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  • 1980-1984  (1,105)
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  • 1981  (1,105)
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  • Articles  (1,105)
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  • 1980-1984  (1,105)
  • 1970-1974
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polystyrene (PS), and an SEBS triblock copolymer were extruded, pelletized, and injection molded. The binary HDPE-PS blends exhibit very poor ductibility; however, addition of the SEBS block copolymer greatly improves this characteristic but with an accompanying loss in strength and modulus. The modified blends are very tough and have mechanical properties suitable for many end use applications. However, weld lines pose a problem and should be avoided with these blends.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 2391-2401 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The compatibility and phase separation behavior of mixtures of the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A and carboxyl-terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymers were studied by means of light transmission, viscosity measurements, and optical microscopy. Cloud point measurements of the blends prior to curing showed a strong influence of acrylonitrile on the miscibility behavior, especially near the critical composition of the system. In addition, the cloud point curves showed a highly skewed shape which turned out to be particularly favorable to the formation of a rigid but tough two-phase structure. Blends subjected to isothermal cure at 120°C were found to begin phase separation at a progressively shorter time with increase in the copolymer content. Furthermore, while the phase domains tended to cease growing at the time of gelation, the composition within the sample continued to change well beyond the gel point.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 2423-2436 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new preparation technique of the polymer plate with high water wettability and sufficient mar resistance was proposed. The gel plate resulting from the prepolymerization of diallyl compound (M1), diallyl phthalate (DAP), in a casting cell was immersed in an aqueous solution of unsaturated carboxylic acid (M2), acrylic acid (AA), and methacrylic acid (MAA), at a specific temperature for a specific time. M2 was copolymerized with the remaining M1 in the region near the surface of the gel plate, and polymer plates with the following characteristics were obtained: for DAP-AA system, θi (contact angle of the alkali-treated plate) = 10.5° and mar resistance (for the alkali-treated plate at a dry state) = 70 g; for DAP-MAA system, θi = 8.3°, and mar resistance = 65 g.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 591-602 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Reticulated polystyrene-divinylbenzene (PSt-DVB) copolymer membranes or thin sheets were prepared using two different methods. The first method employed a nonsolvating diluent which dissolves the monomer but precipitates the polymer. This resulted in skinned membranes with the skin being nonporous, being either crenelated or smooth. The second method used paraffin wax as the inert phase. The wax was precipitated by cooling, followed by polymerization of the styrene. The wax was then solvent extracted. This resulted in a reticulated structure both on the surface and in the interior of the membrane. The resulting products from the two methods were compared using scanning electron microscopy. The objective of this study was to prepare a skinless, macroporous, crosslinked polystyrene, as polymer I for the preparation of novel interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) materials.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 603-610 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The interaction of anhydrous ferric chloride with nylon 6 has been inferred from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), wide-angle x-ray diffraction (WAXD), thermal (DSC and TGA), and rheological (Rheometrics) measurements. At very low additive concentration of ∼0.25 wt %, an about 50-fold melt viscosity increase of nylon 6 was observed. However, progressive decrease in melt viscosity was also observed with increasing additive concentrations indicative of degradation as confirmed by the enhancement of weight loss with TGA at a lower temperature. Decrease in crystallinity content of the filled nylon samples is inferred from the reduction of the melting endotherms with DSC, pronounced reduction in diffraction intensity with WAXD, an increase in amorphous CH2 bending band (1400 cm-1) with FTIR. The above results can be attributed to the strong complex formation between the FeCl3 and the N—H groups as suggested by the subtraction spectra of FTIR where decreased intensities of the 690, 1200, and 1265 cm-1 bands were observed.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 611-618 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The temperature rise during the adiabatic polymerization of acrylamide in water has been used to characterize the kinetic parameters. Based on initial rate data, the following equation is obtained: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ - \frac{{d\left[ {\rm M} \right]}}{{dt}} = 99.7\exp \left[ {5767\left( {\frac{1}{{303.6}} - \frac{1}{T}} \right)} \right]\left[ {\rm M} \right]^{1.53} \left[ {{\rm PS}} \right]^{0.53} \left[ {{\rm BS}} \right]^{0.47} $$\end{document} where concentrations of monomer, persulfate, and bisulfite are in mole/kg, T is in K, and t is in min. The order with respect to monomer is confirmed by an analysis of the entire temperature-time record during polymerization. The persulfate-bisulfite couple was studied also in the absence of monomer. Concentrations were measured by UV absorbance and by permanganate titration. The reaction can be represented by: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ - \frac{{d\left[ {{\rm S}_2 {\rm O}_{\rm 8}^{\rm = } } \right]}}{{dt}} = - \frac{{d\left[ {{\rm HSO}_{\rm 3}^{\rm - } } \right]}}{{dt}} = 4.38\exp \left[ {7900\left( {\frac{1}{{302}} - \frac{1}{T}} \right)} \right]\left[ {{\rm S}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}_{\rm 8}^{\rm = } } \right]\left[ {{\rm HSO}_{\rm 3}^{\rm - } } \right] $$\end{document} where concentrations are in mole/liter, T is in K, and t is in min.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The diffusion coefficient of the cationic dye Anilana Red BL in the anionically modified polyester fiber Dilana has been calculated regarding a general diffusion-immobilization model. In the model the mobile species are distinguished from the immobilized ones. In computations of Sand's equation and experimentally determined sorption isotherm of the dye in the fiber, the rate-of-dyeing curve and the concentration profiles of the dye in the same fiber were employed. The diffusion coefficient of the mobile species of Anilana Red BL in the fiber is two orders of magnitude higher than the average diffusion coefficient obtained from Hill's equation and the apparent diffusion coefficient calculated by the Boltzmann-Matano method.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The mechanical properties of swollen cellulose hydrogels have been studied. The degree of swelling of the gels was varied between 0.75 and 6.3 g water/g dry gel (g/g) by partial drying followed by reswelling in water. Creep rate was measured in uniaxial compression in the time interval 15-900 s for gels in equilibrium with water. Isochronous relations between stress and reversible strain were found to be linear, and creep compliance was calculated from the slopes. Both the creep compliance and the creep rate increase with an increased degree of swelling. General observations, such as the high strain limit of linearity in the stress-strain curves and the magnitude of the creep compliance, indicate similarities between swollen cellulose gels and rubbery networks. It is therefore assumed that the statistical theories for swollen networks can describe the amorphous matrix of the gels. In order to obtain creep compliance values representative of the amorphous matrix, the experimental values were corrected for the presence of crystalline regions. It is also suggested that non-load-bearing microvoids are present at high swelling levels. According to calculations based on the theory, the network chains of the amorphous regions in a gel swollen to 2.4 g/g contain about 11 monomer units and the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter χ equals 0.2.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 2573-2580 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Different values are reported in the literature for the intrinsic birefringence of the crystalline (Δn0c) and the amorphous (Δn0a) phases in nylon 6. Mostly, these values have either been determined by extrapolation (and then it is assumed that Δn0c = Δn0a) or calculated theoretically. In this study, intrinsic birefringence values Δn0c and Δn0a for nylon 6 were determined using the Samuels two-phase model which correlates sonic modulus with structural parameters. Three series of fiber samples were used: (1) isotropic samples of different degrees of crystallinity for estimation of E0t,a and E0t,c moduli at two temperatures. The following modulus values were obtained: 1.62 × 109 and 6.66 × 109 N/m2 for 28.5°C, and 1.81 × 109 and 6.71 × 109 N/m2 for -20°C; (2) anisotropic, amorphous fiber samples for estimation of Δn0a = 0.076 and E0t,a = 1.63 × 109 N/m2 at 28.5°C; (3) semicrystalline samples of various draw ratios for estimations of Δn0c = 0.089 and Δn0a = 0.078. All measurements were carried out with carefully dried samples to avoid erroneous results caused by moisture.
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  • 10
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 653-666 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Based on the polymerization data presented in part I of this series, a kinetic mechanism for the polymerization of butadiene in toluene initiated with nickel(II) stearate-diethyl aluminum chloride was proposed. Expressions for the conversion, the degree of polymerization, and the cis content were derived. Those models were then used to correlate the experimental data from which the rate constants were estimated. A quantitative discussion of various aspects of the polymerization is also presented.
