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  • Articles  (11,428)
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  • 2005-2009  (7,649)
  • 2000-2004
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 11-21 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper describes a novel technique with which a system with changing topology can be modelled whilst maintaining a constant system matrix. This technique employs a new transmission-line switch model which has a constant characteristic impedance, irrespective of its state. The method is explained, compared with the switched-resistance method and demonstrated by two examples. It has been found that the proposed method offers substantial advantages in the formulation of the problems and in the efficiency of computation.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 23-31 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The resonant mode field expansion technique presented in previous papers to analyse one- or two-port microstrip structures of different geometrical shapes is now applied to multiport radial lines. In particular, a radial-line n-way power divider is considered. This device allows, under certain hypotheses, an equiphase and equiamplitude splitting of an input signal. The Z matrix formulation has been derived and utilized to obtain the scattering parameters for the circuit. The numerical results are in good agreement with both experimental and theoretical data presented in the literature. The low number of resonant modes required to obtain satisfactory numerical convergence allows a substantial reduction of the computing time with respect to other more complicated approaches.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 57-71 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The boundary residual method is a powerful technique for solving EM boundary-value problems. This technique produces matrices difficult to solve using many of the standard numerical techniques. This paper discusses lesser-known numerical aspects of this method, and it shows efficient and well-conditioned methods to solve both the homogeneous and non-homogeneous boundary residual problem.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 39-56 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The paper describes the application of the TLM numerical method for the analysis of acoustic wave propagation. It presents a general scattering algorithm for modelling homogeneous and inhomogeneous mediums where both the density and compressibility of the propagation space are varied. The method is used to obtain the acoustic radiation patterns of discrete transducer arrays. The effect of the spacing and the number of transducer elements on the radiation pattern are demonstrated by numerical results obtained using a two-dimensional TLM mesh. The results also show the effect of array shading on the radiation pattern. Beam steering by delayed excitation of the transducer elements is also demonstrated here. In addition the paper presents two simple techniques for detecting the direction of wave propagation in the TLM mesh.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 73-73 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990) 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 79-90 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The non-linear diffusion mechanism arising in process modelling is analysed via a model problem. Using a scaling of the dopant concentration and an adaptive finite element method, high resolution is obtained in a particularly economical way.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 99-110 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A procedure is described for estimating various parameters governing the diffusion of impurities in semiconductors; these parameters are required for a number of explicit numerical models of non-linear diffusion in III-V crystals. The method is based on an analytical solution of the continuum equivalent of a discrete numerical model due to Zahari and Tuck and provides a systematic procedure for analysing experimental data to yield predictions for the coefficient of diffusion of the impurity, the coefficient of self-diffusion of the host material, the bulk equilibrium vacancy concentration and, under conditions of “dissociation” pressure, the surface vacancy concentration. Application of the procedure to two sets of independent experimental data provided reasonably consistent values of the parameters.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 111-126 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The paper presents a combined fine-coarse mesh TLM method. This technique reduces the memory storage and the computational time when modelling complex structures. In the combined fine-coarse mesh model, the region of interest is covered with a set of transmission-line fine meshes. The remaining part is covered with regular (or irregular) coarse meshes. The fine-mesh nodes are connected through busbars to the adjacent coarse-mesh nodes. The combined fine-coarse mesh TLM technique is applied to some diffusion problems. Significant savings in computational time and memory storage are obtained without loss of accuracy.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990) 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 137-155 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: When the erosion or growth of a surface that occurs in semiconductor device processing can be considered as everywhere continuous in space and time, the equations of motion of the surface may be specified and determined numerically using a kinetic model of surface evolution. In this review the fundamental concepts of the kinematic model of surface evolution are discussed. Detailed consideration of the theory of characteristics reveals its limitations which are overcome by recent theoretical development based on the Huygens principle of wavefront reconstruction. Correct interpretation of the nature of the basic wavelet, coupled with contemporary ideas of surface and edge propagation, form the essence of a new numerical algorithm. Numerical analysis and consequent numerical procedures derived from the generalized kinematic model are presented. Examples of surface evolution, with particular reference to ion beam induced erosion are given to show the advantages and potential of the method as opposed to existing models and theoretical prediction.When evolution processes are discontinuous and localized, other approaches, particularly those that use numerical modelling, are required. Such approaches are also reviewed here.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 5 (1992), S. 67-81 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A novel spectral procedure for the numerical solution of non-linear boundary value problems is presented. The discrete spectral equations are solved by an iterative algorithm using space-domain preconditioning. The preconditioning operator is obtained by spatial weighting (or windowing) of the exact differential operator.Convergence behaviour of the iterative solution is investigated using an eigenvalue analysis. Theoretical estimates for the convergence rate and accuracy are compared with that achieved in a numerical application - a non-linear boundary value problem from semiconductor device modelling.The method combines the infinite-order exponential accuracy of spectral discretizations with the sparse structure of finite difference equations. This offers numerical advantages in comparison to previously developed Fourier-Galerkin algorithms, particularly important for physically ill-conditioned and strongly non-linear problems. The tradeoff of achievable accuracy versus computer time is easily controlled, thus making essential speed-ups possible for moderate accuracy requirements.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 5 (1992), S. 93-110 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In this paper the application of the TLM method to electromagnetic scattering problems is investigated. To achieve the full computational benefits of using a time-domain numerical method, pulse excitation can be applied together with Fourier transformation of an output impulse response to yield frequency-domain results over a wide bandwidth. The configuration of the mesh is the same as that used in FD-TD scattering simulations (i.e., separation of the simulation space into total and scattered field regions). To terminate the exterior boundaries of the mesh, absorbing boundary conditions are applied to absorb the outward travelling waves. The effect of the absorbing boundaries on both time- and frequency-domain results is investigated. Frequency-domain scattered far-field patterns are presented for perfectly conducting square and circular cylinders illuminated by an incident plane wave (TM case). Forward and back scattering cross-section results obtained from a single TLM simulation indicate both the accuracy and efficiency of the method for calculating frequency-domain results over a wide bandwidth.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 5 (1992), S. 129-137 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper reports the results of a study of an error parameter, m, which has been proposed as a measure for determining the effects on accuracy of the basic assumptions upon which TLM modelling of diffusion and heat flow has been founded. The nature of the m parameter is studied in detail by using a two-dimensional thermal diffusion problem. The use of m in the implementation of automatic timestepping is discussed in a practical three-dimensional engineering problem.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 5 (1992) 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 5 (1992), S. 141-141 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 5 (1992), S. 145-147 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 5 (1992), S. 163-182 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An overview is given on the application of finite difference time-domain analysis techniques to the simulation of electromagnetic wave phenomena and the design of planar microwave integrated circuits. In particular the application to the analysis of three-dimensional discontinuities in coplanar microwave circuits is described and numerical and experimental results are presented. Finally the design of planar microwave circuits containing non-linear active components using the finite difference time-domain method in combination with a harmonic balance technique is demonstrated using an example of a LUFET circuit.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 5 (1992) 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 5 (1992), S. i 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 5 (1992), S. 251-257 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper details general expressions for implementing timestep transformations in transmission-line matrix (TLM) modelling of diffusion processes. The expressions can be conveniently incorporated into any TLM routine which models multidimensional problems using a variable meshing technique.
