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  • Evolution
  • Springer  (13)
  • Annual Reviews
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • Frontiers Media SA
  • Taylor & Francis
  • 2020-2024
  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984  (13)
  • 1981  (13)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (13)
  • Annual Reviews
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • Frontiers Media SA
  • Taylor & Francis
    • +
Years
  • 2020-2024
  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984  (13)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ancient repeated sequences in the pea and mung bean genomes and implications for genome evolution (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 17 (1981), S. 31-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Pea ; Mung bean ; Genome organization ; Evolution ; Amplification ; Repetitive DNA ; Single copy DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Essentially all of the sequences in the pea (Pisum sativum) genome which reassociate with single copy kinetics at standard (Tm -25°C) criterion follow repetitive kinetics at lower temperatures (about Tm-35°C). Analysis of thermal stability profiles for presumptive single copy duplexes show that they contain substantial mismatch even when formed at standard criterion. Thus most of the sequences in the pea genome which are conventionally defined as “single copy” are actually “fossil repeats” — that is, they are members of extensively diverged (mutuated) and thus presumably ancient families of repeated sequences. Coding sequences as represented by a cDNA probe prepared from poly-somal poly(A) + mRNA reassociate with single copy kinetics regardless of criterion and do not form mismatched duplexes. The coding regions thus appear to be composed of true single copy sequences but they cannot represent more than a few percent of the pea genome. Ancient diverged repeats are present, but not a prominent feature of the smaller mung bean (Vigna radiata) genome. An extension of a simple evolutionary model is proposed in which these and other differences in genome organization are considered to reflect different rates of sequence amplification or genome turnover during evolution. The model accounts for some of the differences between typical plant and animal genomes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01792422
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolutionary trees from DNA sequences: A maximum likelihood approach (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 17 (1981), S. 368-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Evolution ; Phylogeny ; Maximum likelihood ; Parsimony ; Estimation ; DNA sequences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The application of maximum likelihood techniques to the estimation of evolutionary trees from nucleic acid sequence data is discussed. A computationally feasible method for finding such maximum likelihood estimates is developed, and a computer program is available. This method has advantages over the traditional parsimony algorithms, which can give misleading results if rates of evolution differ in different lineages. It also allows the testing of hypotheses about the constancy of evolutionary rates by likelihood ratio tests, and gives rough indication of the error of the estimate of the tree.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01734359
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amino acid codes in mitochondria as possible clues to primitive codes (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 18 (1981), S. 15-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Amino acid code ; Evolution ; Primitive codes ; Mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Differences between mitochondrial codes and the universal code indicate that an evolutionary simplification has taken place, rather than a return to a more primitive code. However, these differences make it evident that the universal code is not the only code possible, and therefore earlier codes may have differed markedly from the previous code. The present universal code is probably a “frozen accident.” The change in CUN codons from leucine to threonine (Neurospora vs. yeast mitochondria) indicates that neutral or near-neutral changes occurred in the corresponding proteins when this code change took place, caused presumably by a mutation in a tRNA gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01733206
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on the evolutionary relationships between hemoglobins inChironomus pallidivittatus andC. Tentans (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 18 (1981), S. 9-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Monomeric hemoglobins ; Dimeric hemoglobins ; Chironomus ; Antibodies ; Evolution ; Gene duplication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The monomeric hemoglobins ofChironomus tentans andC. pallidivittatus have been isolated and separated into their respective components by gel chromatography on Sephadex G-75 and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel. The amino acid compositions of the purified components are given. The sequence of the 30 N-terminal amino acid residues of one of the monomeric components (Hb I fromC. pallidivittatus) was determined and found to be identical in almost all of its parts with the monomeric hemoglobins ofC. thummi (CTT III and CTT IV). Antibodies against the monomeric hemoglobins Hb I and Hb IIc and the dimeric fraction were highly specific and no cross reaction between dimeric and monomeric hemoglobins could be demonstrated. The antibodies against the monomers crossreact with the monomeric hemoglobins CTT III and CTT IV ofC. thummi. Taken together with genetic data, the immunological results indicate that divergence of monomeric from dimeric forms was an early event in the evolution of the various hemoglobins inChironomus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01733205
