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  • 1
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    Cellular phenology of annual ring formation of Abies balsamea in the Quebec boreal forest (Canada) (2003)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2003-02-01
    Beschreibung: Cell formation in growth rings of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill) in the boreal forest was studied to describe the timing of ring formation and the development patterns of earlywood and latewood. Wood micro-cores were extracted during the growing season from 1998 to 2000. The micro-cores were stained with cresyl fast violet to facilitate counting the number of cells in the radial enlargement, wall thickening phases, and mature cell phases. The periods required to complete these various phases were then estimated. Variations in the beginning of the growing season (May 7 June 7), the earlywoodlatewood transition (July 2 July 19), and the end of the growing season ( August 20 September 20) were observed. Short cell enlargement durations of less than a week for earlywood and 510 days for latewood were observed. Time required for cell wall thickening was about 20 days for earlywood and longer than 1015 days for latewood. A certain flexibility was observed in the ring formation patterns and in the cell development rate, providing an advantage in the boreal forest where optimal growth conditions change from year to year. These findings on the spatial and temporal patterns of ring development may be useful for understanding tree relationships with climate or other environmental parameters.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Digitale ISSN: 1208-6037
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Publiziert von Canadian Science Publishing
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
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    Changes in root morphology after precommercial thinning in balsam fir stands (2003)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2003-12-01
    Beschreibung: Precommercial thinning is often used to control stand density in naturally regenerated balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) stands. Early stand density control could have beneficial effects on longer term stand stability through a modification of stem shape and root development. To assess the effect of precommercial thinning, two thinned and two unthinned stands were selected. Root sections were collected at 25 cm from the centre of the stem for all major roots (diameter greater than 2 cm). A disk was also cut at breast height level. From these disks, response in radial growth was determined. Detailed root measurements were taken on the sample disks to assess treatment effect on the following variables: asymmetry in root cross-sectional area (CSA) distribution, individual root shape, as well as changes in root shape over time. A quick and pronounced response in root growth occurred. This response was greater than that observed in the trunk. No asymmetry in root CSA distribution was observed at the stand level. Trees allocated more to radial growth above the biological centre of the root both in treated and control stands, but this trend was increased by thinning. Roots also tended to develop T-beam shapes over time, both in control and thinned stands. Most roots initially did not possess an I-beam shape and did not develop one during the course of the study. According to our results, trees respond quickly to the new growing conditions created by thinning by increasing biomass allocation to parts of the roots where mechanical stresses are greater.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Digitale ISSN: 1208-6037
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Publiziert von Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 3
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    Rapid assessment of wood density of live trees using the Resistograph for selection in tree improvement programs (2003)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2003-12-01
    Beschreibung: Wood density is traditionally determined by a volumetric method that is accurate but expensive for large-scale sampling. A new device called the Resistograph was investigated for rapid assessment of relative wood density of live trees in progeny trials. Fourteen full-sib families of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) produced by a six-parent half-diallel mating design were tested at four sites. For each family, wood density was measured with the traditional volumetric method and then compared with the Resistograph readings (amplitude). Amplitude had weak (0.29) to moderate (0.65) phenotypic correlations with wood density on an individual-tree basis over the four sites. The family mean correlation between the two measurements, however, was much stronger (0.92). The additive genetic correlation between the two measures was also high (0.95). Individual-tree breeding values of amplitude yielded more accurate rankings than phenotypic values. The rankings of the parental, general-combining abilities were identical for the two measures. Both wood density and amplitude were under strong genetic control at the family level (full-sib family heritability (h2fs) = 0.95 for wood density and h2fs = 0.85 for amplitude). The efficiency of using the Resistograph as a means of indirect selection for improvement of wood density was 87% at the family level. Results from this study suggest that the Resistograph could be used reliably and efficiently to assess relative wood density of live trees for selection in tree improvement programs. The method is rapid, nondestructive, and much cheaper than the traditional volumetric method.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Digitale ISSN: 1208-6037
