly amplitudes allow direct interpretation of the parameters of the sphere. The above scheme is suitable for results of Dighem II (coplanar configuration), Slingram and Max Min II measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1982.tb01319.x
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    REPLY TO COMMENT BY J. W. M. DANKBAAR (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1982.tb01323.x
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  • 18
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    A FREQUENCY DOMAIN MAPPING APPROXIMATION OF MOVEOUT FILTERS WITH APPLICATIONS (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Wavenumber aliasing is the main limitation of conventional optimum least-squares linear moveout filters: it prevents adequate reject domain weighting for efficient coherent noise rejection. A general frequency domain multichannel filter design technique based on a one-to-one mapping method between two-dimensional (2D) space and one-dimensional (1D) space is presented. The 2D desired response is mapped to the 1D frequency axis after a suitable sorting of the coefficients. A min-max or Tchebycheff approximation to the desired response is obtained in the 1D frequency domain and mapped back to the 2D frequency domain. The algorithm is suitable for multiband 2D filter design. No aliasing damage is inherent in the linear moveout filters designed using this technique because the approximation is done in the frequency-wavenumber (f, k)-domain.Linear moveout filters designed by using the present coefficient mapping technique achieve better pass domain approximations than the corresponding conventional least-squares filters. Compatible reject domain approximations can be obtained from suitable mappings of the origin coefficient of the desired (f k)-response to the 1D frequency axis. The (fk)-responses of linear moveout filters designed by using the new technique show equi-ripple behavior. Synthetic and real data applications show that the present technique is superior to the optimum least-squares filters and straight stacking in recovering and enhancing the signal events with relatively high residual statics. Their outputs also show higher resolution than those of the optimum least-squares filters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1982.tb01307.x
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    PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1982.tb01324.x
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    POROSITY PREDICTION FROM SEISMIC DATA (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The inversion of seismic traces allows the estimation of reservoir porosity from an analysis of transit times derived from the pseudo-velocity logs. A four-step computational procedure is illustrated consisting of (i) inversion of seismic traces and calculation of interval velocities; (ii) accurate stratigraphic interpretation; (iii) determination of the petrophysical parameters for the porosity evaluation; (iv) analysis of the reliability of the results and final corrections.Both the possibilities and the limits of the method are discussed. One of the causes of error is the fact that impedances—and not velocities—are readily obtainable from seismic data. Moreover, the porosity due to fracturation contributes only slightly to velocity, while it often contributes most importantly to the permeability.Results are shown for two of the most significant reservoir types, i.e. carbonatic and clastic. Two cases belonging to the latter type will be examined. In the first case the primary porosity is dominant. The second case is very complex and both primary and secondary porosity are present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1982.tb01328.x
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    THE INFLUENCE OF PERMEABILITY ON COMPRESSIONAL WAVE VELOCITY IN MARINE SEDIMENTS (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: To investigate the effect of permeability on the propagation of seismo-acoustic waves through marine sediments, a theoretical model based on Biot's equations is established which relates the compressional wave velocity measured at a fixed frequency to computed velocities at zero and infinite frequencies in terms of sediment porosity and permeability. The model is examined experimentally in a standard soil mechanics consolidation test (itself dependent, among other things, on sediment porosity and permeability) which has been modified to include measurements of compressional wave velocity at 1 MHz and shear-wave velocity at 5 kHz. This test allows the elastic modulus of the sediment frame to be assessed under different load conditions simultaneous with the velocity determinations.From a number of tests on different samples, five samples are chosen to typify the range of sediment sizes. The results show that the difference between the measured velocity at 1 MHz and the model-derived velocity at zero frequency increases with increasing particle size (from clays to fine sand), with decreasing porosity, and with increasing permeability. For sediments coarser than fine sand the simple model breaks down, possibly because of the dominance of scattering/diffraction effects at the high frequency of the experiment. Within this limitation the model seems satisfactory to offer a capability of predicting the permeability of a sea floor sediment to an order of magnitude by the in situ measurement of seismic velocities over a wide range of frequencies; the prediction process requires a good in situ determination of sediment porosity such as that offered by electrical formation factor measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1982.tb01330.x
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    APPLICATION OF THE GENERAL COMPLEX COMPLIANCE MODEL TO THE DIRECT-DETECTION PROBLEM (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A methodology is outlined for using general complex compliance functions—which contain the constant-Q case and any kind of fluid saturant as special cases—to determine the nature of that saturant from seismic reflections observed on seismic records. The important attribute of such a formulation based upon complex compliance functions is that the presence of any kind of saturant is indicated by the values of the parameters contained within the complex compliance function, the latter having the same mathematical form for all rocks under any conditions as long as it remains a crystalline solid.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1982.tb01313.x
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    SUBSURFACE GRAVITY MEASUREMENTS AND DENSITY MAPPING IN THE MAILARAM COPPER MINES, ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Gravity measurements were made in the Mailaram copper mines, Andhra Pradesh. The observations were distributed between the two shafts situated about 220 m apart and in the three levels up to a maximum depth of 100 m. Assuming a normal free-air gradient, average densities for the three layers were determined as 2.631, 2.604, and 2.823 g cm-3, respectively. Upon incorporating the weighted mean density values from measurements on samples, the free-air gradients were found to be 0.315 mGal m-1 for the second layer (i.e. between the first and second levels) and 0.2978 mGal m-1 for the third layer (i.e. between the second and third levels). The density variation map obtained from the gravity data, the deduced anomalies, the weighted mean density values from measurements on rock samples, and the varying free-air coefficients all suggest correspondence with the concentration of ore lodes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1982.tb01316.x
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    VELOCITY ANALYSIS FOR WIDE APERTURE SEISMIC DATA (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Common midpoint data are now being collected with ever increasing source-receiver offsets. For wide aperture seismic data classical methods of interpretation fail, since velocity analyses and signal-to-noise enhancement methods based on hyperbolic traveltime curves are no longer appropriate. Therefore, the goals of increased velocity resolution and signal enhancement, which motivate the increase in offset, are not achieved. Approximate methods, involving higher order traveltime curves or extrapolations, have been developed for velocity analysis but these are ineffective in the presence of refracted arrivals, and lack a physical basis. These problems can be minimized by transforming the observational data to the domain of intercept or vertical delay time τ and horizontal ray parameter p. In this domain headwave refractions are collapsed into points and both near vertical and wide angle reflections can be analyzed simultaneously to derive velocity-depth information, even in the presence of velocity gradients or low velocity zones.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1982.tb00412.x