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  • 11
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 667-677 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new approach to the study of the migration rate was attempted for dioctylphthalate as plasticizer from solid PVC into liquid methanol. Two different experiments were carried out: first, a classical one by measuring the increase in the plasticizer concentration in solution; second, a new one by measuring the plasticizer concentration inside the solid PVC itself, for different times and for different depths in that solid. Equations of diffusion in unsteady state were found to correlate well with experiments in both cases. Stirring of the solution measured by Reynold's number was found to be important. Measurements were carried out inside the solid PVC, and the profile of the concentration of dioctylphthalate inside the PVC disc was determined at different times. The diffusion coefficient was calculated inside the PVC disc, and it was found to vary with the DOP concentration.
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  • 12
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 679-686 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Various freestanding, commercially available polyimides have been found to have virtually identical water permeation properties. However, conformally coating them prevents their relaxing their swelling stresses to accommodate the motions of permeating water molecules, manifesting this inability through changes in the diffusion coefficient.
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  • 13
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 2783-2786 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 14
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 2801-2804 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 15
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 2813-2825 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Physical aging of semicrystalline poly(ethylene terephthalate) has been investigated as a function of crystalline content. Stress-strain, stress relaxation, and differential scanning calorimetry experiments were used to monitor the physical aging process. Both the overall extent and the rate of physical aging in this material decrease with increasing crystallinity. Several possible reasons for this behavior are advanced and discussed. It was also found that the drawing behavior of amorphous PET changes significantly as physical aging progresses. Specifically, for samples aged and then elongated, the extent of localized deformation (necking) and associated strain-induced crystallization was greater for samples aged for longer periods of time.
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  • 16
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 2917-2926 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A number of additives previously observed to promote photo-oxidative degradation of polyethylene films have been evaluated with respect to their relative photoinitiating effectiveness at wavelengths near 300 nm and their effects on thermal-oxidative stability of polyethylene. Depending on the nature of the additive, the photo-oxidation process may display autoretarding or autoaccelerating behavior. Thermomechanical analyses and gel content measurements on UV-exposed films containing substituted anthraquinones suggest that at short exposure times, photo-oxidative degradation is accompanied by photochemical crosslinking.
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  • 17
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 2927-2934 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A novel thermal activation procedure for ethylene polymerization catalysts made from silica, a chromium compound, and a titanium ester greatly increases the melt index of the polyethylene product under commericla polymerization conditions in comparison with conventional air activation. The novel activation has two steps. The first is heating under a reducing gas atmosphere (N2 + CO). The second step is partial oxidation at a lower temperature for a shorter time. The size of the melt index increase is related to the average oxidation number of the chromium, but oxidized chromium can be reduced and the effect persists with less intensity. Additionally, the magnitude of the effect is dependent upon gas flow rates during activation and prior chemical and thermal history of the chromium-silica combination. Since titanium is required for the two-step activation to be effective in increasing melt index, titanium atoms have a critical influence on the catalyst active sites. An experiment with tetraethoxysilane added to the catalyst shows that titanium and chromium atoms must be next nearest neighbors (separated by oxygen atoms).
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  • 18
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 2959-2966 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: We studied flame retardancy of cotton fabric treated with five diaminotriazines containing bromine - three compounds with the bromine on aliphatic groups and two with the bromine on phenyl groups. Flame retardancy, as measured by oxygen index and FF3-71 flammability standards, was better on the fabrics containing aliphatic bromine than on the fabrics containing aromatic bromine. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and differential thermogravimetric analyses (DTG) were obtained on the fabrics, results of which supported the theory that HBr liberated during burning lowers the ignition temperature and decomposition point of the cellulose causing a reduction in flammable gases and an increase in residual char. Since C—H and C—Br bond strengths are stronger on aromatic groups than on aliphatic groups, our results agree with the theory that flame retardancy increases as the C—Br bond strength decreases. In other words, since bromine inhibits oxidation reactions in the gas phases, the heat evolved is expected to become less as the C—Br bond strength decreases.
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  • 19
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 2989-3006 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The objective of this research was to study the morphology and properties of PVC-polyurethane blends. Studies on blends of a segmented polyether polyurethane with PVC were carried out utilizing differential scanning calorimetry, Rheovibron, stress-strain, infrared peak position studies, and infrared dichroism experiments. This thermodynamically incompatible system was made kinetically compatible by precipitation from tetrahydrofuran (THF) solutions. THF-dioxane solution casting and melt processing produced an incompatible system. The compatible polyurethane-PVC system contains a well-mixed PVC-polyether matrix phase as evidenced by Tg shifts, orientation characteristics, and infrared peak position changes. The aromatic urethane segments which exhibit microphase separation in the pure polyurethane are not solubilized by blending with PVC by any of sample preparation methods used in this study.
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  • 20
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 3027-3043 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Tertiary amines and metal [Cu(II), Zn(II)] salts exhibit a synergistic effect in the catalysis of the isocyanate water reaction. The amino complexes of zinc and copper salts display a very large versatility in defining the most suitable formulations for the polyurea foam production. The foaming process is indeed controlled by the nature and the composition of these new catalytic combinations; kinetics of foaming and textural characteristics of final foams are easily modified in that way.
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  • 21
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 3065-3071 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Nylon 6 films, 25 μm thick, were grafted with polar monomers in aqueous solution following preirradiation with a 550-kV electron beam accelerator. The graft yield rose linearly with grafting period up to 100% graft and leveled off at a graft yield above 150%. At 100 to 200% graft of several acrylic acid derivatives onto the nylon 6 films, water permeation rates comparable to those of PVA and cellophane films were observed. These high water permeation rates of the grafted nylon films were considered as an indication that some of the acrylate copolymers penetrated throughout the matrix of the host polymer. The highest rates of water permeability were observed in nylon acrylamide grafts.
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  • 22
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 3099-3102 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The presence of carbon filler has been shown to cause a change in the glass transition temperature of polymers. For poly(vinyl chloride) and two of its copolymers with 10 and 15% vinyl acetate an increase in Tg was observed when Graphon C Carbon was added. The increase was greater when the proportion of vinyl acetate was greater. Polar vinyl acetate units allow stronger adsorption of polymer onto the carbon. Brittle polymers such as polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) showed scattered Tg's when filled with carbon. The changes were not a function of concentration. It is postulated that the thermal stress of these polymers is increased in the presence of filler.
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  • 23
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 3151-3156 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto modified cellulose was studied at 60° causing peroxydiphosphate as the initiator. The rate of grafting in case of different modified cellulose was determined by varying peroxydiphosphate, monomer, nature of substrate, and temperature. The molecular weight of the isolated polymer has been determined, and the mechanism of grafting is discussed.
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  • 24
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 3015-3025 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An investigation of the effect of modifying the network structure on moisture absorption of epoxies was performed. The network was modified by crosslinking the epoxides with various mono/diamine proportions, resulting in decreasing density and increasing free volume. It was discovered, however, that concomitant effects, i.e., the formation of a two-phase structure, and changes in resin polarity and in resin-water affinity predominated. Thus, compositions with higher chain molecular weights between crosslink points yet exhibited lower diffusion coefficients. Also, when drastic swelling conditions (such as a water-boil treatment) were employed, moisture absorption was facilitated by penetration via newly formed microcracks.
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  • 25
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 3073-3084 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A study of model compounds and polycondensation products derived from imidobis(sulfuryl chloride) (IBSC), HN(SO2Cl)2, has been carried out and their structures determined. The model compounds were reaction products of IBSC with aniline or ethyl alcohol. Polymeric products were obtained by polycondensations with (1) p-phenylenediamine and (2) 2,2-bis(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-propane. The products were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared, NMR, DSC, TGA, and viscometry data.
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  • 26
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 3103-3115 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Block copolymers were synthesized using methyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate as the monomers and a multifunctional initiator, di-t-butyl 4,4'-azobis(4-cyanoperoxyvalerate). The polymerizations for the formation of the block copolymers were carried out in two stages. First the poly(methyl methacrylate) polymeric initiator was synthesized and isolated. In the second stage, the thermallyactivated azo group in the polymer backbone initiated the polymerization of butyl acrylate. Upon termination by combination a tri-block results. Selective solvent fractionation was used to separate the block from the homopolymers.