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Publiziert von Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 4
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    Stream temperatures in two shaded reaches below cutblocks and logging roads: downstream cooling linked to subsurface hydrology (2003)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2003-08-01
    Beschreibung: This study examined water temperature patterns and their physical controls for two small, clearing-heated streams in shaded reaches downstream of all forestry activity. Field observations were made during JulyAugust 2000 in the central interior of British Columbia, Canada. For both reaches, downstream cooling of up to 4°C had been observed during daytime over distances of ~200 m. Radiative and convective exchanges of energy at heavily shaded sites on both reaches represented a net input of heat during most afternoons and therefore could not explain the observed cooling. In one stream, the greatest downstream cooling occurred when streamflow at the upstream site dropped below about 5 L·s1. At those times, temperatures at the downstream site were controlled mainly by local inflow of groundwater, because the warmer water from upstream was lost by infiltration in the upper 150 m of the reach. Warming often occurred in the upper subreach, where cool groundwater did not interact with the channel. At the second stream, creek temperature patterns were comparatively stable. Energy balance estimates from one afternoon suggested that groundwater inflow caused about 40% of the ~3°C gross cooling effect in the daily maximum temperature, whereas bed heat conduction and hyporheic exchange caused about 60%.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Digitale ISSN: 1208-6037
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Publiziert von Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 5
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    Growth responses of Picea abies and Larix decidua to elevation in subalpine areas of Tyrol, Austria (2003)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publikationsdatum: 2003-04-01
    Beschreibung: Microsites related to microenvironmental conditions, including microclimate, seem to be a key factor for the restoration of forests in the subalpine area. Tree growth was studied in Picea abies (L.) Karst. (Norway spruce) and Larix decidua Mill. (European larch) on 30 plots located at different microsites (i.e., different elevations and micro top o graphies combined) within the subalpine zone (16801940 m) of the Schmirn Valley (Tyrol, Austria). The age of the trees studied was 27 years for larch and 28 years for spruce. The mean height and biomass growth decreased significantly with increasing elevation. The effect of elevation and microtopography on growth varied with tree size (age): (1) elevation had little effect on growth of trees less than 0.5 m in height; (2) both elevation and microtopography affected tree growth significantly when the tree height was between 0.5 and 3 m; (3) as trees exceed 3 m in height, tree canopies can fully cover the ground surface and create a forest microclimate causing growth to decline with increasing elevation, irrespective of microtopography. We conclude that the microclimate, associated with microsite, controls growth during the early stages of tree development, but following canopy closure, the local climate (mesoclimate) associated with topography begins to determine tree growth.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Digitale ISSN: 1208-6037
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Publiziert von Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 6
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    Estimation of the physical wood properties of green Pinus taeda radial samples by near infrared spectroscopy (2003)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2003-12-01
    Beschreibung: The application of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to the green wood of radial samples (simulated increment cores) and the development of calibrations for the prediction of wood properties are described. Twenty Pinus taeda L. (loblolly pine) radial strips were characterized in terms of air-dry density, microfibril angle (MFA), and stiffness. NIR spectra were obtained in 10-mm steps from the radial longitudinal and transverse faces of each sample and used to develop calibrations for each property. NIR spectra were collected when the wood was green (moisture content ranged from approximately 100% to 154%) and dried to approximately 7% moisture content. Relationships between measured and NIR estimates for green wood were good; coefficients of determination (R2) ranged from 0.79 (MFA) to 0.85 (air-dry density). Differences between calibrations developed using the radial longitudinal and transverse faces were small. Calibrations were tested on an independent set. Predictive errors were relatively large for some green samples and relationships were moderate; R2p ranged from 0.67 (MFA) to 0.81 (stiffness). Dry wood calibrations demonstrated strong predictive relationships with R2p ranging from 0.87 (air-dry density) to 0.95 (stiffness). NIR spectroscopy has the potential to predict the air-dry density, MFA, and stiffness of 10-mm sections of green P. taeda wood samples.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Digitale ISSN: 1208-6037
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Publiziert von Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 7
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    A comparison of estimation methods for fitting Weibull and Johnson's SB distributions to mixed sprucefir stands in northeastern North America (2003)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2003-07-01
