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  • Springer  (17)
  • American Chemical Society (ACS)
  • Elsevier
  • Frontiers Media
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calcium-sensitive cells of the pars intermedia and osmotic balance in the eel (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 225 (1982), S. 487-496 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Intermediate lobe ; Calcium-sensitive (PAS-positive) cells ; Teleosts ; Osmoregulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Freshwater eels were adapted to calcium-free sea water (SW) or 1/3 Ca-free SW. Survival was generally poor in Ca-free SW, although three eels were still in good condition after 19–30 days; survival in 1/3 Ca-free SW was excellent. Osmotic disturbances (increase of plasma osmolarity and sodium levels), which initially occur in Ca-free SW, were no longer detectable after 19–30 days, or in eels in 1/3 Ca-free SW after one month. Plasma calcium sharply decreases initially; it is less depressed after 19–30 days and in 1/3 Ca-free SW. Alterations in the mucus production may be involved in the osmotic changes. Under these conditions no clear stimulation of the calcium-sensitive (Ca-s) cells of the pars intermedia was registered, but in Ca-free SW (1/3 or full strength) the inhibitory effect normally observed in SW does not occur. In a hyperosmotic environment, other ion(s), possibly magnesium, may reduce the response of the Ca-s cells to a lack of environmental calcium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214799
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Routine oxygen consumption and characteristics of the myotomal muscle in tench: Effects of long-term acclimation to hypoxia (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 227 (1982), S. 161-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skeletal muscle ; Respiration ; Hypoxia ; Vascularisation ; Teleosts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tench (Tinca tinca) were acclimated to either aerated (P O 2 17.6 KPa) or hypoxic water (P O 2 1.5 KPa) at 15° C. Fish acclimated to P O 2 17.6 KPa had a routine oxygen consumption (mls O2/Kg bodyweight/h) of 32.7 in aerated water. Upon acute exposure to P O 2 1.5 KPa oxygen consumption decreased to 10.8 and 15.6 in fish acclimated to aerated and hypoxic water, respectively. On the basis of staining for glycogen and for the activities of myofibrillar ATPase and succinic dehydrogenase, three main fibre types can be differentiated in the myotomal muscle. Fibres have been classified as slow, fast aerobic and fast glycolytic. Fast aerobic fibres can be distinguished histochemically by their alkaline-stable Ca2+-activated myofibrillar ATPase activity and their intermediate levels of staining for glycogen and succinic dehydrogenase activity. The patterns of innervation of the fibre types have been investigated by staining neuromuscular endplates and peripheral axons for acetylcholinesterase activity. Motor axons to slow fibres branch extensively giving rise to a number of diffuse endplate formations on the same and adjacent fibres. Fast glycolytic fibres also have a complex pattern of innervation with 8–20 endplates per fibre. A large proportion of the endplates belonged to separate axons. Cross-sectional areas and perimeters of fibres, the number of capillaries/fibre and the lengths of contacts between capillaries and fibres were determined from low-magnification electron micrographs. Acclimation to hypoxia resulted in a decrease in the number of capillaries per fibre for both slow (1.8 to 1.0) and fast (0.8 to 0.2) muscles. The capillary perimeter supplying 1 μm2 of fibre cross-sectional area decreased by 43 % and 76 % for slow and fast fibres, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00206339
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure and metabolism of skeletal muscle fibres in the tench: Effects of long-term acclimation to hypoxia (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 227 (1982), S. 179-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypoxia acclimation ; Muscle ultrastructure ; Liver ; Metabolism ; Teleosts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tench (Tinca tinca) were acclimated to either aerated (P O 2 17.6 KPa) or hypoxic (P O 2 1.5 KPa) water for 6 weeks. Acclimation to hypoxia resulted in a decrease in mitochondrial volume fraction in both slow (22.9 to 15.0 %) and fast glycolytic (4.5 to 1.8 %) myotomal muscles fibres (P〈0.01). Intermyofibrillar mitochondrial populations (4.4 to 1.2% slow; 0.6 to 0.04% fast fibres) were affected to a greater extent than those in the subsarcolemmal zone (18.5 to 13.8% slow; 3.9 to 1.8% fast fibres). After acclimation to hypoxia, cytochrome-oxidase activities decreased by 31 and 33 % in slow and fast fibres, respectively, but were maintained in the liver. Fibre size remained unchanged and actively differentiating fibres were observed in muscles from both groups of fish. Hypoxia resulted in a significant increase in myofibrillar volume fraction in both slow (43.1 to 56.1 %) and fast glycolytic fibres (73.1 to 82.7%) (P〈0.05). Glycogen concentrations (mg/100g tissue) for liver (6616) slow muscle (1892) and fast muscle (334) were similar for fish acclimated to aerated or hypoxic water. Acclimation to hypoxia increased carnitine palmitoyl transferase activity (μmoles substrate utilised g·dry wt-1 min-1) in slow (0.42 to 1.1), fast glycolytic muscle (〈0.01 to 0.15) and liver (1.1 to 3.7) indicating an enhanced capacity for fatty acid oxidation. Phosphofructokinase activities of fast glycolytic fibres were similar in fish acclimated to either aerated or hypoxic water, consistent with an unaltered capacity for anaerobic glycogenolysis. Hexokinase activities (μmoles substate utilised, g·dry wt-1 min-1) decreased in fast fibres (1.2 to 0.4) but were maintained in the slow muslce (2.1 to 2.5) and liver (4.5 to 4.8) of hypoxic fish. The activities of phosphofructokinase in slow muscle and phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase in liver were two times higher in fish acclimated to hypoxia. An enhanced capacity for glycolysis in these tissues may reflect a reduced threshold for anaerobic metabolism during activity and/or an adaptation for acute exposure to anoxia in fish acclimated to hypoxia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00206340