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  • 22
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 5 (1992), S. 227-243 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Purpose of this work is to present a new macromodelling approach for the simulation at the device level of large MOS integrated circuits, requiring only marginal modifications to be implemented in the widely used circuit simulator SPICE. This method results in a substantial saving in computing time and guarantees the same accuracy of SPICE. A prototype simulator based on this method has been developed and used to analyse several significant circuits. In addition, since the method is particularly suitable to be implemented in parallel computers, some results obtained with the CRAY-YMP/432 computer are provided.
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  • 23
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990) 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 24
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper shows how probabilistic potential methods based on the Monte Carlo approach can be efficiently mapped onto an array of concurrent processors and how the resulting algorithm can provide rapid solutions of harmonic function problems. The method described here exploits the natural concurrency of the Monte Carlo approach. Computation is achieved by use of a low-cost array of transputers linked to a PC-AT. The resulting methodology is powerful and the ideas suggested should have application to many other modelling techniques used for field modelling.A microstrip geometry is used as the discussion vehicle throughout this paper. This geometry was selected since it exhibits a number of the important topological features required in a general problem, e.g. Dirichlet boundary conditions and mixed dielectric. The design of the parallel algorithm used is discussed in detail, and typical results are given.
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  • 25
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 33-38 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A computer program has been written for the analysis and design of arbitrarily shaped waveguides, containing dielectric and magnetic materials. The program calculates the propagating modes of the waveguide by the three-component vector finite element method. High accuracy is achieved by the use of high-order elements, and by the inclusion of singular trial functions near sharp metal edges. An efficient algorithm based on the conjugate gradient method is used to solve the algebraic eigenvalue problem. Results are given for rib waveguide and fin-line.
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  • 26
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 75-75 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 27
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 77-77 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 28
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 78-78 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 29
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 127-136 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 30
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 195-206 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Hallen's integral equation has been used as the basis for the formulation of cylindrical antenna theories for many years. Being a Fredholm integral equation of the first kind, its solution is mathematically an ill-posed problem. The stability of the numerical methods based on this integral equation is dependent on the singularity and the non-smoothness of the kernel function. For electrically thick cylindrical antennas, the dominance of the singular part of the kernel (logarithmic) is weakened and the kernel function becomes relatively smooth. This observation implies possible deteriorations of the stability of the numerical methods based on Hallen's integral equation. This paper describes the development of an alternative formulation for the electrically thick cylindrical antennas based on the singular integral equation of the first kind with a Cauchy-type kernel which eliminates the potential instability problem. A numerical method based on this formulation of the antenna problem has been implemented and case studies show that it is very stable and efficient for the numerical modelling of electrically thick cylindrical antennas.
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  • 31
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 215-228 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The paper presents a simple algorithm for solving a system of inhomogeneous high order differential equations with variable coefficients. The method also provides a numerical solution to non-linear ordinary differential equations. The technique is based on reducing the high order equations into a system of first order rate equations. Through a simple translation process, the variables in the reduced set of equations are solved simultaneously by an iterative scheme using the TLM multicompartment model. The numerical technique is demonstrated by solving well-known second order differential equations. The numerical solutions are compared with the analytical solutions to the differential equations.
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  • 32
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. i 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 33
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990) 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
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  • 34
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. ii 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
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  • 35
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 247-257 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The MMP (multiple multipole) code, that is based on the generalized multipole technique (GMT), offers several features to overcome problems occurring in computations of guided waves and waveguide discontinuities. The most important problems and the corresponding MMP solutions are outlined. The procedure is illustrated with different examples which demonstrate the wide range of applications of the code.
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  • 36
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 229-234 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A new time-domain approach based on the frequency-domain transverse resonance method is proposed to solve guided wave problems. This new method is capable of solving both the two-dimensional and the three-dimensional propagation problems. The structure under investigation is cut into individual substructures. Time-domain Green's functions of each substructure are computed via the analytical inverse Laplace transform of the frequency-domain Green's functions. The original problem is reconstructed by connecting the cut-out substructures together through the interface boundary conditions. In order to verify the present approach, the empty rectangular waveguide is used as a comparison. With accurately calculated time-domain Green's functions, the data obtained are in good agreement with the analytical results.
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  • 37
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 235-246 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: There are two major difficulties in applying the finite element method to the analysis of microwave devices in three dimensions. One is to obtain a stable vector finite element which does not generate spurious modes, or non-physical solutions, in the numerical analysis. The other is to model efficiently the coupling of port regions and the discontinuity region. In this paper, we describe the application of two new finite element techniques, the tangential vector finite element method and the transfinite element method, for modelling three-dimensional microwave devices. The tangential vector finite element method, unlike the conventional nodal finite element methods, imposes only the tangential continuity of the vector unknown across elements' boundaries. As a result, there would be no spurious modes, and reliable solutions are obtained. The transfinite element method, which combines the modal basis functions and the finite element basis functions through the variational technique, provides an efficient way to model the open boundary nature of the device. To validate the current analysis, a low VSWR waveguide connector and two microstrip low-pass filters are analysed. Numerical results agree very well with the measurements or those obtained by other methods.
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  • 38
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 5 (1992), S. 149-161 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Under wideband and especially ultrawideband (short pulse) excitation, the electromagnetic fields, after encounters with a propagation or scattering environment, reveal features which range from highly resolved spikes or dips to smooth oscillations at early and late observation times, respectively. Time-domain (TD) analytic modelling should be structured around wave objects which relate features (observables) in data to distinct features in the environment. A strategy to this end, named observable-based parametrization (OBP), is proposed here. The rules are learned from frequency- and time-domain asymptotics applies to spatial and spectral domain representations of tractable prototype problems. This leads to self-consistent hybrid combinations OBP-TD travelling (wavefront) and oscillatory (resonant) synthesizing basis fields; the latter include novel TD leaky modes for guiding wave channels and TD Bragg modes for periodic arrays. These concepts are illustrated by examples.
