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  • 1
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Reimer
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: Seit gut 20 Jahren wird die Grundwassernutzung im Rahmen des "New Valley Project" stark vorangetri eben . Um eine langfristige Funktionsfähigkeit der Entwicklungsprojekte zu gewährleisten, mußte die Frage der Grundwasserbildung und -herkunft geklärt werden. Radiokarbon-Altersbestimmungen, Isotopenuntersuchungen und hydrochemische Analysen zeigen, daß das Grundwasser des Dakhl a-Beckens fossil ist; eine rezente Grundwasserneubildung ist nicht nachzuweisen. Grundwasserbildung fand letztmals während des letzten Hauptpluvials (〉20.000 Jahre B.P. ) statt, postpluviale Grundwässer wurden nicht nachgewiesen. Das Grundwasser wurde aus Niederschlägen atlantischer Feuchtmassen gebildet, die über eine Westwinddrift in die östliche Sahara gelangten. Die Grundwasserbildung war weitgehend lokal, großräumige Grundwasserbewegung findet nicht statt. Die Möglichkeit von Überläufen fossiler Grundwässer aus Nachbarbecken, wie Nordsudan-Becken und Kufra -Becken , konnte nicht geklärt werden. Aufgrund der analytischen Untersuchungen ist der Aquifer des Dakhl a-Beckens weder regional noch vertikal gliederbar; seine Ausbildung ist bei großräumiger Betrachtung sehr homogen. Wegen der ungleichen Verteilung der Informationen im Dakhla-Becken wurde zur Grundwassermassenberechnung ein dreidimensionales Computermodell entwickelt, das über Regressionen mit Polynomen höherer Ordnung die Volumina des Aquifers errechnete. Soweit überprüfbar, erbrachte das Modell gute Ergebnisse, so daß es künftig auch in Becken angewandt werden kann, von denen noch weniger Informationen vorliegen. Es wurde ein Zeit-Volumen-Modell erstellt, das zum einen den Absenkungsverlauf des Grundwasserspiegels beschreibt, zum anderen die zur Klärung der Grundwassersituation verwendeten Parameter stützt und sie als weitgehend richtig ausweist.
    Description: For about twenty years the use of the groundwater has been increased closely within the frame of the "New Valley Project". The questions of the formation and origin of the groundwater had to be elucidated in order to insure the long time function of the project. The investigations of isotopes, radiocarbon age dating and the hydrochemical analyses indicate the groundwater of the Dakhla Basin to be fossil; a recent formation of groundwater may safely be excluded. The last time groundwater formation occurred was during the last main pluvial (〉20,000 B.P.); there are no indications of postpluvial formation. The groundwater was formed by the precipitation of Atlantic humid air masses which reached the eastern Sahara by western drift. The groundwater formation was mainly local, regional groundwater movement does not occur. The possible overfl ow of fossil groundwater from the neighbouring basins as the North Sudan Basin and the Kufra Basin could not be clarified. Analytical investigations show the aquifer of the Dakhla Basin neither regionally nor vertically divisible; the shape is very nomogeneous over large regions. Since informations about the Dakhla Basin are distributed unevenly for the calculation of the groundwater masses the volumes of the aquifer were calculated using a three dimensional Computer model working with polynomal regressions of higher order. As far as possible the model shows good results; therefore it can be used in the future in basins with even less informations. A model of time and volume was made describing the decrease of the waterhead; the same model supports the Parameters used for the analysis of the groundwater Situation indicating that the Parameters are correct.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:551.4 ; ddc:556 ; Grundwasser ; Ägypten
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 150
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  • 2
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Reimer
    In:  SUB Göttingen | ZB 45198:39
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: Mit der Abu Bal las Formation sind erstmals unterkretazische marine Ablagerungen innerhalb der Kubischen Gruppe Südwest-Ägyptens nachgewiesen worden. Transgression und Regression erfolgten wahrscheinlich während des Apt. Die Ablagerungen der Formation treten in der Region zwischen dem Gilf Kebir und dem Abu Tartur Plateau zutage, wo sie die fluviatilen Sandsteine der Six Hills Formation (Basal Clastics) im Liegenden von den ebenfalls fluviatilen Sandsteinen der Sabaya Formation (Desert Rose Beds) im Hangenden trennen. Die Abu Bal las Formation besteht lithologisch überwiegend aus roten und grünen Tonsteinen, untergeordnet kommen auch Silt- und Feinsandsteine vor. Die Mächtigkeit beträgt durchschnittlich 20 bis 30 m, örtlich kann sie 45 m erreichen. Nach Westen, Süden und Osten keilt die Formation aus. Die Ablagerungen der Formation lieferten neben etlichen Pflanzenresten eine unerwartet arten- und individuenreiche marine Fauna. Im einzelnen wurden gefunden: Pflanzen: Vier bisher unbekannte Fruktifikationen sowie acht weitere bisher zum Teil unbekannte Pflanzenreste. Foraminiferida: Drei agglutinierende Arten. Scleraciinia: Eine ahermatype Art. Brachiopoda: Eine inarticulate Art. Scaphopoda: Eine Art. Gastropoda: Acht Arten. Bivalvia: 33 Arten. Die Bivalven stellen die umfangreichste Fossilgruppe innerhalb der Fauna dar. Annelida: Eine Art. Arthropoda: Zwölf Arten. Echinoidea: Eine Art. Vertebrata: 14 Arten. Spurenfossilien: 23 Arten. Koprolithen: Vier Formen. Folgende zwei Taxa sind neu aufgestellt worden: Palaeosabellaxda aegyptiaca gen. nov., sp. nov.; Anomoeodus parvulus sp. Nov.. Die Abu Ballas Formation ist in einem sehr flachen Epikontinentalmeer abgelagert worden. Die Wassertiefe betrug in dem Gebiet, in dem die Formation zutage tritt, höchstens etwa 20 m, größtenteils war sie wahrscheinlich bedeutend geringer. Die Salinität des Meereswassers war fast während der gesamten Zeit vermindert, in Küstennähe kam es aber zu starken Schwankungen und kurzfristig auch zu euhalinen Verhältnissen. Es lassen sich mehrere Faziesräume des oberen und mittleren Sublittorals unterscheiden, die durch unterschiedliche Sedimente und durch verschiedene Faunengemeinschaften gekennzeichnet sind. Im Übergangsbereich zwischen mariner und fluviatiler Sedimentation kam es Örtlich zu Deltaschüttungen und zur Ausbildung einer Marsch. Die Apt-Transgression überflutete weite Teile Ägyptens. Lediglich der äußerste Südwesten und der Südosten des Landes sowie große Teile der Eastern Desert und der südliche Sinai blieben Festland.