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    A RECTANGULAR LOOP SOURCE OF CURRENT ON A TWO-LAYERED EARTH (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Using the concept of reciprocity and the known solution for the electric field of a vertical oscillating magnetic dipole source placed over a two-layered halfspace, an integral expression for the vertical magnetic field produced by a horizontal rectangular loop, carrying an oscillating current and placed on the surface of the same halfspace, is deduced. This expression is such that it can be evaluated by a combination of straightforward numerical integration and digital linear filter techniques. Displacement currents everywhere in space are neglected.Fields both inside and outside the loop are presented as sounding curves. A little over a decade of frequencies (100–3000 Hz) appears to be the minimum requirement and two decades (100–10000 Hz) are sufficient for most situations. Parametric and geometric sounding curves both show good resolution of subsurface layering. Phase shows better resolution than amplitude. Similarly, resolution is higher when conductivity increases with depth than when it decreases.Besides being useful for the electromagnetic depth sounding for layered earth structures, such computations can be applied to determine normal corrections to Turam observations, whenever a rectangular loop of finite size is used as a transmitter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1982.tb00416.x
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    USE OF ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF COAL SEAMS IN PARTS OF THE RANIGANJ COALFIELD (INDIA) (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The surface resistivity method has been used to study a few exposed coal seams located in the northwestern part of the Raniganj Coalfield (belonging to the Damodar Valley Gondwana basin), India. Different electrode configurations, viz., Wenner, two-electrode and half-Schlumberger, have been used with different electrode spacings in horizontal profiling. The vertical distribution of resistivity has been studied using Schlumberger configuration at different locations along the profile.Laboratory studies of resistivity (at partial to full water saturation conditions) and porosity of different coal, shaly sandstone and sandstone samples of the survey area had already been carried out before the field survey. The results indicated the presence of a good resistivity contrast between the coal seams and the surrounding formations.The field results did not bear this out: the resistivity responses of the coal formations on the profiles and sounding curves are not as clear as one would expect for such high contents. The Wenner profiles show a broad resistivity anomaly over the coal seams. Two-electrode profiles are less noisy than Wenner profiles. Sharp peaks have been observed over the coal seams. The half-Schlumberger configuration seems the best: all the coal seams and their edges can be accurately outlined on the resistivity curves.Borehole data close to the profile have been used for correlating the field results. There is good agreement with vertical electrical soundings.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1982.tb00417.x
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    DEVELOPMENT OF MORE EFFICIENT AIRGUN ARRAYS: THEORY AND EXPERIMENT (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Source strength of an airgun array may be increased by:〈list style="custom"〉—utilizing higher pressure,—increasing total array volume,—employing more guns,—improving gun efficiency.One measure of gun efficiency is “specific source strength”, Pa*, defined as source strength per unit quantity of air used. Typical units are MPa m/l. Most developments are directed toward increasing gun pressure and/or gun volume to increase source strength of the array. These efforts require that more air compressors be installed onboard the ship. Consequently, a larger ship may be needed for the additional compressors, guns, and auxiliary equipment.A development program was initiated in 1976 to increase source strength of the array without using a larger ship. New guns were designed and built—one for 41.4 MPa and 7.37 liter (6000 p.s.i./450 in3) operation and another with 13.8 MPa and 4.92 liter (2000 p.s.i./300 in3) capability. Experiments were conducted with these new guns (and existing guns) over a range of pressures from 13.8 to 41.4 MPa (2000 to 6000 p.s.i.).Design of the new guns was aided by a mathematical model. The model relates physical dimensions of the airgun to acoustic pressure in the water. It consists of four nonlinear differential equations relating〈list style="custom"〉—shuttle motion,—bubble pressure,—chamber pressure,—bubble radius.The last equation is the “free-bubble-oscillation equation” and represents the ideal case of a pressurized bubble released instantaneously in water. The three other equations modify this ideal case; the four equations together model an airgun of the type manufactured by Bolt Associates, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1982.tb01337.x
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    OFFSET CONTINUATION OF SEISMIC SECTIONS (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Geometrical acoustic and wave theory lead to a second-order partial differential equation that links seismic sections with different offsets. In this equation a time-shift term appears that corresponds to normal moveout; a second term, dependent on offset and time only, corrects the moveout of dipping events.The zero-offset stacked section can thus be obtained by continuing the section with maximum offset towards zero, and stacking along the way the other common-offset sections.Without the correction for dip moveout, the spatial resolution of the section is noticeably impaired, thus limiting the advantages that could be obtained with expensive migration procedures. Trade-offs exist between multiplicity of coverage, spatial resolution, and signal-to-noise; in some cases the spatial resolution on the surface can be doubled and the aliasing noise averaged out.Velocity analyses carried out on data continued to zero offset show a better resolution and improved discrimination against multiples. For instance, sea-floor multiples always appear at water velocity, so that their removal is simplified.This offset continuation can be carried out either in the time-space domain or in the time-wave number domain. The methods are applied both to synthetic and real data.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1982.tb01340.x
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    GEOELECTRIC INVESTIGATIONS OF A FAULT SYSTEM IN QUATERNARY DEPOSITS (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Geoelectric soundings were used to investigate the younger fault activity (Middle and Early Pleistocene) of the southwestern fault margin area of the Central Graben (and extension of the Rhine Graben) in the southern Netherlands and northern Belgium. Some effects of this fault activity can still be observed in the present geomorphology and hydrography. Investigations have been concentrated on the uppermost 20–30 m, consisting mainly of Middle and Early Pleistocene fluviatile deposits. Marshy clays and loams are most conductive. They alternate with large sand beds and gravelly gully infillings, characterized by high specific resistivities. Problems in the interpretation of the geoelectric data, caused by the variability of the deposits, are partially solved by in-situ resistivity measurements (“mini-electric” measurements). In spite of the lithologic inhomogeneity, a few marker horizons allow the geologic structure to be determined. Some new tectonic boundaries have been traced. The movements along the faults during the Quaternary are very small (less than 10 m). Therefore, the network of soundings has to be very dense and a very intensive analysis of the soundings is necessary. The results also have a hydrogeologic significance. This project illustrates the possibility of locating small tectonic structures in relatively inhomogeneous deposits by a detailed and carefully designed geoelectric survey.
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    COMMENTS ON “THE AMPLITUDE AND PHASE RESPONSE OF A SEISMIC VIBRATOR” BY W. E. LERWILL (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1982.tb01348.x
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    NON-NORMAL INCIDENCE STATE-SPACE MODEL AND LINE SOURCE REFLECTION SYNTHETIC SEISMOGRAM (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: This paper is directed at modeling layered media. We extend the plane-wave normal-incidence state-space model developed by Mendel, Nahi and Chan in 1979, to the non-normal incidence case. To do this we introduce a shifting principle, a zero-offset wavefront, and zero-offset travel times for different layers. We also develop an algorithm for obtaining a synthetic line source reflection seismogram. In this algorithm non-normal incidence plane-wave seismograms are summed over a range of incident angles. The algorithm is based on a modified version of Sommerfield's (1896) theorem. Simulations of acoustic and elastic media are included which illustrate the applicability of our plane-wave and line source seismograms for both elastic and acoustic cases.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1982.tb01326.x
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    A NEW DERIVATION OF THE WAVEFRONT CURVATURE TRANSFORMATION AT AN INTERFACE BETWEEN TWO INHOMOGENEOUS MEDIA (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The principles for ray-tracing and wavefront curvature calculations in a three-dimensional medium are reviewed. A new derivation of the transformation of the wavefront curvature matrix at an interface between two inhomogeneous media is given. The derivation is based on a Taylor series expansion of the ray refraction equation at the interface between two inhomogeneous media, and only elementary geometric arguments are used. The wave-front curvature transformation at the interface is obtained by neglecting all terms in the direction of the surface normal.With proper definition of the variables, the derivation is also valid for a reflected wave-front. A simplified transformation rule is derived for a reflected wave of the same type as the incident wave.
