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  • Articles  (146)
  • Springer  (146)
  • Nature Publishing Group
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  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984  (146)
  • 1981  (146)
  • Philosophy  (146)
  • 1
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    Studia logica 40 (1981), S. 55-66 
    ISSN: 1572-8730
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The intuitionistic consequence operation restricted to the language with ↔ (equivalence) and ∼ (negation) as the only connectives is axiomatized by means of a finite set of sequential rules of inference.
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    Studia logica 40 (1981), S. 39-54 
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    Notes: Abstract Medvedev's intermediate logic (MV) can be defined by means of Kripke semantics as the family of Kripke frames given by finite Boolean algebras without units as partially ordered sets. The aim of this paper is to present a proof of the theorem: For every set of connectivesΦ such that $$\{ \to , \vee , \urcorner \} \not \subseteq \Phi \subseteq \{ \to , \wedge , \urcorner \} $$ theΦ-fragment ofMV equals theΦ fragment of intuitionistic logic. The final part of the paper brings the negative solution to the problem set forth by T. Hosoi and H. Ono, namely: is an intermediate logic based on the axiom (⌝a→b∨c) →(⌉a→b)∨(⌝a → c) separable?
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    Studia logica 40 (1981), S. 99-102 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Some people approve of certain general rules of behavior, or some concrete cases. The others disapprove of or are indifferent to them. In this paper I suggest an axiom system which formalizes the use of these utterances. It may be considered as a special (“individualistic”) approach to deontic logic.
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    Studia logica 40 (1981), S. 177-193 
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    Notes: Abstract First, we prove that the lattice of all structural strengthenings of a given strongly finite consequence operation is both atomic and coatomic, it has finitely many atoms and coatoms, each coatom is strongly finite but atoms are not of this kind — we settle this by constructing a suitable counterexample. Second, we deal with the notions of hereditary: algebraicness, strong finitisticity and finite approximability of a strongly finite consequence operation. Third, we formulate some conditions which tell us when the lattice of all structural strengthenings of a given strongly finite consequence operation is finite, and subsequently we give some applications of them.
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    Studia logica 40 (1981), S. 315-353 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Sections 1, 2 and 3 contain the main result, the strong finite axiomatizability of all 2-valued matrices. Since non-strongly finitely axiomatizable 3-element matrices are easily constructed the result reveals once again the gap between 2-valued and multiple-valued logic. Sec. 2 deals with the basic cases which include the important F i ∞ from Post's classification. The procedure in Sec. 3 reduces the general problem to these cases. Sec. 4 is a study of basic algebraic properties of 2-element algebras. In particular, we show that equational completeness is equivalent to the Stone-property and that each 2-element algebra generates a minimal quasivariety. The results of Sec. 4 will be applied in Sec. 5 to maximality questions and to a matrix free characterization of 2-valued consequences in the lattice of structural consequences in any language. Sec. 6 takes a look at related axiomatization. problems for finite algebras and matrices. We study the notion of a propositional consequence with equality and, among other things, present explicit axiomatizations of 2-valued consequences with equality.
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    Studia logica 40 (1981), S. 391-404 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract An Ockham lattice is defined to be a distributive lattice with 0 and 1 which is equipped with a dual homomorphic operation. In this paper we prove: (1) The lattice of all equational classes of Ockham lattices is isomorphic to a lattice of easily described first-order theories and is uncountable, (2) every such equational class is generated by its finite members. In the proof of (2) a characterization of orderings of ω with respect to which the successor function is decreasing is given.
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    Studia logica 40 (1981), S. 29-37 
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    Notes: Abstract We generalize a well-knownSmullyan's result, by showing that any two sets of the kindC a = {x/⊢ x↔a} andC b = {x/⊢ x↔b} are effectively inseparable (if I ⌿ ↔b). Then we investigate logical and recursive consequences of this fact (see Introduction).
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    Studia logica 40 (1981), S. 75-87 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper specifies classes of framesmaximally omnitemporally characteristic for Thomas' normal modal logicT 2 + and for each logic in the ascending chain of Segerberg logics investigated by Segerberg and Hughes and Cresswell. It is shown that distinct a,scending chains of “generalized” Segerberg logics can be constructed from eachT n + logic (n ⩾ 2). The set containing allT n + and Segerberg logics can be totally- (linearly-) ordered but not well-ordered by the inclusion relation. The order type of this ordered setΓ isω *(ω + 1). Throughout the paper my approach is fundamentally semantical.