    Description: The Abu Ballas Formation is the first known Lower Cretaceous marine transgression within the Nubia Group of southwestern Egypt. Transgression and Regression probably happened at Aptian times. The depositions of the formation crop out in the area between the Gilf Kebir and the Abu Tartur Plateau. They are underlain by fluvial deposits of the Six Hills Formation (Basal Clastics) and overlain by fluvial deposits of the Sabaya Formation (Desert Rose Beds). Lithologically the Abu Ballas Formation mainly consists of red and green claystones, siltstones and finegrained sandstones are more rarely. The thickness averages 20 to 30 ms, reaching 45 ms locally. To the west, south, and east the formation wedges out. Aside from several plant remains the formation yields a marine fauna, which is unexpectedly rieh in species and individuals. There were found the following flora and fauna: Plants: Four fructifications unknown till now and eight other partly unknown plant remains. Foraminiferida: Three agglutinated species. Scleractinia: One ahermatypic coral . Brachiopoda: One inarticulate species. Scaphopoda: One species. Gastropoda: Eight species. Bivalvia: 33 species. The Bivalvia represent the most extensive group within the fauna. Annelida: One species. Arthropoda: Twelve species. Echinoidea: One species. Vertebrata: 14 species. Trace fossil s; 23 species. Coprolites: Four forms. The following two new taxa have been established: Palaeosabellaria aegyptiaea gen. nov., sp. nov. (Annelida: Hermell idae) and Anomoeodus parvulus sp. nov. (Hol ostei: Pycnodontidae) .The Abu Ballas Formation has been deposited in a very shallow epi Continental sea. In the area, where the formation crops out, the depth of the water was probably ca. 20 ms at most, usually it was considerably shallower. The salinity was reduced to some degree, near the coast however, it varied in a high extent. For a short time the conditions were euhaline. Several facies of the upper and middle sublittoral can be distinguished, characterised by different Sediments and different faunal associations. In the transitional zone between the marine and the fluviatile facies deltaic and marsh deposits were found locally. This transgression had flooded large areas of Egypt. Only the extreme southwestern part and the southeastern part of the country, probably wide areas of the Eastern Desert too, and the Southern half of the Sinai remained Continental.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:551.77 ; Paläontologie ; Ägypten ; Afrika
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 187
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: Aus feinstratigraphisch aufgenommenen Profilen im kontinentalen Neogen (Jungpliozän-Altpleistozän) der Insel Kos (Dodekanes) werden horizontiert gesammelte Populationen der limnischen Gastropoden-Gattung Viviparus biometrisch untersucht und aufgrund dessen die bestehende taxonomische Aufteilung revidiert. Die Höhe und Breite der allometrischen Gehäuse werden an jeder Windung ermittelt und dargestellt. Diese Daten werden auf signifikante Unterschiede zwischen Populationen geprüft und die verallgemeinerten Trennwerte nach der Häufigkeit aufgetragen. Sie sind meist nahezu normal verteilt. Daraus wird auf ähnliche Variabilität der Populationen geschlossen. Durch die Cluster-Analyse wird die Ähnlichkeit der Individuen jeder Probe hierarchisch geordnet und gezeichnet (Dendrogramme) . Vermuteter Sexual-Dimorphismus der Gehäuse ist wahrscheinlich, kann aber nicht mit Sicherheit bestätigt werden. Im Laufe der Zeit verändern sich glattschalige kontinuierlich zu drei gekielten Formen trotz mehrfachen und deutlichen Milieuwechsels. Damit ist genetisch bedingte evolutive Umgestaltung der Gehäuse wahrscheinlich zu machen. Die Einordnung der Individuen aller Populationen in verschiedene Formklassen verdeutlicht diesen evolutiven Trend. Gleichzeitig treten fünf distinkte Häufigkeitsmaxima übereinander auf. Dadurch ist eine gegenüber anderen Methoden erheblich verfeinerte biostratigraphische Gliederung der ca. 250 m mächtigen nv:- parus- führenden Neogenfolge von Ost-Kos möglich.
    Description: On Kos Island, populations of the limnic gastropod genus Viviparus taken from defined horizons from Neogene (Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene) sequences have been analyzed biometrically and have been revised paleontologically. Height and width of all coils of the allometric Shells have been measured and plotted. These data are examined with respect to significant differences between the populations. The discriminant scores of the samples show approximately Gaussian distributions. From this, a similar variability of the populations is deduced. The similarity of individuals within populations is hierarchically clustered in dendrograms. A supposed sexual dimorphism of the analyzed Shells is probable but has not been confirmed. In spite of several remarkable environmental changes, strongly sculptured forms conti nually develop from smooth Shells in the course of approximately 2 m.y. This proves a genetically controlled development of the various forms, i.e. evolution. By the arrangement of all the individuals in different morphological classes this evolutionary trend is illustrated. Moreover, five distinct maxima of frequency distributions are found. Accordingly, a refined biostratigraphic subdivision of the Neogene sequence bearing Viviparus in eastern Kos (approx. 250 m thick) has been rendered possible.
    Description: A l'Est de l’Tle de Kos (Dodecanese, Grece), des populations d’horizons determines du genre de gasteropodes limniques de Viviparus, provenant d’une sequence ininterrompue du Neogene Continental (Pliocene superieur au Pleistocene inferieur) ont ete etudiees par des methodes statistiques multivariees. Grace ä leurs resultats, une revision du groupement taxonomique existant est effectuee. La hauteur et la largueur de chaque circonvolution des coquilles allometriques sont mesurees et presentees graphiquement. Ces dates morphometriques sont examinees quant aux differences significatives dont leurs distances general isees sont tracees en distributions de frequence. Celles-ci sont pour la plupart normalement distribuees. De lä est deduite une variabilite ressemblante des populations. La ressemblance des individus de chaque faune est evaluee par l'analyse des similarites et tracees hierarchiquement en forme de dendrogrammes . II en res ulte la vraisemblance d'un dimorphisme sexuel de ces coquilles du genre Viviparus. Au cours de 2 millions d'annees environ, des formes lisses se sont developpees conti nuellement en forme multicarenees malgre plusieurs changements ecologiques prononces. Ainsi, le developpement de la forme de coquilles, genetiquement controllee, donc son evolution, peut etre constate. Le classement des individus de chaque population en dix types morphologiques differents precise cette tendance evolutive. En plus, cinq maxima de distributions de frequence sont nettement ä distinguer. De ce fait resulte, en comparaison avec d'autres methodes appliquees jusqu'ä present, une subdivision biostratigraphique plus detaillee de la sequence neogene de 1'Tie de Kos, epaisse de 250 m environ.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:564.3 ; Gastropoda ; Paläontologie ; Kos
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 138
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  • 4
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Reimer
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: Unter der Bezeichnung "Scaglia" wird im Südalpin und im Nordapennin eine Folge überwiegend pelagischer, kreide- und tertiärzeitlicher Sedimente zusammengefaßt, die aus bunten Tonschiefern, Mergeln und Kalken besteht. Zusätzlich können detritische Kalke, Breccien und Konglomerate auf treten. Die in der vorliegenden Arbeit behandelten Scaglia-Sedimente der Toskanischen Decke ("Scaglia Toscana“) konnten nach ihrer Lithofazies sechs Formationen zugeordnet werden. Mit Hilfe mikropaläontologischer Untersuchungen an pelagischen Foraminiferen wurden die Ablagerungen biostrati graphisch datiert; sie repräsentieren den Zeitraum Alb – Oligozän. Zahlreiche im Gelände auf genommene Schichtfolgen wurden lithofaziell und biostrati graphisch bearbeitet. Die Profile wurden korreliert und in einem standardisierten Normal profil zusammengefaßt. Es zeigte sich, daß die Verbreitung der Fazies typen sowie ihre Mächtigkeit von einer Beckenkonfi guration abhängt, die bereits seit dem Lias erkennbar ist. Eine generelle Umgestaltung des Ablagerungsraumes an der Wende Unter-/Oberkreide, wie sie als Folge der paläoapenninen Phase von verschiedenen Autoren angenommen wurde, konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden. Aus der Abfolge der mesozoischen bis alttertiären Ablagerungen läßt sich vielmehr im Zentrum des Sedimentationsraumes ein Hochgebiet mit lückenhafter und geringmächtiger Sedimentation rekonstruieren, welches vom älteren Jura bis in das Eozän hinein Bestand hatte und beiderseits von Becken mit mächtigeren und vollständigeren Schichtfolgen gesäumt wurde. Diese Schwellenregion wird als "Zentral toskanisches Hochgebiet" bezeichnet und entspricht teilweise der von BOCCALETTI & BORTOLOTTI (1965) rekonstruierten "Dorsale costiera". Im Oligozän - ?Miozän wurden diese morphologischen Strukturen entland der Linie Livorno-Sillaro in zwei gegeneinander versetzte Blöcke zerlegt. Die paläoapennine Phase (Wende Unter-/Oberkreide) sowie auch die ligurische Phase (Eozän), die in den internen Bereichen des Nordapennins (Ligurikum) zu einer bedeutenden Umgestaltung der Sedimentationsraume führten, dokumentieren sich in der Schichtfolge der Toskanischen Decke lediglich im vermehrten Auftreten von Breccien, Konglomeraten und ersten ganz lokal vorkommenden Grauwackenschüttungen. Im Neokom und verstärkt mit Beginn der Scaglia-Sedimentation im Alb und damit auch zeitgleich mit der palaoapenninen Phase, setzt im toskanischen Abi agerungs raum außerdem von NE her die Schüttung detritischer Kalke ein. Diese füllen zunächst das Becken östlich des Zentral toskanischen Hochgebietes ; vom Eozän ab greifen sie auch auf die westlichen Gebiete über. Diese detritischen Kalke der Scaglia Toscana zeigen Sedimentstrukturen wie sie für Turbiditablagerungen typisch sind. Sie müssen als Kalkflysch angesprechen werden, der sich mit normal sedimentierten Ablagerungen verzahnt. Die Scaglia Toscana kann deshalb nicht mehr als rein pelagische Schichtfolge der Präflyschphase angesehen werden, sondern repräsentiert, wenigstens in Teilen, schon das volle Flyschstadium des Drögens.