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    COMPARISON OF FIVE LEAST-SQUARES INVERSION TECHNIQUES IN RESISTIVITY SOUNDING (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A brief history of the development of the inverse problem in resistivity sounding is presented with the development of the equations governing the least-squares inverse. Five algorithms for finding the minimum of the least-square problem are described and their speed of convergence is compared on data from two planar earth models. Of the five algorithms studied, the ridge-regression algorithm required the fewest numbers of forward problem evaluations to reach a desired minimum.Solution space statistics, including (1) parameter-standard errors, (2) parameter correlation coefficients, (3) model parameter eigenvectors, and (4) data eigenvectors are discussed. The type of weighting applied to the data affects these statistical parameters. Weighting the data by taking log10 of the observed and calculated values is comparable to weighting by the inverse of a constant data error. The most reliable parameter standard errors are obtained by weighting by the inverse of observed data errors. All other solution statistics, such as dataparameter eigenvector pairs, have more physical significance when inverse data error weighting is used.
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    UPSWEEP SIGNALS WITH HIGH-FREQUENCY ATTENUATION AND THEIR USE IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF VIBROSEIS® SYNTHETIC SEISMOGRAMS (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: An analytical relationship for the autocorrelation function of an upsweep with high-frequency attenuation is used in the construction of synthetic seismograms.Field experiments were conducted in two areas to investigate the attenuation of upsweep where the near-surface materials were different. The results showed that the attenuation of high frequencies occurs at the source point depending on the near-surface lithology.The attenuation effect is usually neglected in the construction of the input wavelet of synthetic seismograms for Vibroseis data. In this study, the high-frequency attenuation of upsweep was considered in the construction of the input wavelet for the synthetic seismogram in an area where the Vibroseis technique was used. The synthetic seismogram generated in this manner had a better correlation with the Vibroseis section than that of corresponding synthetics using minimum-phase and the unattenuated autocorrelation wavelet of the upsweep.
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    TRANSIENT COUPLING BETWEEN FINITE CIRCUITS ON AN ANISOTROPIC CONDUCTING HALF-SPACE (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The frequency domain response of a grounded linear circuit is deduced. The model of the ground is a homogeneous conducting half-space whose horizontal and vertical conductivities are specified. The source itself is formulated as an insulated current-carrying wire of finite length lying on the surface that is grounded at its end points. The tangential electric field expressions are used to calculate the induced voltage between two additional electrodes that are connected by an insulated wire. Particular attention is paid to the transient coupling response in the potential circuit when the source current is a step-function of time. Among other things, it is shown that the voltage response is a step-function only if the circuits are at right-angles and if the ground is effectively isotropic and nonpolarizable.
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    COMMENT ON “SHOVERSHEAR-WAVE GENERATION BY VIBRATION ORTHOGONAL TO THE POLARIZATION” BY H. A. K. EDELMANN (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1982.tb01322.x
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    DIP-MOVEOUT AND REFLECTOR POINT DISPERSAL (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Application of dip-moveout attempts to correct pre-stack data in such a way that they stack correctly, however far the reflector geometry departs from an ideal plane horizontal interface. Even for plane dipping reflectors under a constant velocity overburden a common mid-point gather contains reflections distributed over a finite segment of the reflector. It is shown that under these conditions application of dip-moveout moves dipping energy on common offset gathers in such a manner that common mid-point gathers become true common depth point gathers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1982.tb01308.x
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    A COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS OF ESTIMATING STATIC FORMATION TEMPERATURE FROM WELL LOGS (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Two methods for estimating the true formation temperature from well logs are compared. One method requires knowledge of the circulation time, whereas the other requires an estimate of the thermal diffusivity of the contents of the well. Both methods require three or more successive bottom-hole temperature measurements. Data from 157 wells have been analyzed, and the calculated formation temperatures from the two methods agree well. By an analysis of best matching of the two methods, it is found that 0.35 × 10-6 m2 s-1 is a good estimate for the thermal diffusivity of the well contents.
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    A SIMPLE FORM OF PRESENTATION OF MAGNETOTELLURIC DATA USING THE BOSTICK TRANSFORM (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A new presentation for magnetotelluric data is proposed to be used together with the traditional representation. It is easily computed by applying the Bostick transform to all field data points. The result is an approximate depth-resistivity diagram which contains an indication of the data quality as well as the homogeneity of the subsurface. This resistivity section should be used in the interpretation of surveys in which accuracy is either not of prime concern or cannot be achieved. Since this mode of presentation is easily understood it can be used to familiarize earth scientists with the use of the MT method in exploration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1982.tb01299.x
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    USE OF THE SEISMIC DYNAMIC DECONVOLUTION ALGORITHM IN DIRECT RESISTIVITY INTERPRETATION (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Seismic dynamic deconvolution is the mathematical basis on which a degree of unification in different prospecting methods is possible, relative to the parameter identification in horizontally stratified media. There is a basic structure which has some immediate applications to the inversion of resistivity data and possibly to other problems. For resistivity soundings there exists a key equation which is parallel to the energy conservation law in the theory of synthetic seismograms.
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    MAGNETOTELLURIC RESPONSE ON VERTICALLY INHOMOGENEOUS EARTH HAVING CONDUCTIVITY VARYING LINEARLY WITH DEPTH (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Magnetotelluric response is studied for an inhomogeneous medium having conductivity varying linearly with depth as σ(z) =σ1+αz. For a medium having conductivity increasing linearly with depth, the phase of the impedance approaches 60° at long periods and the apparent resistivity becomes log (ρa) = 2 log (1.36/α1/3) — 1/3 log (T'). The asymptote of log (ρa, T'→∞) when plotted against log (T') has a constant gradient —1/3 and has an intercept on the log (T') axis, which equals 6 log (1.36/α1/3). When a homogeneous layer with a moderate thickness overlies an inhomogeneous half-space, this layer does not affect the asymptote, but it affects the cut-off period and pushes this toward the long period direction. For a medium having conductivity decreasing linearly with depth, the impedance is equivalent to that of a Cagniard two-layer model; the intercept period related to the thickness is T'0=σ1(h2/2)2. Homogeneous multilayer approximations to an inhomogeneous layer are also investigated, and it is shown that the fit to the model variation depends on the number of layers and the layer parameters chosen.
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    REPORT BY THE SECRETARY-TREASURER AND THE EDITOR FOR 1981 (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    PREDICTING ABNORMALLY PRESSURED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Modern seismic processing techniques developed in recent years have provided the explorationist with more meaningful data than would have been predicted even by optimists. Correct migration of seismic data, relative amplitude preservation of reflections, and seismic trace inversion represent the necessary efforts to ensure that the best possible picture of in situ physical properties of the subsurface section is revealed. Moreover, compacted and over-pressured zones can be predicted from surface data prior to drilling a well through them.The basic tool for predicting overpressured zones from the surface is still the velocity analysis derived from good reflection data with few erratic multiples. The extraction of regional normal compaction trends from the seismic velocities allows one—where velocities deviate from the trend—to locate the top of overpressure. Moreover, the statistical behavior of the ratios of the sonic log vs pore pressure in existing boreholes enables one to convert the deviation from the trend of the seismic velocities into overpressure rates expected at the seismic reflection horizon.This paper presents a field case study showing how the knowledge of well site lithology together with the more detailed information extracted from inverted seismic data enables the prediction to match well conditions with high reliability.
