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  • Articles  (10,931)
  • Springer  (10,351)
  • American Geophysical Union  (513)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • National Academy of Sciences
  • 1980-1984  (10,931)
  • 1981  (10,931)
  • Physics  (10,931)
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  • Articles  (10,931)
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  • 1980-1984  (10,931)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CONTOUR MAP PRESENTATION OF DIPOLE-DIPOLE INDUCED POLARIZATION DATA (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Dipole-dipole induced polarization (IP) data are displayed typically as multi-level profiles, or as contours on vertical sectional plots referred to as pseudo-sections. The dipole-dipole array tends to yield IP anomalies in which the most anomalous values are displaced laterally from the source body. The data patterns are fairly interpretable on pseudo-sections or on multi-level profiles but are sufficiently complex to discourage the contouring of the data in plan.A method was developed for the presentation of dipole-dipole IP data on a contour map. The method consists of a simple averaging of data which can be performed manually if desired. It yields a single output value per station which reflects all levels of the pseudo-section, and is suitable for contouring in plan. The advantage of the technique is that it provides a quantitative picture of IP anomalies in their background or regional setting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb00700.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GEOMETRICAL OPTICS AND WAVE THEORY OF CONSTANT OFFSET SECTIONS IN LAYERED MEDIA (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Constant offset sections can be mapped to a fixed offset and compared in order to provide a method of velocity analysis. The direct mapping to zero offset prior to stack might provide an alternative processing procedure to NMO and stack. The main advantage of such a procedure would lie in the correct treatment of cross-dips, but interpretational advantages might also follow from the performance of partial stacks biased to either high or low offset information.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb01020.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    I.P. AND RESISTIVITY MODEL STUDIES OVER THIN DYKES (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Induced polarization and resistivity model studies over thin dykes for varying resistivity contrasts, depth of burial, and dip angles show striking parallelism of the surface apparent resistivity contours with the boundary of the body. This effect may be utilized for the estimation of strike length of the body. Results show that intermediate values of the electrode spacing is satisfactory for detection under widely varying conditions of resistivity contrast and depth. The percentage frequency effect (P.F.E.) and the metal factor (M.F.) responses are found to be more sensitive to the variation in the depth of burial than the resistivity responses. Pseudosections for P.F.E. and M.F. are concentrated much closer to the body than the resistivity pseudo-sections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb01024.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DIRECT INTERPRETATION OF RESISTIVITY DATA OVER TWO-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A direct interpretation scheme is developed which is capable of determining most of the geological features of a ground which can be assumed to be two dimensional in structure. This scheme extends the earlier work of Pekeris (1940) and Koefoed (1968) to the case where the basal layer of a ground is undulating. It also has a limited use for finding the parameters of a dipping dyke in the lower medium. Though the top and dip of the dyke can be determined, this is not true for the thickness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb01026.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ARMA PROCESSING OF ULTRASONIC DATA FOR ABSORPTION MEASUREMENTS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Laboratory studies of absorption-frequency behavior in rocks often use spectral ratios of digitally recorded ultrasonic signals which have been transmitted through a rock sample and a reference sample of very low absorption, respectively. It is proposed to treat the digitally recorded signals as an autoregressive-moving average (ARMA) process which, using recursive filter concepts, can be represented as a ratio of two polynomials in the z-transform variable z. The numerator polynomial contains only that part of the signal that is modified by anelastic effects, whereas the denominator contains the elastic effects of the physical apparatus such as reverberations. Examples are given which show that this separation of the recorded signal greatly facilitates the laboratory investigation of loss mechanisms and absorption-frequency behavior based on spectral ratios.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb00403.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    COMMENTS ON “A THEOREM FOR DIRECT CURRENT REGIMES AND SOME OF ITS CONSEQUENCES” AND SOME RELATED PAPERS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb00409.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD FOR THE ARBITRARY INHOMOGENEITIES PROBLEM IN ELECTRICAL PROSPECTING (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The generalized integral equation for the electric potential governed by a quasi-harmonic equation can be derived via a variational formulation. For surface current distributions it is not always a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. Numerical solutions of the general heterogeneous problem can be obtained with the “reciprocal averaging technique”, where the solution is obtained a second time after exchange of source and field points.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb01010.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A NUMERICAL METHOD OF CALCULATING THE KERNEL FUNCTION FROM SCHLUMBERGER APPARENT RESISTIVITY DATA (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A method to calculate the resistivity transform of Schlumberger VES curves has been developed. It consists in approximating the field apparent resistivity data by utilizing a linear combination of simple functions, which must satisfy the following requirements: (i) they must be suitable for fitting the resistivity data; (ii) once the fitting function has been obtained they allow the kernel to be determined in an analytic way.The fitting operation is carried out by the least mean squares method, which also accomplishes a useful smoothing of the field curve (and therefore a partial noise filtering). It gives the possibility of assigning different weights to the apparent resistivity values to be approximated according to their different reliability.For several examples (theoretical resistivity curves in order to estimate the precision of the method and with field data to verify the practicality) yield good results with short execution time independent of shape the apparent resistivity curve.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb01014.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE SOLUTION OF THE STATIONARY ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH AND POTENTIAL OF A POINT CURRENT SOURCE IN A 2 1/2- DIMENSIONAL ENVIRONMENT (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A method is given for solving the dc electric field problem of a point current source in an anisotropic 2 1/2-dimensional structural model. The surface integral equation of the field strength is given. Parallel to the strike the field strength is represented by a Fourier series. On the plane perpendicular to the strike each term of the field strength series is solved by means of the method of sub-sections, where linear behaviour of field strength over the sub-sections is assumed. Some numerical examples for different galvanic effects are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb00404.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    REPLY TO COMMENTS ON “NUMERICAL VLF MODELING” AND “VLF ANOMALIES FROM A PERFECTLY CONDUCTING HALF PLANE BELOW AN OVERBURDEN” (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb00408.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    COMMENTS ON “NUMERICAL VLF MODELING’ AND “VLF ANOMALIES FROM A PERFECTLY CONDUCTING HALF PLANE BELOW AN OVERBURDEN” (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb00407.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ASPECTS OF VERTICAL SEISMIC RESOLUTION (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: It is proposed that the vertical resolving power of a seismic signal is controlled by three aspects: the width of the central lobe, the side lobe ratio, and the side-tail oscillations. A comparative study of zero-phase signals covering the same frequency range shows that improvement of any one of these aspects inevitably leads to deterioration of one of the other aspects.An analytical simulation model is proposed of zero-phase signals free from side-tail oscillations, in which both the width of the central lobe and the side lobe ratio are adjustable. Analysis of the spectra of this model shows that, while the high frequency content of the spectrum is essential for obtaining a small width of the central lobe, the low frequency content of the spectrum plays an essential part in causing a low value of the side lobe ratio.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb01008.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    QUASI-ANALYTIC CONVOLUTION SOLUTION OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The objective of this study is to generate the separation-distance-domain (r-domain) transformation of the theoretically calculated wave number domain (m-domain) electromagnetic induction field component Bz(m, ω) of a stratified medium and to search for interpretive information which has been absent in the previously achieved numerical solutions of the problem.The r-domain kernel R̃(r, ω) function defining the induction field appears to adequately reflect the layering and electrical properties of the medium if it is expressed as a function of the frequency if the source-receiver separation r is small with respect to the thickness of the first layer. However, exact values of the conductivity cannot be distinguished from those of the neighboring values unless a resistive basement layer is present. This feature is the result of the truncation in series representation of the kernel function R̃(m, ω). However, this truncation is regarded as significant in the case of a conductive first layer. In m-domain static-zone studies, a conductive first layer slightly influences its r-domain correspondent.Although the computational cost of obtaining the kernel B(r, ω) by evaluation of the convolution in a cylindrical coordinate system is high, this semi-analytic solution is still superior to those based on the asymptotic assumptions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb01012.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TECHNIQUE DE MESURE ET D'INTERPRETATION MINIMISANT LES ERREURS DE MESURES EN MICROGRAVIMETRIE (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Les différentes sources d'erreurs de la mesure gravimétrique sont examinées. Leur connaissance a une importance particulière dans les prospections de surface, dites “microgravimétriques”.Les auteurs démontrent, expériences à l'appui, que toutes précautions prises, la source la plus fréquente d'erreurs de mesure en microgravimétrie est une mauvaise estimation de la dérive.Les auteurs exposent alors un processus de mesure et d'interprétation dont le but est une meilleure estimation de la dérive. La justification théorique et expérimentale du processus est donnée. La méthode implique une prise de mesure suivant une répartition spatiale aléatoire ou semi-aléatoire. Un cas réel est décrit.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb00709.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    REPORT BY THE SECRETARY-TREASURER AND THE EDITOR FOR 1980 (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb00690.