    Description: In the Southern Alps and in the Northern Apennines the name "Scaglia" is used for a mainly pelagic, cretaceous to tertiary sedimentary sequence which is composed of variegated clayey shales, marls and limestones. In this succession detrital limestones, breccias and conglomerates may occur as well. The Scaglia Sediments of the Tuscan Nappe ("Scaglia Toscana") examinated in the present study were subordinated to six forma tions according to their lithofacies. The Sediments were dated biostratigraphically by means of micropaleontological studies on pelagic foraminiers; they represent the period between Albian and Oligocene. Detailed field investigations and biostratigraphical datings of numerous strati graphical sequences allowed a correlation of serial sec tions and a summari za tion to a Standard! zed columnar section. It was evident that the distribution of the different facies types as well as their thickness depends on a bas in topography which is recognizable since Liassic times. A general transformation of the deposition area at the boundary of Lower and Upper Cretaceous as a consequence of the "Paleoapenninic Phase", postulated by several authors, could not be proved. From the sequence of the Mesozoic to Paleogene sediments one could rather reconstruct a ridge characterized by thin Sedimentation and Stratigraphie gaps in the centre of the deposition area. This rise existed from the Juras sic up to the Eocene and was accompanied on both sides by bas ins with thicker and more complete strati graphical sequences. This ridge is called "Central Tuscan Ridge" ("Zentral toskanisches Hochgebiet") and corresponds partly to the "Dorsale costiera" reconstructed by BOCCALETTI & BORTOLOTTI (1965). In the Oligocene - (?)Miocene these morphological structures were divided into two blocks which were displaced versus each other along the Livorno-Sillaro-Structure. The "Paleoapenninic Phase" (Lower/Upper Cretaceous) as well as the "Ligurian Phase" (Eocene) which initiated significant translocations in the inner areas of the Northern Apennines (Ligurids), are documented within the sequence of the Tuscan Nappe only by an increasing occurrence of breccias, conglomerates and a first local accumulation of graywackes. In the Neocomian and even more intensive with the beginn! ng of Scaglia-sedimentation and therefore contemporaneous with the "Paleoapenninic Phase", in the Tuscan area the accretion of detrital limestones begins from NE. At first these limestones fill up the bas in east of the Central Tuscan Ridge and from the Eocene on they also start spreading out towards Western areas. These detrital Times tones of the Scaglia Toscana show sedimentary fabrics typical of turbidites. They represent a carbonate facies which interfingers with normal sedimentated depositions. Thus the Scaglia Toscana can no longer considered a pure pelagic sequence of the pre-flysch period but represents, at least in parts, the flysch stage of the orogene.
    Description: Nel Sudalpino e nel Appennino settentrionale con il nome di "Scaglia" viene intesa una sequenza di sedimenti per lo piü pelagici, di etä Cretaceo-Terziaria, ehe e costituita da scisti argillosi policromi, marne e calcari; possono essere presenti anche calcari detritici, brecce e conglomerati. I sedimenti della Scaglia della Falda Toscana (Scaglia Toscana) trattati nel presente lavoro, potrebbero venire attribuiti, in base al la loro litofacies, a sei formazioni. Con l'aiuto di ricerche micropaleontologiche su foraminiferi pelagici le fasi di sedimentazione sono state datate in un periodo tra l'Albiano e l’Oligocene. Numerose sequenze di strati osservate in campagna sono state esaminate sia dal punto di vista della litofacies ehe da quello biostratigrafico. Le sezioni strati graf i ehe sono state correlate e vengono rappresentate da una sezione Standard. Si e notato ehe la diffusione dei tipi di facies come pure il loro spessore sia dipeso dal la presenza di un bacino esistente giä dal Lias. Contrariamente a quanto e stato affermato da vari autori , non si e potuto di mostrare un cambiamento dei bacini di sedimentazione nel periodo tra il Cretaceo inferiore e quello superiore, come conseguenza della fase paleoappeninica. Dalle sequenze sedimentarie dal Mesozoico al Paleogene si lascia ricostruire nel centro del bacino di sedimentazione una regione elevata con sedimentazione incompleta e scarsa, ehe e esistita dal Giurassico inferiore fino all'Eocene ed era circondata dall'una e dall’altra parte da bacini con sequenze sedimentarie complete e di grande spessore. Questa regione montuosa e ondulata e indicata con il nome di "Dorsale Toscana centrale” ( "Zentral toskanisches Hochgebiet") e corrisponde in parte al la "Dorsale costiera" ricostruita da BOCCALETTI & BORTOLOTTI (1965). Nell ‘Oligocene - (?)Miocene queste strutture morfologiche sono state divise in due blocchi rivolti l’uno contro l'altro. La fase paleoappeninica (tra Cretaceo inf. e sup.) e la fase ligure (Eocene), ehe nelle zone interne del Nord Appenino (Ligurico) hanno portato ad un notevole cambiamento dei bacini di sedimentazione, sono documentate nel la sequenza sedimentaria della Falda Toscana tramite la presenza di brecce, conglomerati e le prime deposizioni di grovacke. Nel Neocomiano e ancor piü con 1‘inizio della sedimentazione della Scaglia nell ’Albiano, contemporaneamente alla fase paleoappeninica, comincia nel bacino toscano la sedimentazione di calcari detritici da NE. Questi riempiono dapprima il bacino posto al lato orientale della "Dorsale Toscana centrale"; dall'Eocene in poi si diffondono anche nella zona occidentale. Questi calcari detritici della Scaglia Toscana mostrano strutture sedimentarie tipiche delle turbiditi. Essi devono venire considerati flysch cal carei i quali si intercalano alla sedimentazione normale. Per questo motivo la Scaglia Toscana non puo piü essere considerata una pura sequenza pelagica della fase preorogenica ma rappresenta, almeno in parte, giä il pieno stadio del flysch, durante l'orogenesi.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:551 ; Sediment ; Geologie ; Oligozän
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 134
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  • 5
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Reimer
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
    Description: Über den paläozoischen Sedimenten im Dakhla-Becken folgen überwiegend fluvio-kontinentale Sedimente des Mesozoikums, die sich aufgrund ihrer gleichartigen Ausbildung innerhalb des Beckens in Ost-West-Erstreckung verfolgen lassen. Die pauschal als "Nubischer Sandstein" bezeichneten klastischen Sedimente konnten in sechs Formationen gegliedert und ihre strati graphische Stellung weitgehend gesichert werden. Die Einheiten der Nubischen Gruppe heißen von unten nach oben: Six Hills Formation (Basal Clastics), Abu Ballas Formation (Lingula Shale), Sabaya Formation (Desert Rose Beds), Maghrabi Formation (Plant Beds), Taref Formation (Taref Sandstein) und Mut Formation (Variegated Shales). Sie sind fast ausschließlich der Kreide bis zum Maastricht zugehörig. Der Sedimentationsraum gehört zu einem sich nach Nordwesten vertiefenden Becken zwischen der Calanscio-Uweinat-Schwelle im Westen und dem Kharga-Upl ift im Osten. Die Sandstein-Formationen bestehen in der Körnerfraktion ausschließlich aus Quarz, Zirkon, Turmalin, Rutil und Leukoxen und zeigen bei den Tonmineralen eine absolute Kaolinitvormacht. Die überwiegend tonigen Formationen, mit unterschiedlichen Tonmineral-Vergesellschaffungen, deuten auf eine Sedimentation in einem flachen Epikontinentalmeer hin. Die Sedimente der Nubischen Gruppe entstammen Gebieten mit lateritischer Verwitterung. Die Resedimentation erfolgte unter gleichen Klimabedingungen, wie synsedimentäre Bodenbildung und Sesquioxid-Krusten zeigen. Die Faktoren-Analyse ergab folgende Elementgruppen: Ti, Nb, Zr und Cr: Elemente, die überwiegend in Schwermineralen auftreten ; Mn, Co, Ni und Cu: adsorptiv an Mn gebunden und in manganreichen Krusten angereichert ; Y, SE; an Tonminerale angelagerte Elemente ; Ca, Sr, Rb und Pb: an Tonminerale gebundene Elemente. Eisen konnte keiner dieser Gruppen zugeordnet werden. Da die fünf Elementgruppen in den Formationen der Nubischen Gruppe charakteristisch verteilt sind, ist eine Unterscheidung der Formationen aufgrund der Elementverteilung möglich.