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  • 27
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 3125-3149 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Experimental results on pressure losses of flows of dilute polymer solutions through porous media are summarized. The polymer products employed in this study consisted of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides (HPAM) with different degrees of hydrolysis. The effect of the hydrolysis on the pressure drop is investigated in a porous media test section designed to minimize polymer degradation. The investigations were carried out for various solvent conditions, and it is shown that the maximum increase in pressure drop is mainly dependent on the molecular weight of the polymers. The onset of the polymer action is measured for various fluid and solvent properties. Particular attention is given to measurements near θ-conditions. The results stress the importance of the solvent properties on the actions of the polymers and on the resultant pressure drop for porous media flows. The addition of salt ions to solutions of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides yields onset behavior previously observed for nonionic polymers. The differences measured between various solvent properties can be explained by the actual hydrodynamic molecule dimensions for a given molecular weight and polymer concentration. To quantify the influences of the solvent properties on the polymers, measurements were carried out in aqueous solutions for various pH values and therefore at various degrees of dissociation. The importance of separating polymer effects caused by their linear dimension in the solution from those that are introduced by and increase in solvent viscosity is shown. Measurements were performed to quantify the effects of solvent viscosity on the polymer action and to separate these effects from those due to changes in molecule dimensions. The implications of the present results are stressed in connection with applications of polymer solutions in tertiary oil recovery, and the positive features of the molecule actions on flow in such applications are described.
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  • 28
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 3179-3204 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A comprehensive model for a semibatch ester interchange reactor has been developed with a view to investigate the effect of various process and operational variables on the DMT conversion rate as well as the by-product formation. The influence of important variables such as EG-to-DMT ratio, catalyst concentration, and operational variables such as temperature and pressure has been considered. Definite conclusions concerning the choice of the desirable range of process and operational variables to maximize productivity and minimize by-product formation have been reached.
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  • 29
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 3245-3251 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Graft polymerization of acrylic acid to poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers using H2O2 as initiator was only possible in benzyl alcohol as reaction medium. The effect of initiator and monomer concentrations, reaction time, and temperature as well as addition of metallic salts to the polymerization medium was studied. Percent grafting was enhanced significantly by increasing H2O2 concentrations up to 100 mequiv/L and then decreased upon further increase in initiator concentration. The same held true for acrylic acid concentration of up to 10%, but above this concentration grafting leveled off. Raising the polymerization temperature from 85 to 115°C favored grafting at lower H2O2concentration. The reverse was the case at higher H2O2 concentration (more than 25 mequiv/L). Addition of copper sulfate to the polymerization medium decreased the rate of grafting, and no leveling off of grafting could be achieved even after 5 h. The ferrous ammonium sulfate functioned similarly but to lesser degree, and leveling off of grafting occurred after 4 h. This contrasted with grafting in the absence of metallic salts where grafting leveled off after 1 h. Action of initial graft formation as diffusion barrier is believed to account for this.
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  • 30
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 889-905 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A variety of different morphologies, and therefore mechanical properties, can be obtained from a single rubber-modified epoxy formulation. The volume fraction, domain size, and the number of particles of phase-separated rubber are determined by the competing effects of incompatibility, rate of nucleation and domain growth, and the quenching of morphological development by gelation. These factors can be varied by the butadience/acrylonitrile ratio of the reactive rubber, the temperature of cure, and the gelation time. These ideas have been exploited to control the development of morphology of these amorphous systems. Phase separation was investigated by electron microscopy, viscometry, and dynamic mechanical analysis.
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  • 31
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 921-932 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The infrared spectra of wool heated in vacuum and in air to different temperatures ranging from 120 to 250°C were investigated. It was found that certain absorption bands disappear when wool is heated in vacuum to 180°C and in air to 120°C for 2 hr. Also, the results showed that the intensities of the C=O stretching band at 1660 cm-1, N-H stretching band at 3325 cm-1 and the C-H stretching band at 2940 cm-1 decrease when wool is heated in vacuum to 180°C and in air to 120°C. The spectra of the samples heated in vacuum to 250°C and in air to 225°C exhibited strong absorption bands belonging to the carboxyl and sulfonate groups.
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  • 32
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 933-940 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(methyl methacrylate)-cellulose nitrate copolymers were prepared in the form of rods and sheets by bulk polymerization using benzoyl peroxide as initiator. Suspension polymerization did not succeed in preparing poly(methyl methacrylate)-cellulose nitrate copolymers, especially when cellulose nitrate of 11.4% nitrogen content was used. The parameters such as cellulose nitrate concentration, nitrogen content of cellulose nitrate, the amount of initiator and the reaction time, and the temperature are discussed. The prepared copolymers were irradiated for specified periods of up to 11.83 Mrad. It was found that poly(methyl methacrylate)-cellulose nitrate copolymers did not dissolve in any conventional solvent, but they swelled. Swelling decreases with increasing cellulose nitrate concentrations, nitrogen content of cellulose nitrate, and irradiation dose, indicating the crosslinked structure of the prepared copolymers.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 3575-3582 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A theory which has been developed to account for the effects of concentration on the equivalent hydrodynamic volumes of dissolved polymers has been combined with a statistical mechanical relation for the virial coefficients of dilute suspensions of rigid spheres. With a scaling factor for solvent goodness, osmotic pressures of polymer solutions can be predicted with good accuracy. The input parameters needed are the number-average molecular weight of the polymer sample and its intrinsic viscosity in the solvent of interest, as well as its intrinsic viscosity under theta conditions. The intrinsic viscosities can be estimated with sufficient accuracy from tabulated Mark-Houwink coefficients. The model developed contains no adjustable parameters. Comparisons of predicted and reported experimental osmotic pressures are presented, and a method for prediction of second virial coefficients is described.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 3599-3608 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of heat treatment on the dielectric relaxation of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was studied. Dielectric measurements, in the frequency range 0.1-100 kHz and temperature range 30-170°C, on PAN heat treated at two temperatures (120 and 160°C) and the untreated PAN are reported. The loss peak height, the dielectric relaxation strength, loss peak width, and the loss peak temperature were found to vary systematically with the temperature of the heat treatment. The changes in dielectric relaxation produced by heat treatment at the higher temperature (i.e., 160°C) were considerably less than those produced by heat treatment at 120°C. The results are discussed and attributed to the variation of the degree of bound nitrile groups (through their dipole-dipole interaction) with heat treatment temperature. Heat treatment of the higher temperature (160°C) results in lower degree of bound nitrile groups in the structure than heat treatment at the lower temperature (120°C).