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A COMPARISON OF IP TRANSIENT SHAPES OVER DISSEMINATED AND MASSIVE SULFIDE SHEETS IN THE LOWER PILLOW LAVAS OF CYPRUS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A number of time-domain IP traverses were carried out across two parallel mineralized sheets in the Lower Pillow Lavas, near Mitsero, Cyprus with Huntec Mark III equipment using the pole-dipole array. In one sheet the mineralization was disseminated (2%S), and in the other it was massive (30%S). The transients were recorded at separation n= 2 at a number of points to give the complete shape of the curves. The normalized time integrals were anomalous over the two sheets, but were not significantly different; the highest values being observed over the disseminated sheet. Both sheets were also associated with high electromagnetic components of the decay curve. The chargeability and resistivity values obtained over the disseminated body were considerably higher. The metal factor was also of value in discriminating between massive ore, disseminated mineralization, and barren rock. The values of P2 and P3 for the two bodies were also compared (P2 and P3 are defined by〈displayedItem type="mathematics" xml:id="mu1" numbered="no"〉〈mediaResource alt="image" href="urn:x-wiley:00168025:GPR906:GPR_906_mu1"/〉where M1 to M4 are the amplitudes of the decay curve at 55, 130, 280 and 580 ms respectively). For the massive ore, P was inversely related to M, but for the disseminated ore P was independent of M. Four simple parameters from the decay curves show that indices of curve shape offer the best prospect of grade discrimination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb01034.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb00701.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SOIL CONSOLIDATION BEHAVIOR ASSESSED BY SEISMIC VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Large gravity platforms are often used as alternatives to the more conventional pilesupported structures in hydrocarbon exploitation. A gravity structure, as opposed to the piled structure, is sitting on the sea floor by virtue of its weight and base width; as such it poses considerable problems for the site investigation engineer. One such problem is the calculation of the settlement of the structure and its time history; these depend upon the permeability and compressibility of the soil and its drainage conditions. The required data are usually obtained by sampling for subsequent laboratory testing. The collection of an undisturbed sample is beset by problems so that the consolidation behavior of the foundation material can only be inadequately assessed by laboratory testing. However, a series of laboratory consolidation experiments during which seismic velocities have been measured on the sample as consolidation proceeds shows that it is possible to reconstruct the stress-strain and time-dependent curves from the seismic data, once the initial void ratio and permeability of the soil are known. This leads the way to an in situ technique for predicting settlement using a combination of geophysical techniques (electrical resistivity and seismic velocities) to obtain the required engineering properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb00705.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    UNDERGROUND GRAVITY SURVEY IN ALPINE REGIONS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: An underground gravity study was carried out under extreme conditions of the Alpine regions. The lead–zinc mine Bleiberg, Carinthia, was selected as an example to show the possibilities and limitations of the subsurface gravity method. For in situ density determinations, gravity measurements were made in two vertical mine shafts passing through Triassic sedimentary rocks of the Bleiberg Unit. The main prblem in gravity data reduction in extremely rugged topography is the accurate calculation of the terrain effect on underground stations. A general discussion of the various corrections required for the gravity measurements in the mine is presented. The mean interval densities in the two shafts, in limestone, dolomite, and schists formations, were determined as 2.76 and 2.77 g/cm3, respectively, with an accuracy of better than 0.01 g/cm3 for a depth interval of 50 m. The interval densities provide valuable information about the lithological and structural changes in the shaft surroundings and also agree well with the representative hand sample densities.In the second part, the applications of subsurface horizontal gravity surveys in exploration are discussed. Since the influence of topography is less underground because of the greater distance to the surface, subsurface surveys have definite advantages over surface surveys and can be very helpful in locating anomalous density zones in the mines. An example of gravity survey with a station spacing of 10 m at a depth of about 540 m is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb01021.x
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    DISCUSSION ON “INTERACTION EFFECTS IN MARINE SEISMIC SOURCE ARRAYS” (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb01027.x
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    DETERMINATION OF LATERAL INHOMOGENEITIES IN REFLECTION SEISMICS BY INVERSION OF TRAVELTIME RESIDUALS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Lateral inhomogeneities generate fluctuations in the traveltime of seismic waves. By evaluation of these traveltime fluctuations from different source and receiver positions, lateral inhomogeneities can be located using a pseudo inverse matrix method (Aki, Christoffersson and Husebye 1977). The formulation of the problem is possible for transmitted waves as well as for reflected and refracted waves. In reflection seismics this method is of importance, if no reflections from the inhomogeneities themselves, but only reflections from lower boundaries can be observed.The basic assumptions for the mathematical formulation are (1) the average velocities and depths of the reflecting horizons are known already from standard processing methods, and (2) the traveltime residuals are due to lateral velocity changes between different reflectors or between reflectors and the surface. The area of the earth to be considered is divided into layers and the layers into rectangular blocks. The parallel displacement of a ray after passing a disturbed block is neglected, only the traveltime residual is taken into account.In this paper the method and its application to data obtained with two-dimensional models are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb00399.x
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  • 22
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    ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD OF SOURCES AT THE SURFACE OF A HOMOGENEOUS CONDUCTING HALFSPACE WITH HORIZONTAL ANISOTROPY: APPLICATION TO FISSURED MEDIA (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The electric and magnetic fields generated by horizontal electric and vertical magnetic dipoles lying on the surface of a conducting medium with horizontal anisotropy are investigated. Full expressions of their Fourier transforms are given, and the fields for a vertical magnetic dipole are calculated numerically. The radial and vertical magnetic components are found to be independent of the receiver-transmitter direction, whereas the other magnetic and electric components strongly vary with this direction. These results give useful criteria for defining the direction and amplitude of anisotropy from ground data; a ground experiment on fissured limestone was found to confirm the expected variations of the various field components. It is believed that this electromagnetic method can be used in order to provide information about the direction and amplitude of electric anisotropy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb00711.x
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  • 23
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    THE RATIO OF THE PP- TO THE SS-REFLECTION COEFFICIENT AS A POSSIBLE FUTURE METHOD TO ESTIMATE OIL AND GAS RESERVOIRS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: On the basis of known relationships between various elastic moduli and porosity in a porous medium and of various parameters from well-logs, the reflection coefficient for normal incidence of P-waves is compared to that of S-waves. If pores contain gas, the reflection coefficient in S is much smaller than that of P but shows large differences for different gas concentration in one of the two layers while the reflection coefficient in P is insensitive to the gas concentration. It is found that the ratio of the two reflection coefficients provides a powerful tool for discriminating between layers of different degrees of gas concentration and for the extension of the sensitivity of the bright-spot technique to greater depths.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb00693.x
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  • 24
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    EXPLORATION OF BURUNDI NICKELIFEROUS LATERITES BY ELECTRICAL METHODS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The laterites in Burundi, which are formed by weathering of ultrabasic rocks, show a complete profile with the following horizons: canga, the ferruginous crust capping, ferralite, consisting essentially of iron hydroxides, and saprolite, which contains a large quantity of hydrosilicate minerals. Nickel bearing minerals occur in the saprolite and the lower portion of ferralite.Resistivity well-logging and resistivity sounding indicated that the electrical properties of rocks depend upon their composition: Canga and ferralite showed high resistivities of 6,500 Ωm and 800 Ωm, respectively. The resistivity of saprolite was found to be much lower, between 10 Ωm and 20 Ωm. The laterite is underlain by resistive peridotite. The chargeability of saprolite was found to be lower than that of the upper horizons and the bedrock.Electrolytic conductivity of laterite, which depends on the geometry of the deposit, was found to be low, because the laterite contains moisture and ground water, which are highly resistive. The relatively high conductivity of saprolite is caused by nickeliferous hydrosilicates, which exhibit the electrical properties of clay minerals, with an apparent maximum conductivity of 0.25 S/m. The conductivity of saprolite corresponds to a concentration between 30% and 50% of conductive silicate minerals distributed in the pore space of deposit. A nickel enrichment of up to 6% was estimated from the resistivity of the saprolite.Prospecting for laterites by electrical sounding showed that the development of laterite horizons in a nickel deposit correlates with the surface morphology of weathered ultrabasic massif. Thus the method can be used in preliminary exploration of such deposits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb00405.x
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    REPLY TO COMMENTS BY D. GUPTASARMA (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb00410.x
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    STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE GRAVITY METHOD OF CALCULATING THE DEPTH TO THE PRE-CENOZOIC SURFACE IN YUCCA FLAT, NEVADA TEST SITE (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Thirty-eight gravity method estimates of the depth to the pre-Cenozoic surface under Yucca Flat are used to determine the statistical accuracy associated with the gravity method. Results indicate that the gravity method tends to overestimate the depth to the pre-Cenozoic surface, on the average, by 3.5 m with a standard deviation of 75.2 m. No significant change of this statistical estimate was observed with (1) depth, (2) location, or (3) date when the gravity-method estimate was made.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb01009.x