    Description: The Paleozoic sediments within the Dakhla Basin are overlain by fluvio-continental sediments of Mesozoic age which can be traced in the. basin in east-west extension caused by their similar development. The clastic sediments, generally called "Nubian Sandstone", could be subdivided into six formations and their: stratigraphic position could be more or less assured. The units of the Nubia Group are named from the bottom towards the top as follows: Six Hills Formation (Basal Clastic Unit), Abu Ballas Formation (Lingula Shale Unit), Sabaya Formation (Desert Rose Unit), Maghrabi Formation (Plant Bed Unit), Taref Formation (Taref Sandstone Unit), and Mut Formation (Variegated Shale Unit). Stratigraphically they are nearly exclusively of Cretaceous up to Maastrichtian age. The area of sedimentation is a basin between the Calanscio-Uweinat Uplift in the west and the Kharga Uplift in the east. The bottom of the basin dips towards the northwest. The more sandy units contain as grains exclusively quartz, zircone, turmaline, rutile and leocoxene. The same units show as a clay-mineral an absolute predominance of kaolinite. The chiefly clayey units with a different association of clayminerals point at a sedimentation in a shallow epicontinental sea. The sediments of the Nubia Group are descended from regions with a lateritic weathering. The resedimentation took place under the same climatic conditions as it is shown by syn sedimentary development of soil horizons and sesquioxide crusts. The factor analysis caused the following groups of elements: Ti, Nb, Zr and Cr: elements which occur mainly in heavy minerals ; Mn, Co, Ni and Cu: elements which are bound adsorptively at Mn and are concentrated in crusts with a high content of manganese ; Y and R.E.E.: elements which are attached to clayminerals ; Ca, Sr, Rb and Pb: elements which are bound at clayminerals. Iron could not be associated with one of these groups. As the five groups of elements are distributed characteristically in the units of the Nubia Group, a differentiation of the units is possible based on the dissamination of the elements.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:551 ; Nubischer Sandstein ; Stratigraphie ; Geochemie ; Sedimentologie
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 93
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  • 6
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    Unknown
    Reimer
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
    Description: Das Sebkha-Gourine-System am Golf von Gabes in Süd-Tunesien wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit sedimentologisch, hydrogeologisch und geobotanisch beschrieben. Der für das Mittelmeer ungewöhnlich hohe Tidenhub bewirkt hier die Ausbildung eines sehr breiten Gezeitenbereiches. Das gemäßigt-aride Klima des Hinterlandes führt zur Bildung evaporitischer Minerale: in dem Sebkha-Bereich kommt es zur Ausscheidung von Gips-Lagen oberhalb des Grundwasserspiegels und zur Entstehung von temporären Halit- und Gipskrusten an der Sedimentoberf lache. Die gleichmäßig feinkörnigen, karbonatischen und silikatischen Sedimente sind marinen, fluviatilen und äolischen Ursprungs. Mit Hilfe der halophytischen Vegetationszonierung war eine flächenhafte Kartierung der Grundwasser-Salinitäten möglich. Anhand der Kalium-Gehalte konnten bei der chemischen Analyse der Sebkha-Grundwässer Lösungen marinen und kontinentalen Ursprungs voneinander unterschieden werden. Mit dem Trockenfallen während der grimaldischen Regression vor ca. 8000 Jahren entstand in einem ehemaligen Ästuar ein breiter Gezeitenbereich, dessen Faziesräume sich mit der zurückweichenden Küstenlinie stetig meerwärts verlagerten. Die in pleistozäne und mio-pliozäne Sedimente erodierte Hohlform wurde vom Kontinent her mit feinkörnigen Wadi-Sedimenten und vom Meer her mit Strandsand karbonatischer und silikatischer Zusammensetzung aufgefüllt. In Lagunen und im Oberen Gezeitenbereich kam es immer wieder zum Absatz feinkörniger Sedimente (Verlandung). Der heutige Zustand wird charakterisiert durch eine flache Küstenlagune, die insgesamt noch im Gezeitenbereich liegt und täglich trocken fällt. Dadurch ist eine Voranreicherung des Meerwassers durch Eindunstung und reduzierte Zirkulation (wie z. B. in der Laguna Madre, Texas) nicht möglich. Das max. 1000 m breite Intertidal ist durch massenhaftes Pflanzenwachstum ( Salicovnla fruticosa und Halocnenwn strobilaeeum ), dichte, lederartige Grünalgen -Matten und sil tig-tonige Sedimente gekennzeichnet. Die Salinität liegt im Bereich der Meerwasser-Konzentration. Der eigentliche Sebkha-Bereich mit nur gelegentlichen Überflutungen bei Sturmfluten reicht noch etwa 3000 m weit ins Landesinnere. Die Sedimente bestehen aus einer Wechsellagerung von dünnen Ton- und Algenschichten und Feinsand-Lagen aus umgelagertem Flugsand. Überflutungsdauer und -häufigkeiten reichen für eine effektive Infiltration des eindringenden Meerwassers in die porösen Sedimente. Die hohen sommerlichen Temperaturen und die starken, trockenen Winde erzeugen eine Verdunstungsrate von ca. 2000 mm/ Jahr, die einen überwiegend aufwärts gerichteten Grundwasserstrom bedingt. Durch die Evaporation werden im Grundwasser Salinitäten bis zu 30 % erreicht, so daß oberhalb des Grundwasserspiegels eine lagenweise Kristallisation von Gips ("Wüstenrosen") zu beobachten ist. Bei dem weiteren kapillaren Aufstieg entsteht eine oberflächennahe Mineralisation der unverfestigten, sandigen Sedimente in Form von feinen, unverwachsenen Gips-Plättchen ("disks"), die auf organische Substanzen und alkalische Verhältnisse hinweisen. An der Oberfläche kommt es zu dünnen Halit-Krusten und -Imprägnationen. Bei den meist im Winter auftretenden Sturmfluten und verstärkt durch die oberirdisch ablaufenden Niederschläge werden nur die Halit-Krusten wieder quantitativ aufgelöst und in das Meer zurücktransportiert. So kommt es ohne unterirdischen Abfluß einer angereicherten Lauge ("reflux") zur Entstehung einer geringmächtigen Gips-Lage in karbonatischen und silikatischen Sanden. Eine Dolomitisierung ist nicht zu beobachten. Die im Sebkha-Gourine-System beobachteten Sebkha-Prozesse folgen weitgehend dem von BUTLER (1969) für die Sebkhas am Persischen Golf aufgestellten "flood water recharge"-Modell , in dem die Salz-Bilanz durch die winterlichen Überflutungen geprägt wird. Das "evaporative pumping"-Modell nach HSÜ & SIEGENTHALER (1969) kann für das Untersuchungebiet ausgeschlossen werden.