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    Studia logica 40 (1981), S. 155-175 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper studies a propositional logic which is obtained by interpreting implication as formal provability. It is also the logic of finite irreflexive Kripke Models. A Kripke Model completeness theorem is given and several completeness theorems for interpretations into Provability Logic and Peano Arithmetic.
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    Studia logica 40 (1981), S. 195-198 
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    Notes: Abstract Professor Ryszard Wójcicki once asked whether the degree of maximality of the consequence operationC determined by the theorems of the intuitionistic propositional logic and the detachment rule for the implication connective is equal to $$2^{2^\aleph 0} $$ ? The aim of the present paper is to give the affirmative answer to the question. More exactly, it is proved here that the degree of maximality ofC Ψ — theΨ — fragment ofC, is equal to $$2^{2^\aleph 0} $$ , for every such that → εΨ.
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    Studia logica 40 (1981), S. 405-413 
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    Notes: Abstract A game for testing the equivalence of Kripke models with respect to finitary and infinitary intuitionistic predicate logic is introduced and applied to discuss a concept of categoricity for intuitionistic theories.
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    Studia logica 40 (1981), S. 141-153 
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    Notes: Abstract The first part of the paper is a reminder of fundamental results connected with the adequacy problem for sentential logics with respect to matrix semantics. One of the main notions associated with the problem, namely that of the degree of complexity of a sentential logic, is elucidated by a couple of examples in the second part of the paper. E.g., it is shown that the minimal logic of Johansson and some of its extensions have degree of complexity 2. This is the first example of an exact estimation of the degree of natural complex logics, i.e. logics whose deducibility relation cannot be represented by a single matrix. The remaining examples of complex logics are more artificial, having been constructed for the purpose of checking some theoretical possibilities.
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    Studia logica 40 (1981), S. 203-207 
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    Studia logica 40 (1981), S. 373-382 
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    Notes: Abstract Without introducing quantifiers, minimal axiomatic systems have already been constructed for Peirce's triadic logics. The present paper constructs a dual pair of axiomatic systems which can be used to introduce quantifiers into Peirce's preferred system of triadic logic. It is assumed (on the basis of textual evidence) that Peirce would prefer a system which rejects the absurd but tolerates the absolutely undecidable. The systems which are introduced are shown to be absolutely consistent, deductively complete, and minimal. These dual axiomatic systems reveal an interesting elegance, independent of their historical motivation.
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    Studia logica 40 (1981), S. 415-421 
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    Studia logica 40 (1981), S. 13-28 
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    Notes: Abstract Some authors have studied in an ad hoc fashion the inclusive logics, that is the logics which admit or include objects or sets without element. These logics have been recently brought into the limelight because of the use of arbitrary topoi for interpreting languages. (In topoi there are usually many objects without element.) The aim of the paper is to present, for some inclusive logics, an axiomatization as natural and as simple as possible. Because of the intended applications to category theory, the logics studied are many-sorted and intuitionistic.
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    Studia logica 40 (1981), S. 67-74 
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    Notes: Abstract The essence of the meaning of a declarative sentence is given by stating its truth conditions, and consequently semantics, the study of meaning, must include a theory of truth conditions. Such a theory must not only describe accurately the truth conditions of declarative sentences, it must also answer the question of when two sentences have the same truth conditions. The fundamental semantic relation of having the same truth conditions cannot be ignored by any reasonable theory. This paper is an attempt to find a partial account of this relation by using game theoretical semantics as developed by Hintikka and his followers. The account given will establish a connection between this approach to semantics and the theory of firstdegree entailment formulated by Anderson and Belnap.