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    THE AIRBORNE ELECTROMAGNETIC METHOD AS A TOOL OF GEOLOGICAL MAPPING (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Since its development some thirty years ago, the airborne electromagnetic (AEM) method has been primarily used as a tool for mineral prospecting. However, advanced AEM systems are capable of other tasks, such as geological mapping and groundwater exploration. Excellent correlation between maps of apparent conductivity and geological maps was observed in several regions of Brazil where AEM surveys were performed. The degree of correlation seems to depend on the local climate. In humid and subhumid tropical regions, a weathered layer develops whose thickness and conductivity depend upon bedrock lithology. Therefore certain lithological types can be recognized from their conductivity signature; e.g., granites and Precambrian coarse clastic rocks are resistive, metavolcanic (particularly mafic) and volcanic rocks are conductive, Phanerozoic sediments are generally highly conductive.Two geophysical surveys are analyzed in the paper. The first was conducted with the time-domain, towed-bird AEM system in the Itapicuru greenstone belt in the state of Bahia. The apparent conductivity map correlated better with the local lithology than the magnetic map. Results of the AEM survey were successfully used to improve the regional geological map. A helicopter EM system was used in the second survey, which covered a portion of the Precambrian shield of Rio Grande do Sul. Also in this region ground checks confirmed the usefulness of conductivity surveys in geological mapping.The technique outlined in the paper holds great promise for countries of humid tropical climate, where few outcrops exist and access is often difficult. The tests performed in Brazil indicate that by executing AEM/aeromagnetic surveys during initial stages of mapping and exploration programs, time and expenditure required for geological field work can be considerably reduced. The resulting geological maps are more accurate and the inventory of mineral occurrences becomes more complete.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb01011.x
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    A TUNNEL RESOLUTION INVESTIGATION USING AN AUTOMATED RESISTIVITY TANK ANALOG (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The examination of apparent resistivity space sections over two-dimensional targets requires the accumulation of large amounts of data, if the resistivity field is to be adequately described.Whilst such data may be obtained from an intensive sounding traverse in the field, it is desirable for interpretation purposes to be able to generate such space sections for a range of model variations.Within their limitations, tank analogs can be used to provide such interpretation material, but the collection of data can itself be time-consuming. In this paper, an account is given of the development of an automated tank analog, where an entire space section can be scanned and the output obtained in paper tape format for later processing on a digital computer. The resistance measurement accuracy attained is comparable with normal field measurement accuracy.A practical example of the use of this analog in investigating the problem of resolving and discriminating between two horizontal cylindrical tunnels is given. This problem is basic to an understanding of the minimum size and disposition of targets which can be observed on a space section. The square array has been used in this example because of its good resolution properties in general prospecting rather than its particular suitability for the targets investigated. The directional response of the array is also illustrated and discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb01033.x
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    ELECTROMAGNETIC PROSPECTING FOR GROUNDWATER IN PRECAMBRIAN TERRAINS IN THE REPUBLIC OF UPPER VOLTA (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The “Autorité des amenegements des valées des Voltas (AVV)” is establishing new rural settlements in the Volta valleys. First, a survey of available water supplies is performed. Economic aquifers in Precambrian terrains are deep (15–50 m) and usually occur in fractured zones accompanying faults. Such zones can be identified on aerial photographs, but their precise location on the ground is virtually impossible by visual means. Because of the small size of the aquifers, a location error of 5 m can make the difference between a productive well and a dry hole.Traditionally, resistivity profiling has been used as the means of locating the fractured zones in the field. Our studies suggest that the task can be performed faster, cheaper and more accurately by VLF and EM methods. Because of the limited choice of transmitting stations reccivable in Upper Volta, the VLF method is not sufficiently sensitive to detect conductors with a strike between 45° and 105°. The results obtained with a multifrequency, horizontal-loop EM (HLEM) system were satisfactory in all investigated areas. During the 1980 field season, 35 target areas were surveyed. Of the 24 holes drilled so far, 23 are productive.The weathered layer is a source of distinctive HLEM anomalies, which are characteristic of the underlying rocks. Therefore, different interpretational procedures had to be developed for granitic and volcano-sedimentary areas. Despite the high background level of in-phase and quadrature components, which varied with thickness and conductivity of the weathered layer, aquifers could be detected at a depth greater than 30 m. Attempts were made to interpret the HLEM results quantitatively using two models: a three-layer medium and a valley discontinuity. The latter model is more realistic, but more scale modelling will have to be performed to permit development of viable interpretational procedures. Meanwhile, phasor diagrams based on drilling and resistivity sounding data can be used to estimate the aquifer depth.
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    ADDITIONAL REPLY TO COMMENTS BY GUPTA SARMA ON “A THEOREM FOR DIRECT CURRENT REGIMES AND SOME OF ITS CONSEQUENCES’ AND SOME RELATED PAPERS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb00712.x
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    ZERO MEMORY NON-LINEAR DECONVOLUTION (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A type of iterative deconvolution that extracts the source waveform and reflectivity from a seismogram through the use of zero memory, non-linear estimators of reflection coefficient amplitnde is developed. Here, we present a theory for iterative deconvolution that is based upon the specification of a stochastic model describing reflectivity. The resulting parametric algorithm deconvolves the seismogram by forcing a filtered version of the seismogram to resemble an estimated reflection coefficient sequence. This latter time series is itself obtained from the filtered seismogram, and so a degree of iteration is required. Algorithms utilizing zero memory non-linearities (ZNLs) converge to a family of processes, which we call Bussgang, of which any colored Gaussian process and any independent process are members. The direction of convergence is controlled by the choice of ZNL used in the algorithm. Synthetic and real data show that, generally, five to ten iterations are required for acceptable deconvolutions.
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    SIMPLIFIED EXPRESSIONS FOR THE MAGNETIC ANOMALIES DUE TO VERTICAL RECTANGULAR PRISMS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The magnetic anomaly due to a uniformly magnetized vertical rectangular prism and that due to an arbitrary structure which can be divided into a number of such prisms are expressed in forms suitable for rapid computation. Both two-dimensional and three-dimensional cases are considered. The simplified expressions will find use in interpretation techniques where repeated computations have to be made of the anomaly due to prisms as in automated fitting of prism anomalies to observed magnetic anomalies using non-linear optimization techniques or related methods.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb01032.x
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    COMMENTS ON “THE OFFSET SYSTEM OF ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY SOUNDING AND ITS USE WITH A MULTICORE CABLE’ BY R. D. BARKER (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb01037.x
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    DETERMINATION OF THE NATURE OF RESERVOIRS BY USE OF PATTERN RECOGNITION ALGORITHM WITH PRIOR LEARNING (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The determination of the nature of reservoirs containing hydrocarbons is approached via a pattern-recognition method with prior learning. This method consists of comparing the nature of a reservoir that has been drilled into with an unknown reservoir. The known reservoir plays the part of a monitor for the learning process. To this end an algorithm is compiled using the Burg method of the features represented by different portions of traces contained in the reservoirs. An analysis of the dots representing these different features serves as a criterion for deciding whether the two reservoirs have identical or different natures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb00703.x
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    FILTER DESIGN FOR SUPPRESSION OF SURFACE MULTIPLES IN A NON-NORMAL INCIDENCE SEISMOGRAM (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: In this paper we design a non-linear filter to suppress surface multiples in a non-normal incidence plane wave seismogram of a horizontally-layered elastic (or acoustic) earth model. Our filter is optimal in a least-squares sense and is very efficient in suppressing surface multiples, especially for small incidence angles. The design is based on an extension of earlier work by Mendel on normal incidence Bremmer series decomposition to the case of non-normal incidence, and relies heavily on work by Aminzadeh on a non-normal incidence state space model.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb01030.x
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    SHOVER SHEAR-WAVE GENERATION BY VIBRATION ORTHOGONAL TO THE POLARIZATION (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The radiation distribution of a single vibrator can be described using the formulas given by Miller and Pursey. From these the displacement characteristic for the radial component and also for horizontal component can be derived. This horizontal component is strengthened by adding another vibrator with opposite polarity near the first one. When this horizontal component is oriented perpendicular to the X-Z plane (plane spanned by the direction of the spread and the vertical axes), an SH-wave can be generated. Survey results indicate that this method works efficiently.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb00694.x
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    FLUID-FLOW MONITORING USING ELECTROMAGNETIC PROBING (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: High-frequency electromagnetic probing is used to monitor the rate and direction of flow of fluids injected into the ground. This method shows the potential for providing more detailed information than procedures presently used. The experimental technique and the test-of-concept experimental results are discussed. This technique has applications in oil-reservoir engineering and in hydrology studies concerning storage of chemical wastes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb00699.x
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    CURVED RAYPATH INTERPRETATION OF SEISMIC REFRACTION DATA (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Vertical velocity gradients can be readily accommodated in seismic refraction interpretations by using simple mathematical idealizations of curved raypaths entailed by certain analytic representations of these gradients. Computation procedures are formulated for velocity gradients in the overburden or an intermediate layer of a multilayer section. The former is demonstrated for an overburden velocity gradient manifest in published time-distance data.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb01031.x