    Description: This study describes the sedimentological, hydrogeological and geobotanical features of the Sebkha Gourine in the Gulf of Gabes, Southern Tunisia. The tidal spring range is exceptionally high for Mediterranean conditions and creates a very wide intertidal zone. Formation of evaporite minerals like gypsum and halite is due to the attenuated arid climate. Gypsum cristals are found in layers above the groundwater table. Crusts of halite and gypsum occur temporarily on the sebkha surface. The fine-grained carbonate and quartzose sediments are of marine, fluviatile and eolian origin. Zonation of halophytic vegetation was used as a tool for mapping groundwater salinities. Sebkha groundwaters of marine and continental origin were distinguished by their potassium content. An ancient estuary, carved into Pleistocene and Mio-Pliocene sediments, was filled after the "Grimaldic" regression (8000 BP). Continental fine-grained wadi sediments interlock with carbonate and quartzose beach sands. Minor lagoons and the upper intertidal zone were constantly being silted up. Even today a shallow coastal lagoon is still flooded daily. Therefore the effects of evaporation within the lagoon cannot be accumulated and only a slight increase can be observed in the salinity of sea water entering the sebkha. The intertidal zone extends well over 1000 m and is occupied by a living algal mat and in its upper parts by a dense halophytic vegetation (mainly Salicornia fruticosa and Haloenemum strobilaceun ). The salinities are within the range of sea water concentration. The sebkha itself extends well over 3000 m and is flooded only during spring tides. Sediments consist of gray and brown carbonate sands interlaminated with fine algal mats. These sediments are sufficiently porous to allow for effective infiltration of flood waters. Evaporation is high due to high summer temperatures and strong dry winds and creates an upward groundwater flow. Salinities rise to 30 % leading to massive gypsum cristallization ("desert roses"). Gypsum "disks" are found in unconsolidated surface sediments at shallow depths. Their untwinned habit is related to the presence of organic matter and alcaline conditions. The sediment surface is temporarily impregnated by a thin halite crust, which is removed by winter storm flooding and transported back into the sea. No underground backflow of enriched brine ("reflux") and associated dolomitization could be observed. The "flood water recharge "-model by BUTLER (1969) thus is applicable to the Sebkha Gourine area. The salinity balance is controlled by winter flooding and summer evaporation. The "evaporative pumping" -model by HSÜ & SIEGENTHALER (1969) on the other hand can be rejected for the area in consideration.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:551 ; ddc:580 ; ddc:551.48 ; Sedimentologie ; Hydrologie ; Geobotanik
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 114
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  • 7
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Reimer
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
    Description: Die Arbeit behandelt die in vielen Küstengebieten auf tretende Erscheinung des Eindringens von Meerwasser in den Untergrund des Binnenlandes und die daraus resultierende Grundwasserversalzung (Küstenversalzung). Zur Klärung dieser Frage wurden im ostfriesischen Küstengebiet seewärts und landwärts der Süßwasser-/Salzwassergrenze mittels spezieller Bohrungen aus Tiefen zwischen 5 und 300 m u.G. insgesamt 46 Grundwasserproben entnommen, der Stoffbestand analysiert, die Sauerstoff- und Schwefel -Isotopenverhältnisse ermittelt und die Radiokohlenstoffkonzentration bestimmt. Ergänzende Untersuchungen betrafen die Dynamik der Versalzungsvorgänge. Ein hydrochemisches Profil durch die Versalzungsfront zeigt, daß im Untersuchungsgebiet eine durch intrudiertes Meerwasser verursachte Versalzung bis zu 16 km landeinwärts der heutigen Küstenlinie und bis in einer Tiefe von 250 m u.G. nachzuweisen ist. Unterhalb dieser Tiefe ist eine zunehmende GrundwasserVersalzung durch hochmineralisierte Tiefengrundwässer zu beobachten. Der intrudierte Meerwasserkörper ist sowohl hinsichtlich Art und Konzentration der gelösten Salze als auch altersmäßig heterogen. Die Versalzung erfaßt gutdurchlässige quartäre wie geringdurchlässige tertiäre Ablagerungen. Die Form der Süßwasser-/Salzwassergrenze ist keine mehr oder weniger flach einfallende Fläche, sondern eine Verzahnung zwischen süßwasser- und salzwassererfüllten Schichten, so daß hochversalzte Wässer von Süßwässern unterlagert werden können. Die Versalzung des Grundwassers im Untersuchungsgebiet ist nicht das Ergebnis eines einheitlichen Vorgangs; auf Grund der hydrochemischen Untersuchungen und Radiokohlenstoffdatierungen sind innerhalb des durch intrudierte Meerwässer versalzten Bereichs mindestens 3 Salzwasserkörper zu unterscheiden, die zu verschiedenen Zeiten in den Untergrund eingedrungen sind. Zwischen dem Altersaufbau der Versalzungsfront und dem großklimatischen Geschehen der letzten 7000 Jahre scheinen Zusammenhänge zu bestehen.
    Description: This work deals with the intrusion of sea water into the underground of binnen lands and with the resulting groundwater salinization, which is a common phenomenon of many coastal areas. For the solution of this problem in the coastal areas of East Frisia in all 46 groundwater samples have been taken from special boreholes (depth between 5 and 300 m below surface) located seaward and landward of the fresh water-/salt water boundary. The mineral contents of the ground-water samples have been analysed, the isotope relations of oxygen and sulphur have been determined and the concentrations of radiocarbon have been assessed. Further investigations dealt with the dynamics of salinization processes. A hydrochemical section crossing the salinization front shows, that within the area of investigation salinization caused by sea water intrusion can be demonstrated up to 16 km landwards from the recent coast line and down to a depth of 250 m below surface. Below this depth an increasing salinization of highly mineralized deep groundwater can be observed. The intruded sea water body is very heterogenous regarding the kind and concentration of soluted salts as well as regarding its age. The salinization incorporates both the well permeable Quaternary layers and the less permeable Tertiary sediments. The form of the fresh-water/salt-water interface is no more or less slightly dipping plane, but an interfingering of layers with salt water and layers with fresh water; thus highly mineralized waters can be underlain by fresh waters. The salinization of the groundwater in the investigated area is not the result of a uniform process. On the base of the hydrochemical investigations and the radiocarbon datings within the area affected by sea-water intrusion at least three different salt water bodies can be distinguished which intruded at different times into the underground. Apparently a correlation exists between the age relations within the salinization front and the large scale climatic history of the last 7000 years.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:551.48 ; Versalzung ; Hydrochemie ; Grundwasser ; Küste
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 94
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
    Description: Kernproben aus dem Bereich der Abu-Ballas-Formation (Lingula Shale, früher Teil des "Nubischen Sandsteins") in der Bohrung Mawhoub West 2 (Teufe 596 - 634 m) lieferten zwei praktisch ausschließlich kontinentale Palynomorphen-Assoziationen (vgl. Tab. 1). Beide Assoziationen sind charakterisiert durch einen hohen Anteil an Pollen von Ephedripites- (in der älteren Mikroflora ca. 22 %, in der jüngeren ca. 24 %) und Retimonocolpites-Arten (in der älteren Mikroflora ca. 24 %, in der jüngeren ca. 17 %). Unter den Sporen ist die Deltoidospora/Cyathidites- ruppz mit ca. 8 % vom Gesamtbestand der Mikrofloren am häufigsten. Die verschiedenen Retimonocolpites-Arten repräsentieren die aus Ägypten noch kaum dokumentierte frühe monosulcate, reticulate Phase der Angiospermen-Pollen-Evolution. Nach einem Vergleich mit der palynologischen Zonierung für die algerisch/tunesische Sahara (REYRE 1973) sowie unter Berücksichtigung des ebenfalls vorhandenen "Reticulatasporites" jardinus, der in S-Amerika und in Afrika auf das Intervall Apt/Cenoman beschränkt ist, können die Mawhoub-West-Mikrofloren ins Apt (bis unteres Alb?) gestellt werden.
    Description: Core samples from the borehole Mawhoub West 2 (depth 596 - 634 m) probably belonging to the Abu Ballas Formation (Lingula Shale, a part of the former "Nubian Sandstone") have yielded two nearly exclusively continental associations of palynomorphs (see Table 1). Both associations are characterized by a high percentage of Ephedripites (ca. 22 % in the lower microflora, ca. 24 % in the upper microflora) and Retimonocolpites (ca. 24 % in the lower microflora, ca. 17 % in the upper microflora). The Deltoidospora/Cythidites group is most frequent among the spores. It represents ca. 8 % of all spore/pollen grains found. The different species of Retimonocolpites represent the early monosulcate, reticulate phase of angiosperm pollen evolution hitherto hardly recorded from Egypt. After a comparison with the palynological zonation of the Algerian/Tunesi an Sahara (REYRE 1973) and taking into consideration the also occurring "Reticulatasporites" jardinus, which is restricted in South America and in Africa to the Aptian/Cenomani an , the Mawhoub West pollen and spores may be placed in the Aptian (until Lower Albian?).