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 3657-3668 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(vinyl chloride)-polyol (AB)x block copolymers have been prepared by the condensation polymerization of low-molecular-weight hydroxy-terminated poly(vinyl chlorides) (PVC) and diisocyanate-capped polyester and polyether diols. The difunctional poly(vinyl chlorides) were synthesized by ozonization of commercial resin followed by metal hydride reduction. The (AB)x block copolymers, which contained 3000 or 4300 molecular weight PVC block sizes and 1000-2000 molecular weight polyol segments, had a wide range of mechanical properties, depending on overall polymer structure. Tensile strengths ranged from 7.8 to 31.5 MPa, elongations from 125% to 610% and torsional stiffness temperatures (Tf) from 25°C to -22°C.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 3409-3423 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermo-oxidative degradation of low density polyetylene (LDPE) at a low degree of volatilization (about 4%) at 264-289°C was studied. Gas chromatography - mass spectrometric analysis was used to separate and identify the products of LDPE decomposition. Altogether 44 compounds representing hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acids, cyclic ethers, cyclic ethers, cyclic esters, and hydroxycarboxylic acids were identified. Sixteen oxygen-containing products were quantified. Among the components identified, the fatty acids and aldehydes predominated. The most abundant product was formic acid. The mechanism of formation of the degradation products is discussed.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 979-986 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Twenty-two metal acetylacetonate compounds have been evaluated as possible latent accelerators for epoxy-anhydride solventless resins. Experimental data have revealed that titanium (IV) oxyacetylacetonate, chromium (III), zirconium (IV), cobalt (III), and cobalt (II) acetylacetonates are particularly effective with anhydride cured epoxy resins. When added to the resin at a level of 0.05-0.10% (w/w), they provide very fast gel times at 150-175°C combined with very good storage stabilities (〉 six months) at room temperature. The power factor values of cured resin samples, containing these preferred metal acetylacetonates, have been found to be between 2.0 and 2.5% at 150°C and 60 Hz. Correlation between the catalytic effectiveness of these metal acetylacetonates, as latent accelerators for epoxy-anhydride resins, and their thermal stabilities suggest that decomposition products may be the active species responsible for initiating polymerization in epoxyanhydride resin systems.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 987-995 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The Quantimet image analysis system and dynamic mechanical analysis have been applied to characterization of crimped yarns. The image analysis system is useful for obtaining accurate measurements of crimps per inch, uncrimped versus crimped length, crimp wavelength, and crimp amplitude. In addition, the dynamic tensile mechanical properties of fibers and the dynamic compression mechanical properties of the fiber masses were examined. These analyses identify the relationships between crimp parameters and loss tangents for the first time. The loss tangents of fiber masses increase with increasing crimp frequency. The higher loss tangents of crimped yarns in the glassy region quantify both the internal friction of constituent fibers and the external fiber to fiber friction separately.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 997-1000 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This is a study dealing with the use of a microorganism for partial denitration of the surface of nitrocellulose-based small arms propellants, in order to gain burning rate control. An organism, Aspergillus fumigatus, was found to grow on pyroxylin suspended in a nitrogen deficient, carbon-containing nutrient medium. No growth was observed under the same conditions when carbon was absent. This would indicate that the organism utilized nitrogen from nitrocellulose without attacking the carbon backbone. Further, mechanism studies indicated that the organism did not utilize the nitrogen directly from nitrocellulose, but rather relied on a hydrolysis reaction for a source of nitrogen.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 1001-1014 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The general description of steady shear melt viscosity as a function of shear rate for polyethylene, containing any level of long chain branching, in terms of molecular structure is reported. A model, developed previously by B. H. Bersted for the prediction of rheological properties from the molecular structure of linear materials, and which has been subsequently modified by Ram and Pedersen for application to highly branched low-density polyethylene, is extended to describe the flow behavior of branched high-density polyethylene. The description of the branched high-density polyethylenes, which characteristically show dramatic viscosity enhancement relative to linear polyethylene, is effected by considering these materials to be blends of branched and linear species. A logarithmic rule of mixtures was found adequate at all shear rates for the description of blends of branched and linear materials.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 1015-1025 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Comparison between fumed and precipitated silicas in their interactions with an oligomer of poly(dimethylsiloxane) showed both materials to exhibit general identical behavior depending on the experimental temperature range. However, the results obtained suggest on the one hand that these interactions are directed more by morphological and structural characteristics than by chemical properties and on the other hand that the distribution of surface silanol groups on precipitated silicas is not the same as on fumed silicas. Both siloxane-modified fillers exhibit high thermal stability.
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  • 42
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 1027-1037 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Procedures were developed for the emulsion copolymerization of either butadiene or isoprene with several different water-soluble monomers containing sulfonic acid salt groups, primarily with sodium styrenesulfonate, for the preparation of ionomer elastomers. By the use of a nonionic surfactant and a two-component redox initiator, which was based on a water-soluble reducing agent and a hydrophobic peroxide, copolymers with sufficient amounts of the ionic monomer could be prepared. Unusual effects of conversion on rate, copolymer composition, and molecular weight were observed and attributed to special effects caused by the ionic monomers. The copolymers were soluble in mixed hydrocarbon-alcohol solvent systems.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 1049-1056 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 1039-1048 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Wet, porous, and semipermeable poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane prepared from a binary system, PVC and dimethylformamide, by immersing in alcohols or ethers was studied. The pore dimensions of the wet PVC membrane were from 0.01 to 0.05 μm, calculated from hydrodynamic permeability by using experimental values such as water flux and water content. They agreed reasonably well with the dimension of the pores which prevented the protein passing through the membrane, observed by SEM photographs. Formation of the wet PVC membrane can be explained by slow phase separation and slow leaching of the casting solution immersed in alcohols and ethers such as methanol and ethylene glycol monomethyl ether.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 1059-1071 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The addition reactions of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide catalyzed by KOH and initiated with compounds containing free hydroxyls are followed by secondary reactions which vary the expected molecular weight. By using ethylene oxide, diols are formed and by using propylene oxide, both diols and unsaturated monofunctional compounds are formed. These products are usually characterized by their hydroxyl number. The average molecular weight is found by taking into consideration the starter functionality only. There are often some behavioral differences among similar products owing to the different quantity and chain length of the secondary products contained therein. The secondary products are analyzed and the quantity of the secondary products were determined from the hydroxyl number values and from the unsaturation of reagents and products. In the case of monofunctional adducts using the calculation method, the results have been experimentally confirmed.
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  • 46
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 1105-1115 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Beta particles emitted by radioactive nuclei have a finite depth of penetration in a given medium and hence a certain linear energy transfer value depending upon their initial energy. This property can be utilized to achieve different rates of radiation induced reactions. Various diameter capillaries containing saline solutions of acrylamide and radioactive phosphorus-32 were used in the experiment and the change in viscosity of acrylamide solution was used as an indicator of the amount of energy transferred. Distinctly different rates were observed which were roughly proportional to the diameters of the capillaries containing the solutions. It also appears that irradiation of the polymer solution at 80°C even in the absence of oxygen has an adverse effect on the viscosity. The experimental conditions were chosen to approximate those existing in oil reservoirs.
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  • 47
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    Notes: CeIV-induced grafting of methyl methacrylate and acrylonitrile on cotton fibers crosslinked with dimethylol ethylene urea, dimethylol dihydroxyethylene urea, and dimethylol carbamate was investigated. The graft yields obtained with crosslinked cotton were signifcantly lower than the untreated cotton, irrespective of the crosslinking agent and the monomer used. However, the extent and rate of grafting depended upon the degree of crosslinking and the nature of monomer. Based on the magnitude of grafting and CeIV consumption during grafting and oxidation of the untreated and crosslinked cottons, the different reactions occurring during grafting of vinyl monomers on these modified cottons were elucidated.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 4047-4058 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Based on the concept of introducing a liquid layer between the polymer and filler, a composition containing low-density polyethylene, chalk, and oligomer of ethylene oxide was proposed. Compositions containing up to 50% chalk modified with ethylene oxide exhibit typical thermoplastic behavior, i.e., neck formation and plastic deformation. They also show high-impact strength and other good properties. On the basis of mechanical data, the main action of the ethylene oxide oligomer in the system is to inhibit crack generation and propagation.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 4059-4067 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The interaction of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), n-dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was studied. Changes in the tensile strength, elastic modulus, and percentage elongation at break of the PMMA-additive films produced were followed using the Instron testing machine. The three additives produced (1) an initial plasticization, with a decrease in tensile strength and modulus and a possible increase in elongation; (2) an antiplasticization, with accompanying increase in tensile strength and modulus and an anomalous increase in elongation; and (3) a final plasticization, with a marked decrease in tensile strength and modulus and a definite increase in elongation of PMMA. The three effects were influenced by the molecular weight of the PMMA. A spacer effect by the interposition of the molecules of the additives between those of PMMA is proposed for the initial plasticization, while for the final plasticization, a lubrication action of the plasticizers on PMMA is suggested. Antiplasticization is explained by the formation of secondary bonds between the antiplasticizer and the PMMA molecules.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 4103-4116 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermal degradation of the following copolymers prepared by radical polymerization: acrylonitrile-butyl acrylate-vinylidene chloride, acrylonitrile-butyl acrylate-vinylidene chloride-styrene, and acrylonitrile-methacrylic acid-vinylidene chloride-styrene was investigated. The techniques of thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis were used. The IR spectra of degradated copolymers are discussed.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 4125-4133 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A series of copolymers based on poly(tetramethylene terephthalate) containing poly(tetramethylene oxide) blocks whose molecular weights ranged from 1000 to 5000 in concentrations from 10 to 30% by weight was prepared. The polymers were melt spun into fibers and the undrawn fibers dyed with a disperse dye at three temperatures. The equibrium adsorption and diffusion coefficient of the dye increased with both the molecular weight and concentration of the polyether. The equilibrium adsorption varied linearly with both the molecular weight and concentration. It has been assumed that the equilibrium dye partition coefficient KM gives a parameter of the accessibility, V, of the fiber for dye. If the diffusion coefficient DM is given by DM = VDo/τ, where Do is the diffusion coefficient of the dye in the amorphous regions and τ is a tortuosity factor, a good correlation can be obtained between KM and DM, suggesting that changes in Do/τ vary in a systematic fashion.