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    Studia logica 40 (1981), S. 103-111 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper, intuitionistic modal logics which do not admit the law of the excluded middle are studied. The main result is that there exista a continuum of such logics.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 12 (1981), S. 353-363 
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    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary The complex of ‚lysenkoism‘ cannot satisfyingly be explained as a pure and internal marxist tradition and reception. A necessary external addition has to consider the social history of the Soviet Union, her political economy, and the development of her scientific history. Hence, a more adequate connection to the ‚stalinist‘ epoch can be drawn.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 12 (1981), S. 364-400 
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    Notes: Summary My concern in what follows is to give a comparative report on some important lectures held at the Hegel-Kongreß 1981 in Stuttgart. In discussing the views of Quine, Hacking, Davidson, Putnam and Habermas I want to confront them with some details of Rorty's recent critique of our philosophical tradition. At last I try to give a tentative answer whether there is an end or a turning-point for current analytical philosophy.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 12 (1981), S. 401-412 
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    Studia logica 40 (1981), S. 1-12 
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    Notes: Abstract Logical matrices for orthomodular logic are introduced. The underlying algebraic structures are orthomodular lattices, where the conditional connective is the Sasaki arrow. An axiomatic calculusOMC is proposed for the orthomodular-valid formulas.OMC is based on two primitive connectives — the conditional, and the falsity constant. Of the five axiom schemata and two rules, only one pertains to the falsity constant. Soundness is routine. Completeness is demonstrated using standard algebraic techniques. The Lindenbaum-Tarski algebra ofOMC is constructed, and it is shown to be an orthomodular lattice whose unit element is the equivalence class of theses ofOMC.
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    Studia logica 40 (1981), S. 89-98 
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    Notes: Abstract The aims of this paper are: (1) to present tense-logical versions of such classical notions as saturated and special models; (2) to establish several fundamental existence theorems about these notions; (3) to apply these powerful techniques to tense complexity. In this paper we are concerned exclusively with quantifiedK 1 (for linear time) with constant domain. Our present research owes much to Bowen [2], Fine [5] and Gabbay [6].
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    Studia logica 40 (1981), S. 113-139 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper studies, by way of an example, the intuitionistic propositional connective * defined in the language of second order propositional logic by . In full topological models * is not generally definable, but over Cantor-space and the reals it can be classically shown that ; on the other hand, this is false constructively, i.e. a contradiction with Church's thesis is obtained. This is comparable with some well-known results on the completeness of intuitionistic first-order predicate logic. Over [0, 1], the operator * is (constructively and classically) undefinable. We show how to recast this argument in terms of intuitive intuitionistic validity in some parameter. The undefinability argument essentially uses the connectedness of [0, 1]; most of the work of recasting consists in the choice of a suitable intuitionistically meaningful parameter, so as to imitate the effect of connectedness. Parameters of the required kind can be obtained as so-called projections of lawless sequences.
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    Studia logica 40 (1981), S. i 
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    Studia logica 40 (1981), S. 355-372 
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    Notes: Abstract In the first section logics with an algebraic semantics are investigated. Section 2 is devoted to subdirect products of matrices. There, among others we give the matrix counterpart of a theorem of Jónsson from universal algebra. Some positive results concerning logics with, finite degrees of maximality are presented in Section 3.
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    Studia logica 40 (1981), S. 383-389 
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    Notes: Abstract A system of modal logic with the λ operator is proposed, and proved complete. In contrast with a previous one by Stalnaker and Thomason, this system does not require two categories of singular terms.