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    REPLY TO COMMENT BY E. SZARANIEC (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    COMMENT ON “A NUMERICAL METHOD OF CALCULATING THE KERNEL FUNCTION FROM SCHLUMBERGER APPARENT RESISTIVITY DATA” BY R. SANTINI AND R. ZAMBRANO (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    ANALYTICAL EXPRESSIONS FOR GRAVITY DUE TO HOMOGENEOUS REVOLUTIONAL COMPARTMENTS IN THE GAUSSIAN DIVERGENCE APPROACH (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Complete analytical expressions are developed for the first and second derivatives of the Newtonian gravitational potential in arbitrary directions due to the homogeneous revolutional compartment with a polygonal vertical section by applying the Gaussian divergence theorem in the cylindrical coordinate system. Elementary solutions presented can easily be translated into magnetic anomalies caused by a uniformly magnetized body.The divergence approach in the polar coordinate system is also described, and gravity attractions in the radial direction are presented in closed form associated with a homogeneous cap compartment. The explicit solutions are tested against well-known formulae for a cylinder, cone, infinite plate, and sphere.
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    A COMMENT ON “SYNTHETIC SEISMOGRAMS AT NONVERTICAL INCIDENCE” (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The notion of nonvertical incidence plane wave seismograms and nonzero effect point source seismograms are sometimes confused with each other in the literature. This short note attempts to clarify this confusion which is observed in Douze (1979).
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    COMMENT ON “THE QUANTITATIVE INTERPRETATION OF DIPOLE SOUNDINGS BY MEANS OF THE RESISTIVITY TRANSFORM FUNCTION” BY D. PATELLA (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    SEISMIC REFLECTION APPLIED TO SEDIMENTOLOGY AND GAS DISCOVERY IN THE GULF OF CADIZ (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: In the Gulf of Cadiz, a Tertiary basin became filled by clastic series during Miocene and Pliocene times. This terrigenous influx, derived from the Iberic Meseta in the north, is characterized by a sandy episode during the Tortonian and Messinian. The sand deposits were probably connected with uplift and major erosion of the Meseta during the sliding of the olistostrome, which occupied the south of the basin from late Helvetian to middle Tortonian.High resolution seismic techniques produced a good picture of the stratigraphy and of the depositional environment of the sands.A further study, using the amplitude of the reflections, inversion of seismic traces into acoustic impedance traces, and modeling, provides a remarkable example of the possibilities of seismic stratigraphy for depicting the lateral evolution of facies and localizing hydrocarbon occurrences. Out of seven exploratory wells based upon seismic information, six encountered gas-bearing sands with economic potential.
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    UNCERTAIN RESISTIVITY SOUNDING AND EQUIVALENT MODELS (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Problems of the resistivity sounding method may be reparametrized by means of Dar Zarrouk—or generalized D.Z.—transformations.A complete set of equivalent models is subdivided into three classes: initial models, intermediate models, and all other models. Equivalent reparametrized models are subdivided into three analogous classes. There is no one-to-one mapping of intermediate primary and intermediate reparametrized models. Non-trivial equivalent models are generated from initial models via intermediate reparametrized models. A method is developed to find equivalent models relative to the uncertainty of resistivity soundings.There are different forms of approximate equivalence laws, apart from those commonly accepted. The equivalence depends considerably on the “flatness” of the sounding curve. For mean flatness, the electric models exhibit the (hp±2)-equivalence rather than the (hp±1)-equivalence.
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    STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF AIRBORNE ELECTROMAGNETIC SIGNATURES OF DIFFERENT CONDUCTOR GROUPS IN TROPICAL TERRAIN OF KARNATAKA, INDIA (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: AEM (airborne electromagnetic) anomalies caused by massive sulphide conductors and superficial conductors can be recognized with a statistical method, as shown by an analysis of Input AEM data from Karnataka State. The weathering in the survey area is of tropical type. Parameters, such as various amplitude ratios and time parameters (inverse of decay rate) for exponential and power-law decay were analyzed for sulphide bodies, conducting soil, superficial conductors, and cultural conductors. Time parameters τ1 (exponential decay) is defined as ratio of time differences between the third and fourth channel to the logarithmic value of the relative amplitude of the two channels. Time parameter K1 (power-law decay) is defined as ratio of the difference of the logarithmic values of the delay times of the third and fourth channels to the logarithmic value of the relative amplitude of the two channels. The two parameters have been useful in recognizing sulphide conductors. Also the first channel Input amplitude and logarithmic plot of the transients appear to be helpful in conductor identification. Channel ratios seem to be the least effective parameters of conductor identification. In the area studied both power-law and the conventional exponential decay were found equally suitable for approximating Input AEM transients.
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    ON THE GENERATION OF P AND S WAVE ENERGY IN CRYSTALLINE ROCKS (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 30 (1982), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A seismic source consisting of a 700 kg weight that could be dropped vertically or projected down a ramp inclined at 45° to the vertical was tested as a source of P, SV and SH waves within a crystalline rock body at Chalk River, Ontario. The seismic energy was recorded by arrays of both horizontal and vertical-component geophones at distances between 30 and 600 m from the source, which was operated over glacial overburden varying in thickness from less than a meter to a few tens of meters. Seismic energy was more efficiently generated when the overburden thickness was at least several meters. The signals identified visually as S are generally true S, though some may be the converted wave PS. The SV amplitudes are generally larger than those of P, regardless of the type of shot, while the signal frequencies are roughly 60 Hz and 90 Hz, respectively. The horizontal-component seismograms for the inclined shots showed no evidence of SH polarization, and the SH amplitudes were only rarely enhanced relative to P and SV amplitudes on changing from vertical to inclined shots. These unexpected results are attributed to the combined effect of the high velocity and density contrasts and the irregularity of the boundary between the glacial overburden and the rock body.
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    Hydrogeologic Control of Localized Iron-Enriched Ground Water, Lima, Ohio (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Entrenchment and subsequent filling of a glacial valley have led to localization of iron-enriched ground water in the Silurian carbonate aquifer at the Vistron plant, Lima, Ohio. All production wells are open exclusively to the carbonate aquifer. Water from the saturated glacial deposits of relatively low permeability and high ironcontent is drawn laterally into the more permeable carbonate aquifer containing water with relatively low concentrations of iron. Wells closest to the saturated glacial deposits yield water with iron concentrations greater than 1.4 milligrams per liter. These wells, in the southwestern part of the site, apparently form a sink preventing iron-enriched water from migrating into other pumping wells in the central and northern parts of the area.Iron concentrations have not increased in individual wells between 1971 and 1981. They are not expected to increase in the central and northern wells as long as about 20% of the plant's ground water is withdrawn from at least two of the southwestern wells.
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    Nitrate Distribution in the Ground Water of the Alliston Region of Ontario, Canada (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Nitrate-N concentrations during the Summers of 1980 and 1981 exceeded 10 mg/1 in 68 of the 164 ground-water samples collected from a shallow water-table aquifer underlying a sand plain near Alliston, Ontario. Three extensive zones of nitrate contamination were associated with major potato-growing areas on the sand plain. Nitrate concentrations were positively correlated with both the percentage area of heavily fertilized crops (potatoes, corn, sod and asparagus) and nitrogen fertilizer application rates in the vicinity of ground-water sampling sites. Chloride levels in ground water exhibited a positive association with KCl fertilizer application rates. Ground water under potato fields had relatively consistent C1/NO3-N ratios despite considerable variations in nitrate-N and chloride concentrations. Ground water with a low nitrate content was found beneath forest and permanent pasture. These data suggest that the use of commercial nitrogen fertilizer is a major source of nitrate in the aquifer.
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    GROUND-WATER DISPERSION CALCULATIONS WITH A PROGRAMMABLE CALCULATOR (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract. A simple and convenient method for calculating two-dimensional dispersion on a TI 58 or 59 programmable calculator utilizing the normal distribution program available in the Solid State Software Master Library module as a subroutine is presented with an example.