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  • 52
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 4161-4173 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A number of solid Cationits have been prepared derived from WofatitTrademark, VEB Chemiekombinat Bitterfield. gel and canal structures: styrene/DVB, chloromethylated ST/DVB, and acrylic acid/DVB copolymers. To functionalize the copolymers, PCl3/AlCl3 and dialkyl phosphites or trialkyl phosphites were used. The influence of the polymer matrix structure and the chemical structure of the functional groups of obtained Ionits on their affinity toward 23 metallic cations in acidic media has been investigated using the conductivity method. To obtain comparison data, commercial “Wofatit”-sulfonic and-carboxylic Cationits, have been tested under identical conditions.
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  • 53
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 3837-3843 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyimides are prepared by reaction of dianhydrides with aromatic diamines under dehydrating conditions to insure conversion of the polyamic acids to polyimides. Cresylic acid solubility is observed only for cyclopentane dianhydride and benzophenone dianhydride. Most of the batches are made from BPDA, since it is the preferred dianhydride for thermal stability. Of 19 aromatic diamines only 2,4- and 2,6-diaminotoluene, 2,4-diaminoanisole, 4,5-dimethyl-1,2-phenylene diamine and 1,5-diamino-4,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone contribute a great deal toward making soluble polyimides of BPDA. 2,4-Diamino-acetanilide when used as the only diamine also gives a soluble polyimide with BPDA. The solubility of polyimides can be correlated with their solubility parameters, their symmetry, and their tendency to hydrogen bond.
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  • 54
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Boric acid does not introduce crosslinks in poly(vinyl alcohol) solutions, but gelation does occur in the presence of cations. In this experimental study, the dynamic mechanical properties of these gels were determined using test-tube torsion pendulums and an air-bearing torsion pendulum. The modulus at a fixed concentration of polymer and boric acid increases with increasing sodium ion concentration up to the point where the atom ratio of sodium to boron reaches 1. Higher sodium concentrations do not increase the modulus. The log decrement, on the other hand, decreases with increasing sodium concentration continuously without reaching a plateau at the equal atom ratio. Log decrements as low as 0.02 can be measured. The storage modulus depends on the logarithm of borate concentration and on the 4.7 power of poly(vinyl alcohol) concentration. Only a very small portion of the borates in solution take part in effective crosslinks. The activation energy for breaking individual bonds in a function of temperature and the cation to boron ratios. At a fixed cation concentration, this activation energy is more negative with increasing amount of boron ions due to a transformation of monomeric crosslinks into polymeric crosslinks, so that the storage modulus which measures crosslink density decreases as a temperature rises.
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  • 55
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 3945-3946 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 56
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new sulfonation method using phase transfer catalysts was applied to sulfonate a number of polymer matrices in an aqueous two-phase system. The polymer matrices included in this study are (1) styrene (Sty) and acrylonitrile (AN) copolymers with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), (2) graft copolymers of cellulose with GMA, and (3) polystyrene and polyacrylate gels containing GMA as comonomer. The presence of polar groups such as AN in the polymer matrix makes the sulfonation easier. For cellulose graft copolymers, the extent of sulfonation was not much affected by the phase transfer catalysts, presumably due to the high polarity and high water uptake capacity of the cellulose base. For other polymer gels, the following factors influence the extent of sulfonation: (1) the method of gel synthesis, i.e., gels synthesized by delayed addition of GMA give a higher degree of sulfonation; (2) the nature of the crosslinking agent, i.e., gels with ethylene glycol diacrylate (EGDA) gives a higher degree of sulfonation than gels with divinylbenzene (DVB); (3) the pore size of the gels, i.e., gels with larger pore sizes gave higher degree of sulfonation; (4) increasing polarity of the backbone structure of gels favors increased sulfonation, e.g., MMA-GMA-EGDA gels give 54% sulfonation, whereas Sty-GME-EGDA gives only 38%.
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  • 57
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 4011-4020 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The technical properties and the network structure of carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR) having a mixed crosslink system of sulfur and metal carboxylate have been studied. XNBR of different carboxyl contents (Krynac 221, Krynac 110C), yielding different concentrations of ionic crosslinks, have been used for this purpose. The amount of ionic crosslinks was also varied by varying the amount of crosslinking agent (zinc peroxide). It has been observed that ionic crosslinks impart high tensile strength, permanent set, and hardness, while sulfur crosslinks introduce high flex crack resistance, elongation at break, and tear strength in the vulcanizate. Heat buildup and resilience could be explained with the help of stress relaxation experiments. Stress decay is more when the amount of ionic crosslinks is higher. Higher stress relaxation gives higher hysteresis. The kinetics of the crosslinking of a mixed crosslink system has also been studied. At overcure times the amount of ionic crosslinks is greater than that of sulfur crosslinks which desulfurizes in this region. The technical properties could be explained on this basis.
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  • 58
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 4135-4148 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Diffusion of some homologous series of solutes [polyhydric alcohols, oligosaccharides, poly(ethylene oxide) polymers] has been studied in cellulose gels (〈20% w/w) and membranes (〈60% w/w) and the same materials when acetylated. It was found that (1) The molecular weight dependence of D approximates that for the solutes in water alone; the activation energies are also identical to the value for diffusion in pure solvent. (2) The presence of the cellulose chains reduces the rate of diffusion to a degree which is approximately given by the Mackie - Meares equation. (3) Exclusion is pronounced, particularly with the acetylated membranes, and gives a high degree of molecular size discrimination by a sieving mechanism. The membranes have a very narrow range of “pore” sizes, whereas the gels have a contrastingly broad distribution.
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  • 59
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 4175-4192 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Two commercial styrene-butadiene (SBR) latexes were used to prepare a model filled material consisting of glassy SBR filler particles about 1000 Å in diameter embedded in a rubbery SBR matrix crosslinked by γ-radiation. When transparent specimens of this material were extended, voiding occurred, as evidenced by stress whitening and greatly enhanced X-ray scattering intensity. More voids were formed at higher rates of extension, but voids disappeared when specimens were relaxed. The effects of filler content and cure time of the matrix on the size and number of voids formed were determined by low-angle X-ray scattering for a constant extension rate and a constant extension ratio λ = 1.6. The number of voids measured by X-ray scattering intensity decreased rapidly with time over the 3-h period of measurement. The number of voids remaining 1 h after extension increased about 40 times as filler content was increased from 15% to 50%. Increasing the cure time from 24 to 96 h increased the number of voids about four times. In contrast, the radius of gyration of the voids formed (250-350 Å) did not depend strongly on time, nor did it depend strongly on the filler content or the cure time of the matrix. Stress relaxation measurements made under the same conditions as X-ray scattering measurements showed effects typical of filled materials. However, the relaxation of stress (which followed a power law decay) was much slower than the decay of the number of voids as measured by X-ray scattering intensity.
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  • 60
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 4087-4094 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The rate of acid hydrolysis of a basic dyeable polyester in water, before and after heat-setting, has been investigated. Intrinsic viscosity measurements and chemical analysis have been used to establish experimental conditions under which the hydrolysis is inhibited. It is suggested that the critical stage of the hydrolysis mechanism is the exchange of sodium ions from the sulphonate groups in the fiber for hydrogen ions.