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    Studia logica 40 (1981), S. 422-422 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 12 (1981), S. 303-321 
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    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Gegen den Vorwurf, die sprachanalytische Philosophie sei einzelsprachlich relativ oder provinziell, haben sich die sprachanalytischen Philosophen mit mindestens vier Argumenten erfolgreich gewehrt: (I) Den Vertretern derphilosophischen Grammatik geht es zwar um die einzelsprachliche Grammatik bestimmter Ausdrücke; aber um eben diese Grammatik muß es ihnen auch gehen, da philosophische Probleme aus dem Getäuschtsein durch die Grammatik entstehen. Nicht nur die Problemlösung, sondern auch die Problemstellung ist provinziell. (II) Den Vertretern derlinguistischen Phänomenologie geht es um die Unterscheidung und Ordnung von Phänomenen. Weil sie dabei die Sprache und ihre Distinktionen bloß als heuristisches Mittel gebrauchen, haben ihre Aussagen die gleiche Reichweite wie die Ergebnisse einer mundan-phänomenologischen Analyse. (III) Den Vertretern derinformalen Logik geht es um die Logik bestimmter Begriffe und Propositionen. Die Explikation der Logik dieser Begriffe und Propositionen hat Gültigkeit für den gesamten Bereich, in dem eben diese Begriffe und Propositionen ‘verbalisierbar’ sind. (IV) Den Vertretern derSprechakttheorie schließlich geht es um die Regeln, denen Sprechakte gehorchen. Die Analyse dieser Regeln gilt für alle diejenigen Sprachen bzw. Gesellschaften, in denen es die Institution des betreffenden Sprechakts gibt.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 12 (1981), S. 1-27 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 12 (1981), S. 28-54 
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    Notes: Summary Ordinary language philosophers frequently draw on the fact that an appropriately selected sentential combination of the form “p but not q” can, or cannot, be uttered without absurdity; however, they do so without sufficient reflection on the methodology of such combination tests, which results in considerable shortcomings even in practical application. To improve things, I shall discuss two criteria for distinguishing ‘pragmatic’ from ‘non-pragmatic’ implications and for separating the latter into ‘linguistic’ (‘semantic’ and ‘syntactical’) and ‘non-linguistic’ ones (2–3); consider the bearing of the principle of ‘sense-constancy‘ on the applicability of combination tests (4); and call attention to the important, though merely heuristic, function of investigating pragmatic, as opposed to semantic, implications (5.1–5.2). Finally, I shall hint at a striking analogy between the linguistic (yet non-empirical) method of combination tests, the phenomenological method of ‘fictional variation’, and the empirical method of ‘conjectures and refutations’ (5.3).
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 12 (1981), S. 55-74 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Begriff der axiomatischen Basis einer physikalischen Theorie wurde in [1] eingeführt. Die dort gegebene Definition ist zu eng verglichen mit dem, was in der theoretischen Physik angestrebt wird und z. B. für die Quantenmechanik in [2] und [3] durchgeführt ist. Die in dieser Arbeit angegebene, neue (erweiterte) Definition einer axiomatischen Basis beschreibt das tatsächliche Vorgehen der theoretischen Physik methodisch besser. Die neue Definition erlaubt es auch, die Untersuchungen über physikalische Begriffe insofern gegenüber [1] zu verbessern, als es möglich ist, sauber zwischen „theoretischen Hilfsbegriffen“ und „theoretischen Begriffen“ zu unterscheiden. Es läßt sich genauer definieren, was man unter „physikalisch interpretierbaren“ Gesetzen verstehen will. Entgegen mancher Meinung wird die Vermutung aufgestellt, daß man jede physikalische Theorie mit „physikalisch interpretierbaren“ Gesetzen, d. h. ohne theoretische Hilfsbegriffe formulieren kann.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 12 (1981), S. 110-115 
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    Notes: Summary This study gives an arithmetic calculus to determine tautologies, contradictions and satisfiable formulas of the first order logic. The presented calculus may easily be extended on modal and deontic logic. The mathematical foundation of this arithmetic calculus is a Boolean ring.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 12 (1981), S. 98-109 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Rahmen der Popperianischen Bewährungstheorie spielt der Begriff der Strenge eines Tests eine wichtige Rolle. Einige konkurrierende Vorschläge zur Bestimmung der Teststrenge werden vorgestellt, auf ihre Konsequenzen hin analysiert und miteinander verglichen. Gegen Vorschläge von Popper und Watkins bzw. Lakatos und Musgrave werden schwerwiegende Einwände vorgebracht; durch die Erweiterung einer Idee von Zahar lassen sich deren vertretbare Konsequenzen aber erhalten und sogar erklären. Es wird die Ansicht vertreten, daß es im Zusammenhang mit einer rationalen Theorienpräferenz mehr auf ein Optimum an empirischer Kritik als auf ein Maximum ankommt: ein Test muß zwar streng, aber auch fair sein.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 12 (1981), S. 135-137 