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    Approximating Pollutant Transport to Ground Water (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Three simplistic models are developed for evaluating the transport of organic pollutants through soil to ground water. The models consider mobility and first-order degradation. The first calculates linear sorption/desorption of the pollutant and first-order degradation without considering dispersion. The second is similar to the first but also considers dispersion. The third considers nonlinear sorption following a Freundlich equation and first-order degradation but does not consider dispersion. The models are compared to field data for the pesticides aldicarb and DDT. The models projected a lower mobility for DDT than was observed in the field.
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    REPLY TO the preceding Discussion by J. H. Tellam of “Pumping Tests in Patchy Aquifers” (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    Design Considerations for Earth Linings for Seepage Control (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Darcy's equation and unsaturated-flow theory are used to calculate flow through earth linings that are placed in ponds or channels to reduce seepage. The procedure utilizes the relation between unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and pressure head of the underlying material as calculated from the measured saturated hydraulic conductivity and the relation between water content and pressure head. The method enables the selection of the liner (thickness and hydraulic conductivity) that will keep seepage below a certain maximum limit. Since the hydraulic conductivity of clays is affected by the cationic composition and the salt concentration of the soil solution, the chemical composition of the liquid moving through the liner must be taken into account. This applies also to other chemicals, including solvents and other organic compounds that may be in the water. Travel times of water from the surface impoundment to the underlying ground water are calculated from the seepage rate and the corresponding water content in the vadose zone. Accumulation of solids (mine tailings, for example) can further reduce the seepage from the pond. Proper design of waste-water ponds also requires analysis of the response of the underlying ground water (mound buildup) and the movement of pollutants in the vadose zone and aquifer. In view of the high costs of earth liners, prediction of the seepage is necessary to make sure that the selected lining material, the thickness of the liner itself, and the method of construction will produce the desired results.
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    Numerical Simulation of Thermal Energy Storage Experiment Conducted by Auburn University (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: A multidimensional, finite-difference model for ground-water flow and heat transport is used to analyze the thermal energy storage experiment conducted by Auburn University in Mobile, Alabama. The experiment consisted of three stages–namely, injection, storage and recovery occurring for 80, 51 and 41 days, respectively. This application demonstrates the validation evidence that the model adequately and accurately simulates the field experiment. The numerical model includes the effects of: hydraulic anisotropy, thermal convection and conduction, and heat loss to the adjacent confining strata. Observed aquifer isotherms at the end of each stage are compared with predicted values on a cylindrical grid situated about the well. The degree of vertical discretization used in the model is shown to impact the predicted temperature profiles at each stage, but has minimal effect on the recovery water temperature.
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    Type Curves for Large-Diameter Wells Near Barriers (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: The author has used the concept of depression cone volume to derive type curve equations for large-diameter wells in aquifers of finite extent. Comparisons with the corresponding type curves in an infinitely extensive aquifer have been given. These solutions are based on joint exploitation of the ground-water movement equation (Darcy's law) and the continuity equation for large-diameter wells.
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    Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria in Ground Water from Clogging and Nonclogging Shallow Wells in the Netherlands River Region (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: The majority of well fields in the river region in the Netherlands, where anaerobic water is withdrawn from the shallow aquifer, have problems with well clogging. In order to test the supposition that sulfate-reducing bacteria play a role in this clogging process, sulfate-reducing bacteria in water from wells on well fields with and without the occurrence of clogging were enumerated. In water withdrawn from nonclogging wells, the Most Probable Number of sulfate-reducing bacteria averaged 5 per 100 ml, whereas in wells subject to clogging, the number averaged 25 per 100 ml. A statistical analysis by Wilcoxon's order test confirmed that a significant difference exists between the numbers of sulfate-reducing bacteria in clogging and nonclogging wells. The mechanism whereby sulfate-reducing bacteria contribute towards this type of well clogging is as yet unclear.
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    Analysis of Leaky Aquifer Pumping Test Data: An Automated Numerical Solution Using Sensitivity Analysis (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: The Kansas Geological Survey is pursuing an effort to automate some of the more common methods of aquifer pumping-test analysis. This paper discusses the results of work done on the leaky artesian aquifer as defined by Hantush and Jacob (1955). The paper covers the basic theory of the aquifer type, the numerical solution of the leaky artesian-well function, and the methodology of achieving the “best fit” parameters in the least squares' sense. Several data sets are used to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed technique. These examples indicate the generally satisfactory results produced by the automated analysis documented here.The algorithm has good convergence properties. Initial estimates for the aquifer parameters may vary by about three orders of magnitude above or below the correct values. For typical data sets the rms fitting error should be less than a few tenths of a foot. If this is not the case, one is probably not dealing with a simple leaky aquifer. This method of pumping-test analysis does not eliminate the role of an experienced hydrologist to define the local hydrogeology and aquifer type. However, once the decision is made as to which aquifer configuration is being observed, this program will, in a quick and unbiased fashion, give an accurate assessment of the leaky-aquifer parameters within the limits of the theoretical approximations and the data quality.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1982.tb01353.x
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    HYDROLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE LANDFILLS NEAR SOUTH CHARLESTON, WEST VIRGINIA (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    DISCUSSION OF “Field Reports—Bottom-Entry Large-Diameter Wells,” by Robert G. Thomas, January-February 1982 issue, v. 20, no. 1, pp. 96–98 (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    DISCUSSION OF “Ground-Water Flow Systems and Stability of a Slope,” by Robert J. Sterrett and Tuncer B. Edil, January-February 1982 issue, v. 20, no. 1, pp. 5–11 (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    A COMPACT MODIFIED THREE-DIMENSIONAL AQUIFER SIMULATION PROGRAM FOR SMALL COMPUTERS (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: The software for simulation of the three-dimensional ground-water flow, developed by Trescott (1975), is executable only on bigger machines with large memory capacities. To popularize the sophisticated software for easily accessible small machines, the organization is restructured and various programming facilities are availed. The new design is tested with an earlier quoted example. The program requires about 11K bytes of memory as against 72K bytes of the original program on IBM/370. The methodology borne out of the present work to implement large programs for small computers is presented along with the modified code.
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    CORRECTION (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    RESPONSE TO the preceding Reply by Robert G. Thomas of “Bottom-Entry Large-Diameter Wells” (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    NEW DIRECTIONS IN INTERNATIONAL GROUND-WATER RESEARCH (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    Heat Storage in Aquifers Analyzed by the Finite Element Method (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: In the design of ground-water heat pump systems the quantitative analysis of heat transport and heat storage is of great interest. A unified finite element approach to the transient nonlinear heat transport and heat storage problem is presented. The theory presented includes nonlinear physical properties and boundary conditions, coupled conductive and convective heat flow, freezing (phase change), and time-dependent heat input and output. The given theory is applied to two problems. The first problem is a transient study during a few years of heat storage in saturated clay. A pure conductive theory is used due to the small amount of convective water flow in clay. The second problem deals with transient heat transport in an aquifer according to coupled conduction-convection theory on a one-dimensional model problem.