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    LABORATORY INSTRUMENTATION TO STUDY CHANGES OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF ROCKS WITH CHANGES OF FREQUENCY, TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A laboratory instrument was developed to investigate the electrical properties of rock samples with respect to changes of frequency, temperature and pressure. The instrument can be used to obtain general trends and typical values for geological media. It should be of particular interest in geothermal studies and research in the geophysical properties of rocks.The design intervals for quantities under investigation were 20–300°C, 105-4 × 107 Pa and 5 × 10−4-103 Hz. Certain limitations exist on the simultaneous use of the highest values of temperature and pressure.The main features of the instrument are: analog electrical outputs recorded by an x-y recorder or observed on a scope with an attached camera (according to the frequency range); pressures produced by an oil hydraulic system in order to ensure electrical insulation of the sample; temperatures obtained by placing the pressure vessel into a thermostatically controlled room. Thus the monitoring instrumentation is directly accessible during the experiment. Information is also given about calibration procedures and examples of rock sample data are given.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb01035.x
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    REPLY TO COMMENTS BY A. ROY (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb01038.x
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    OPTIMUM HYPERBOLIC MOVEOUT FILTERS WITH APPLICATIONS TO SEISMIC DATA (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Optimum multichannel filters can be designed to process seismic events falling on hyperbolic moveout curves using the conventional least-squares method. Contrary to the linear moveout filters, autocorrelation and crosscorrelation functions inherent in the normal equations have to be computed numerically. However, computation times of filter coefficients are comparable to linear moveout operators.For a given source-receiver geometry and assuming straight ray-path, relative moveout of a seismic reflection event is dependent on the two way arrival time and rms velocity. Consequently, to avoid overlapping of pass and reject moveout windows, hyperbolic moveout filters have to be designed over time gates rather than for the whole record lengths. Hyperbolic and hyperbolic-linear moveout filters applied to synthetic and field seismic reflection traces show good signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio improvements. Results of some combined synthetic and field data examples are presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb00704.x
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    RECURSIVE MIGRATION IN THREE DIMENSIONS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A simple theory is presented to derive explicit recursive migration schemes in three dimensions which are suitable for situations with lateral velocity variations. The proposed schemes can be realized by one-dimensional convolutions along the x-axis and y-axis. An investigation is made on the errors of each scheme. For each frequency component the amplitude error and the phase error are computed as a function of the immergence angle (dip). Based on the error analysis a critical discussion is given on the stability of explicit schemes.
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    REDUCTION OF HARMONIC DISTORTION IN VIBRATORY SOURCE RECORDS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Due to non-linear effects, the swept frequency signals (sweeps) transmitted into the subsurface by vibrators are contaminated by harmonics. Upon correlation of the recorded seismograms, these harmonics lead to noise trains which are particularly disturbing in the case of down-sweeps. The method described in this paper—which can be regarded as a generalization of Sorkin's approach to the suppression of even order harmonics—allows elimination, from the final vibratory source seismogram, of harmonics of the sweep up to any desired order. It requires that not one single signal but rather a series of M signals is employed where each signal has an initial phase differing from that of the previous one of the series by the phase angle 2πM. Prior to stacking, the seismograms generated with the different signals have to be brought into the form they would have if they had been generated with the same signal.The method seems also to be capable of reducing the correlation noise if sign-bit recording techniques are used.
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    RELATIONS OF IP DECAY-CURVE STATISTICS AND GEOLOGY (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Six thousand three hundred IP measurements made in central and southern Germany have been statistically evaluated. Shapes of IP decay curves obtained in the course of routine prospecting for sulfides were characterized in the following way: three chargeabilities were recorded during the 2 s current-off time. By dividing the last by the first chargeability an “IP decay coefficient’ was calculated and statistically evaluated by means of histograms. When the histograms were compared with the statistics of apparent resistivity and chargeability, no relationship could be detected. Therefore, the histograms of M3/M1 values represent a characteristic property of distinct areas with certain geological features, mineral assemblage and tectonics. Weathering does not alter this geophysical “fingerprint”, which depends solely on geology.
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    VELOCITY ANALYSIS USING ITERATIVE STACKING (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: An iterative stacking algorithm (superstack) has been applied in velocity analysis as a velocity filter prior to the coherency measurements. The effect of this filtering is demonstrated on both synthetic and real data using the following three methods of velocity analysis: Constant velocity stack, constant velocity gather, and velocity spectrum. The experimental results indicate that the velocity analysis can be improved by this approach.
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    A NOTE ON THE USE OF A NOMOGRAM FOR SELF-POTENTIAL ANOMALIES (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    Notes: A nomogram has been devised for situations, in which the source of a self-potential anomaly can be approximated by an obliquely polarized sphere or horizontal cylinder embedded in a homogeneous half space. The nomogram can be used for rapid determination of three parameters of the target: (1) depth to the centre, (2) angle between the axis of polarization and the horizontal, (3) shift of the point vertically above the centre of the body from zero potential value.The nomogram has been tested and the parameters determined for SP results obtained over ore bodies Weiss and Süleymanköy in the Ergani Copper district, Turkey. The curves computed for the estimated parameters match the field curves well.
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    ERRATUM (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb01016.x
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    THE AMPLITUDE AND PHASE RESPONSE OF A SEISMIC VIBRATOR (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The amplitude and phase response of a simple model is compared with the performance of a real vibrator working in the field. The field results show a characteristic phase response which confirms that the real drive force applied to the baseplate and its load impedance is faithfully represented by the acceleration of the reaction mass. It follows that all the parameters necessary to calculate the load impedance and the true power dissipated in the earth can be measured at the output of the vibrator. It also follows that the current method of baseplate phase compensation should be reconsidered.
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    E-POLARIZATION BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ABOVE LATERALLY NON-UNIFORM CONDUCTORS FOR A SIMPLE INDUCTION MECHANISM (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The induction problem for an inhomogeneous two-dimensional conductor presenting a vertical contact between two media of diverse conductivities is considered. The general solution of the Helmholtz equation in the atmosphere is constructed for a simple induction mechanism. It is found that in the E-polarization case the anomalous field behavior in the boundary region and beyond differs from the generally assumed one. The conclusion of this paper is that the boundary conditions widely utilized in numerical computations have to be modified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb00696.x
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    FOCUSSED ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY ARRAYS: SOME THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL EXPERIMENTS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The “Laterolog 7′’and the “Microlaterolog’ have been studied theoretically for the case of a conducting halfspace containing a single overburden, using a technique based on the method of images. The results have shown these focussed arrays to be more sensitive to the lower medium (i.e., having greater depth of investigation) than unfocussed ones of the same dimensions, when the “correct’ geometric factor is used. The geometric factor of a focussed electrode array is somewhat involved, and is explained with reference to an ideal focussed array; such an array would pass a measuring current of constant intensity into a fixed geometrical shape of conducting material, irrespective of any layering or any other heterogenities that may be present, using auxiliary current sources of variable magnitude. This concept of a constant amount of current flowing in a beam of fixed geometry and current density, is the basis of focussed arrays, and it is shown that the geometric factor, used to calculate the apparent resistivity, is the one derived when considering the homogeneous case. The value of the constant measuring current, alone, is used to convert the measured potential difference into a resistance, the ratio between this value and the combined intensities of the auxiliary current sources, for the homogeneous case, being incorporated into the geometric factor.Surprisingly good agreement was found between the theoretical models and practical experiments using a focussing seabed resistivity probe which is a substantial modification of the “Microlaterolog”. Both show similar deviations from the ideal case which are explained in terms of refraction at the overburden interface. All experiments indicated that focussed arrays have a greater depth of investigation than similar unfocussed ones for a single overburden, whether it be resistive or conductive.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb00698.x
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    A FORWARD GENERATED SYNTHETIC SEISMOGRAM FOR EQUAL-DELAY LAYERED MEDIA MODELS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A forward solution for the reflection response of a parallel stratified lossless medium characterized by discrete reflection coefficients and unequal layer delays, for a normally incident pressure source signal, is presented. The notation, which details the reflection history of each wavelet in a response record, facilitates systematic enumeration of all terms in the reflection impulse response model, the determination of compact closed form expressions for amplitudes and delays of multiply reflected wavelets, and the aggregation of dynamic analog groups. An equal delay time constraint on layer thicknesses leads then to the reflection sequence or synthetic seismogram structure as an infinite sum of wavelets by their order of reflection.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb01019.x
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    A SIMPLE DERIVATION OF SEIGEL'S TIME DOMAIN INDUCED POLARIZATION FORMULA (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: It is advantageous to postulate the phenomenological equivalence of chargeability with a slight increase in resistivities rather than a similar reduction in the conductivities. Substitution of these increments in the expression for the total differential of apparent resistivity leads directly to Seigel's formula. Included also are (i) an equally simple demonstration that, for a homogeneously chargeable ground with arbitrary resistivity distribution, the apparent chargeability ma, equals the true homogeneous value m, and (ii) a direct derivation of the completely general resistivity relation〈displayedItem type="mathematics" xml:id="mu1" numbered="no"〉〈mediaResource alt="image" href="urn:x-wiley:00168025:GPR432:GPR_432_mu1"/〉where the symbols have the usual meanings.