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The estimation of genetic divergence (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 17 (1981), S. 167-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Evolution ; Genetics ; REH theory ; Mutations ; Natural selection ; Nucleic acids ; Proteins ; Paleogenetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have independently repeated the computer simulations on which Nei and Tateno (1978) base their criticism of REH theory and have extended the analysis to include mRNAs as well as proteins. The simulation data confirm the correctness of the REH method. The high average value of the fixation intensity μ2 found by Nei and Tateno is due to two factors: 1) they reported only the five replications in which μ2 was high, excluding the forty-five replications containing the more representative data;and 2) the lack of information, inherent to protein sequence data, about fixed mutations at the third nucleotide position within codons, as the values are lower when the estimate is made from the mRNAs that code for the proteins. REH values calculated from protein or nucleic acid data on the basis of the equiprobability of genetic events underestimate, not overestimate, the total fixed mutations. In REH theory the experimental data determine the estimate T2 of the time average number of codons that have been free to fix mutations during a given period of divergence. In the method of Nei and Tateno it is assumed, despite evidence to the contrary, that every amino acid position may fix a mutation. Under the latter assumption, the measure X2 of genetic divergence suggested by Nei and Tateno is not tenable: values of X2 for theα hemoglobin divergences are less than the minimum number of fixed substitutions known to have occurred. Within the context of REH theory, a paradox, first posed by Zuckerkandl, with respect to the high rate of covarion turnover and the nature of general function sites in proteins is resolved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01733911
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolutionary relationships in Vibrio and Photobacterium as determined by immunological studies of superoxide dismutase (1981)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 130 (1981), S. 111-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Evolution ; Vibrio ; Photobacterium ; Alteromonas ; Aeromonas ; Marine bacteria ; Superoxide dismutase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The amino acid sequence divergence of superoxide dismutases (SODs) from 22 species and five groups of Vibrio, Photobacterium, and a number of related organisms was determined by means of the microcomplement fixation technique and the Ouchterlony double diffusion procedure. Five reference antisera were used which had been prepared against the purified SODs from V. alginolyticus, V. splendidus II, V. fischeri, V. cholerae, and P. leiognathi. With a few exceptions the results were in agreement with past studies of other informational molecules and provided a comprehensive overview of evolutionary relationships in Vibrio and Photobacterium. The genus Vibrio was found to consist of a major group of primarily marine species which included V. fischeri, V. logei, V. splendidus, V. pelagius, V. nereis, V. campbellii, V. harveyi, V. natriegens, V. alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus, V. proteolyticus, V. fluvialis, V. vulnificus, V. nigripulchritudo, and V. anguillarum. On the outskirts of this large and relatively heterogeneous group were the fresh water and estuarine species V. cholerae and V. metschnikovii as well as the marine species V. gazogenes. A considerable distance from Vibrio were the related species of Photobacterium: P. phosphoreum, P. leiognathi, and P. angustum. Both genera were distant from species of Aeromonas as well as from Plesiomonas shigelloides, Escherichia coli, and Alteromonas hanedai, a luminous strict aerobe. The agreement between these and previous studies of evolution of informational molecules in Vibrio and Photobacterium is best explained by vertical evolution (involving no genetic exchange between species) rather than by its opposite — horizontal evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00411061
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymorphism with selection and genotype-dependent migration (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of mathematical biology 11 (1981), S. 245-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: Population genetics ; Evolution ; Migration ; Geographical variation ; Habitat choice ; Polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract For a single autosomal locus with multiple alleles both an island and a multiple-niche model with discrete nonoverlapping generations are formulated for the maintenance of genetic variability. Both models incorporate viability selection in an arbitrary way and allow for genotypic differences in the pertinent migration structure. Random drift is ignored, and mating is at random. A global analysis is given for the island model in the neutral case. For a subdivided population, conditions are derived for the existence of a protected polymorphism, and the model is examined in some special two-niche cases. Of particular consideration is the loss of neutral alleles due solely to population regulation and genotype-dependent migration, and the possible existence of equilibrium clines without selection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00276896