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:561.13 ; Sporomorphae ; Kreide ; Nubischer Sandstein ; Palynologie
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 40
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2024-07-03
    Description: Bei der Auswertung von' Fernerkundungsdaten wurde bisher davon ausgegangen, daß die untersuchten Objekte angenähert LAMBERT'sch reflektieren. Daß diese Annahme für Pflanzen falsch ist, wurde schon vor über 10 Jahren erkannt und seitdem mehrfach systematisch untersucht. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde in grundlegender Weise das Reflexions verhalten von natürlichen Gesteinsoberflächen untersucht. Besonderes Augenmerk wurde dabei auf die Richtungsverteilung der reflektierten Strahlung unter verschiedenen geometrischen Bedingungen gerichtet. So wurde als Simulation der natürlichen Geländebedingungen, wie sie etwa in den Alpen vorliegen, der Beleuchtungswinkel, die Probenneigung und der Detektorstand systematisch variiert und der Einfluß dieser Veränderungen auf das Reflexionsverhalten der Gesteine registriert. Die meisten Messungen erfolgten im Labor mit Hilfe eines speziell für diesen Zweck konstruierten Meßtisches, Als Proben dienten natürliche Gesteinsproben, die vorher unter Geländebedingungen gemessen worden waren. Bei den meisten Proben handelte es sich um Karbonatgesteine; wenige Ausnahmen, wie z,B. Sandsteine, wurden als Sonderfälle studiert. Bei zahlreichen Vergleichs- und Kontrollmessungen wurde versucht, den Zusammenhang zwischen Labor- und Geländemessungen herzustellen, Als wichtigstes Ergebnis wurde nachgewiesen, daß die Reflexion bei keiner der untersuchten Proben dem LAMBERT‘schen Reflexionsgesetz folgt: Der Reflexionsfaktor hängt also von den geometrischen Bedingungen ab, bei denen die Messung erfolgte, Sonnenstand, Hangneigung und Detektorstand sind als zusätzliche Parameter zu berücksichtigen. Die Ursachen für diese Richtungsabhängigkeit der Reflexion sind einerseits die innere Struktur − also die Ausbildung von primären Reflexionsflächen, die sich auf die Gesteinsoberfläche durchprägen − und andererseits die Rauhigkeit oder Relieftiefe der Oberfläche. Die größten Abweichungen vom LAMBERT'schen Reflexionsverhalten wurden bei größeren Zenitdistanzen, besonders bei schrägem bis streifendem Lichteinfall beobachtet. Die Konsequenzen für die Bildverarbeitung sind eindeutig: Bei der Klassifizierung und Identifizierung von Gesteinen aus Fernerkundungsdaten muß das Geländerelief und die Beleuchtungssituation mit berücksichtigt werden. Schon die unterschiedliche Beleuchtung auf verschieden geneigte Flächen gleicher Oberfläche erzeugt unterschiedliche Grauwerte für die einzelnen Flächen. Das gilt für jede Oberfläche, unabhängig von ihrem Reflexionsverhalten. Das richtungsabhängige oberflächenspezifische Reflexionsverhalten bewirkt (je nach der Winkel Konfiguration) eine weitere Veränderung der Grauwerte. In dieser Arbeit wurde gezeigt, wie die Korrektur der Beleuchtungsverhältnisse mit Hilfe eines digitalen Geländemodells erfolgen könnte. Die aus einer topographischen Karte entnommenen Höhendaten bilden die Grundlage für eine radiometrische Reliefkorrektur, bei der die durch schräge Beleuchtung verfälschten Grauwerte so korrigiert werden, daß die Ergebnisse einer Aufnahme ohne Relief entsprechen. Somit sind alle korrigierten Aufnahmen, unabhängig vom Sonnenstand, untereinander vergleichbar. Die Wirkung der Korrektur wurde an einem Modellgelände demonstriert. Eine Korrektur von vollständigen Aufnahmen, wie z.B, ganzen LANDSAT-Szenen, war bis zur Fertigstellung der Arbeit wegen der begrenzten Rechnerkapazität noch nicht möglich. Mit einer erweiterten Rechenanlage wird es aber in Zukunft möglich sein, eine ganze Szene in Hinblick auf ihre Beleuchtungsverhältnisse zu korrigieren. Der nächste Schritt, die gesteinsspezifische Korrektur mit Hilfe der ermittelten Labordaten, kann dann ebenfalls mit Hilfe des digitalen Geländemodells erfolgen.
    Description: During the evaluation of Remote Sensing Data it has been assumed up to now that the examined objects reflect approximately with LAMBERT'S law. In the case of plants it has been recognized over ten years ago that this assumption is wrong and this has led to numerous systematic examinations. In the present thesis the basics of the reflective behavior of natural rock surfaces was studied. Special emphasis was placed on the directional distribution of the reflected radiation under various geometric conditions, Natural terrain conditions, as found for instance in the Alps, were simulated by systematic variation of the angle of illumination, the sample inclination and the position of the detector. The influence of these variations on the reflective behavior of rocks was registered. Most of the measurements were done in the laboratory with the help of an apparatus which was constructed for this specific purpose. Samples of natural rocks were used; these were measured previously in the terrain. Most of these samples were carbonates; a few exceptions, such as sandstone, were also studied. During numerous comparitive and verifying measurements it was attempted to establish the correlation between laboratory and terrain measurements. As prime result, it was shown that none of the examined samples followed LAMBERT’S law of reflection. The reflection factor, therefore, depends on the geometric conditions at the time of measurement. Additional parameters that have to be accounted for are: position of the sun, terrain inclination and position of the detector. The reasons for this directional dependency of the reflection are on one hand the inner structure, i.e. the formation of primary reflection surfaces, which are imprinted on the rock surface, and on the other hand the roughness or depth of relief of the surface. The largest deviations from LAMBERT'S reflective law were noticed at larger zenith angles, particularly for sloping to glancing illumination. The consequences for the image analysis are clear-cut: during the classification and identification of rocks using remote sensing data the terrain relief and the illumination conditions have to be taken into account. Even a varying illumination of tilted areas of identical surfaces results in different gray values for the individual areas. This is true for any surface, regardless of its reflective behavior. The surface-specific directional reflectance gives rise to a further change in the gray values (depending on the angle configuration). In this thesis it has been shown how a correction of the illumination can be achieved with the help of a digital terrain model. The elevation data extracted from a topographic map give the basis for a radiometric relief correction. The gray values falsified by sloping illumination are corrected, such that the result is an image without relief. Therefore all corrected images, independent of the position of the sun, are comparable. The effect of this correction was demonstrated using a terrain model. Complete images such as LANDSAT scenes could not be corrected in this manner at the time of completing this thesis due to limited computer capacity. With a larger computer it will be possible in future to correct complete scenes in regard to the illumination conditions. The next step, a rock-specific correction with the help of data established in the laboratory, can also be achieved with the help of the digital terrain model.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550 ; Gesteinsoberfläche ; Reflektometrie
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 94
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  • 10
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Professional Paper, Open-File Rept., Continental and Oceanic Rifts, Washington D.C., Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 8, no. 16, pp. 17-29, (ISBN 1-86239-165-3, vi + 330 pp.)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Stress ; GeodesyY ; Plate tectonics ; Iceland
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  • 11
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Reimer
    In:  In: Nomadismus- ein Entwicklungsproblem? : Beiträge zu einem Nomadismus-Symposium, veranstaltet in der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin vom 11. - 14. Februar 1982. Abhandlungen des Geographischen Instituts, Anthropogeographie, 33 . Reimer, Berlin, Germany, pp. 207-216. ISBN 3-496-00310-3
    Publication Date: 2015-11-27
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2018-05-28
    Description: Phytoplankton (〉100 µm) abundance was studied in the open waters of the Gulf of Aqaba during the summer stratification period of 1996. A succession took place among the major phytoplankton groups, with diatom numbers decreasing throughout the summer. The diazotrophic cyanobacteria Trichodesmium spp. became more prominent as the stratification period progressed; 5 Trichodesmium species were identified: T. thiebautii, T. erythraeum with tuft-shaped colonies and Trichodesmium sp. with puff-shaped colonies were common at ~102 colonies m-3 throughout the stratification period, whereas T. tenue and T. hildebrandtii were more rare. A bloom of T. thiebautii and T. erythraeum with 〉106 tuft colonies m-3 was observed in coastal waters of the Gulf during fall 1997. Tuft-shaped colonies were dominant near the surface, while puff-shaped colonies of Trichodesmium sp. were mainly found in the bottom half of the photic zone. These depth distributions were maintained for more than 2 mo, suggesting that the 2 colony types occupied distinct niches. Puff-shaped colonies were found to have higher chlorophyll a contents than tufts, but their photosynthetic activities were not significantly different. Fatty acid analysis of dominant plankton species yielded new trophic relationships for Trichodesmium spp. The Trichodesmium spp.-specific fatty acid C22:2 ω6 was found in Macrosetella gracilis (the sole copepod to graze on Trichodesmium spp.) and in chaetognaths, suggesting that these carnivorous zooplankton fed on M. gracilis. Furthermore, this fatty acid was observed in the filter-feeding Salpa maxima, which was abundantly present in the Gulf of Aqaba during June 1997.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: The combined and interactive effects of climatic and ecological factors are rarely considered in marine communities. We designed a factorial field experiment to analyze (1) the interactive effects of ambient UV radiation and consumers; and (2) the effects of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR 400 to 700 nm), UVA (320 to 400 nm) and UVB (280 to 320 nm) radiation on a marine hard-bottom community in Nova Scotia, NW Atlantic. Species recruitment and succession on ceramic tiles were followed for 5 mo. We found strong negative UV effects on biomass and cover of the early colonizing macroalga Pilayella littoralis, whereas UVB was more harmful than UVA radiation. Consumers, mainly gammarid amphipods, increased P. littoralis biomass when UV was excluded, probably through fertilization. These initially strong and interacting UV and consumer effects on total biomass and cover diminished as species succession progressed. Species diversity was not affected by experimental treatments, but significant shifts in species composition occurred, especially at the recruitment stage. Red algae were most inhibited by UV, whereas sedentary invertebrates and some brown algae tended to increase under UV exposure. Consumers suppressed green and filamentous brown algae, but favored the other groups. Again, these effects diminished during the later stages of succession. We conclude that UV radiation can be a significant structuring force in early successional benthic communities, and that consumers can mediate its effects.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2018-05-28
    Description: The effect of methane released from decomposing surficial gas hydrates (SGH) on standing stocks and activities of the small-sized benthic biota (SSBB; i.e. bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and meiobenthic organisms) was studied at about 790 m water depth, at the Hydrate Ridge, Cascadia subduction zone. Presence of SGH and elevated sulfide concentrations in the sediment were indicated by extensive bacterial mats of Beggiatoa sp. and clam fields of the bivalve mollusc Calyptogena sp. Vertical and horizontal distribution patterns of the SSBB biomass were derived from DNA and total adenylate (TA) sediment assays. Potential bacterial exoenzymatic hydrolytic activity was measured using fluorescein-di-acetate (FDA) as substrate. Estimates of chemoautotrophic production of particulate organic carbon (POC.) were determined by 14CO2 uptake incubations. Inventories of chl a and pheopigments were determined as parameters of surface water primary produced POC input. Average SSBB biomass in clam field sediments integrated over the upper 10 cm (765.2 gC m-2, SD 190.1) was 3.6 times higher than in the adjacent control sites (213 gC m-2, SD 125). Average SSBB biomass in bacterial mat sediments, which were almost devoid of eukaryotic organisms 〉 31 µm, was 209 gC m-2 (SD 65). Significant correlations between FDA, DNA and plant pigments imply that productivity of the SSBB at SGH sites is only partially uncoupled from the primary production of the surface water. Areal estimates of autotrophic Corg production at control sites, bacterial mat sites and in clam field sites were 5.7, 59.7 and 190.0 mgC m-2 d-1, respectively. Based on different models predicting vertical POC fluxes from surface water primary production and water depth, these autotrophic POC productions account for 5 to 17% (controls), 35 to 68% (bacterial mats), and 63 to 87% (clam fields) of the bulk POC (sum of allochthonous POC input through the water column and sedimentary autochthonous autotrophic POC production) provided at the various sites. At SGH sites inventories of chl a and pheopigments, integrated over the upper 10 cm of the sediment, were half of that found at the control sites. This might be due to enhanced degradation of phytodetritally associated organic matter. The resulting low molecular weight organic carbon compounds might stimulate and fuel sulfate reduction, which is conducted in a microbial consortium with anaerobic methane consuming archaea. This syntrophic consortium might represent a prominent interface between gas hydrate derived carbon and allochthonous Corg flow. We infer that degradation kinetics of SGH is affected by, e.g., seasonally varying input of allochthonous organic matter.