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    REPLY TO M.H. SAFAR'S ‘DISCUSSION ON “INTERACTION EFFECTS IN MARINE SEISMIC SOURCE ARRAYS”‘ (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb01028.x
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    THE OFFSET SYSTEM OF ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY SOUNDING AND ITS USE WITH A MULTICORE CABLE (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: One of the most troublesome problems in resistivity sounding is caused by the spurious effects of near-surface lateral resistivity variations. It has been found that the effects can be strongly reduced by measuring earth resistances at two electrode array positions such that in one position the lateral effect is a positive contribution to the total measured signal and in the other the contribution is negative. The subsequent combination of the two measurements virtually eliminates the lateral effect.The same technique can also result in a significant reduction in the total number of necessary electrode positions. Consequently the method can be used with a multicore cable system. In this way, in addition to improving the accuracy of the measured results, time and manpower are considerably reduced.Details of the method, examples and comparisons with traditional sounding techniques are given.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb01015.x
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    ON THE SIGNIFICANCE OF AMPLITUDE STUDIES IN SHALLOW REFRACTION SEISMICS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: An analysis of amplitudes of refraction records of some shallow refraction profiles shot primarily for detailing the near-surface structure in a granitic terrain has yielded information on refractor properties: reduced amplitudes are plotted on amplitude-distance graphs. The negative power n to which distance should be raised to represent (elastic) amplitude decay with respect to distance due to spreading of the critically refracted wave involved is examined. Computed values of this “spreading index”n are close to n = 2 as predicted by the theory.With this value of n, amplitude data are processed to determine residual attenuation attributable to elastic absorption in the bedrock. A graphical approach for this purpose from comparison of amplitude-distance graphs with the plots of amplitude decay due to spreading which is applicable to flat and horizontal refractor situations is suggested. Assuming residual attenuation to represent absorption in the granite bedrock, the computed coefficients of absorption, which vary from 0.5 to 3.90 km−1 for a frequency of 50 Hz, are obtained.From amplitude graphs of reversed profiles it is shown that the amplitude differences plot bears a relation to lateral velocity changes in the refractor. From comparison of practical amplitude decay graphs with those computed for different subsurface models, it appears possible to detect fractured rock occurrences in the refractor.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb01018.x
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    LOW-FREQUENCY STANDARD HYDROPHONE FOR CALIBRATING LINE HYDROPHONE ARRAYS (SEISMIC STREAMERS) AND MARINE SEISMIC SOURCES (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The design of a standard hydrophone with a maximally flat (Butterworth) response in the frequency range 8.0 Hz-1.0 kHz is described. The standard hydrophone has been developed primarily for calibrating line hydrophone arrays (seismic streamers) and marine seismic sources.The standard hydrophone has been used successfully during the past eight years for monitoring the output of a single air gun. It can be used for the calibration of a marine seismic streamer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb00706.x
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    COMPUTATION OF THE ELECTRIC POTENTIAL IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A method has been developed for computation of the electrical DC potential of an arbitrary three-dimensional resistivity structure using a finite difference method. The threedimensionality is necessary for interpretation of geoelectrical soundings with controlled point sources over a laterally inhomogeneous medium. Lateral inhomogeneities should be considered in resistivity soundings with large layouts. The results obtained with the described method permit a more realistic representation of geological features.The resolution of the method is determined by the number of elements in the resistivity network. The problem of core memory space has been resolved by using random access disc files. The results computed using a Fortran program are in good agreement with analytically obtained solutions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb00710.x
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    THE KUNETZ RELATIONS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: In discussion of the one-dimensional wave equation the Kunetz “energy relations’ are often invoked. Since the treatment often involves lengthy algebraic calculations which yield a simple result, it may be of interest to present an elementary derivation from first principles. A generalization to higher-dimensional wave equations follows readily.
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    RESISTIVITY PROFILING WITH DIFFERENT ELECTRODE ARRAYS OVER A GRAPHITE DEPOSIT (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Motivated by several papers by Indian colleagues suggesting that a single-pole array is the most favorable one for locating electrically conductive targets in the underground, detailed measurements were carried out with different electrode arrays over a well-known graphite deposit near Pfaffenreuth, Germany. The following arrays were used: (1) Wenner array; (2) single-pole array; (3) half-Wenner array; (4) half-Schlumberger array. Each of the arrays established the location of the main graphite deposit. The half-Schlumberger array turned out to be the most reliable one since it showed details which were only very poorly indicated by the other arrays or not at all.Mathematical modeling of three-dimensional bodies simulating the geological situation for this deposit were carried out. These results show an unexpectedly good correlation with the measured effects.
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    SYSTEMATIC CLASSIFICATION OF LAYER-INDUCED TRANSVERSE ISOTROPY (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Waves propagating through a sequence of layers that are thin compared with the wavelength show effects of anisotropy: velocity and displacement direction depend on the angle between the plane of layering and the wave normal, and shear waves split up into two distinct types of different velocity. The layered medium can thus be replaced by a transversely isotrophic medium the parameters of which depend on the parameters of the individual constituent layers.A survey of the anisotropy effects possible in such a medium is generally done by varying the layer parameters in order to obtain different replacement media. This approach guarantees that the replacement medium is realistic, but it does not guarantee adequate sampling of the set of replacement media. To this end one has to begin by selecting the replacement media and then check whether the chosen media possess stable (and eventually realistic) representations by layer sequences. In general, there is an infinite number of layer representations for any transversely isotropic medium that can at all be represented. However, if one restricts the solutions to those requiring the minimal number of layers and the minimum number of different layer parameters, the set of solutions has only one free parameter (i.e., it is a one-dimensional manifold), and an important subset even has a unique solution. A simple algorithm exists for the determination of these “simplest representations”.Aside from sampling the set of representable transversely isotropic media for survey purposes, the method can be applied to the problem of determining the cause of observed anisotropy effects (or lateral changes in such effects). If this method can be applied to real data, it would for instance allow to determine changes in relative thickness or lithology on a scale smaller than the limit of resolution of the seismic method.
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    A STRATIGRAPHIC CASE HISTORY USING THREE-DIMENSIONAL SEISMIC DATA IN THE GULF OF THAILAND (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A three-dimensional marine seismic survey was conducted in the Gulf of Thailand to aid in the development of a gas field indicated by three wildcat wells. The results and interpretation reported previously demonstrated improved fault resolution and better structural definition.Five successful appraisal wells have now been drilled, and these show that most of the sands have limited extent. Widespread character changes in the seismic data also support stratigraphic variations in many of the sands.Several new methods of 3D stratigraphic interpretation have been developed while investigating the depositional history of this area. Anomalous seismic amplitudes, tied to sands penetrated by wells and mapped from SeiscropTM horizontal sections in time and depth, have indicated the distribution of bars and channels. Horizon Seiscrop sections, each sliced through a single bed, have been used to delineate these depositional features directly. G-LOGTM sections, displaying seismic logs derived by rigorous wave equation inversion, confirm the existence of these features. Sands greater than 10 m thick have proved mappable.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb01017.x
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    NEW ASPECTS IN THE INVERSION OF GRAVITY PROFILES BY POLYNOMIAL METHOD (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The gravity anomaly caused by a deviation of a density interface that is of constant profile but finite extension (a so-called 2 1/2-dimensional structure) can be expressed in polynomial form that can be inverted. Numerical experiments with synthetic structures show the viability of this inversion method.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb01022.x
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    ELECTROMAGNETIC RESPONSE OF FOLD MODELS IN A UNIFORM FIELD (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The electromagnetic response of anticline fold models in a uniform field has been studied using scale-modeling. With the increasing conductance the in-phase anomaly increases initially but then starts to decrease and finally attains a negative saturations, whilst the quadrature anomaly reaches a positive saturation. E.M. response of folds is similar to that of an interaction between two weakly coupled circuits in a dipolar field. The base of the fold is one of the characteristic parameters to determine the measured response.