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  • 39
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 5 (1992), S. 183-201 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An approach for numerically integrating the partial differential equations describing passive physical systems consists in modelling the continuous-domain physical system by means of a passive discrete-domain system. As has recently been shown, this can be achieved, in particular also for Maxwell's equations, by means of the same principles as known from multidimensional wave digital filters, which offers a number of important advantages. The present paper deals specifically with the application of the approach to Maxwell's equations and supplements corresponding results previously published.
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  • 40
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 5 (1992), S. 203-218 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: There is an increasing interest in the numerical modelling of physical and biological processes using cellular automata or cellular systems. One of the main advantages in using the concept of cellular systems is the inherent high degree of parallelism. The purpose of the contribution is to formally relate two different areas: time-domain modelling of physical processes using cellular systems and massive parallel implementations. At first, an overview of applications of cellular systems in computation theory and in modelling of physical systems and an overview of implementations of cellular systems is given. The subsequent sections address the following two questions: (1) Which class of algorithms can be interpreted as cellular systems. (2) Can cellular systems be efficiently simulated on a given parallel architecture. Results concerning these issues are presented.
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 5 (1992), S. 219-225 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The paper provides an extension to the one-dimensional TLM diffusion model. The extended diffusion node presented here models the exact transport equation with diffusion drift and recombination of charge carriers in semiconductors. A general algorithm for providing a numerical solution to the transport phenomena is also presented here. The analytical solution for infinitely long semiconductors is compared with the TLM numerical results.
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  • 42
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 5 (1992), S. 245-250 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In order to efficiently store the information of a special class of matrices, a very useful algorithm has been derived and applied to the subsectional basis function approach to the method of moments. The algorithm represents a simple law of mapping and allows a reduction in the required computational storage by several orders of magnitude.
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  • 43
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 5 (1992), S. 259-274 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Three numerical methods are applied to the analysis of a rectangular waveguide-fed aperture radiating into a lossy media. A novel approach, the finite element method with an impedance boundary condition, and two established methods, the moment method and the mode-matching method, are presented. The methods are compared with respect to accuracy, execution time, memory requirement, and versatility. Four aperture geometries are chosen for detailed study: the full aperture of the rectangular waveguide, and three reduced apertures. The reflection coefficient of the aperture in contact with five known dielectrics is calculated in the frequency range 8·5-11·5 GHz. The theoretical results are validated by measurements performed on an HP8510 network analyser.
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 5 (1992), S. 289-295 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper describes an application of transmission-line modelling (TLM) for the solution of heat diffusion in a three-dimensional metallic structure, surrounded by a dielectric material. The example of heat propagation along an electric fuse embedded in granular silica is presented. Heat is generated by the flow of an electric current through the metallic element and results are shown for the variation of temperature with time and temperature distribution along the fuse element.
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  • 45
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 91-97 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The diffusion of Zn into a GaAs crystal is modelled using numerical techniques similar to those of Zahari and Tuck.1 This technique does not directly solve any differential equations, the physical processes are directly modelled. The diffusion of Zn is assumed to be by the kick-out mechanism. In this mechanism the Zn atoms diffuse into the crystal interstitially with a constant diffusion coefficient. The interstitial Zn atoms transfer to the substitutional lattice site by kicking out a Ga atom. The incorporation of the Zn atoms on to the lattice sites is assumed to take place at a rate much greater than the diffusion of the interstitial Zn. The diffusion of the generated Ga interstitial is also contained in the model. The effect on the Zn concentration profile and Ga interstitial concentration of varying both the Ga interstitial diffusivity and equilibrium concentration has been examined. Finally, the implications of these results on Zn induced disordering of GaAs/AlAs superlattices is discussed.
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  • 46
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 157-169 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper is concerned with the theoretical determination of the amount of atomic mixing which accompanies the erosion of a solid surface exposed to an energetic ion beam. The work is relevant to sputter depth profiling where such mixing complicates the deduction of the initial depth distributions from the measured ion yields.A mathematical model, which considers the effects of incident ion accumulation, ballistic relocation and diffusion is described. The governing integro-differential equations are solved numerically.Results for a GaAs-AlGaAs multi-layer structure bombarded with O2+ ions are compared with results obtained experimentally.
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  • 47
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 171-182 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Wave scattering from an aperture coupled system is studied using a new method which combines the hybrid ray-mode method and method of moments. The latter is used to formulate the coupling process and the former to provide the Green's function of a parallel plate waveguide. Following standard procedures of the method of moments, we first formulate a system equation for field distributions across the aperture. By expressing these unknown distributions in terms of appropriate basis functions and choosing appropriate weighting functions, the system equation is then reduced to a matrix equation which is solved numerically. In the system of equations, one needs to compute the Green's function of the waveguide for various arrangements of locations of source and receiver. The hybrid ray-mode formulation is best suited for this purpose because it combines rays and modes self-consistently to optimize the advantages of each. The efficiency of the ray-mode Green's function makes use of the moment method practical in waveguides, and the flexibility of the moment method permits application of the Green's function considered to arbitrarily shaped and placed apertures. Numerical implementation illustrates these aspects.
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  • 48
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 183-193 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Analysis of transients in integrated circuits is performed with the use of highly specialized computer programs. The transient responses are computed using time-marching integration methods and require a substantial amount of computer time. A new method based on spectral analysis and waveform relaxation is proposed. The method results in a substantial saving in computing time without compromising the accuracy. A basic algorithm utilizing the spectral technique in a relaxation framework is described. A prototype simulator based on the algorithm was developed and used to simulate certain types of CMOS circuits. The results showed a significant time savings in comparison with the widely used circuit simulator ‘SPICE’. Example circuits and relevant results are provided.
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 5 (1992) 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 5 (1992), S. 11-21 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A novel algorithm has been implemented within our new semiconductor device simulation program TESSA that allows large signal periodic time-domain simulation to be performed by integrating over just one period of the excitation. Conventionally the need to integrate out initial transients, over many cycles, had effectively made such simulations impracticable. The algorithm can also be implemented in the field of circuit simulation so a combined large signal circuit/device simulation package is now a practical possibility.