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    Hydrogeology of Pipeline Canyon, Near Gallup, New Mexico (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: The principal water-bearing units (in descending stratigraphie order) in Pipeline Canyon are the alluvium, the Dilco Coal Member of the Crevasse Canyon Formation, the Torrivio Sandstone Member of the Gallup Formation, and the Upper and Lower Gallup Sandstones. Presently, the alluvium is recharged by a perennial, southward-flowing stream sustained by mine dewatering discharge in addition to natural precipitation and runoff. Localized infiltration has created ground-water mounds in the alluvium. Artesian conditions may exist in sandstone units which are adjacent and hydraulically connected to the alluvium in these areas. Basement faults have produced the Fort Wingate and Pipeline Canyon lineaments which intersect in the area of investigation. Fault-related fracturing of the sandstones allows for significant ground-water recharge via the overlying alluvium. Flow in the sedimentary formations is generally to the northeast, while the alluvial system flows to the southwest. The natural water quality for the aquifers in the area is dominated by sodium and sulfate ions. However, complete characterization of the natural water quality is complex because of ground-water contamination by acidic tailings fluids from a local uranium mill.
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    Calculation of Velocity in Three Space Dimensions from Hydraulic Head Measurements (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: This paper describes a systematic and straightforward method for the estimation of velocity components in three dimensions from hydraulic head data. Groups of four measurement points are connected to form tetrahedrons, and a linear interpolation scheme is used to obtain a head gradient estimate for each tetrahedron. Application of Darcy's law then yields the desired velocity component values. A sample calculation and comparison between this method and a two-dimensional approach are also included.
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    DISCUSSION OF “Kd's – Can They Be Used to Describe Reversible Ion Sorption Reactions in Contaminant Migration?” by E. J. Reardon, May-June 1981 issue, v. 19, no. 3, pp. 279–286 (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    REPLY TO the preceding Discussion by R. J. Serne of “Kd's—Can They Be Used to Describe Reversible Ion Sorption Reactions in Contaminant Migration?” (1982)
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    Evaluation of a Chimney Drain Design in an Earthfill Dam (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Two earthfill sections of Wallace Dam on the Oconee River near Eatonton, Georgia were constructed with vertical drainage filters (chimney drains) in a clay fill zone. In order to evaluate the performance of the filter in the west dike of Wallace Dam, the finite element Galerkin method was utilized in formulating a numerical model to study the steady-state saturated-unsaturated seepage characteristics through the earth dam. The resulting model is applied to Station 58+00 of the west dike of Wallace Dam. Numerical results for the four cases analyzed in this study describe the location of the zero pressure isobar and total hydraulic head values ranging from 425 feet (130 m) to 365 feet (111 m). Model results indicate a maximum seepage velocity of 2.62 feet per day (0.80 m/day) using a saturated horizontal hydraulic conductivity of 0.283 foot per day (8.64 cm/day). A maximum seepage rate is calculated to be 0.266 cubic foot per second (7.52 × 10−3 m3/sec). Analysis of the hydrostatic uplift forces along the base of the dam indicates an average pressure head reduction of 51 feet (16 m) from the upstream to the downstream side of the dam. Comparison of local seepage velocities to the critical seepage velocity upstream of the filter and inside the filter indicate a factor of safety against piping (a factor of safety against a quick condition arising in the soil) ranging from 0.3 to 3.7.
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    Ground-Water Network Design for Northwest Kansas, Using the Theory of Regionalized Variables (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: The ground-water observation well network in many parts of Kansas has been developed and expanded through the years without serious attempt to determine the adequacy of the network for any specified purpose or to assess its cost effectiveness. This study was undertaken to examine the existing well network in northwest Kansas and to determine the arrangement that offers the most satisfactory accuracy for the purpose of monitoring it. To achieve this goal, we have employed the theory of regionalized variables to estimate the amount of spatial variability of the water table. The error analysis produced by universal kriging indicates that a significant reduction in the number of wells could be achieved by employing a regular 4-mile (6.4-km) network, without affecting the present level of accuracy. It also indicates that it is not practical to reduce the estimation error in the water-table surface uniformly throughout the region because to do so would increase the cost of monitoring wells drastically. For example, reducing the presently existing error by 50 percent throughout the area would require 16 times more wells than the currently existing well network.
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    Ground-Water Development in Western River Basins: Large Economic Gains with Unseen Costs (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: In river basins where aquifers are closely interrelated with a stream, large-scale ground-water development can lower water tables near the stream and diminish stream flows. Junior surface right holders are adversely affected. A digital computer simulation of the hydrologic-economic system on the lower South Platte River in Colorado is employed to study economic impacts of two water management policies. Open access management is found to yield high income benefits but imposes substantial costs on surface-water users when water supplies are limited. Incorporation of ground water into the appropriation system can help avoid the losses to surface-water users, but greatly reduces the income of ground-water users.
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    CAVITY WELL (1982)
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    Ground-Water Management in Basalts (1982)
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Basalts are a major source of ground water throughout the Columbia River Plateau region of the Pacific Northwest. Development and management of ground water in these basalts are complicated by the spatial variability of the hydrologic characteristics of the deep, stratified lava flows, but new irrigation developments and municipal and industrial water needs are placing increasingly larger demands on the ground-water resource. Water management decisions are aided by individual basin studies that contribute to greater understanding of the regional ground-water system. A distributed-system multiple-storage model for the Deschutes River Basin, Oregon, reveals the magnitude of spatial differences in ground-water recharge, storage, and discharge for this watershed. Input-output analysis elucidates the functional characteristics of the basin groundwater system, and it identifies the presence and magnitude of interbasin linkages in the ground-water system. Implementation of ground-water development strategies based on storage and transmission characteristics simulated by the model demonstrates that basin or regional perspectives are necessary to fully utilize ground-water storage in basalts.
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    LOWER PERMIAN PALAEOAPLYSINID BIOHERMS AND ASSOCIATED SEDIMENTS FROM CENTRAL SPITSBERGEN (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Bioherms found in the Lower Permian Tyrrellfjellet Member of Central Spitsbergen contain bindstones produced by the ?hydrozoan taxon Palaeoaplysina. We briefly describe the bioherms’stratigraphical and environmental setting and note their development on hardground surfaces. The association of these structures with bituminous limestones is interesting in view of the petroleum resources of similar buildups in the USSR.
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    LOESS DEPOSITS IN LOWER ADVENTDALEN, SPITSBERGEN (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Aeolian deposits are described in terms of their areal distribution, sedimentary and pedological characteristics. These deposits, which have accumulated at the valley margins, result from deflation of fluvian sediments deposited in the valley bottom. Fine horizontal lamination in the upper horizons is tentatively attributed to winnowing of primary depositional units following partial cementation by salt precipitates. This stratification breaks down at depth and is replaced by a gleyed horizon, resulting from drainage impedance by permafrost. Proximal aeolian accumulations on flu-vially inactive areas of the valley bottom may typify many other valleys in Spitsbergen.
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    Salterella rugosa (Early Cambrian: Agmata) on Nordaustlandet and Spitsbergen, Svalbard (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Occurrence of Salterella rugosa Billings on Nordaustlandet, Svalbard, is reported for the first time. The rocks that produced these fossils belong to the upper part of the Kapp Sparre Formation. This unit can be correlated with the Oslobreen Dolomite in Ny Friesland (Spitsbergen, Svalbard) from which the same species has been reported earlier; these fossils have not been illustrated previously. In both areas many specimens are poorly preserved, and it is becoming increasingly evident that the difference between Salterella and Volborthella simply may be the result of loss of the outer shell in the Volborthella.