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    REFEREES 1980 (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1981.tb01029.x
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    INMOD—TWO DIMENSIONAL INVERSE MODELING ALGORITHM BASED ON RAY THEORY (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Two dimensional inverse modeling, a process to be applied after standard processing and interpretation, uses interfaces picked by the user. These interfaces are transformed into an approximate subsurface model.The subsurface model is represented by curved interfaces and interval velocities. The interfaces have to be unique functions of the line coordinate. Otherwise they may be arbitrarily curved and may begin or terminate anywhere along the section, e.g., at faults, pinchouts, salt domes and the like. Interval velocities may vary laterally along the section. The inverse modeling algorithm then modifies the model until traveltimes calculated from this model match the traveltimes observed as closely as possible in a least squares sense.The traveltimes corresponding to the model are obtained through ray tracing taking exact account of refraction. The traveltimes observed are the arrival times of single impulses before stacking contributing to the interfaces. These traveltimes are provided by ANAKON, a continuous interface analysis system.The comparison of INMOD results with those of well measurements and those of classical interval velocity computation from seismic data shows the accuracy of the method. Deviations of INMOD derived interface depths are within 2% of well data.
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    NON-LINEAR ESTIMATION OF REFLECTION COEFFICIENTS FROM SEISMIC DATA (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: For years, reflection coefficients have been the main aim of traditional deconvolution methods for their significant informational content.A method to estimate seismic reflection coefficients has been derived by searching for their amplitude and their time positions without any other limitating assumption. The input data have to satisfy certain quality constraints like amplitude and almost zero phase noise—ghosts, reverberations, long period multiples, and diffracted waves should be rejected by traditional processing. The proposed algorithm minimizes a functional of the difference between the spectra of trace and reflectivity in the frequency domain. The estimation of reflection coefficients together with the consistent “wavelet’ is reached iteratively with a multidimensional Newton-Raphson technique. The residual error trace shows the behavior of the process. Several advantages are then obtainable from these reflection coefficients, like conversion to interval velocities with an optimum calibration either to the well logs or to the velocity analysis curves. The procedure can be applied for detailed stratigraphic interpretations or to improve the resolution of a conventional velocity analysis.
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    A TIME-DOMAIN APPROACH TO THE NORMAL-INCIDENCE INVERSE PROBLEM (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 29 (1981), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: This tutorial paper presents a time-domain derivation of the Normal equations which are associated with the normal-incidence inverse problem. Connections are made between our time-domain derivation and the more familiar z-transform transfer function derivation.
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    Potential evapotranspiration from barley and short cut grass in relation to the surface energy budget (1981)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 57-70 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Auf der landwirtschaftlichen Universität von Norwegen (59δ 40′N, 10δ 46′E) wurde mit vier verschiedenen Lysimetern die potentielle Evapotranspiration (PET) von Gerste und von kurzgeschnittenem Gras gemessen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß in der aktiven Wachstumsperiode die PET von Gerste der PET von Gras gleich ist in Bestätigung der Tatsache, daß die Evapotranspiration von kurzer Vegetation in erster Linie durch meteorologische Faktoren beeinflußt wird, wenn die Wasserzufuhr nicht beschränkt ist. Mit der Formel von Priestley und Taylor PET =α Δ/Δ + γ R n, wo Δ den Abfall des Sättigungsdruckes mit der Temperatur,γ die Psychrometerkonstante undR n die Strahlungs. bilanz bedeuten, kann mit a gleich 1.25 die PET für zehntägige Perioden mit einer Genauigkeit von 10% geschätzt werden. Eine bessere Schätzung wird mit der Formel PET (mm pro 10 Tage) = −5,4 + 6,18 · 10−7 Δ/Δ + γ Rn (J/m2) erhalten.
    Notes: Summary Potential evapotranspiration (PET) from barley and short cut grass have been measured using four different lysimeters at the Agricultural University of Norway (59δ 40′N, 10δ 46′E). In the active growing season the results show that PET for barley is equal to PET for grass, confirming the fact that evapotranspiration is primarily controlled by meteorological factors for short vegetation when water supply is non-limiting. Using the Priestley-Taylor formula PET =α Δ/Δ + γ n, where Δ is the slope of the saturation pressure versus temperature curve,γ is the psychrometric constant andR n net radiation, PET can be estimated to an accuracy of 10% (67% level) for ten-day periods withα equal to 1.25. Even better estimates is obtained by using the formula PET (mm per 10 days) = − 5.4 + 6.18 · 10−7 Δ/Δ +γ R n (J/m2).
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    A sunshine monitor for automatic registration of sunshine duration (1981)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 89-97 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein Sonnenscheingeber und seine Eichung wird beschrieben. Er ist gekennzeichnet durch folgende Merkmale: Sein elektrischer Spannungsausgang liegt hoch (〉 4,5 V) für den Fall „Sonnenschein” und tief (〈 0,4 V) für den Fall „kein Sonnenschein” Seine Eichung auf eine Schwellwertintensität von 200 W/m2 folgt der Sonnenscheindefinition durch die World Meteorological Organization. Er erfordert keine nennenswerte Wartung und er enthält keine beweglichen Teile.
    Notes: Summary A sunshine monitor and its calibration is described. Its important characteristics are: it has an electrical DC level output which is high (〉 4.5 V) for “sunshine” and low (〈 0.4 V) for “no sunshine”; it is calibrated for a threshold sensitivity of 200 W/m2, which meets the sunshine definition of the World Meteorological Organization; it requires very little service and contains no moving parts.
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    Campbell-stokes data for radiation calibration purposes in East Africa (1981)
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 99-109 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, daß auf Grund von Angaben in der Literatur die Konstanten für die statistische Beziehung zwischen der Globalstrahlung und der Sonnenscheindauer für Ostafrika nun hinreichend gesichert angegeben werden können. Werden die Unterschiede der Fehler bei der Datenerfassung mit anderen einfachen Meßmethoden der solaren Einstrahlung berücksichtigt, kann gezeigt werden, daß Campbell-Stokes Meßwerte gut geeignet sind zur Überprüfung, Kalibrierung oder zum zeitweisen Ersatz sonstiger Meßmethoden, wo in den Tropen keine geeichten Pyranometer verfügbar sind. Ein Beispiel wird gegeben für Gunn-Bellanis.
    Notes: Summary It is shown from literature research that constants in the statistical relationship between total global solar radiation and sunshine duration are now well established for East Africa. Taking into account the differences in data collection errors with other simple methods of solar radiation determination, we show Campbell-Stokes data to be suitable for checking, calibrating or temporarily replacing these other methods where no calibrated pyranometers are available in the tropics. An example is given for Gunn-Bellanis.
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    Solar global radiation and climate at Genova, Italy (1981)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 129-135 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Globalstrahlung in GeU und GeMCap analysiert, womit es im Zusammenhang mit den thermo-pluviometrischen Angaben ermöglicht wurde, die klimatischen Charakteristiken eines am Meere gelegten Ortes (GeU) und eines auf den Appenninen gelegenen Ortes (GeMCap) zu beschreiben. Auf GeMCap weisen diese klimatischen Faktoren im Winter-Herbst einen kontinental-maritimen Charakter und im Frühling-Sommer einen streng kontinentalen Charakter auf.
    Notes: Summary It has been analysed the global solar radiation at GeU and GeMCap, that in connection with the thermo-pluviometric data has also allowed to outline the climatic characteristics of a coastal site (GeU) and of a site on Apennin ridge (GeMCap). At GeMCap these climatic parameters show a continental-maritime behaviour in winter-autumn and strictly continental feature in the remaining half year.
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    Solar radiation and sunshine duration in East Asia (1981)
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 111-128 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Zusammenhang zwischen Globalstrahlung und Sonnenscheindauer wird für 132 Stationen in Ostasien untersucht. Es zeigt sich, daß die Regressionskoeffizienten in der modifizierten ÅngströmgleichungQ/Qa = a + b n/N systematisch über das Gebiet verteilt sind, so daß sich niedrige Werte vona und hohe Werte vonb im Wintermaximum/Sommerminimum-Regime vonQ/Qa undn/N ergeben, hohe Werte vona und niedrige Werte vonb dagegen im Winterminimum/Sommermaximum-Regime vonQ/Qa undn/N anfallen. (Die Symbole werden in der Einleitung definiert.) Es ergibt sich daraus, daß Verteilungen der Regressionskoeffizienten eher an Terraingegebenheiten und an das lokale und jahreszeitliche Strahlungsklima geknüpft sind, das durch den vorherrschenden Wintermonsun, Baiu, kontrolliert wird, als an die geographische Breite und an Mittelwerte vonn/N.