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    Notes: Summary In an illuminating article A. Kamlah considers philosophy of science as an activity leading step by step from neutral descriptions to rational prescriptions. What his remarks do not offer us is a way of dealing with the troublesome ambiguities we find in the analyses provided by those philosophers of science who refuse to say whether they legislate how scientists should behave or describe how they do. In this context I want to draw attention to a helpful distinction H. A. Simon has made.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 12 (1981), S. 138-162 
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    Notes: Summary Some leading ideas of the constructivist protophysics are discussed on the basis of P. Janich's Protophysik der Zeit. After having reviewed the contents of the second edition Janich's claim that analytical philosophy of science is purely affirmative and not critical towards science in its historical appearence is refuted. In the next section the principles of constructivist methodology of physics are criticised, and the claim is refuted that prescriptions for measurement cannot without circularity be shown to be invalid by experimental results. In the last section we discuss Janich's foundation of time measurement in a mathematical frame similar to that for extensive systems. Thus the relation between Janich's and the ordinary account is cleared up.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 12 (1981), S. 188-207 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 12 (1981), S. 163-177 
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    Notes: Summary This paper discusses critically the fundamental elements of the Stegmüller/Sneed-reconstruction of Kuhn's normal science concept. It is argued that a) Kuhn himself cannot accept this reconstruction if he wants to describe theory dynamics in the past; b) the reconstruction is not based on a pure non-statement view; c) to have a theory in the sense of Kuhn, should be related to the ordered pair 〈K,Io〉 to ensure the desired constancy over time; d) the reconstruction implies, contrary to Kuhn, the ability of rejecting a theory without having an alternative one; e) the rejection of a theory can be the result of a falsifying procedure and, therefore, theories are not immune from falsification; f) the reconstruction still contains rationality gaps; g) the reconstruction shows more precisely than Kuhn's work that Popper is right when he attacks normal scientist's behaviour; h) the positions of the Kuhnians and of the criticists could be reconciled partially.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 12 (1981), S. 178-187 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 12 (1981), S. 208-208 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 12 (1981), S. 250-262 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Aufkommen der „klassischen Mechanik“ wird als paradigmatisch für die Entstehung des neuzeitlichen wissenschaftlichen Denkens angesehen. Geht man nun dem Beginn dieser Entwicklung nach, so stößt man sehr bald auf den Begriff der Selbsterhaltung. Das Postulat der Selbsterhaltung erweist sich als zentrale Kategorie bei der Herausbildung einer „externen“ Naturvorstellung, nach der ein sich bewegender Körper keiner zusätzlichen Kraft bedarf, um die betreffende Bewegung aufrechtzuerhalten (Trägheitsprinzip). Sie erhält sich von selbst. Das Prinzip der Selbsterhaltung taucht in dieser Epoche auch in verschiedenen anderen Disziplinen auf, beispielsweise der Staatsphilosphie (Th. Hobbes) und der Ethik (Spinoza). Ein paralleles Phänomen während dieser Zeit ist eine beginnende Emanzipation des Individuums. Der allmähliche Ausbau einer Autonomie im Denken und Fühlen findet seinen Ausdruck in einem neuen Vernunftsbegriff, der nicht mehr in Abhängigkeit von theologischen Postulaten steht. Die Autonomie des Individuums wird weitgehend als Selbsterhaltung der Vernunft verstanden. Es liegt nahe einen Zusammenhang zu vermuten zwischen der neuzeitlichen Naturerfassung auf der Grundlage des Selbsterhaltungsbegriffes und der „Entdeckung“ einer individuellen, sich selbst konstituierenden Vernunft.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 12 (1981), S. 285-296 
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    Notes: Summary It is here shown that the relativistic doctrine of the relativity of simultaneity is untenable and that both the special and general theories of relativity are inconsistent. It is also shown that the theories can perhaps be made consistent, but excessively weak, through the reintroduction of absolute space and a weakening of the Lorentz transformations. Non-relativistic hypotheses for some events thought to require relativity are suggested. Finally, some conjectures are made on how so wrong a theory could have been accepted by so many for so long.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 12 (1981), S. 297-302 