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of the “smooth endoplasmic reticulum cell” in the nucleus recessus lateralis of Salmo gairdneri Richardson (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 227 (1982), S. 221-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Nucleus recessus lateralis ; Smooth endoplasmic reticulum ; Teleosts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of one of the cellular components of the nucleus recessus lateralis of trout is described. These cells have an enormously developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum which makes their identification easy. The relationship of this cell type with the ventricular cavity, neighbouring cells and the presence of synaptic contacts with these cells are also described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00206343
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optic tract cells projecting to the retina in the teleost, Pantodon buchholzi (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 225 (1982), S. 23-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Visual system ; Retino-petal pathways ; HRP method ; Optic tract ; Pantodon buchholzi ; Teleosts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Horseradish peroxidase was employed to trace retino-fugal and retino-petal connections in the teleost fish, Pantodon buchholzi. Most of the reciprocal connections found were within the range also observed in previously studied species of teleosts. Of particular interest is the discovery of cells located within the optic tract and projecting to the retina. These neurons were investigated electron microscopically.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216215
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ingrowth of optic nerve fibers and onset of myelin ensheathment in the optic tectum of the trout (Salmo gairdneri) (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 227 (1982), S. 201-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Optic systems ; Axonal growth ; Myelination ; Ultrastructure ; Teleosts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The early differentiation of the optic pathway of the trout was studied by means of autoradiography, silver impregnation and electron microscopy. Ingrowth of optic nerve fibers into the optic tectum was consistently shown by tracer application and Golgi studies to occur at stage 28, about one week before hatching. Fibers being arranged in discrete bundles were rapidly growing through the longitudinal axis of tectum and at stage 33 reached its posterior end. Cross sections of these fiber bundles at different positions revealed myelin ensheatment to be initiated at the end of stage 34 at the anterior pole of the tectum. Since in the optic nerve of the trout the onset of myelination occurred even earlier (stage 33), it is assumed that this differentiation process follows a rostro-caudal gradient during development of the optic pathway.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00206341
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calcium-sensitive cells of the pars intermedia and osmotic balance in the eel (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 222 (1982), S. 231-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Intermediate lobe ; Calcium-sensitive (PAS-positive) cells ; Teleosts ; Osmoregulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of the PAS-positive calcium-sensitive (Ca-s) cells of the pars intermedia was investigated in eels kept in deionized water (DW) or fresh water (FW) supplemented with Ca2+ or Mg2+. Ca2+ (2mM) reduces considerably the response to DW; plasma osmolarity, Na+ and Ca2+ levels are not significantly affected. In eels adapted to DW for 21 or 28 days, showing highly stimulated Ca-s cells, an addition of CaCl2 for 2 days inhibits the release of granules, but does not immediately block their synthesis and the mitotic activity. The nuclear area is reduced, osmolarity and plasma sodium increase, but the rise in calcium is not always significant. Magnesium, at a 10-fold greater concentration than in FW (2 mM), slightly inhibits the release of secretory granules without reducing other indicators of stimulation. In Ca-enriched FW, the Ca-s cells appear inactive. These data show that the PAS-positive cells in the pars intermedia of the eel are calcium-sensitive, similar to those of the goldfish; their role in calcium regulation is briefly discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213209