    Beschreibung: Four commonly used estimation methods were employed to fit the three-parameter Weibull and Johnson's SB distributions to the tree diameter distributions of natural pure and mixed red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) stands, respectively, in northeastern North America. The results indicated that the Weibull and the Johnson's SB distributions were, in general, equally suitable for modeling the diameter frequency distributions of this forest type, but the relative performance directly depended on the estimation method used. In this study, the linear regression methods for Johnson's SB were found to give the lowest mean Reynolds' error indices. The conditional maximum likelihood for Johnson's SB and the maximum likelihood estimation for Weibull produced comparable results. However, moment- or mode-based methods were not well suited to the observed diameter distributions that were typically positively skewed, reverse-J, and mound shapes.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Digitale ISSN: 1208-6037
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Publiziert von Canadian Science Publishing
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
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    Interpretation of landscape pattern and habitat change for local indicator species using satellite imagery and geographic information system data in New Brunswick, Canada (2003)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2003-10-01
    Beschreibung: We measured the extent and rate of habitat change and interpreted landscape metrics for fragmentation in the Fundy Model Forest, New Brunswick, from 1993 to 1999 using geographical information system baseline data updated with landscape changes detected on Landsat satellite imagery. We report on three categories of landscape metrics (habitat cover, patch size, and nearest neighbour), which we interpret as applicable to potentially fragmentation-sensitive local indicator species in specific habitat types. Between 1993 and 1999, 5.6% of forest land in the Fundy Model Forest was estimated by satellite image analysis as having 〉30% of canopy cover removed, primarily as a result of forest harvesting treatments. In four of five habitat types, the rate of habitat loss from harvesting outpaced habitat replacement due to forest growth. Changes in landscape pattern metrics indicate that fragmentation has occurred in each of the five indicator species habitat types over the available time period; furthermore, the rate of fragmentation exceeded the rate of habitat loss. Declines in the number and area of mixedwood patches dominated the fragmentation of the landscape in this region. More attention to the spatial distribution of harvesting activities may be necessary to change this trend in landscape pattern in the future.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Digitale ISSN: 1208-6037
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Publiziert von Canadian Science Publishing
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
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    Spatial patterns of lightning strikes in interior Alaska and their relations to elevation and vegetation (2003)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2003-05-01
    Beschreibung: The relationship between lightning strike density, vegetation, and elevation was investigated at three different spatial scales: (i) interior Alaska (~630 000 km2), (ii) six longitudinal transects (~100 000 km2), and (iii) 17 individual physiographic subregions (~50 000 km2) within Alaska. The data consisted of 14 years (19861999) of observations by the Alaska Fire Service lightning strike detection network. The best explanation for the variation in lightning strike density was provided by a combination of the areal coverage of boreal forest and elevation. Each of these factors has the potential to influence the convective activity. Our study suggests that in a region that is climatically favorable for air-mass thunderstorms, surface properties may enhance local lightning storm development in the boreal forest. Lightning strikes were found to occur frequently both in mountainous areas and at river flats, which is contrary to results from previous Alaskan studies.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Digitale ISSN: 1208-6037
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Publiziert von Canadian Science Publishing
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
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    Deterioration of trembling aspen clones in the Great Lakes region (1981)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 1981-09-01
    Beschreibung: In order to test the hypothesis that the deterioration of trembling aspen (Populustremuloides Michx.) is related to variations in climate, soil properties, and genotype, 59 trembling aspen clones were sampled in Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Ontario. A longevity index (LI) was calculated by taking the difference between predicted basal area from normal yield tables and measured basal area for each clone. Correlations of environmental variables with LI indicate that aspen longevity decreases with increasing mean annual temperature. Under similar temperature regimes, aspen growing on xeric sites and on sites low in exchangeable Ca are most susceptible to early breakup. Since there were negligible differences in soil properties between nine pairs of adjacent deteriorating and relatively well stocked clones, we hypothesize that, under similar environmental conditions, variation in the timing of deterioration may be due to genotypic differences between clones.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Digitale ISSN: 1208-6037
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Publiziert von Canadian Science Publishing
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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