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  • 61
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 4299-4305 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A semiempirical equation is developed to compute the unperturbed parameter from the critical concentration of polymer solutions derived from the viscometric and kinetic data. This equation gives satisfactory results for various vinyl polymers including poly(vinyl chloride), polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) among others that follow the Schulz molecular weight distribution function. It is found that the segments of a Gaussian polymer chain are associated with an equal number of foreign segments near its center of mass, when the polymer solution has attained a uniform segment density at the critical concentration. The effect of molecular weight distribution on the present studies is significantly large that it merits an empirical treatment. Defects of the model is also discussed.
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  • 62
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Two compact apparatuses were designed and fabricated for the study of dynamic mechanical viscoelastic behavior in polymer solids over a wide range of frequencies: (1) 10-3-102 Hz with a tensile driving force of 15 kgwt, and (2) 10-104 Hz with a maximum tensile driving force of 15 kgwt. The present paper reports the details of the instrument of (1). The instrument contains a nonresonant and forced vibration system, where the rectilinear vibration is taken from the rotating shaft of the driving motor through the double eccentric crank and conrod-slider machineries. Measurements can be conducted at any desirable frequency (10-3-102 Hz) and displacement (0-2 mm). Subjected to longitudinal vibration, the stress and strain in the specimen are detected by a compression-type load cell and noncontacting displacement meter, respectively. The specimen clamp was especially devised for the compression-type load cell, which enables direct conversion from the tensile force on the specimen to the compressive force against the load cell without any medium. Another feature of the instrument is a vertical combination of vibrational driving system, specimen clamp, and load cell. These are important for the effective transmission of the driving force to the specimen and avoidance of unnecessay mechanical vibration noises. From the Lissajous' figure formed with two signals of the stress and strain, the values of dynamic tensile modulus and loss factor for polymeric materials are easily obtained.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 1497-1510 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Addition of solvents may ease removal of small amounts of volatile residues from polymeric materials. Enhanced separation thus obtained is due to the influence of the solvent on the vaporpolymer-liquid equilibria and to its influence on the increase of the diffusion rate of the impurities. The problem has been examined through a mathematical model describing the behavior of the units employed in the purification. Examples of applications are illustrated in which prediction of the behavior of purification units are performed from small-scale apparatus experiments.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 1555-1565 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method for improving signal resolution in latex particle-size analysis by HDC is presented and discussed. Data for the extinction cross section and specific extinction coefficient for polystyrene latex standards indicate that improvements in signal resolution can be obtained for the small particle end of broad size distributions by using turbidity detection at wavelengths less than 254 nm. Data are also discussed for the imaginary refractive index of the polystyrene standards obtained from comparisons of the extinction cross section results with Mie theory calculations. HDC runs made with bimodal and continuous distributions at 254 and 220 nm wavelength detection are also discussed to illustrate the improvements in size distribution resolution which can result.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 1579-1584 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: New methods for rapidly obtaining elastic modulus and density measurements during isothermal polymer aging are given. The elastic measurements are performed using a Rockwell hardness tester. In this case, the elastic recovery is measured. Rapid density measurements are performed using a “double drop” density gradient columan method. Here, a fully aged and a freshly quenched specimen are dropped simultaneously into the column. Simultaneous column height differences directly measure the density difference of the two specimens. The results of these two experiments extend previously reported aging measurements to relatively low times of aging. A log (time) law for both properties is found to the smallest times measured.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 1705-1717 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Model graft copolymers were synthesized by grafting acrylamide onto dextran (M̄w = 500,000) utilizing the Fe(II)/H2O2 initiation system. Aqueous size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was used to determine the effects of changing reaction parameters on hydrodynamic dimensions of the resulting graft copolymers. It was also possible to optimize reaction conditions yielding the highest viscosity graft copolymer with the least amount of homopolyacrylamide and unreacted substrate. The molecular structures of the graft copolymers were determined by elemental analysis, SEC, and solution viscometry. Selective hydrolysis of the dextran backbone allowed determination of average molecular weight of acrylamide grafts, number of grafting sites, and average molecular weight of the graft copolymers. Rheological studies indicated viscosity and pseudoplastic behavior were largely related to the graft length of the polyacrylamide side chains.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 1931-1940 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Systems of partially neutralized carboxyl-terminated liquid rubber (PNCTLR)-anhydride-bisepoxide were evaluated for adhesive properties. The PNCTLRs were prepared by the partial neutralization with MgO and CaO from a polymer of butadiene (BD) (Hycar CTB 2000X162) and copolymers of BD-acrylonitrile (Hycar CTBN 1300X8 and CTBNX 1300X9). As the bisepoxide, bisphenol A diglycidyl ether was used, and hexahydrophthalic anhydride was the anhydride used. The adhesive properties of the metal-containing systems were superior to those of the reference systems not containing metal, owing to the polarity effect of the metal carboxylate groups. Further, the CTBN- and CTBNX-series systems showed higher tensile shear and peel strengths than the CTB-series systems, owing to the enhanced polarity effect of the nitrile groups.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 1941-1949 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The adhesive bond of allyl 2-cyanoacrylate between steel substrates has been analyzed and compared to that of ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate. Mechanical strength as well as thermomechanical, calorimetric, thermogravimetric, and dynamic mechanical response was observed. It was demonstrated that the allyl 2-cyanoacrylate bonds exhibit improved temperature resistance owing to the formation of heat-induced crosslinks in the adhesive layer, resulting in much improved lap-shear strengths. Scanning electron microscopy of the fracture surfaces showed that plastic deformation occurred in the allyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesive after thermal aging, while interfacial and brittle failure dominated all other cases.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 2015-2022 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Styrene-acrylamide copolymer latex prepared from the polymerization in an emulsifier-free aqueous medium was treated with hypochlorite and sodium hydroxide. The resulting latex indicated amphoteric property due to amino and carboxyl groups formed by the Hofmann reaction and competitive hydrolysis of amide groups, respectively. Amphoteric latices with the same particle size but different charge density (1.0-3.0 ionic groups/100 Å2) and different isoelectric points (6.4-9.2) have been prepared by changing the reaction conditions.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 2023-2051 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Fibers made from poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) are characterized by a hydrophobic surface with low reactivity. Modifications of the PET surface to render a higher degree of hydrophilicity and reactivity are therefore common. The modification often involves a surface layer of only a few nanometers thickness. The relatively low fraction of the modified surface layer and the fact that it is generally an organic modification on a thin curved organic substrate presents difficulties in surface analyses. Surface characterization is, however, of high importance in the evaluation of the degree and durability of a given surface modification. The paper will discuss the possibilities and the limits of using wettability studies according to the Wilhelmy method to evaluate the degree of surface modification and its permanence. Comparison between internal and external reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy will be made. The use of electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis, secondary ion mass spectrometry, laser microprobe mass analysis, and microprobe molecular optics laser examiner will be illustrated. Data will be presented from studies of model yarns and films coated with D-417 dip.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 2061-2066 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Epoxy/graphite fiber, polyimide/graphite fiber, and polysulfone/graphite fiber composites were exposed to 1.33 MeV γ irradiation and 0.5 MeV electron bombardment for varying periods of time. The effects of the irradiation treatments on the breaking stress and Young's modulus were studied by a three point bending test. Effects were small; indeed, both electron radiation up to 5000 Mrad and γ radiation up to 350 Mrad resulted in slight increases in both stress and modulus.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 2053-2060 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The possibility of the presence of hydroxyl groups in polyethylene molecular chains has been investigated in observations of infrared spectra of O—H and C—O stretching vibrations in olefinic molecular chains. n-Paraffins and fresh medium-pressure process polyethylenes containing the primary alcohols were used as a model of polyethylene containing hydroxyl groups in the molecular chains. The characteristic wavenumber of the hydroxyl groups slightly contained in the polyethylene in the region 3600-3200 cm-1 becomes constant over about 10 of carbon-atom number of the alcohols, approximately 3336 cm-1. The wavenumber does not agree with ∼3370 cm-1, which has been hitherto assigned to hydroxyl groups in polyethylene molecular chains. Although the absorption due to the hydroxyl groups must appear in the region of C—O stretching band in the vicinity of 1050 cm-1 if the absorption around 3370 cm-1 is due to the hydroxyl groups, the absorption has not been observed. Changes in infrared spectra of polyethylene absorbing water as much as 10 ppm corresponding to the water absorbing capacity are not observed in comparison with those of extremely dried polyethylene. It is concluded that the absorption at 3370 cm-1 in polyethylene is not due to the hydroxyl groups and that the groups are not contained at least in fresh polyethylene.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 2067-2076 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The development of heterogeneous structure during the polymerization of a polyurethane system using a polyether diol of M̄n = 2000 as the soft segment and 4,4′-diphenylmethane disocyanate extended with 1,4-butanediol as the hard segment was monitored following the amount of light transmitted by the sample and the increase in viscosity of the reacting mixture. The amount of light transmitted by the reacting sample was observed to decrease sharply at a given point in the reaction. The cloud point was taken as the onset of phase separation in the system and the number average sequence at this point was found to be fairly constant at about 1.3 independent of reaction temperature and system composition. In many cases, the cloud point occurred at quite low conversion, meaning that a significant amount of subsequent polymerization occurs in a heterogeneous medium. It was also found that the viscosity of the material reached very large values at partial conversions of the monomers and presented throughout the reaction values larger than those expected from an increase in molecular weight alone. Viscosity is apparently sensitive to a different aspect of the phase separation process than the light transmission.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. A2 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 11-13 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Quality Control of HDPE Pipes.Trials are reported made with the aim of finding an correlation between creep rupture test results obtained with two different types of testing samples: Pipes under internal pressure and tensile rods cut out of these pipes in a longitudinal direction.