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2018-05-28
    Description: The sediment beneath and at various distances from the fish farm cages in Cephalonia bay (Eastern Mediterranean) was investigated seasonally through sediment profiling imagery (SPI) as well as through monitoring of geochemical variables and macrofaunal assemblages. The SPI images (SPI) repeatedly showed the same qualitative pattern along the benthic enrichment gradient with readily identifiable attributes such as depth of dark sediment, signs of outgassing and bioturbation marks. Quantitative comparisons showed that a large number of SPI attributes showed significant positive or negative correlation with geochemical and biological attributes describing the effect of fish farming on the seabed. All multivariate patterns obtained through the analysis of SPI attributes were highly correlated to those obtained from standard multivariate analysis of macrofauna during the respective seasons. It is argued that SPI provides an integrated assessment of the sedimentary conditions and therefore may be used as a complement of or even a substitute for standard sampling methods when mapping the effects of aquaculture on silty substrates
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 16
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Inter Research
    In:  Marine Ecology Progress Series, 235 . pp. 15-28.
    Publication Date: 2018-05-28
    Description: Sediment incubation microcosms, multitrap apparatus and water column variables have been employed to describe the dynamic changes in benthic-pelagic coupling between nutrient pools in the Pontevedra ria, NW Spain, during spring and summer 1998. A comparison of the chemical characteristics of suspended and bed sediment together with sediment nutrient effluxes revealed that particulate organic nitrogen and carbon were progressively depleted upon transit through the nutrient pools. The main fate of particulate organic nitrogen reaching the bed sediment is denitrification, although resuspension is also important. An estimate of net denitrification (Dnet) was made at 2 muddy sites in the ria with a mass balance at the benthic boundary layer. First-order approximations calculate Dnet to be 178 and 182 µmolN m-2 h-1 at the 2 stations, and agree well with previous modelling estimates. Denitrification is highest when upwelling relaxes and the flux of organic matter to the sediment increases. Regular inputs of offshore water ensure water renewal and re-oxygenation of bottom waters, thus preventing anoxia, particularly in the summer. With upwelling, large quantities of ammonium are effluxed to the water column (250 µmolNH4+ m-2 h-1), probably as a result of the bed sediment resuspension engendered by upwelling and stirring of phytodetrital fluff held in suspension as neutrally buoyant material above the sediment surface. We hypothesise that hydrodynamical processes play an important role in determining the quantity of nutrients remineralised in the Pontevedra ria and, in the case of nitrogen, the rate of denitrification at the benthic boundary layer.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Gas hydrates occur at the sediment surface on the southern summit of Hydrate Ridge, Cascadia convergent margin. The hydrates are found in mounds several meters in diameter and up to 2 m high, and are covered by sediment and mats of the filamentous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria Beggiatoa. The mounds are surrounded by vesicomyid clams (Calyptogena pacifica, C. kilmeri), which in turn are encircled by solemyid bivalves (Acharax sp.). The zonation pattern of 3 species (Calyptogena spp. and Acharax sp., which harbor chemoautotrophic bacteria in their gills, and the chemoautotrophic Beggiatoa), is also reflected in a change in the entire community structure. Beggiatoa, Calyptogena spp. and Acharax sp. are shown to be characteristic species for the different communities. The Beggiatoa community directly overlaying the gas hydrates consists of seep endemic species in high densities: gastropods (Provanna laevis, P. lomana, Pyropelta corymba, Hyalogyrina sp. nov.), bivalves (Nuculana sp. nov.) and polychaetes (Ampharetidae, Polynoidae, Dorvilleidae). Based on pooled samples, the rarefaction curves show a decrease in species diversity in the Beggiatoa and Calyptogena communities. The hydrogen sulfide gradients in the porewater of sediments below the different communities dominated by either Beggiatoa, Calyptogena spp. or Acharax sp. vary by 3 orders of magnitude. The diffusive sulfide flux based on the measured sulfide concentration gradients is highest in Beggiatoa sp. communities (23 ± 13 mol m-2 yr-1), slightly less in Calyptogena communities (6.6 ± 2.4 mol m-2 yr-1), and low in Acharax communities (0.05 ± 0.05 mol m-2 yr-1). The difference in the sulfide environment is a factor influencing the distribution patterns of the chemoautotrophy-dependant and heterotrophic species at the deep-sea sediments containing gas hydrate.
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2018-05-28
    Description: A colony of Humboldt penguins Spheniscus humboldti in central Chile was monitored from August 1995 to July 2000 to determine patterns of breeding and colony attendance and how these were affected by climatic (rainfall) and oceanographic (El Niño) factors. Nests were periodically checked for contents and roosting birds were counted from vantage points. Two main breeding events were observed: between August and January (spring event) and between April and June (autumn event). Whereas the spring event regularly produced offspring, the autumn event was systematically affected by rains, causing considerable nest desertion. Adults were present in the colony from August to May, abandoning the colony during winter after the nests were flooded. Juveniles occurred only between November and March. Adults moulted mainly in February, while juveniles moulted in January. During the 1997/98 El Niño episode, the number of breeding pairs was 55 to 85% lower than the mean, the onset of nesting was delayed, and abnormally heavy rainfall flooded nests. While the number of breeding pairs was significantly related to sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA), breeding success was not. The attendance of adults and juveniles at the colony during El Niño was 25 and 73% lower, respectively, than the mean attendance. This 2-peak breeding strategy of Humboldt penguins appears to have evolved in response to the more favourable oceanographic and climatic conditions of Perú, where breeding is continuous and not interrupted by rains. Although less productive, the species probably maintains its autumnal breeding in central Chile because this provides additional offspring to supplement those regularly produced during the spring event.