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    Foraminiferal distribution in the western Barents Sea, Recent and Quaternary (1982)
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    Notes: Foraminiferal faunas were analysed from 22 cores (length 30-165 cm), three grab samples and one dredge sample taken from Spitsbergenbanken and the trenches Storfjordrenna and Bjørnøyrenna. The distribution pattern of selected taxa and eight assemblages are discussed in relation to water depth, currents and sedimentation. The assemblages found on Spitsbergenbanken where currents are particularly active, are clearly different from the assemblages occurring in the more quiet environments of the trenches.In the Quaternary evolution of the area three successive stages are distinguished: glacial shelf environment of the Weichselian; semiglacial, or transitional environment of the Late Weichselian and Early Holocene; open, or deglaciated shelf environment of the Holocene. Minor faunal changes in Storfjordrenna are explained by changes in the current pattern.In some assemblages marked postmortem changes have taken place which include solution of calcareous shells, breakage and abrasion by currents, and transport of shells out of the high energy bank area with assumed redeposition in deeper water.
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    LOW GRADE (GREENSCHIST FACIES) METAMORPHISM IN SOUTHERN PRINS KARLS FORLAND, SVALBARD (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: The pre-Carboniferous miogeosynclinal sedimentary and volcanic sequences of south-central Prins Karls Forland belong to a suite of rocks known as the Forland Complex. During early Palaeozoic diastrophism the Complex of Prins Karls Forland experienced predeformational, low grade metamorphism. A knowledge of the stratigraphy and structure of the region, together with an analysis of metamorphic mineral assemblages and reactions enable the conditions of metamorphism to be determined within certain limits. It is found that temperatures during metamorphism were between 400°C and 500°C, and pressures were about 6 kb. These conditions provide an estimate of palaeogeothermal gradient, consistent with observed mineralogies, of 18 to 21°C.km−1. In addition, compositional variations within mineral phases are found to be largely dependent upon bulk-rock chemistry, and are of limited use in determining grade changes.
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    Notes (1982)
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    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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    The Orustdalen Formation of Brøggerhalvøya, Svalbard: A fan delta complex of Dinantian/Namurian age (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: The Orustdalen Formation of Brøggerhalvaya is well exposed on two coastal sections and is 200–250 m thick. It consists dominantly of siliceous conglomerates and sandstones with subordinate shales and impure coal. One horizon low in the sequence yielded spores of uppermost Dinantian/lowermost Namurian age. Three sedimentary fades have been recognised. The fluvial channel facies (interbedded conglomerates and cross-stratified sandstones) are interpreted as braided stream deposits with flow directions to south and west. A shale facies, sometimes with drifted plant remains, is interpreted as overbank in origin. Highly quartzose, medium-to-coarse-grained, cross-stratified sandstones make up the reworked facies where palaeocurrents are bimodal or indicate movement to the NE. The Formation is thought to represent sediments shed from an early Carboniferous fault scarp eroding’a siliceous Lower Palaeozoic source terrain. The proximity of a nearby coastline led to the construction of fan deltas where fluvial deposits were reworked by waves and/or tides. Early diagenetic events include the local development of pyrite, kaolinite and calcite cements. Reddening’probably occurred during Middle Carboniferous times beneath an exposed land surface. Following burial, pressure solution and quartz cementation eliminated porosity at depths greater than 1000 m.
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    Errata (1982)
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    AQUIFER RESTORATION AND GROUND-WATER REHABILITATION-A LIGHT AT THE END OF THE TUNNEL (1982)
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    Ground-Water Age Distribution in Madrid Basin, Spain (1982)
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: The alluvial deposits that occupy the Madrid Basin in central Spain form an aquifer system covering an area of 5,000 km2 (2,000 mi2) and with thicknesses of 2,000 m (6,600 ft) or more. Average annual precipitation is 500 mm (15 in.) and average annual temperature is 15°C (59°F). The precipitation is sufficient to provide a net surplus to ground-water recharge which, in turn, supports dry weather flow of major streams in the basin. A distribution of surface recharge and hydraulic conductivities were obtained from a previous study utilizing a two-dimensional finite-difference model of the same vertical cross section as this study. In this study a flow net and a discrete-state compartment (or “mixing-cell”) model were employed to calculate the age distribution of ground water circulating through the aquifer. Carbon-14 decay ages were determined for nine ground-water samples taken from eight locations. The ages obtained with the flow net and with the mixing-cell models are mutually consistent and generally agree with the carbon-14 decay ages. The calculated ages range from zero at the recharge boundaries to over 100,000 years at discharge boundaries in stream channels. The results obtained are to be regarded as preliminary. Their principal value will be to guide future C-14 field sampling programs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1982.tb01388.x
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  • 90
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    Prediction of Economic Potential for Irrigation Using a Ground-Water Model (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 20 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: The objective of this study is to demonstrate the application of a predictive ground-water potentiometric-head model to estimate the profitability of irrigation in contrast to that of dry-land farming. Unit cost per acre-foot of water required for a variety of crops is used to determine the distributive impact of predicted aquifer depletion at 5-year intervals during 20 years of simulated pumping. A land-use planning scheme is proposed for identifying areas (one square mile or less) where various crop types can be irrigated based on benefit-cost criteria for two arbitrary pumping rates as well as on future energy and well development costs. Maps showing areas of profitable production are presented for cotton and alfalfa as examples of crops requiring as much as 1 and 2 ac-ft/ac/yr (0.30 and 0.60 ha-m/ha/yr), respectively. Irrigation-water needs and related profitability are presented as examples for several crops by using the model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1982.tb01373.x
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  • 91
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    Tracing Fluid Sources in the East Shore Area, Utah (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 20 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Stable isotope and fluid chemistry investigations in complex hydrogeologic areas have proven useful in delineating the origin of thermal waters and their interaction with local ground-water reservoirs. The application of these techniques is illustrated using water samples collected from all hot and warm springs and many of the wells in the East Shore area, Utah. These samples were analyzed for major cations and anions, oxygen-18/oxygen-16 and deuterium/hydrogen ratios.The data presented suggest the presence of at least two and perhaps three distinct hydrogeologic regimes. One regime involves fault-controlled deep circulation of waters derived from high elevations in mountains toward the east. These waters evolved into the sodium plus potassium, chloride-enriched hot spring fluids that are high in total dissolved salt concentration (greater than 4,000 mg/1), exhibit oxygen-18 enrichment due to geochemical rock-water interaction at depth and have deuterium/hydrogen ratios similar to high elevation mountain springs. A second hydrogeologic regime is comprised of waters derived from lower elevations that infiltrate into the shallow valley sediments. These dilute calcium plus magnesium, bicarbonate fluids comprise most of the area's ground-water supply.Leakage of thermal waters into overlying cooler aquifers is observed in the vicinity of the hot springs, and is believed to occur in several other portions of the East Shore area. These leakage zones make up the third hydrogeologic regime observed in the East Shore area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1982.tb01374.x
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  • 92
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    DOWN HOLE FLOWMETER ANALYSIS USING AN ASSOCIATED CALIPER LOG (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 20 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract From flowmeter interpretation studies using wells with no available caliper data has emerged information which is also pertinent to flowmeter analysis in conjunction with a caliper log. A simple method for interpreting flowmeter and caliper log pairs incorporating this insight has been developed. Location of constant-flow regions, inflow and outflow zones is done by manually comparing the shapes of the caliper and flowmeter logs. A flowrate log is then produced using quantitative volumetric flowrates calculated for several depths in the well. The log contains all the significant flow information without spurious noise and would be suitable for converting to an apparent hydraulic conductivity log.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1982.tb01377.x
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  • 93