    Notes: Summary The relationship between solar radiation and sunshine duration is studied for 132 stations in East Asia. Regression coefficientsa andb in the modified Ångström formulaQ/Qa = a + b n/N are found to be systematically distributed in the area with low values ofa and high values ofb in the winter maximum/summer minimum regime ofQ/Qa andn/N, and high values ofa and low values ofb in the winter minimum/summer maximum regime ofQ/Qa andn/N. This shows that the distribution of regression coefficients is more closely related to the local seasonal radiation climate controlled by the prevailing winter monsoon, Bain, and the terrain features rather than to latitude or meann/N.
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    A comparison of the rainfall climate of eleven places in West Africa using a two-part model for daily rainfall (1981)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 137-155 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit bringt eine Zusammenfassung der mit einem zweiteiligen Modell des täglichen Niederschlags zum Vergleich des Regenklimas von 11 Orten in einem Nord-Süd-Schnitt durch Westafrika erhaltenen Ergebnisse. Die Zahl der Regentage wurde gesondert von den Regenmengen analysiert. Es wurden Kurven der Wahrscheinlichkeit von Regen angepaßt; diese Kurven sind geographisch vereinbar. Die mittlere Länge der Trockenperioden und der Feuchteperioden variiert systematisch im Jahresgang. In der Regenzeit besteht ein nahezu konstantes mittleres Intervall von 4 Tagen zwischen dem Beginn aufeinanderfolgender Regenperioden. Regenmengen werden durch Gamma-Verteilungen beschrieben. Die mittlere Regenmenge pro Regentag ist verhältnismäßig konstant und die Änderung der Regenwahrscheinlichkeit ist daher die bedeutendste Komponente der jahreszeitlichen Änderung und der Differenzen zwischen den Orten.
    Notes: Summary This paper uses the concise summary obtained from a two part model of daily rainfall to compare the rainfall climate of eleven places on a north-south transect in West Africa. The number of rainy days is analysed separately from the amounts of rain. Curves are fitted to the probability of rain and these curves are geographically consistent. The mean length of dry spells and of wet spells vary systematically during the year. In the rainy season there is a nearly constant mean interval of about 4 days between the start of successive rainy spells. The amounts of rain are described by gamma distributions. The mean rainfall per rainy day is relatively constant and variation in the probability of rain is therefore the most important component of seasonal variation and of differences between places.
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    Dependence of wet and dry days in the tropics (1981)
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 167-179 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Abhängigkeit von feuchten und trockenen Tagen vom Zustand an vorhergehenden Tagen für sechs Stationen in Ost- und West-Afrika und in Südost-Asien untersucht. Während eine Anzahl von Untersuchungen in höheren Breiten darauf hinweisen, daß häufig nur der Zustand am vorhergehenden Tag in Betracht zu ziehen ist, zeigt das Ergebnis dieser Studie an, daß in den Tropen mindestens die zwei vorhergehenden Tage von Bedeutung sind. Für manche Stationen mag es angezeigt sein, in bestimmten Zeiten des Jahres die drei vorhergehenden Tage in Betracht zu ziehen.
    Notes: Summary Dependence of the occurrence of wet and dry days on the situation on previous days was tested for six stations in East and West Africa and South East Asia. Although a number of studies in higher latitudes suggest that often only the situation on the previous day needs to be taken into account, evidence from this pilot study indicates that in the tropics, at least the previous two days are important. For some stations at certain times of the year, it may be wise to consider the previous three days.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02278199
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    La variabilité des précipitations dans la Mer Egée (1981)
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 157-166 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This study, inspired by previous works, tries to establish a synthesis on a limited aspect: that is the variability of average precipitations over the Aegean Sea. Moreover, we consider variability parameters mostly used, as well as the most satisfactory technics for plotting this variability on the map.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit wird die Veränderlichkeit des Niederschlages im Ägäischen Meer zur Darstellung gebracht. Ferner werden die gebräuchlichsten Variabilitätsparameter und die am meisten befriedigenden Techniken der Kartendarstellung dieser Veränderlichkeit in Betracht gezogen.
    Notes: Résumé Cette étude qui s'inspire de travaux antérieurs tente d'établir une synthèse sur un aspect limité: selui de la variabilite des precipitations moyennes tombées dans la mer Egée. En outre, nous considérons les parameters de variabilite les plus utilisables, ainsi que les techniques les plus satisfaisantes pour la représentation cartographique de la variabilite.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02278198
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    Die Windböigkeit an der Baumoberhöhe in einem Fichtenwald (1981)
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 181-190 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Windgustiness at the top of a tree which is relevant to tree vibrations within forests is described for a spruce forest (Ebersberger Forst near Munich) applying simple characteristic values of turbulence and gustiness.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei der Untersuchung von Baumschwingungen innerhalb von Wäldern ist die Windböigkeit an der Baumoberhöhe von großer Bedeutung. Für einen Fichtenwald, den Ebersberger Forst bei München, wird sie mit einfachen Turbulenz- und Böigkeitskenngrößen beschrieben.
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    Regarding the delimitation of regions according to climatic fluctuations (1981)
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 215-228 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über die Anwendung der Hauptkomponentenanalyse zur Abgrenzung von Gebieten mit ähnlichen säkularen Tendenzen im Niederschlag berichtet. Eine Alternativmethode der Regionalisierung wird vorgeschlagen und auf eine Reihe von Beobachtungsdaten angewendet, die bereits früher mit der Hauptkomponentenanalyse analysiert worden ist.
    Notes: Summary The use of principal components analysis to delimit regions with similar secular trends in rainfall totals is reviewed. An alternative method of regionalization is proposed and is applied to a data set previously analysed using principal components analysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02263243
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    Meteorological modification of particulate air pollution and visibility patterns at Phoenix, Arizona (1981)
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 229-237 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Sichtbeobachtungsdaten der Periode 1968 bis 1972 in Phönix, Arizona, wurden analysiert, um zu zeigen, wie Änderungen im Laufe der Woche und im Tagesgang durch charakteristische Verunreinigungsquellenstärke und durch meteorologische Erscheinungen beeinflußt werden. Die Ergebnisse bilden eine Grundlage für künftige Untersuchungen zur Klärung von Nachwirkungen einer technologischen Modifikation von Verunreinigungscharakteristiken.
    Notes: Summary Visibility data for the period 1968–1972 at Phoenix, Arizona were analyzed to show how variations among days of the week and hours of the day may be influenced by both pollutant source strength characteristics and meteorological phenomena. The results form the basis for future studies designed to decipher subsequent effects of technological modification of pollutant characteristics.
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    The connection between the measured glass transition temperature and the time dependent order parameter description of the glass transition (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 597-601 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The time dependent order parameter concept of the glass transition is used in a description of the relaxation behaviour of the glassforming material. The connection between the macroscopic theory and the measured glass transition temperature has been determined. It has been found that in a case when the Prigogine-Defay ratio is greater than unity, different values of the relaxation functions of entropy and volume obtained by different experiments (e.g., isobaric dilatometry and isothermal compression) should be used in order to obtain the identical Tg. The Prigogine-Defay ratio is found to be a decreasing function of the observation time reaching values between unity in the limit of infinite time and a limit which corresponds to extremely short experiments.
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    Separation of styrene oligomers by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC) using a modified HPCL-instrument (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 603-608 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary An instrument for High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was modified by relatively simple means for working in the field of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC). By use of this modified apparatus three different gradient methods were tried with respect to their applicability for the analytical separation of oligomers. Especially by using a gradient in eluent composition or by a pressure gradient good resolution could be obtained.
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    Synthesis of ABA triblock copolymers containing electrono-donor or electrono-acceptor pendant groups in A blocks (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 643-649 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary α,ω-p-Toluensulphonic acid ester of poly(ethyleneglycoladipate) was synthesized and used to initiate the cationic isomerization polymerization of 2-phenyl-2-oxazoline, 2-(β-N-Carbazolylethyl)-2-oxazoline and 2-(3,5-dinitrophenyl)-2-oxazoline. ABA triblock copolymers containing poly(N-benzoylethylenimine), poly [N-β(N-carbazolyl)propionyl ethyleneimine] or poly(3,5-dinitrobenzoylethylenimine) blocks (A block) and poly (ethyleneglycoladipate) blocks (B block) have been synthesized.