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 5 (1992), S. 41-52 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A numerical time-domain modelling of non-linear microwave circuits is presented. It is based on a numerical procedure allowing the solution of the integro-differential equation driving the instantaneous electrical behaviour of a lumped-element circuit while accounting for the semiconductor device by means of an accurate numerical macroscopic model. This modelling is firstly validated by studying the DC turn-on and DC forward-reverse commutation of a PIN diode. The diode voltage and current waveform are qualitatively consistent with experimental ones, Moreover, the predicted recovery time values are found to be in good agreement with those issued from the classical analytical theory. Secondly, in order to illustrate the present capabilities of the model, the whole transient response of a back-to-back silicon PIN diode passive power limiter to a high-input-RF-power pulse is described. It is demonstrated that in the present case of a 2 μm-long PIN diode, the high-input-power steady-state operation only relies on one diode. To our knowledge, it is the first time this kind of simulation is applied to a two-diode circuit.
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 5 (1992), S. 53-66 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper reviews the state of the art in hydrodynamic simulation of hot-carrier transport in semiconductor devices with application to MOSFET substrate current calculation. Hydrodynamic equations for semiconductors and derived and discretized expressions of these equations for device simulation are presented. Special attention has been given to the discretization of the input power term that appears in the energy conservation equation. A new discretization method for the input power term, based on power generation consideration, is proposed. Energy-based physical models for mobility and impact ionization are described for use in hydrodynamic simulation. Simulation results for both conventional and lightly-doped-drain MOSFETs are presented.
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 5 (1992), S. 275-288 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper presents the simulation of a class of MIMD systems using discrete-event simulation enhanced by graphics-oriented reporting. MIMD systems can be specified, modelled and simulated using the package and in turn provide estimates of certain performance indices. A multiserver queueing model is constructed to describe the flow of data and instructions through the various elements of the system. The model is composed of P processors sharing M memory modules through a user-defined interconnection network. Graphical outputs allow the user to view the state of every processor/memory module over the simulation time with performance estimates such as the relative speedup, throughput, and utilization factor. Moreover, system performance graphs as a function of various system parameters are obtained to indicate the expected system behaviour for various loads and system configurations. The results section shows a case study of the influence of the memory modules' access time on the system performance. The purpose of the results is to aid in the analysis, understanding, design, and performance prediction of a class of MIMD systems in a user-friendly environment.
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 207-214 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A simple method is described for spatial substructuring of meshes used in TLM diffusion routines in such a way as to enable discontinuous mesh lines to be used. A method of operating TLM diffusion routines using different timesteps in different spatial regions is also described. For both aspects, results are compared with those derived using standard TLM techniques.
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 259-268 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Accurate full-wave analysis of shielded microstrip discontinuities, based on a mode-matching technique and employing Kühn's method is presented. Finite thickness of the strip metallization is taken into account. Examples include bends, T-junctions, and crossings.
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 287-315 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The fundamentals of computer-aided noise analysis of linear noisy microwave circuits are presented. The method is based on the description of noisy networks by correlation matrices, and allows the noise analysis of linear circuits of general topology exhibiting arbitrary correlations between the noise sources. The description of linear noisy networks by correlation matrices in different representations, the interconnection of noisy networks and the nodal analysis of noisy networks are treated. The correlation matrices of circuits or subcircuits exhibiting thermal noise may be calculated directly from its admittance matrix. The application of the method for the noise analysis of linear microwave amplifiers is discussed.
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 269-285 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The transmission-line matrix (TLM) method enables simulation of interior electromagnetic field propagation problems. With the use of absorbent walls, we can simulate exterior problems such as the radiaition of a microstrip antenna. The input impedance is deduced from the standing wave observed in the feedline. The radiation pattern is determined from the field over a plane located in the immediate vicinity of the antenna, using the theory of radiating apertures. However, the CPU time and memory space involved are excessive. Since the radiating structure has several resonant frequencies, it is convenient to apply classical digital signal processing techniques such as finite impulse response filtering associated with a linear prediction method. The present paper focuses on a Prony-Pisarenko method to improve on the TLM method in terms of both computation time and precision of the frequency-domain analysis of the results. In this case, overall CPU time is reduced by a factor of 2 to 3. The paper discusses the results obtained for radiation patterns. This represents a new field of application for the TLM method whose drawbacks are reduced by using appropriate signal processing methods.
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 5 (1992), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 5 (1992), S. 3-9 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A detailed one-dimensional energy transport model for unipolar GaAs/AlGaAs heterojunction structures is implemented, by extending the basic transport equations to include the energy balance equation for electrons. A non-uniform grid-mesh is used to obtain short simulation times, while the grid-distance at the N-n++ interface is small, which is essential to obtain a low reverse current.
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 5 (1992), S. 23-39 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An efficient algorithm is presented for the self-consistent numerical solution of the single-band effective mass equation. This algorithm has a different form depending on whether the effective mass is modelled as continuous or piecewise continuous. Coupled with a Poisson solver, an established algorithm is applied for the attainment of self-consistency. The rate of convergence to a self-consistent solution is investigated, and the solvers are applied to three different structures to demonstrate its versatility and robustness. The first of these is a nominally undoped quantum well AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructure, the second a doubly δ-doped GaAs homostructure and lastly a quasi-square well modulation-doped field effect transistor. The algorithm is of sufficient efficiency so as to allow the software to run reasonably quickly on a modern microcomputer.
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 5 (1992) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 5 (1992), S. 83-92 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The permeability tensor of the homogeneous bulk material externally equivalent to a laminated packet of non-linear, anisotropic, non-hysteretic sheets is derived by symbolic computation. The composite permeability bears a surprisingly simple algebraic relationship to the local permeabilities of its component materials even in the general case. Several special cases of common interest, where the tensor permeability assumes symmetric or diagonal form, are examined. Results are presented both as algebraic expressions and as brief optimized Fortran subroutines suitable for fitting into field analysis programs.
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 5 (1992), S. 111-120 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In this paper, the method of transmission-line modelling is used to determine the transient response of a lossy transmission line. Non-linearity and frequency-dependent parameters (R and G) can be included without undue difficulty. Several numerical examples are described and are compared with exact and/or experimental results. In all cases good agreements are obtained.
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 5 (1992), S. 139-139 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 5 (1992), S. 121-127 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A random flight model of linear transport processes in two spatial dimensions is considered and solved exactly in closed algebraic form. Its one-dimensional version had been proposed by Taitel as a means to overcome the paradox of infinite speed of propagation within classical heat diffusion theory. The connection with hyperbolic diffusion theory is complemented here by deriving the discrete fluxes and their relaxation term. Moreover, such an approach circumvents the discretization of a continuum model for an intrinsically discrete process, when diffusion processes are to be solved numerically. Finite samples are treated by means of the reflection method. Some applications of these general results are mentioned.