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Centrifugal innervation of the retina by luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH)-immunoreactive telencephalic neurons in teleostean fishes (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 222 (1982), S. 313-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Telencephalic innervation ; Nucleus olfactoretinalis ; Teleosts ; LHRH immunohistochemistry ; HRP transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In cichlid, poecilid and centrarchid fishes luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH)-immunoreactive neurons are found in a cell group (nucleus olfactoretinalis) located at the transition between the ventral telencephalon and olfactory bulb. Processes of these neurons project to the contralateral retina, traveling along the border between the internal plexiform and internal nuclear layer, and probably terminating on amacrine or bipolar cells. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injected into the eye or optic nerve is transported retrogradely in the optic nerve to the contralateral nucleus olfactoretinalis where neuronal perikarya are labeled. Labeled processes leave this nucleus in a rostral direction and terminate in the olfactory bulb. The nucleus olfactoretinalis is present only in fishes, such as cichlids, poecilids and centrarchids, in which the olfactory bulbs border directly the telencephalic hemispheres. In cyprinid, silurid and notopterid fishes, in which the olfactory bulbs lie beneath the olfactory epithelium and are connected to the telencephalon via olfactory stalks, the nucleus olfactoretinalis or a comparable arrangement of LHRH-immunoreactive neurons is lacking. After retrograde transport of HRP in the optic nerve of these fishes no labeling of neurons in the telencephalon occurred. It is proposed that the nucleus olfactoretinalis anatomically and functionally interconnects and integrates parts of the olfactory and optic systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213215
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Capillarisation, oxygen diffusion distances and mitochondrial content of carp muscles following acclimation to summer and winter temperatures (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 222 (1982), S. 325-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Temperature acclimation ; Quantitative cytology ; Capillarisation ; Skeletal muscle ; Teleosts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Many species of fish show a partial or complete thermal compensation of metabolic rate on acclimation from summer to winter temperatures. In the present study Crucian carp (Carassius carassius L.) were acclimated for two months to either 2° C or 28° C and the effects of temperature acclimation on mitochondrial content and capillary supply to myotomal muscles determined. Mitochondria occupy 31.4% and 14.7% of slow fibre volume in 2°C- and 28° C-acclimated fish, respectively. Fast muscles of coldbut not warm-acclimated fish show a marked heterogeneity in mitochondrial volume. For example, only 5 % of fast fibres in 28° C-acclimated fish contain 5 % mitochondria compared to 34 % in 2° C-acclimated fish. The mean mitochondrial volume in fast fibres is 6.1 % and 1.6 % for coldand warm-acclimated fish, respectively. Increases in the mitochondrial compartment with cold acclimation were accompanied by an increase in the capillary supply to both fast (1.4 to 2.9 capillaries/fibre) and slow (2.2 to 4.8 capillaries/fibre) muscles. The percentage of slow fibre surface vascularised is 13.6 in 28° C-acclimated fish and 32.1 in 2° C-acclimated fish. Corresponding values for fast muscle are 2.3 and 6.6 % for warm and cold-acclimated fish, respectively. Maximum hypothetical diffusion distances are reduced by approximately 23–30 % in the muscles of 2° C-compared to 28° C-acclimated fish. However, the capillary surface supplying 1 μ3 of mitochondria is similar at both temperatures. Factors regulating thermal compensation of aerobic metabolism and the plasticity of fish muscle to environmental change are briefly discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213216
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    VIP-, substance P-, gastrin/CCK-, bombesin-, somatostatin- and glucagon-like immunoreactivities in the gut of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 223 (1982), S. 141-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptides ; Gut hormones ; Immunohistochemistry ; Radioimmunoassay ; Teleosts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The presence of peptides in the gastrointestinal tract of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, was investigated immunocytochemically. VIP-like immunoreactivity was demonstrated in nerves in all layers of the stomach and the intestine, whereas substance P-like immunoreactivity was localized to endocrine cells, predominantly in the mucosa of the stomach, and to nerves mainly concentrated in the myenteric plexus throughout the gut. Endocrine cells reactive to gastrin/CCK antiserum were demonstrated in the intestinal mucosa, while no immunoreactivity was found in the stomach. Bombesin-immunoreactive and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were localized in the stomach mucosa, and cells reactive to glucagon antiserum in the intestinal mucosa. Radioimmunoassay of stomach mucosa and muscle confirmed the presence of VIP-like and substance P-like immunoreactivity in these tissues, while gastrin/CCK-like immunoreactivity was low and bombesin-like immuno-reactivity was insignificant. In conclusion, molecules resembling the mammalian brain-gut peptides may be involved in the neuronal and hormonal control of gut function in fish.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221505
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