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    Effect of nucleating agents upon the kinetics of polybutene-1 crystallization (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 635-641 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The influence of various nucleating agents on the crystallization parameters of polybutene-1 is reported. Isothermal crystallization is investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. The morphology induced by the differents nucleating agents has been observed by hot stage polarizing microscopy. It has been stated that the addition of nucleating agent affects the crystallization rate, dimension and homogeneity of spherulitic sizes. The induction time ti, the semicrystallization time t1/2, the crystallization rate constant K, and the Avrami coefficient n were measured and related to the different characteristics of the specimens. Because of the fractional values of n obtained in this study, it is not possible to propose well determined mechanisms of crystallization.
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    NMR study on phase transitions in lyotropic liquid crystals caused by hydrophobic additives (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 667-672 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Broad line NMR spectra have been measured at room temperature of the binary system Arkopal (C9H19C6H4O(CH2CH2O)15H) -heavy water (40 % to 60 % by weight) and of the ternary systems Arkopal — heavy water — paraffin at different paraffin concentrations at constant Arkopal — heavy water ratio. It has been established how the additives change the lyotropic phases.
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    Plasma-induced polymerization (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 61-66 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Investigations carried out in plasma-induced polymerization (copolymerization) led to the idea of the existence of “living” macroradicals. Their presence in both homogeneous and heterogeneous media was experimentally proved and theoretically explained and their use as macromolecular initiators in polymerization processes is exemplified.
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    Physico-chemical studies of polymeric carriers: 2. Molecular mass determination of poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone-co-maleic acid) fractions (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 673-677 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Critical interpretation of the various conceptions concerning the problems in characterization of linear polyelectrolyte type polymers containing maleic acid as a comonomer is given. Proper conditions to avoid the fundamental experimental difficulties are proposed. Our conception is supported by molecular light scattering measurements of hydrolysed, fractionated poly (N-vinylpyrrolidone-co-maleic anhydride) samples. It was found that the problems were eliminated by the reduction of the degree of dissociation of carboxyl groups to a minimum value.
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    Relationship between preferential adsorption coefficient and intrinsic viscosity in ternary systems (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 67-74 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The relation proposed between the preferential adsorption coefficient, λ, and the intrinsic viscosity, ¦η¦ λ¦η¦=λ∞¦η¦+AKθ has been applied in this paper to previously published data. This equation is found to be valid in theta condi tions and far away from them. The obtained results are compared to the ones calculated with the Dondos-Benoit equation.
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    Acid and enzymic hydrolysis of Kappa carrageenan (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 81-86 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary This paper describes the acid and enzymic hydrolysis of Kappa carrageenan and the gel permeation chromatography of the charged oligosaccharides.
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    An empirical model for the melt viscosity of polymer blends (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 75-80 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary On the basis of experimental data for blends of polyethylene with different polymers an empirical equation is proposed to describe the dependence of melt viscosity of blends on component viscosities and composition. The model ensures the continuity of viscosity vs. composition curves throughout the whole composition range, the possibility of obtaining extremum values higher or lower than the viscosities of components, allows the calculation of flow curves of blends from the flow curves of components and their volume fractions.
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    Water vapor absorption and aqueous retention of hydrolyzed starch polyacrylonitrile graft copolymers — “superabsorbent starch” (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 87-94 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Starch copolymers with polyacrylonitrile grafts were prepared using the Mn3+ initiation method and different amounts of acrylonitrile. The product was hydrolyzed in aqueous alkali (nitrile groups to amide and carboxyl groups) to enhance the hydrophilic character of the copolymer and achieve “superabsorbent properties”. At relative humidities (RH) up to 95–97 % the modified starch shows “normal” water vapor absorption like cellulose and other polysaccharides. When in contact with liquid distilled water, the modified starch forms a “superabsorbent” gel which retains very large amounts of water (up to 800 g/g). At low and high pH and in aqueous salt solutions (NaCl, CaCl2 and synthetic urine) the water retention is strongly reduced. This is interpreted as due to the ionic strength (salt effect) and for Ca2+ ions probably also crosslinking by salt formation with carboxyl groups on adjacent chains or chain segments.
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    Rigid backbone polymers (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 95-101 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary It is shown that the inverse velocity of a fallingball in, or ηm the apparent minimum viscosity of, anisotropic solutions of poly(n-hexylisocyanate) in toluene, are molecular weight dependent. The molecular weight dependence follows two linear branches. Below Mw=42600 the apparent minimum viscosity is very weakly dependent on Mw. Above Mw=42600 the apparent minimum viscosity of the anisotropic solution is strongly dependent on the molecular weight.
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    Chemical modification of polystyrene (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 111-116 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Sulfinate functional groups have been introduced on selected positions of the aromatic rings of soluble or crosslinked polystyrene via lithiation reactions followed by quenching with sulfur dioxide. The sulfinate polymers have good stability, can be stored at room temperature, and can be used for ion-exchange or as nucleophiles to produce polymer-bound sulfones. Good functional yields of polystyrene resins with sulfone pendant groups can be obtained by reaction of the polymeric sulfinates with various alkyl halides under phase transfer or classical conditions.
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    A kinetic study of crosslinking vinyl polymerization by laser Raman spectroscopy (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 103-110 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Kinetic studies of crosslinking vinyl polymerizations are usually only applicable to the initial stages of the reaction, prior to the gel point, due to the subsequent insolubility of the polymer and the great increase in viscosity. We have demonstrated the suitability of laser Raman spectroscopy for quantitative analysis over the entire conversion range in an investigation of the polymerization of diethylene glycol bis (allyl carbonate) in bulk, with benzoyl peroxide initiation, between 70 and 85°C. The rate of consumption of vinyl bonds could be approximated by first-order kinetics up to ca. 80% depletion. Lower rates were observed at higher conversions.
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    Correction (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 117-117 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    A modification of rubber elasticity theory (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 151-157 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Based on a reconsideration of the packing conditions in amorphous polymers, a modification of the statistical theory of rubber elasticity is derived. The main assumption is, that the mean square end-to-end distance of a free chain in the bulk state depends on the dimensions of the surrounding chains. The theory describes quite well the deformation behaviour of real elastomeric networks.
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    Micro- and macroconformation of macromolecules (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 131-135 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Cyclotetracosane exhibits complex phase behaviour in the solid state as well as in the melt as evidenced by complementary methods, DSC, BRILLOUIN scattering, dielectric constant and PE-MAS 13c-NMR. Three solid phases have been verified, one of them — within the range from 299.5 to 312 K — exhibits extremely high molecular mobility. Between the start of melting, 312 K, and the first order transition at ∼ 321 K a mesomorphic type region develops. Two additional transitions have been detected in the melt. That occuring at 361 K (DSC), 356 K (BRILLOUIN data) resembles the Tu as observed in n-alkanes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265156
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis, characterization and polycondensation of Bis-(4-hydroxybutyl) terephthalate (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 159-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Monomeric Bis-(4-hydroxybutyl) terephthalate has been synthesized and characterized. Titanium iso-propoxide has been found to be a superior catalyst for transesterification compared to metal acetates. Further polycondensation of Bis (HBT) yields poly (1,4-butylene terephthalate). The effect of various titanium derived catalysts on the polycondensation of Bis (HBT) has been studied. The catalytic efficiency of these derivatives is ascribed to their relative hydrolytic stability and the degree of interaction between the carbonyl oxygen and the metal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265160
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the PVC chlorination mechanism (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 167-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A radiochemical method was used to study PVC chlorination. A reaction mechanism was proposed based on the results obtained from chlorination of 36chlorine labeled PVC. A mechanism was proposed also for chain transfer reaction to polymer in vinyl chloride polymerization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265161
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Longitudinal acoustic modes in cycloalkanes (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 175-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The longitudinal acoustic modes (LAM) of several cycloalkanes ((CH2)14 to (CH2)96) measured by Raman spectroscopy are described. The frequency differences between the LAMs of the cycloalkanes and the corresponding n-alkanes are explained by a simple linear chain model. It is shown that the LAM-modes are practically not affected by the gauche conformations of the two folds in the cyclic molecule.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265162
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A continuum analysis of a system of many ‘real’ chains confined between a pair of ‘sticky’ surfaces, with application to the ‘sandwich’ model of bulk polymers (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 179-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary An analysis is made of a system of many interacting chains confined between a pair of surfaces which exert a short range attraction on the chains. The free energy of the system is determined from the partition functions of the confined chains which are, in turn, determined by solutions to the self consistent field form of the diffusion equation with mixed boundary conditions. The incorporation of the analysis into the ‘sandwich’ model of bulk polymers is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265163
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on syntheses and permeabilities of special polymer membranes (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 195-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The permeation and separation characteristics of methanol/n-pentanol systems and n-propanol/n-heptane systems through nylon 12 membranes were studied by changing the feed composition of the binary organic mixtures. These characteristics were discussed from the viewpoints of physical and chemical nature of the permeating molecules and the membrane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265165
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