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 5 (1992), S. 143-144 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 65-71 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Optoelectronics ; Non-linear optics ; Molecular crystals ; Polarizability ; Hyperpolarizability ; Local field ; Dipole interactions ; MBANP ; NMBA ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Components of the crystal quadratic susceptibility tensor x(2) for second-harmonic generation are calculated for the title compounds 2-(α-methyl benzylamino)-5-nitropyridine (MBANP) and 4-nitro-4'-methyl(benzylidene aniline) (NMBA). Input data are the crystal structure and refractive indices and CNDO hyperpolarizabilities. The calculations also yield effective polarisabilities and local electric fields. Susceptibility components reach 66 pm V-1 in MBANP and 27 pm V-1 in NMBA in the crystal axes; agreement with experiment is poor for MBANP but satisfactory for NMBA. These features seem to reflect the better defined charge transfer axis in NMBA. Screened dipole-dipole interactions calculated from CNDO dipole moments stabilise MBANP by 70 kJ mol-1 and NMBA by 20 kJ mol-1 and imply permanent electric fields of a few GV m-1.
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: High Tc superconductors ; Precursors ; Copper ; Calcium ; Barium ; Yttrium ; Strontium ; Fluorinated β-dikeonates ; Ethanol ; Tetradecafluorononanedione ; Decafluoroheptanedione ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The new β-diketone 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,7,7,8,8,9,9,9-tetradecafluorononane-4,6-dione (HTDFND) has been prepared and employed in the formation of complexes of Cu, Ca, Sr, Ba and Y. Complexes of the same metals derived from the β-diketone 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,7,7,7-decafluoroheptane-2,4-dione (HDFHD) have also been prepared. In general the compounds have the formula [M(TDFND)2H2O] or [M(DHFD)2H2O], although the yttrium complexes are [Y(β-diket)3] · xH2O (β-diket ≡ TDFND (x = 3) or DFHD (x = 2)). The complexes have been characterised by analytical and spectroscopic means and by a crystal structure of [Cu(TDFND)2EtOH] obtained by recrystallisation of [Cu(TDFND)2H2O] from aqueous ethanol. Crystal data for [Cu(TDFND)2EtOH]: triclinic, P̄1, a = 11.249(4) Å, b = 12.331 (2) Å, c = 12.890(2) Å, α = 96.89(2)°, β = 108.93(3)°, γ = 109.63(3)°, V = 1541.54 Å3, Z = 2. The complex is square pyramidal with the four oxygen atoms of the β-diketonates occupying the basal sites and the oxygen atom of the co-ordinated ethanol molecule in the apical position. The C3F7 ligands take up an extended staggered configuration in order to minimise steric repulsions. The complex is monomeric with intermolecular distances all greater than 4 Å. Simultaneous thermal analysis at 1 atm reveals that all the compounds lose water but then sublime, usually completely without decomposition. [Ba(TDFND)2H2O] is the first barium complex for which this is the case and it can be dehydrated to give [Ba(TDFND)2], which is also volatile but becomes less volatile with time. [Ba(TDFND)2H2O], [Sr(TDFND)2H2O] and [Ca(DFHD)2H2O] are suitable precursors for the growth of MF2 on silicon substrates. Complete orientation in the (111) direction is observed. Changes in the film growth rate with time for all the precursors are attributed to sample decomposition ([M(DFHD)2H2O], M ≡ Ca or Sr) or to slow reorganisation of the crystal structure ([Ba(TDFND)2H2O]). Layers with Y:Ba:Cu ratios close to the required 1:2:3 have been grown using [Y(DPM)3], [Cu(DPM)2] and [Ba(DFHD)2H2O] (DPM ≡ 2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dionato).
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 139-145 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Thin film ; Metal sulphide ; Photography ; Lead sulphide ; MSTF ; Photo-accelerated ; chemical deposition ; Solar irradiation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Metal sulphide thin film (MSTF) photography based on photo-accelerated chemical deposition (PACD) of PbS thin films is described. Here an intensity distribution over the surface of a growing PbS thin film produces a thickness variation (0.06-0.15 μm) of the film which, when viewed under daylight, yields a specularly reflective image. Under 800 W m-2 of solar radiation a bluish MSTF photographic image (0.15 μm film thickness) on a coppery-bronze background (0.08 μm) is obtained in the PACD of PbS at the end of 25 min deposition when a high-contrast photographic negative is used as the object. The best contrast of 0.46 in the PbS MSTF photography in the reflection mode is obtained under the above condition of exposure when the optical transmission in a photographic negative in the image area is ∽30% and that in the background is ∽1%. The contrast available in the transmission mode in the MSTF photographic image is considerably less: ∽0.28 (maximum) for optical transmission of 1% and 100% in the background and image areas of the photographic negative respectively.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 189-195 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Ellipsometry ; GaAs ; Silicon ; Surface roughness ; MBE ; SEM ; Rotating polariser multiple-angle-of-incidence ellipsometer ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: MBE-grown gallium arsenide epitaxial layers on silicon, with thicknesses between 0.1 and 8.1 μm, have been studied using a simple rotating polariser multiple-angle-of-incidence ellipsometer. From these data, information on the roughness of the surfaces of the layers and the anisotropy of the refractive index of the layers has been obtained. The results are compared with data obtained on the same samples using scanning electron microscopy and conventional spectroscopic ellipsometry.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 203-207 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Growth ; Silicon carbide ; Monocrystals ; Vapour phase ; Diffusion ; Supersaturation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In the present work the gas dynamics in the growth zone of SiC crystals is investigated. It is shown that the propagation of SiC vapour from the growth cavity walls towards the lids is effected by diffusion. On this basis the calculation of the concentration distribution of SiC vapour (n), the equilibrium vapour concentration (ns) and the supersaturation (α = [(n - ns)/ns] × 100%) in the crystal growth zone at different radial and axial gradients is carried out by solving the Laplace equation in cylindrical co-ordinates for a stationary case corresponding to the conditions of crystal growth. The results obtained are compared with the available experimental data, which gives the possibility of explaining some of the observed peculiarities during SiC crystal growth from the vapour phase by the sublimation method.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 229-233 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Indium sulphide ; Metal-organic chemical vapour deposition ; Thin films ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The dimeric indium thiolate [(tBu)2In(μ-StBu)]2 has been used as a single-source precursor for the metal-organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) of InS thin films. The dimeric In2S2 core is proposed to account for the formation of the non-equilibrium high-pressure tetragonal phase in the deposited films. Analysis of the deposited films has been obtained by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), with associated energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Monolayers ; Langmuir-Blodgett technique ; Bacteriorhodopsin ; Halobacteria ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Organised films containing oriented patches of purple membranes and consisting of 15-75 layers and approximately 1000 layers were fabricated by the Langmuir-Blodgett and electrophoretic sedimentation techniques respectively. ‘Surface pressure vs. molecular area’ isotherms for monolayers of purple membranes suspended in hexane and deposited on the air/water interface were studied. Circular dichroism and absorption spectroscopy were used to investigate the effect of an organic solvent on the chromophore binding site in the purple membranes. Kinetic methods based on flash excitation were employed to determine the influence of the film deposition conditions on the photoelectric response of bacteriorhodopsin and on the M412 intermediate relaxation. Structural characteristics for multilayers prepared from water and hexane purple membrane suspensions were determined by low-angle X-ray scattering. The influence of the layer deposition conditions on the electrical, physical and photoelectrical properties of ordered structures containing bacteriorhodopsin is discussed.