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cross-incompatibility between two sympatric polyploid Solanum species (1981)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 60 (1981), S. 65-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Cross-incompatibility ; Solanum ; Reproductive barriers ; Introgression ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Preliminary results from a large number of reciprocal crosses between the closely related sympatric species S. gourlayi Hawkes (2n=4x=48) and S. oplocense Hawkes (2n=6x=72) indicated that they are difficult to hybridize. Pollen-pistil incompatibility barriers were detected via fluorescent microscopy. The cross incompatibility reaction occurred at three sites in 6x×4x crosses; on the stigma, in the first one-third of the style, and in the first two-thirds of the style. In the reciprocal 4x×6x crosses the incompatibility reaction invariably occurred in the ovary. Backcrosses of interspecific pentaploid hybrids (that were occasionally formed) to both parental populations were fully compatible, partially compatible, and fully incompatible with three sites of cross-incompatibility reaction similar to those observed in 6x×4x crosses, respectively. Both polyploid species were found to be selfcompatible, whereas their F1 hybrids were found to be self-incompatible. An hypothesis based on interactions of dominant cross-incompatibility (CI) genes in pistils and dominant specific complementary genes in pollen grains is postulated to explain these observations. The cross-incompatibility system that appears to be operating in nature between 4x S. gourlayi and 6x S. oplocense provides a way for gene exchange between sympatric populations without threatening the identity of either species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00282417
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anatomy and evolution in MacaronesianEchium (Boraginaceae) (1981)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 9-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Boraginaceae ; Echium ; Evolution ; anatomy ; paedomorphosis ; pachycauls ; tracheary elements ; wood rays ; stem anatomy ; Macaronesian flora
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The endemic Macaronesian members of the genusEchium (Boraginaceae) were examined anatomically to elucidate their relationships. Vessel length to breadth ratio was used as the initial guide to the relative primitive or derived nature of each taxon. Together with other features (e.g. trichome structure) it was possible to establish the phylogenetic pathways within this recently evolved relict group (Fig. 1).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984605
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Midwater spawning inHaplochromis chrysonotus (Boulenger) (Teleostei: Cichlidae) in Lake Malawi (1981)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 6 (1981), S. 201-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Mouth brooding ; Breeding behaviour ; Pelagic lifestyle ; Courtship ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Haplochromis chrysonotus, a semipelagic shoaling cichlid from Lake Malawi, has been observed spawning in open water up to ten metres above the substratum. It is suggested that open water spawning without the establishment of a substratum-based territory eliminates competition with other species for breeding space and that it may be a stage in the evolution of a totally pelagic mode of life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00002783
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Social grouping and genetic variation in common shiners, Notropis cornutus (Pisces, Cyprinidae) (1981)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 6 (1981), S. 357-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Behaviour ; Esterase ; Evolution ; Genetics ; Isozymes ; Stock structure ; Schools ; Starch gel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Heterogeneous gene frequencies of Est-1 across groups ofNotropis cornutus provide evidence of behaviourally imposed restrictions on stock structuring. Positive fixation indices (F1S = 0.056 and F1T = 0.085) were reflected by a deficiency of heterozygotes for pooled groups. The degree of subdivision ofN. cornutus stocks cannot be evaluated with the present evidence. but it is likely that their schooling behaviour is associated with significant genotypic structuring of the species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00005765
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The hypothalamic-hypophyseal system and its evolutionary aspects in Scyliorhinus caniculus (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 214 (1981), S. 575-582 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamic-hyphophyseal system ; Scyliorhinus caniculus ; Neurointermediate cells ; Peptidergic terminals ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The peptidergic nature of most of the fibres of the neurosecretory system of Scyliorhinus caniculus has been demonstrated with the oxidation method of Naumann and Sterba (1976). Some of the fibres of this peptidergic system terminate on capillaries in the hypothalamic floor, some on neurointermediate cells. The evolutionary aspects of these observations are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233497
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An ultrastructural and histochemical study of the axial musculature in the African lungfish (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 220 (1981), S. 599-609 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Axial musculature ; Lungfish ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Red, intermediate, and white axial muscle fibres of African lungfish were studied using histochemical techniques and electron microscopy. Gross dissection revealed the presence of a small wedge of red coloured muscle along the lateral line. This wedge was shown by histochemical demonstrations of lactate and succinate dehydrogenases, of adenosine triphosphatases, and of lipid to be composed of a mosaic of red and intermediate fibres measuring 23.63 and 34.30 μm in average diameter, respectively. The bulk of the myotome was composed of white fibres having an average diameter of 67.35 μm. Mitochondrial density, capillarity and lipid content were very low for all fibres. These data suggest that the axial musculature is geared primarily for anaerobic function. The mosaic arrangement of fibres, and the lack of a subsarcolemmal band of mitochondria suggests that the lungfish have a muscle organisation that is transitional between lower vertebrates and amphibians.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216763
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