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2018-05-28
    Description: Zooplankton grazing on bacterio- and phytoplankton was studied in the Gulf of Aqaba and the Northern Red Sea during Meteor Cruise Me 44-2 in February-March 1999. Protozoan grazing on bacterioplankton and autotrophic ultraplankton was studied by the Landry dilution method. Microzooplankton grazing on phytoplankton 〉6 µm was studied by incubation experiments in the presence and absence of microzooplankton. Mesozooplankton grazing was studied by measuring per capita clearance rates of individual zooplankton with radioactively labelled food organisms and estimating in situ rates from abundance values. Protozoan grazing rates on heterotrophic bacteria and on algae 〈6 µm were high (bacteria: 0.7 to 1.1 d-1, ultraphytoplankton: 0.7 to 1.3 d-1), while grazing rates on Synechococcus spp. were surprisingly low and undetectable in some experiments. Mesozooplankton grazing was weak, cumulative grazing rates being ca. 2 orders of magnitude smaller than the grazing rates by protozoans. Among mesozooplankton, appendicularians specialised on smaller food items and calanoid copepods on larger ones.
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2020-07-21
    Description: Two new isomalabaricane triterpenes, stellettin H (1) and stellettin I (2), have been isolated from the marine sponge Rhabdastrella globostellata, collected from the Philippines. Stellettins A−D (3−6), (−)-stellettin E (7), and rhabdastrellic acid-A (8) were also isolated and characterized. Stellettin B (4) and (−)-stellettin E (7) showed selective cytotoxicity toward p21WAF1/Cip1-deficient human colon tumor (HCT-116) cells with IC50 values of 0.043 and 0.039 μM, respectively.
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2020-07-23
    Description: Raf/MEK-1/MAPK cascade inhibitor activity-directed fractionation of the sponge Stylissa massa afforded eight known alkaloids:  aldisine (1), 2-bromoaldisine (2), 10Z-debromohymenialdisine (3), 10E-hymenialdisine (4), 10Z-hymenialdisine (5), hymenin (6), oroidin (7), and 4,5-dibromopyrrole-2-carbonamide (8). Both 4 and 5 showed significant enzyme inhibitory activity (IC50 3 and 6 nM, respectively). Secondary assays identified these compounds as potent MEK-1 inhibitors. Compounds 4 and 5 also inhibited the growth of human tumor LoVo cells.
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  • 22
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    Unknown
    American Chemical Society
    In:  In: Environmental Electrochemistry. ACS Symposium Series, 811 . American Chemical Society, pp. 73-101. ISBN 9780841237742
    Publication Date: 2014-02-04
    Description: The increasing environmental pressures on estuarine and coastal waters call for improved monitoring techniques of chemical constituents to aid management decisions. Automated stripping voltammetry is a suitable technique for continuous, near real-time monitoring of trace metals in marine systems. This contribution describes the application of voltammetric monitoring techniques in estuarine and coastal waters of the UK and Spain. The high spatial and temporal resolution of the data obtained, allows a thorough interpretation of the trace metal sources and behaviour. Future trends in this field research include submersible sensors which can be remotely deployed for a period of several weeks.
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2021-08-13
    Description: Factors responsible for aggregations of jumbo flying squid Dosidicus gigas, an important component of the marine food web and target of commercial fisheries off the Costa Rica Dome in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean (ETP), were examined during 2 years of different extreme oceanographic conditions: fall 1997 El Niño and fall 1999 La Niña. A high abundance of squid occurred in association with the well-developed countercurrent ridge (upwelling) off the Costa Rica Dome during fall 1997, but not during fall 1999, when the countercurrent ridge was less developed. Two features of the well-developed countercurrent ridge were considered important for the occurrence of high jumbo flying squid concentrations. Firstly, subsurface chlorophyll a (chl a) maxima were formed along the countercurrent ridge, resulting in integrated chl a concentrations in the upper 100 m being relatively high considering the generally low productivity of the ETP during an El Niño event. Secondly, a strong salinity front formed along the North Equatorial Countercurrent, which is possibly responsible for retention of jumbo flying squid in the ridge. Large yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares, which mainly feed on micronekton (small fishes, cephalopods and swimming crabs), as do jumbo flying squid, were also more highly concentrated along the countercurrent ridge during 1997 than during 1999. It was noted that skipjack tuna Katsuwonus pelamis and small yellowfin tuna, which mainly feed on zooplankton, were associated with the equatorial ridge in the ETP, indicating that prey faunal components may also play an important part in the close association of jumbo flying squid with the countercurrent ridge.
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: We examined how seabirds might be used to study marine environmental variables, which necessitates knowing location and the value of the variable to be studied. Five systems can potentially be used for determination of location: VHF (Very High Frequency) telemetry, PTT (Platform Terminal Transmitters) telemetry, GLS (Global Location Service) geolocation methods, dead reckoning and GPS (Global Positioning System), each with its own advantages with respect to accuracy, potential number of fixes and size. Temperature and light were used to illustrate potential difficulties in recording environmental variables. Systems currently used on seabirds for measurement of temperature respond slowly to environmental changes; thus, they may not measure sea surface temperature adequately when contact periods with water bodies are too short. Light can be easily measured for light extinction studies, but sensor orientation plays a large role in determining recorded values. Both problems can be corrected. The foraging behaviour of seabirds was also examined in order to identify those features which would be useful for determination of marine environmental variables at a variety of spatial and temporal scales. Area coverage by birds is highly dependent on breeding phase and tends to be concentrated in areas where prey acquisition is particularly enhanced. The identification of these sites may be of particular interest to marine biologists. 'Plungers' and 'divers' are potentially most useful for assessment of variables deeper within the water column, with some divers spending up to 90% of their time sub-surface. Few seabirds exploit the water column deeper than 20 m, although some divers regularly exceed 50 m (primarily penguins and auks), while 2 species dive in excess of 300 m. The wide-ranging behaviour of seabirds coupled, in many instances, with their substantial body size makes them potentially excellent carriers of sophisticated environmental measuring technology; however, the ethical question of how much the well-being of birds can, and should, be compromised by such an approach needs to be carefully considered.
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2018-05-28
    Description: We report how different zooplankton groups (doliolids, cladocerans and copepods) are able to influence the coastal pelagic food web, including the microbial food web, in waters of the NW Mediterranean. We studied the effect of grazing and of grazing-induced nutrient recycling mediated by different types of zooplankton grazing on a natural phytoplankton community. Experiments were conducted in semicontinuous 2-stage chemostats. The 1st stage vessels contained seawater from Blanes Bay, Spain (NW Mediterranean) including its natural phytoplankton community; the 2nd stage vessels contained the same seawater and copepods, cladocerans or doliolids. At daily intervals we transferred part of the medium from the 2nd to the 1st stage flasks, which contained ungrazed algae and excreted nutrients. In this way, the zooplankton could influence phytoplankton dynamics both by selective grazing and by differential excretion of limiting nutrients. In the 2nd stage flasks grazing changed the algal community composition. Doliolids and cladocerans promoted the growth of large algae and copepods shifted the size spectrum towards small sizes. This effect was transferred to the 1st stage flasks. Doliolids, cladocerans and copepods also affected the microbial food web in different ways. Size-selective grazing led to differences in the nanoplankton concentrations. These in turn affected bacterial concentrations in a trophic cascade. The potential to modify a given algal population increased with increasing selectivity of the grazer.
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  • 26
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Inter Research
    In:  Marine Ecology Progress Series, 225 . pp. 239-249.
    Publication Date: 2014-01-23
    Description: Both surface texture and littorinid grazing are known to influence the establishment of many shallow-water benthic hard-bottom communities. However, the effects of these factors and their interactions have not yet been investigated in a quantifiable manner. This investigation aims to assess the interactive effect of both factors in a strictly standardized manner. Natural recruitment by diatoms, the barnacle Balanus improvisus and the tube-building polychaete Polydora sp. was monitored under a 2-factorial treatment: grazing by the periwinkle Littorina littorea (Factor 1; 2 levels: I or no snails per plate) on artificial recruitment plates of different initial surface rugosities (Factor 2; 5 levels: smooth, 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 5 mm rugosity elements), In the absence of grazers, barnacle recruitment decreased with increasing initial rugosity, polychaete recruitment peaked at intermediate rugosities, and diatoms exhibited contrasting recruitment patterns in an in vitro and an in situ experiment. When preferred recruitment sites coincided for Polydora and B. improvisus, a competition for space could be inferred from a negative correlation between the 2 species. However, when the overlap of requirements weakened on the 5 rugosities, the relationship was positive, but was not statistically significant. Grazing efficiency by L. littorea depended on initial rugosity, generally showing minimum values on intermediate rugosities which is attributable to a mismatch between radula dimensions and surface structures in these rugosity classes. Additionally, grazing effects tended to increase with higher prey densities. As all factors-initial rugosity, grazing, colonizer species-interact with each other, the outcome of recruitment under combined factors is difficult to predict from single factor effects.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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