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 127-132 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: α-sexithienyl ; field effect transistor ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A field effect transistor (FET) has been fabricated with the hexamer of thiophene (α-sexithienyl) in order to assess the performance of such electronic devices based on an organic material. Particular emphasis has been given to the determination of the origin of the instability in the electrical performance. From this study it is confirmed that charged species, possibly chemical impurities present in the processed material, can migrate through the film under an applied electric field, even at room temperature.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 147-158 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Molecular three-centre electron transfer (ET) systems contain an intermediate electronic bridge group state in addition to the donor and acceptor states. This feature is encountered in long-range ET patterns of metalloproteins, in bacterial photosynthetic reaction centres, in electrochemical processes at modified metal electrodes and in hypothetical or real molecular shift register and photodiode device-like systems. Overall ET is by superexchange when the intermediate group energy is high. When the energy is low enough that the state is temporarily populated, a range of vibrational features arise depending on the vibrational coupling and relaxation time of the intermediate state. In external fields these properties induce characteristic ‘switch’ effects reflected in rapid changes in the current derivatives and other features in the current-voltage relations. We provide a quantum mechanical frame for three-centre ET in such molecular systems. The theory rests on second-order perturbation theory. In contrast to most applications of superexchange concepts, the theory includes explicitly nuclear coupling in the intermediate state and is valid both for high energy superexchange and for low-energy populated intermediate states. Moreover, mild, finite resonances arise in the transition regions between the various energy ranges represented by analytical rate constants. The theory is appropriate to the molecular electronic behaviour of several biological and synthetic three-level ‘switch’ ET systems.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 197-201 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Lithography ; SAW device ; Methylbenzylamino-5-nitropyridine ; Gold/titanium bilayer ; Shadow masking ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A wide range of applications which involve organic crystalline materials require the metallisation of low-molecular-weight compounds. Conventional lithographic techniques used in silicon fabrication technology use high-temperature processing methods which are unsuitable for organic materials. Gold/titanium bilayer and shadow-masking techniques were found to provide suitable solutions to the problem of metallisation of these materials and allowed fabrication of a surface acoustic wave (SAW) device with (-)-2-α-methylbenzylamino-5-nitropyridine (MBANP) as substrate.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 211-220 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Photocurrent ; Morphology ; Cds ; Thin films ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The influence of the chemical bath composition on the photocurrent response, film morphology and optical transmittance of chemically deposited CdS thin films is reported. The bath parameters such as concentrations of triethanolamine, thiourea, ammonia and cadmium acetate and the bath temperature controlled the photosensitivity, photocurrent decay, morphology and optical transmittance of the films. The optimum concentration of the bath for getting good-quality photosensitive films with good optical transmittance was identified in this investigation.
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    Microscopy Research and Technique 20 (1992) 
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Microscopy Research and Technique 20 (1992), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Autoradiography ; Maximum-likelihood estimation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The maximum-likelihood (ML) method for the quantitative analysis of electron-microscopic autoradiographs has been shown to be substantially superior to the conventional crossfire (CF) method. It can generate reliable and accurate tracer concentration estimates with far fewer micrographs and produce valid estimates even at counts low enough to preclude the use of the crossfire method while eliminating the need for special ad hoc treatment of narrow membranous structures as well as the secondary verification of the tracer concentration estimates.Despite these significant advantages, the large computational requirements of the ML method has to date hampered its widespread use. In this paper, we present a new line-integration method that allows us to reduce the computational requirements of the ML method to a point where it becomes feasible to implement it on a small computer system of the type typically available to a laboratory user of EM autoradiography. We present the complete line-integration method for the particular case of EM autoradiography with tritium, and show how it can be adapted to other isotopes.We have constructed a software package that implements the complete maximum-likelihood method on the IBM PC class of machines using our line-integration method. Features of this software package which are of particular importance to the research community are device independence, which makes it usable with a large variety of currently available laboratory equipment, and easy portability of the software and data between different computer systems.
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    Microscopy Research and Technique 20 (1992), S. 136-151 
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Adenomas ; Tissue culture ; Ultrastructure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Morphologic studies of human adenohypophysial cells using immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy have characterized the hormone-producing cell types of the normal gland and pituitary adenomas. The classifications which have emerged allow more accurate clinicopathologic correlations than ever before, but have also raised new questions concerning cytogenesis, pathogenesis, and structure-function correlations. We report the results of studies which marry the conventional morphologic techniques of light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and ultrastructural immunocytology with functional analyses using tissue culture and radioimmunoassay of hormones released into culture media. The hormone secretory activity of nontumorous and adenomatous pituitary cells is correlated with their structural features; their secretory responses to several adenohypophysiotropic factors are compared with morphologic alterations which are characterized at the light and electron microscopic levels by morphometric analysis. These studies have shown that hypothalamic stimulating hormones increase hormone release by their target cells and alter the ultrastructural appearance of the affected cells by increasing organelles involved in hormone synthesis. Inhibitory drugs and adrenal and gonadal steroids are capable of suppressing hormone release by some tumors and also give rise to morphologic changes which correlate with the functional inhibition. Hormone release by clinically nonfunctioning adenomas has been characterized and the behavior of these tumor cells in vitro sheds some light on the reasons for lack of clinical symptomatology. The plurihormonal nature of several nontumorous and adenomatous pituitary cell types has been characterized in vitro. The results of these studies provide the basis for more accurate structure-function correlations which can be used to study the hormonal milieu in vivo, to predict the role of pathogenetic factors in pituitary tumorigenesis, and to assess the therapeutic value of stimulating or inhibiting hormones and drugs.