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    Notes: Summary A pattern can be found in the history of semiconductor electronics, which largely appears to coincide with that of scientific revolutions as described by Thomas Kuhn1. However, the history of semiconductor electronics has some characteristics which suggest that Kuhn's model requires correction in important respects.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 12 (1981), S. 322-339 
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    Notes: Summary In a case study Kuhn's morphology of scientific revolutions is put to the test in confronting it with the contemporary developments in physics. It is shown in detail, that Kuhn's scheme is not compatible with the situation in physics today.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 12 (1981), S. 340-352 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Peter Janichs konstruktiver Aufbau einer Chronometrie, wie er in der neuen Auflage seines Buches „Die Protophysik der Zeit“ beschrieben ist, wird einer detaillierten Kritik unterzogen. Dabei kristallisieren sich drei ernste Probleme heraus: Das Problem der Eindeutigkeit der Leitlinie, das Problem der Transitivität der Begleitstellungen, und das Problem der eindeutigen Bestimmtheit der Uhren. Alle drei Probleme bleiben bei Janich unbewältigt, woraus folgt, daß seine Chronometrie in der vorliegenden Form zumindest unvollständig ist.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 12 (1981), S. 75-97 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird zu zeigen versucht, daß die Unterscheidung logischer und faktischer Wahrheiten nicht gelingen kann, solange nicht zwei Arten von Existenz unterschieden werden, nämlich logische Existenz als Widerspruchsfreiheit und faktische als an Ort und Zeit gebundene Existenz. Die Vernachlässigung der Bedingungen von Ort und Zeit führt dazu, daß z. B. Leibniz, Frege und Russell die faktische Wahrheit auf die logische zurückführen, was wiederum dadurch begünstigt wird, daß die genannten Autoren Individuum und Einermenge nicht konsequent unterscheiden. Die Unterscheidung logischer und faktischer Wahrheiten ist aber zugleich wichtigster Bestandteil des empiristischen Sinnkriteriums der logischen Empiristen. Der Streit zwischen Carnap und Quine über die Unterscheidbarkeit analytischer und synthetischer Sätze war daher zugleich ein Streit um die Unterscheidbarkeit logischer und faktischer Wahreiten. Da aber weder Quine noch Carnap bereit waren, Voraussetzungen ontologischer Art zu machen, und sie daher Wahrheit auf Beweisbarkeit sowie auf den richtigen Gebrauch einer Sprache zurückführten, wurden auch für sie Individuum und Einermenge und damit auch logische und faktische Wahrheiten ununterscheidbar. Daher kommen beiden trotz ursprünglich gegensätzlicher Auffassungen zu sehr ähnlichen Ergebnissen. Während Quine nämlich die logische Wahrheit auf die faktische zurückführt und Wissenschaft für ihn nichts weiter ist als mit Erfahrung verknüpfte Gedankenkonstruktion, führt Carnap ganz im Sinne von Leibniz die faktische Wahrheit auf die logische, nämlich auf Widerspruchsfreiheit zurück, so daß die gesamte Erfahrungswelt für ihn nichts weiter ist als eine aus Grundelementen rational konstruierbare Welt des sinnlichen Scheins. Wenn faktische Wahrheit aber mehr ist als nur Widerspruchsfreiheit und Deduzierbarkeit, dann muß die Wahrheit von unabhängigen Atomsätzen anerkannt werden, deren Wahrheit nicht mit rein innersprachlichen Mitteln gesichert werden kann, sondern durch die Existenz außersprachlicher individueller Objekte abgestützt werden muß; denn Individuelles läßt sich in seiner Individualität nicht aus allgemeinen Gesetzen herleiten. Ein Wahrheitsbegriff, der dies leistet, findet sich bei Bernard Bolzano, der dafür die Annahme einer dritten Welt, einer Welt möglicher Intensionen, benötigte. Daß solch eine Annahme keine unnötige Vervielfältigung von Entitäten bedeutet, wird deutlich an den Schwierigkeiten, die für Wittgenstein dadurch entstanden, daß er einerseits mit Freges Theorie vom Sinn sprachlicher Zeichen eine semantische Grundlage sprachlicher Zeichen anerkannte, zugleich aber einen nominalistischen Standpunkt vertrat, indem er nur Namen, nicht aber Sätzen eine Bezeichnungsfunktion zuerkannte. Bolzanos Theorie von den zwei Arten der Existenz und der durch sie begründeten Arten von Wahrheiten bedarf jedoch einer Ergänzung und einer begrifflichen Analyse dessen, was unter „Sachverhalt“, „Tatsache“, „Faktum“, „Ereignis“ und „Individuum“ zu verstehen ist, was einer späteren Arbeit vorbehalten bleiben soll.