    Notes: Es wird über Versuche berichtet, eine Korrelation zwischen Ergebnissen aus Zeitstand-Innendruckversuchen an HDPE-Rohren und Zeitstandversuchen an Längszugstäben aus diesen Rohren zu finden.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. A12 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 107-108 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. A28 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. A36 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 167-174 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Fracture Toughness Determination of Alumina and Cemented Carbide with Different Testing MethodsFracture toughness of a sintered alumina and two tungsten carbidecobalt materials was determined using four-point-bend specimens with straight through and chevron notches and with the short rod specimen. With the specimens with a straight through notch a lower KIc was measured for Al2O3 and a higher for WC-Co compared to the chevron-notched specimens. This behavior was explained by the different shapes of the crack growth resistance curves and the different critical notch radii. For Al2O3 a steeply rising crack growth resistance curve was measured in a controlled fracture test, for WC-Co a flatter curve was obtained. The effect of the shape of the crack growth resistance curve and of notch width on the evaluated toughness is discussed.
    Notes: An einem gesinterten Aluminiumoxid und zwei WC-Co-Hartmetallen wurde der Bruchwiderstand im Vierpunkt-Biegeversuch mit Flachkerben und Spitzkerben sowie mit der kurzen Rundprobe mit Spitzkerbe bestimmt. Bei Al2O3 ergab sich mit den Flachkerbproben ein kleinerer Wert als mit den Spitzkerbproben, bei WC-Co war es umgekehrt. Dieses Verhalten wurde auf die unterschiedliche Form der Rißwiderstandskurve und die unterschiedliche Größe der kritischen Kerbradien zurückgeführt. Bei Al2O3 wurde im kontrollierten Bruchversuch eine stark ansteigende, bei WC-Co eine flache Rißwiderstandskurve gemessen. Der Einfluß der Form der Rißwiderstandskurve und der Kerbbreite auf die ermittelten Kennwerte wird diskutiert.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 181-182 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 190-206 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Korrosionsschutz durch galvanisch abgeschiedene AluminiumschichtenAluminium kann unter Verwendung eines nichtwäßrigen organischen Elektrolyten auf verschiedenen Werkstoffen abgeschieden werden. Die Überzüge sind sehr rein und besitzen gutes Korrosionsverhalten. Sie können als Ersatz für das hochgiftige und umweltbelastende Kadmium dienen.Anwendungsgebiete sind z. B.: -der Schutz hochfester Stähle vor Korrosion, wobei im Gegensatz zur wäßrigen Galvanik die Gefahr von Wasserstoffversprödung völlig wegfällt-die Beschichtung von Leichtmetallen wie Aluminium, Magnesium, Titan und deren Legierungen-die Herstellung faserverstärkter MetalleMBB besitzt in seinem Zentrallabor in Ottobrunn bei München eine Technikumsanlage zur galvanischen Aluminiumabscheidung und betreibt diese seit nunmehr vier Jahren ohne Probleme.Der vorliegende Bericht bringt eine Zusammenfassung der bisherigen Versuchsergebnisse und einen Vergleich der neuen Technik mit bisher gebräuchlichen Beschichtungsverfahren.
    Notes: Aluminium can be deposited on various substrates by using a nonaqueous organic electrolytic system. The metallic deposit has a very high purity and good corrosionprotection properties. It can be used as a substitute for the highly toxic cadium, which is dangerous to the environment.Possible fields of application are protection against corrosion of highstrength steels without any danger of hydrogen embrittlement, the coating of lightweight materials like aluminium, magnesium and titanium alloys and the fabrication of fibre-reinforced metal matrix composites.MBB have installed a facility for the electro-deposition of aluminium and have worked in this field for more than three years. This paper discusses the experience and experimental results of the new technology and the possible advantages compared with other techniques.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 225-226 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 229-234 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zur σ-Versprödung von ferritisch-austenitischen rost- und säurebeständigen StählenEs wurden vier ferritisch-austenitische Stahltypen im Hinblick auf eine σ-Phasen-Versprödung durch Einwirken von Temperaturen im Bereich von 700 bis 900°C untersucht. Die Ergebnisse lassen eine gewisse Empfindlichkeit solcher Stähle erkennen, was bei der Werkstoffauswahl berücksichtigt werden muß. Außerdem wurde gezeigt, daß steigender Austenitgehalt die Ausbildung von σ-Phase fördert. Molybdän als Legierungselement begünstigt die σ-Phasenbildung sehr viel stärker als Chrom, es erweitert den kritischen Temperaturbereich zudem beträchtlich zu höheren Temperaturen.Weiterhin wurde ein „σ-Äquivalent“ erarbeitet, durch das für verschiedene Stahlqualitäten - basierend auf ihrer Zusammensetzung - halb-quantitative Vergleiche hinsichtlich der Gefahr einer σ-Phasen-Versprödung angestellt werden können.
    Notes: Four commercially established ferritic-austenitic stainless steel grades have been investigated with respect to σ-phase embrittlement by exposure in the temperature interval 700-900 °C. The results illustrate the fact that this type of steels is rather susceptible to such an embrittlement, and this has to be considered when selecting steel grades for different applications. It is also shown that an increased austenite content in fact promotes σ-phase formation. Molybdenum as alloying element is found to favour σ-phase much stronger than chromium (4-5 times counted per wt%), hence enlarging the critical temperature range considerably towards higher temperature.Further, a simple “σ-equivalent” has been developed by which semiquantitative comparisons of the susceptibility to σ-phase embrittlement might be made between different steel grades, based on their alloy composition.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 106-106 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 107-107 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981) 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 126-134 
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    Notes: Hochfeste Schrauben und Muttern snd zwar relativ preiswerte Massenprodukte, doch sind sie gleichzeitig Maschinenelemente höchster Präzision großer statischer und dynamischer Haltbarkeiten werden sehr hohe Anforderungen an das örtliche Werkstoffverhalten in den vielfach scharf gekerbten Schraubenverbindungen gestellt. Nur eine systematische Forschung und Entwicklung, zu der Prof. Dr. Ing. H. Wiegand Während seiner Ingenieurtätigkeit wesentlich beigetragen und viele Arbeiten auf diesem Gebiet angeregt ht, konnte zum heutigen Stand der konstruktiven Gestaltung und werkstofftechnischen Auslegung führen. Trotzdem ist die Entwicklung von Schrauben und Muttern mit noch besserer Haltbarkeit nie stehengeblieben. Daher werden auch neuere Forschungen notwendig werden, wobei die erarbeiteten Grundlagen das Fundament bilden und auch der alte Forscherdrang Vorbild sein wird.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981) 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 151-155 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Formation of Fracture Surfaces and Adhesion Mechanisms of Titanium Steel Explosive BondingsInvestigations on adhesion of the model system steel-titanium explosive platings have been carried out under the condition of an uniaxial tensile test. A bond model of explosive plating will be proposed and discusses by means of SEM-analysis of the fracture surfaces. Hence it follows, that in the range of the slow collision velocity, the bond mechanism is identical with that obtained by friction welding processes. At medium collision velocity a formation of thin hydrodynamic metal films with lubricating effects and slight adhesion in the interface region takes place. Extreme large collision velocity rate cause the bond due to fusion welding processes.