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    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 75-102 
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Egg ; Polarity ; Morphogenetic plasm ; Cell communication ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Cell lineage specification in molluscs is brought about by two mechanisms: the segregation of morphogenetic plasms and inductive cell interactions. The evidence for the existence of morphogenetic plasms is largely circumstantial, but in one species, Bithynia, such a plasm has been identified in the polar lobe that forms at first cleavage. Inductive cell interactions are thought to be a prerequisite for the development of a large number of tissues and organs. The most extensively studied example is the specification of the mesodermal stem cell in Lymnaea and Patella, which occurs between 5th and 6th cleavage through an interaction between one macromere and a large number of micromeres.Both segregation and induction are tuned to the animal-vegetal polarity of the egg, at least during early development. This polarity probably arises during oogenesis and is manifest in regional differentiations of the surface architecture of the egg, in the distribution of inner membrane particles in the plasma membrane, in membrane fluidity characteristics, in ionic conductance properties of the plasma membrane, etc. All these phenomena have in common that they represent properties of the egg surface, suggesting that the polarity of the egg is somehow imprinted into the plasma membrane and the cortex of the egg during oogenesis. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 103-125 
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Cell lineage analysis ; Mammalian embryo ; Ultrastructure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Ultrastructural studies have contributed significantly to our understanding of cell lineage differentiation in the mammalian pre-implantation embryo. Such studies have documented, and continue to document, morphological, biochemical, and physiological characteristics of the cell lineages established during the pre-implantation period in eutherian embryos, principally that of the mouse. This review evaluates these contributions and identifies areas of study in which ultrastructural analysis is most likely to have an important role in the future. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 160-169 
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Freeze-fracture and cytoplasmic maceration ; Chloroplasts ; Pollen ontogeny ; SEM ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The application of the freeze-fracture and cytoplasmic maceration technique in ultrastructural studies of plant cells is described. A major advantage of the technique is, that by extracting mobile cytoplasmic components from the freeze-fractured cells, surface relief is introduced and three-dimensional information is obtainable. The details of specimen preparation are described and the results obtained are reviewed. The use of chitosan embedding for very small or fragile specimens is described. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 130-150 
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Scanning electron microscopy ; High resolution ; Cytoskeleton ; Biological specimen preparation ; Cultured cells ; Electrophoresis ; Bifunctional crosslinking reagents ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Today's electron microscopes have a resolution sufficient to resolve supramolecular structures. However, the methods used to prepare biological samples for electron microscopy often limit our ability to achieve the resolution that is theoretically possible. We use whole mounts of detergent-extracted cells grown on Formvar-coated gold grids as a model system to evaluate various steps in the preparation of biological samples for high resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM)Factors that are important in determining the structure and composition of detergent-extracted cells include the nature of the detergent and the composition of the extraction vehicle. Chelation of calcium is extremely important to stabilize and preserve the cytoskeletal filaments. We have also demonstrated both morphologically and by gel electrophoresis that treatment of cells with bifunctional protein crosslinkers before or during extraction with detergent can significantly enhance the preservation of both proteins and supramolecular structures.The methods used to dry samples are a major determinant of the quality of structural preservation. For cytoskeletons freeze-drying (FD) is superior to critical point-drying (CPD), one reason being that CPD samples have to be dehydrated, thereby causing more shrinkage as compared to FD samples. The high pressures to which samples are exposed during CPD may also cause increased shrinkage, and water contamination during CPD causes severe structural damage. We have obtained the best structural preservation of detergent-extracted and fixed cells by manually plunging them into liquid propane and drying over night in a freeze-drayer.The factor that most limits achievement of high resolution in SEM is the metal coat, which has to be very thin, uniform, and free of grain in order not to hide structures or to create artifactual ones. We have found that sputter-coating with 1-3 nm of tungsten (W) or niobium )Nb( gives extremely fine-grained films as well as satisfactory emission of secondary electrons. These samples can also be examined at high resolution by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The best preservation and visualization of supramolecular structures have been obtained using cryosputtering, in which the samples are freeze-dried and then sputter-coated within the freeze-dryer while still frozen. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 199-206 
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: VLSIC ; XTEM ; Semiconductor industry ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992) 
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 207-211 
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Quantitative low temperature X-ray microanalysis ; Homogeneous dispersion in ice ; Aqueous standards ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: A technique, using Nuclepore polycarbonate membrane filters as a containing medium for very small volumes of ionic standard solutions, to produce homogeneous ice standards is described. The standards are suitable for use in a scanning electron microscope. The relationship between elemental X-ray counts and ionic concentration is found to be linear. The method is rapid and simple. Minimum detectable concentrations are given. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 265-284 
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Battery cell ; Cnidocil ; Cnidocyte ; Kinocilium ; Onion-root body ; Nematocyst ; Sensory cell ; Stereocilia ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Chemoreceptors in coelenterates and ctenophores have not been identified with certainty. Among prospective chemoreceptive cells are the sensory nerve cells, the cnidocyst bearing cnidocytes, and the epitheliomuscular cells that are likely to be involved in feeding or aggression. Both behaviors are mediated by coordinated chemical and mechanical reception. This is reflected in the close apposition of putative chemo- and mechanoreceptors. Among the structures that have been designated as likely chemo- and/or mechanoreceptors are stereocilia, kinocilia, and/or microvilli which are universally present on all the putative chemoreceptor complexes, while gland cells and mucous secretions are prevalent. Evidence that the actin-containing stereocilia are chemically modulated mechanoreceptors is presented for several forms. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 225-264 
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The ciliated protists (ciliates) offer a unique opportunity to explore the relationship between chemoreception and cell structure. Ciliates resemble chemosensory neurons in their responses to stimuli and presence of cilia. Ciliates have highly patterned surfaces that should permit precise localization of chemoreceptors in relation to effector organelles. Furthermore, ciliates are easy to grow and to manipulate genetically; they can also be readily studied biochemically and by electrophysiological techniques. This review contains a comparative description of the ultrastructural features of the ciliate cell surface relevant to chemoreception, examines the structural features of putative chemoreceptive cilia, and provides a summary of the electron microscopic information available so far bearing on chemoreceptive aspects of swimming, feeding, excretion, endocytosis, and sexual responses of ciliates. The electron microscopic identification and localization of specific chemoreceptive macromolecules and organelles at the molecular level have not yet been achieved in ciliates. These await the development of specific probes for chemoreceptor and transduction macromolecules. Nevertheless, the electron microscope has provided a wealth of information about the surface features of clliates where chemoreception is believed to take place. Such morphological information will prove essential to a complete understanding of reception and transduction at the molecular level. In the ciliates, major questions to be answered relate to the apportionment of chemoreceptive functions between the cilia and cell soma, the global distribution of receptors in relation to the anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral, and left-right axes of the cell, and the relationship of receptors to ultrastructural components of the cell coat, cell membrane, and cytoskeleton. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 306-306 