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    The Nature and Source of Arsenic in Northeastern Ohio Ground Water (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 20 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Elevated arsenic concentrations were found in ground water near Canal Fulton, Ohio. The hydrologie and chemical properties of the area were studied to determine the source of the arsenic and evaluate the possibility of a similar problem occurring elsewhere. Two major aquifer systems exist within the study area: the Sharon Sandstone of the upland areas; and the outwash sand and gravel deposits of the buried valleys. Ground-water flow is generally from the north, but local variations are caused by the Tuscarawas River valley on the south and west of the study area. Within the study area, there is no evidence for an anthropogenic source of arsenic to the ground water. Agricultural soils, abandoned underground coal mines, industrial impoundments to the north, and an abandoned industrial dump site within the study area were all eliminated as possible sources for the arsenic. The arsenic in Canal Fulton ground water is entirely inorganic, consisting of about equal parts of arsenate and arsenite. Reduction-oxidation (redox) considerations suggest that arsenic is controlled by an adsorption equilibrium with ferric hydroxides, and that the reduction of the ferric hydroxides by a recent lowering of Eh and/or pH in the aquifer has liberated both iron and arsenic to solution. A high correlation between ferrous iron and total dissolved arsenic supports this model. It is hypothesized that Eh conditions have been lowered in the aquifer by either the recent introduction of methane gas or the deposition of a thick layer of till during the last glacial retreat. The methane gas could be leaking from deep underground storage at the site and reducing oxidized compounds. The deposition of till would have eliminated local recharge of oxygenated waters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1982.tb02765.x
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  • 94
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    HYDROGEOLOGIC ISSUES IN HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 20 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1982.tb02770.x
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  • 95
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    REPLY TO the preceding Discussion by Z. Şen, of “Statistical Considerations and Sampling Techniques for Ground-Water Quality Monitoring” (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 20 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1982.tb02772.x
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  • 96
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    REPLY TO the preceding Discussion by John P. Gnaedinger of “Ground-Water Flow Systems and Stability of a Slope” (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 20 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1982.tb01364.x
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  • 97
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    Hydraulic Conductivity of a Glacial Till in Alberta (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 20 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Soils underlain at shallow depths (less than 1 m, 3 ft) by glacial till are generally considered undesirable for irrigation because of their unfavourable internal drainage characteristics. In some areas of southern Alberta, Canada, soils developed upon shallow tills have been irrigated successfully for over 60 years with no adverse effects on the soil. An investigation was conducted to describe the hydro-geologic properties of till under one of these areas and to assess the properties with regard to drainage. Study techniques consisted of detailed test drilling and sampling, excavation of test pits, installation and monitoring of ground-water instrumentation, field and laboratory hydraulic conductivity testing and tritium analyses of ground-water samples. Two fracture sets were found in this till. Both sets of fractures produce secondary permeabilities which mask the low hydraulic conductivity of the till matrix (10−10 m·s−1). Small-scale fractures which have a fracture spacing of approximately 10 mm (0.4 in.) have an apparent mean hydraulic conductivity of 5 × 10−9 m·s−1, whereas large-scale fractures which have fracture spacings from 20 mm (0.8 in.) to over 630 mm(2 ft) have an apparent mean hydraulic conductivity of approximately 2 × 10−7 m·s−1. The high hydraulic conductivity of the large-scale fractures was corroborated by tritium analyses of ground-water samples. Tritium analyses also indicate the presence of recent water at depth in the till. The large-scale fractures, which control the bulk hydraulic conductivity of this till, provide conduits through which infiltrating water can be transmitted to the ground-water regime. These fractures are believed to be the reason why this land has remained irrigable for over 60 years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1982.tb02744.x
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  • 98
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    Lower Hawthorn Aquifer on Sanibel Island, Florida (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 20 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: In 1977, the Island Water Association (IWA) on Sanibel Island, Florida, was concerned that the total dissolved solids concentrations in several wells in its well field were increasing and might cause the blended raw water to exceed the design capacity of its electrodialysis plant. Test wells were drilled several miles west of the existing well field, and two pumping tests, one at the site of the test wells and the other in the existing well field, were run. Average values for the transmissivity (T), storage coefficient (S), and leakance (K′/b′) of the lower Hawthorn aquifer were determined to be T = 1,290 ft2/d (119 m2/d), S = 2.7 × 10−5, and K′/b′= 7.47 × 10−6 (1/d). The results of the pumping tests and other findings indicated that pumpage from the lower Hawthorn aquifer was being derived from artesian storage in the aquifer and from vertical leakage into the aquifer from adjacent formations. It was estimated that the IWA would be able to recover usable water from the lower Hawthorn aquifer for about 5 more years by drilling new wells in the vicinity of the test wells and in other nearby areas that might be determined to yield usable water. After this period of time, it likely would become increasingly difficult, if not impossible, to obtain large quantities of usable water from the lower Hawthorn aquifer, unless significant quantities of water could be found in areas in which few data were then available. The principal recommendations, which subsequently were acted upon by the IWA, were to conduct drilling and testing in the lower Hawthorn aquifer several miles west of the test wells and to investigate the underlying Suwannee aquifer and deeper zones as possible sources of large quantities of brackish water.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1982.tb02746.x
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  • 99
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    A Repeated Pulse Technique for Determining the Hydraulic Properties of Tight Formations (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 20 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Slug and bailer tests are being used increasingly to evaluate the hydraulic properties of “tight” geologic units. Although these pulse methods of stressing a system are used typically only on single wells, the repeated pulse method described here stresses the system in the same manner, but the response is measured in observation wells. This type of pulse test yields much the same information as conventional pumping tests, but it is easier to perform in very low permeability units.The observation well response hydrographs are analyzed by curve-matching techniques. In general, a unique set of type curves must be computed for each pulse test. These type curves are computed easily if the pulsed well is treated as a line-source (or sink). The accuracy of the value of transmissivity (T) determined from the line-source type curves compared to using the finite-diameter well solution depends both on the pulsed well radius (rc) and the time interval between pulses (Δt). If TΔt/rc2 is maintained greater than 50, then T determined from the line-source solution will be within 25% of that determined from more accurate, but computationally inconvenient, finite-diameter well type curves.The repeated-pulse test technique was applied to an experimental well array completed in the Conasauga Shale Formation at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Values of transmissivity determined by the repeated-pulse method agreed well with the results of slug tests performed on each well individually, and in addition, provided information on storage coefficients and anisotropy at the site.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1982.tb02749.x
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  • 100
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    Economics of Declining Water Supplies in the Ogallala Aquifer (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 20 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: A large portion of northwest Oklahoma is situated over the Ogallala Aquifer. Economic growth in the region has been tied closely to irrigated agriculture which depends on declining ground-water resources in the Ogallala formation.As part of an integrated six-State study, Oklahoma researchers developed a computer model of the agricultural sector of northwestern Oklahoma and estimated irrigated and dryland cropping patterns, farm output and farm income over a 40-year planning horizon. Projections were made for a “baseline” situation, and the sensitivity of these results to alternative assumptions on energy costs, commodity prices and technological development was also analyzed.Preliminary results of the baseline analysis suggest a favorable outlook for irrigated agriculture in the area through the near to mid-term, with increases in irrigated acreage, production, and returns to land and management. However, the baseline case is dependent on several relatively optimistic assumptions regarding future fuel prices, yields, and agricultural commodity prices. Even fairly large changes in fuel prices and yields are not particularly critical for model results, but if agricultural commodity prices are substantially lower than projected, the outlook for irrigated agriculture in the area is not favorable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1982.tb01333.x
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