    Notes: Am Modellsystem Stahl-Reintitan-Explosionsplattierungen wurden Untersuchungen zur Haftung im einachsigen Normalspannungsversuch durchgeführt. Ein Bindungsmodell zur Explosionsplattierung wird aufgrund rasterelektronenoptischer Bruchflächenanalysen vorgeschlagen und diskutiert. Danach entspricht der Bindungsmechanismus bei geringen Kollisionsgeschwindigkeiten dem des Reibschweißens. Bei mittleren Geschwindigkeiten treten dünne hydrodynamische Metallfilme mit Schmiereffekten im Grenzbereich auf, die geringe Haftung bewirken. Extrem hohe Kollisionsgeschwindigkeiten verursachen die Bindung infolge von Schmelzschweißvorgängen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 183-184 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981) 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 185-189 
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    Description / Table of Contents: The Influence of Cyclic Deformation at High Temperatures on the Microstructure of IN 939The influence of cyclic deformation at high temperatures (700°C, 850°C) on the microstructure of the cast nickelbase superalloy IN 939 was investigated. As methods light microscopy, scanning microscopy, transmission microscopy and X-ray deflection were used. As fracture origin casting pores could be detected in all cases. This observation and the observed small deformation along the sample lead to the assumption that crack propagation from existing casting defects is the essential fracture mechanism for fatigue of smooth specimens.
    Notes: Es wurde der Einfluß einer Wechselverformung bei hohen Temperaturen (700°C, 850°C) auf das Gefüge der gegossenen Nickelbasis-Superlegierung IN 939 untersucht. Hierfür wurden die Methoden der Lichtmikroskopie, Rastermikroskopie, Durchstrahlungselektronenmikroskopie unter der Röntgenbeugung verwendet. Als Bruchursache konnten in allen Fällen Gußporen gefunden werden. Diese Beobachtung legt zusammen mit der beobachteten geringen Verformung der Probe die Vermutung nahe, daß bei dieser Legierung im Wöhlerversuch Rißfortschritt von vorhandenen Gußdefekten die wesentliche Bruchursache darstellt.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. A47 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981) 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 235-243 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Estimation of the Endurance and the Fatigue Limit of Steel by Measuring Specimens′ Temperatures.Microplastic deformation processes are pre-requisites for fatigue crack formation within metallic materials. If the testing frequency of a specimen, cyclically stressed by a progressively-increasing load test, is not too low it is no great metrological problem to ascertain that special stress amplitude, σf,th (f ≙ fatigue limit, th ≙ thermometrical), at which specimen's temperature begins to rise due to the start of ‘remarkable’ microplastic deformations. Investigations of this kind, recently carried out by rotating bending showed a very good correspondence between σf,th and a statistically ascertained estimate of the fatigue limit, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \hat \sigma _{({\rm P} \simeq {\rm 0}\% {\rm)}} $\end{document} (P ≙ Probability of fracture), derived from comparatively performed Wöhler-tests. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between σf,th and \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \hat \sigma _{({\rm P} \simeq {\rm 0}\% {\rm)}} $\end{document} for some carbon steels when cyclically stressed by push-pull and pulsating tensile loading, respectively. Both, unnotched and notched specimes were tested. Moreover, thermometrically monitored Wöhler-tests revealed that temperature measurements can provide a short-cut prediction of specimens′ lives. Above all it has to be mentioned that a reliable clue is gettable at a very early experimental stadium whether the cyclic stressed specimen will later become a ‘break’ or - normally much later - a ‘run-out’.
    Notes: Mikroplastische Deformationsvorgänge im schwingend beanspruchten Prüfling sind eine notwendige Voraussetzung für die Werkstoffermüdung. Bei nicht zu niedriger Prüffrequenz und nicht zu geringem beanspruchtem Volumen ist die hierbei infolge Energiedissipation anfallende Wärme über Temperaturmessung erfaßbar. Für Umlaufbiegebeanspruchung konnte bei Laststeigerungsversuchen eine Grenzamplitude beginnender Probenerwärmung gefunden werden, die beachtlich exakt mit dem statistisch vergleichsweise hochabgesicherten Schätzwert der Dauerfestigkeit (Wöhlermethode) koinzidiert; darüber wurde bereits mehrfach in der Literatur berichtet. - Im folgenden wird über entsprechende Untersuchungen bei geänderter Beanspruchungsart und darüber hinaus über die Ergebnisse von lückenlos thermometrisch kontrollierten Einstufenversuchen berichtet. Der letztgenannte Untersuchungskomplex gibt der Erwartung Raum, daß der Zeitaufwand bei der konventionellen Einstufenmethode zumindest hinsichtlich der Bestimmung der Dauerfestigkeitsgrenze in Zukunft noch erheblich vermindert werden kann, wenn jeder Einzelversuch von Anfang an temperaturkontrolliert durchgeführt wird.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. A58 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 272-281 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Überprüfung von Lebensdauervorhersage-Ergebnissen für gekerbte Proben mit kurzer RißfortschrittsphaseEs wurden die im Versuch ermittelten Werte der Lebensdauer für Belastungskollektive mit geblockten Spannungen und für randomisierte Flugsimulations-Lastkollektive mit den Werten, berechnet auf der Grundlage örtlicher Beanspruchungen (LSA) und auf der konventioneller Grundlage nominaler Beanspruchungen (NSA), verglichen. Lastprogramme mit und ohne Lastspitzen wurden für Versuche mit innen gekerbten 2024-T3 Blechproben mit kleiner Rißfortschrittsphase angewendet. Für die Berechnungen nach dem konventionellen NSA-Verfahren wurden im Versuch ermittelte Wöhlerlinien, die in den Koordinaten log σa - log N linear waren, benutzt. Eine Werkstoff-Deformations-Lebensdauer-Kurve N = f(∊a), ein zyklische Spannungs-Dehnungs-Kurve und ein mit der Zweiparameter-Formel berechneter Wert von Kf wurden für die Lebensdauerberechnungen mit dem LSA-Verfahren angewendet. Die Berechnungen zeigten, daß die mit Anwendung von Kf für R = 0 (Schwellbelastungs-Kerbfaktor) vorhergesagten Lebensdauerwerte genauer waren, als die bei Anwendung von Kf für R = -I (Zug-Druck-Kerbfaktor), da die Versuchbelastungen Zugschwellbelastungen waren. Es zeigte sich auch, daß die Genauigkeit der Vorhersage bedeutend zunimmt, wenn ein passender Korrekturbeiwert, der für einen genügend ähnlichen Belastungsablauf erhalten wurde, zur Korrektur der ermittelte Lebensdauer verwendet wird.
    Notes: Crack initiation life estimates obtained with the local strain approach (LSA) and with the conventional nominal stress approach (NSA) were compared with experimental results obtained with stress block loading programs and flight simulation gust random loading programs. Programs with and without load peaks were used for testing internally notched 2024-T3 sheet specimens with a very small crack propagation phase. Experimental S-N curves obtained for the notched specimens and assumed to be linear in log σa-log N coordinates were used for calculations with the NSA method. A material strain-life curve (∊ versus N), a cyclic stress-strain curve and a Kf value calculated with a two-parameter formula were used for life estimations with the LSA method. Calculations indicated that the life estimates obtained with the Kf value for R = 0 (pulsating-tension) were more accurate than in the case of Kf for R = -1, for the considered loading programs of tensile type. It was also shown that the prediction accuracy can be much improved by use of a proper adjustment coefficient obtained for a sufficiently similar loading program.
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