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Microscopy Research and Technique 23 (1992), S. 49-61 
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Olfactory neuron ; Neurogenesis ; Plasticity ; Electron Microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Human olfactory epithelium is similar in organization and cell morphology to that of most vertebrate species. The epithelium has a pseudostratified columnar organization and consists of olfactory neurons, supporting and basal cells. Near the mucosal surface there are also microvillar cells. These cells have neuron-like features and may be chemoreceptors. Human olfactory epithelium is not a uniform sensory sheet. Patches of non-sensory tissue often appear in what was thought to be a purely olfactory region. The significance of these patches has not been determined, but they could reflect exposure to environment agents or changes that occur during the normal aging process.In order to better understand the human olfactory system, further knowledge of the normal structure is necessary. This review addresses the morphology of the human olfactory epithelium and the remarkable plasticity of the vertebrate olfactory system. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 93
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    Microscopy Research and Technique 23 (1992), S. 62-75 
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Olfactory receptor cell ; Supporting cell ; Ultrastructure ; Lipofuscin granules ; Golgi apparatus ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The present study uses mainly scanning electron microscopy to demonstrate the three-dimensional internal cell structures of rat olfactory epithelial cells. The aldehyde-prefixed osmium-DMSO-osmium (AODO) method devised by Tanaka and Mitsushima (1984) was applied to the present study to disclose intracellular structures such as endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. The spatial distribution pattern of these structures in olfactory and supporting cells is discussed, paying special attention to the formation of lipofuscin-like granules present in aged rats. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 94
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    Microscopy Research and Technique 21 (1992), S. 166-170 
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Protein crystals ; Crystal thickness ; Paraffin crystals ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: In the 3-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of protein crystals with variable thicknesses the electron images and diffraction patterns can only be merged if the crystal thickness is known. Measurement of the thickness using the ratio of the number of inelastically scattered electrons to the number of electrons in the zero loss peak can be accomplished with parallel electron energy loss spectrometry (PEELS). A theoretical analysis of the accuracy of the technique on paraffin crystals of different thicknesses is presented. Our experimental studies with paraffin crystals show the feasibility of measuring a single layer of 47 Å with good accuracy under low dose and low temperature conditions. A simple experimental apparatus is proposed to obtain thicknesses from small regions of unstained protein crystals prior to collecting the 3-D data sets from the unexposed area of the same crystal.
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  • 95
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    Microscopy Research and Technique 21 (1992), S. 171-173 
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Transmission Electron Microscope ; Light Intensifier Camera ; Microscopy ; Background correction ; Image Analysis ; Video Microscopy ; Television Camera ; Frame Store ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Several disadvantages of using intensified television cameras to acquire TEM images can be overcome by using background subtraction with a frame store.
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  • 96
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    Microscopy Research and Technique 21 (1992), S. 158-165 
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Least squares refinement ; X-ray analysis ; Cell parameters ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: A new method for the ab initio derivation of Buerger-reduced primitive cell parameters from coordinate measurements of spots on single convergent-beam electron diffraction (CBED) patterns is described, which does not involve trial-and-error. The pattern can be taken along any zone axis, and misorientations of the crystallite by as much as a few degrees are taken into account without loss of accuracy. This derivation of cell parameters by least-squares analysis of the measurements has been automated in a program called NRCBED. Present accuracy is about 1% on lengths and 2° on angles, but could be significantly improved by modelling projector lens aberrations, or by using a microscope without a projector lens. With present technology, it is possible to obtain a CBED pattern and a semi-quantitative energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis simultaneously from a single microcrystal a few hundred Ångströms across. It becomes therefore possible to identify the material of the crystal on a single CBED pattern: a cell parameter database for known compounds is searched with the primitive cell parameters obtained in the above way, and with a mask describing the EDX results qualitatively. Feasibility is demonstrated on a crystallite of CeO2 500 Ångströms across. With this new approach, trial-and-error should disappear from the solution of other long-standing problems: interpretation of X-ray powder patterns for new compounds in the presence of impurity lines, or in the case of multiple phases should become straightforward.
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  • 97
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    Microscopy Research and Technique 21 (1992) 
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 98
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    Microscopy Research and Technique 20 (1992), S. 406-412 
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: REM ; Contrast mechanism ; Imaging technique ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Atomic steps on (111) and (100) crystal surfaces of Pt were observed using a commercial scanning electron microscope (SEM) in secondary electron mode. By comparing the SEM images and those by reflection electron microscopy (REM), the observed contrast was confirmed to be that from atomic steps on crystal surfaces. The contrast mechanism is briefly discussed. One application of this imaging technique is also shown.
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  • 99
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    Microscopy Research and Technique 20 (1992), S. 413-425 
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: REM ; RHEED ; Surface resonance condition ; Contrast splitting ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The double line contrast of a single-atom height step observed in surface imaging for a single crystal in reflection electron microscopy is studied under a variety of experimental conditions. It is suggested that this abnormal contrast is directly associated with the dynamical electron diffraction process. The behavior of the double line contrast is closely related to the order of the Bragg reflected beam, and can be observed mostly under one of the two commonly cited resonance conditions. This phenomenon clearly reveals the differences in the surface imaging for various resonance conditions.
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  • 100
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    Microscopy Research and Technique 20 (1992), S. 426-438 
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Reflection high energy electron diffraction ; Surface topography ; Chemical polishing ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: We have employed several different methods to prepare (100) and (111) surfaces of MgO crystals. (100) surfaces prepared by simple cleaving give good reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) patterns and surfaces with a high density of coarse steps. Chemical polishing of this surface results in a roughening of the topography whilst annealing in oxygen considerably smoothens the surfaces although they appear to be contaminated. Under certain conditions we find that the MgO crystals will cleave along the (111) plane. Both cleaved and mechanically polished (111) surfaces are atomically flat and reconstructed after oxygen annealing.
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