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 12 (1981), S. 116-134 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Anknüpfend an den Beitrag von U. Steinvorth in Heft 1/1980 wird die Auffassung vertreten, daß die moderne allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie bisher keine überzeugende Antwort auf die Frage nach dem Status der Politischen Wissenschaft und ihrer theoretischen Erzeugnisse gegeben hat. In diesem Beitrag wird in Auseinandersetzung mit Steinvorth u. a. hervorgehoben: Analog zu der These, daß in der Politik Vernünftigkeit nicht auf Rationalität reduziert werden darf, ist es weder möglich noch wünschenswert, für alle spezifischen politischen Wertungen einen Erklärungstyp zu begründen oder als verbindlich vorzuschreiben. Die Wissenschaftstheorie muß sich in bezug auf die Frage nach dem Status „politischer“ Theorien mit einem Theorietypus beschäftigen, der ein neues Abgrenzungskriterium voraussetzt, nämlich einen spezifischen Satz von Prinzipien und Regeln zur Konstruktion politikwissenschaftlicher Theorien.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 12 (1981), S. 209-225 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Da Goethes Farbenlehre im allgemeinen allein unter dem Blickwinkel der darin enthaltenen methodologischen Thesen untersucht wird, tritt hier die Rekonstruktion ihres physikalischen Gehalts in den Vordergrund. Es zeigt sich auf diese Weise, daß die Farbenlehre als eine Verbindung physikalischer und sinnesphysiologischer Aspekte einige der zentralen Versuche der Newtonschen Optik angemessen interpretieren kann. Die Diskussion der Methodologie zeitigt anschließend ein zukunftweisendes Element: die Erkenntnis der Bedeutung der Meßapparatur für die Konstitution der Theorie. Schließlich wird Goethes Naturbild und seine Aktualisierung in den Bestrebungen der kritischen Theorie erörtert.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 12 (1981), S. 263-284 
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    Notes: Summary Presented here is an overview from the standpoints of sociology, history of science, philosophy of science and “pure science” of the lingering question of whether sociology is a form of scientific pursuit. The conclusion is drawn that sociology barely meets any of the rigid criteria traditionally associated with the natural sciences. Sociology is viewed as having a position of theory and argument which is labeled “inconoclastic scepticism.”
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 12 (1981), S. 226-249 
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    Notes: Summary Pluralism and monism are the two current views concerning scientific research and language understanding. Between them there is a third, intermediate, view. We take a “procedural methodology of science” as exemplified in the work of L. Tondl, and “procedural linguistics”, as exemplified in the work of B. Harrison, to be representative of this third possibility. Procedures are cognitive, linguistic, and physical processes which, through their hierarchical interconnections can generate fruitful “mechanisms”. These “mechanisms” are sensitive to context and operate in heuristic and algorithmic ways. Their similar logical structure points towards a profound unified basis for scientific and linguistic activities, thus providing an interesting bridge between what is achieved by a little child talking to his parents, and a creative scientist struggling to interpret the results of his experiments. “Variety of rules with unity of principles is a requirement of reason ..., such a requirement however, prescribes no law to the objects themselves. It is merely a subjective law of economy ..., namely a logical form, a faculty whereby the cognitions of the understanding are arranged among themselves only, andlower rules under higher ones.” Kant,Critique of Pure Reason “We can conceive of theinvention of new metaphors as aprocess of discovery, with definite criteria of success attached to it rather than as a matter of arbitrary caprice.” Harrison B.,Meaning and Structure
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 46 (1981), S. 359-382 
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 48 (1981), S. 1-60 
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 47 (1981), S. 289-299 
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    Notes: Conclusion For Kant, the concept of things in themselves or noumena isnot a door through which we are able to exit from the phenomenal realm into the sphere of mind-independent reality. Rather, it is an epistemic, mind-imposed contrivance through which alone we are able to operate our conceptual scheme — a scheme in which objectivity and externality play a crucial role.
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 48 (1981), S. 121-133 
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 48 (1981), S. 163-163 
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 48 (1981), S. 295-329 
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 48 (1981), S. 233-256 
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 48 (1981), S. 257-294 
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 49 (1981), S. 3-41 
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 49 (1981), S. 129-151 
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 49 (1981), S. 245-273 
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 49 (1981), S. 395-413 
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 49 (1981), S. 317-335 
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 46 (1981), S. 121-141 
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