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  • Articles  (752)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (752)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 1995-1999  (343)
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  • 1995-1999  (343)
  • 1980-1984  (409)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 12 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 2
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 12 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 3
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 12 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 4
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 12 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 5
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 12 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 6
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 12 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Numbers Racket
 Richard A. Easterlin, Birth and Fortune: The Impact of Numbers on Personal Welfare.The Decision to Work
 James P. Smith, ed., Female Labor Supply: Theory and Estimation.The Character of a People
 Solomon B. Levine and Hisashi Kawada, Human Resources in Japanese Industrial Development.Beyond Nine to Five
 Sarah Fenstermaker Berk, ed., Women and Household LaborOwner's Manual
 Karen R. Polenske, The U.S. Multiregional Input-Output Accounts and Model.Collective Concerns
 Scott Cummings, ed., Self-Help in Urban America: Patterns of Minority Business Enterprise.St. Louis Blues
 Eugene I. Meehan, The Quality of Federal Policymaking: Programmed Failure in Public Housing.The Hard-Soft Path
 Gregory A. Daneke and George K. Lagassa, eds., Energy Policy and Public Administration.Also of Interest
 Ralph Andreano and John J. Siegfried, eds., The Economics of Crime.Regina Belz Armstrong et al., Regional Accounts: Structure and Performance of the New York Region's Economy in the Seventies, ed. Boris S. Pushkarev and Peter J. Bearse.Malcolm Gillis and Ralph E. Beak, Tax and Investment Policies for Hard Minerals: Public and Multinational Enterprises in Indonesia.Arthur P. Solomon, ed., The Prospective City: Economic, Population, Energy, and Environmental Developments.George Sternlieb, James W. Hughes, et al., America's Housing: Prospects and Problems.Edward L. Ullman, Geography as Spatial Interaction, ed.
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  • 7
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 27 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: A large literature within industrial geography suggests that contemporary production systems are characterized by vertical disintegration processes and the emergence of agglomerations of small manufacturing establishments. According to Allen Scott, one of the most influential contributors to this literature, centers of economic activity in California are especially susceptible to the processes of vertical disintegration and agglomeration. Our concern in this paper is that this “California thesis” has serious empirical difficulties that need to be addressed. Accordingly, this paper reexamines general indicators of vertical disintegration, comparing their temporal record in California to that of the nation as a whole. We examine changes to these indicators for a set of industries that, according to Scott, are characterized by vertical disintegration. Our findings indicate that the weight of evidence does not support the conclusions of Scott concerning vertical disintegration in California. Therefore, his explanation of recent economic growth in California and the utility of his theory as an economic development paradigm require reevaluation.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Using an expanded shift share technique to impute international trade-related industrial job change, the extent to which structural changes in trade and defense spending appear to explain state economic performance differentials is explored. The findings show there is limited support for the “trade perimeter” argument, but strong support for the hypothesized relationship between military procurement spending and state trade performance. To the extent that defense commitments, especially to private sector procurement and R & D, have operated as an informal industrial policy, particularly by guaranteeing strong domestic sales, they have enabled a significant number of states peripheral to the traditional industrial heartland to build a strong international trade posture. The conclusion offers observations on the economic development implications of these findings.
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  • 9
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 27 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Recent trends suggest increasing reliance on private markets to provide for local economic well-being. This research demonstrates the study of regional household income distribution patterns associated with productive activities important to many rural areas. A social accounting matrix analysis was used to examine agricultural production, agricultural processing, forestry production, forest products processing, and tourism in a small rural region in Wisconsin to illustrate the variable distributional characteristics of private market structures and related local economic development policy. The results showed that while high income households comprised 22 percent of total regional households in the study area, they received between 57 percent and 63 percent of earned income associated with changes in sectoral factor income. Medium income households (34 percent of regional households) received between 32 percent and 41 percent of earned income, and low income households (44 percent) received between 2 percent and 6 percent. The ability of local policy to influence distributional patterns is implied to the extent that local action can facilitate variable growth rates of targeted economic sectors.
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  • 10
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 27 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Interindustry employment requirements are examined in nonmetropolitan communities ranging in population size between 1,000 and 15,000. A ten-sector economic base model is first used to estimate the demand for nonbasic employment in five different functional types of communities. A new and improved method for community impact assessment is then outlined. Here a distance-weighting procedure is applied to the various type-specific estimates of nonbasic employment so that a composite employment requirements matrix can be calculated for any study community. Finally, postimpact interindustry requirements are decomposed into two effects: preimpact employment requirements plus nonbasic employment shifts reflecting structural change. All estimates and findings are based on the Arizona Community Data Set.
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  • 11
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 27 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper explores the use of empirical evidence to determine whether the exposure of minorities to environmental risks constitutes aversive racism. Connections are drawn between definitions of aversive racism and statistical approaches to research into the relationship between race and risk, paying particular attention to the influence of both non-racial discrimination and industrial location factors. Federal judicial and executive remedies to aversive racism are examined in light of the standards of evidence presented. An empirical study of the connection between race and exposure to toxic releases is then presented for Census block groups in Georgia and Ohio. It was found that the significance of race depends on the breadth of the explanatory model used in the analysis. A model of overall exposure to toxic releases shows that race is significant in a narrow model of discrimination but not in a broader model including industrial location factors. However, a model of targeting of minorities in the recent location of toxics-emitting facilities fails to show discrimination in any of the regression analyses. These findings support the view that environmental justice concerns cannot be addressed through reform of siting processes; broader remedies involving more stringent protection of exposure to toxic emissions are more likely to be effective.
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  • 12
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    Growth and change 27 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book Reviews in This Article:Lessons From an Optical Illusion. On Nature and Nurture, Knowledge and Values. by Edward M. Hundert.Enforcement At The Epa: High Stakes and Hard Choices. by Joel A. Mintz.The Road to Love Canal: Managing Industrial Waste Before EPA. By Craig E. Colten and Peter N. Skinner.Lewis Mumford And The Ecological Region: The Politics Of Planning. Mark Luccarelh.Cities Without Suburbs by David Rusk. (Second Edition.)Immigration And Its Impact Upon American Cities. By Stephen C. Loveless, Clifford P. McCue, Raymond B. Surette, and Dorothy Norris-Tirrell.From Combines To Computers: Rural Services and Development In The Age of Information Technology. By Amy K. Glasmeier and Marie Howland.Cities and Natural Process. By Michael Hough.
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  • 13
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    Growth and change 27 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This study examines the effects of selected policies on economic efficiency in 81 developing countries by pooling cross-country data over various subperids between 1961–90. An incremental output-capital ratio is the measure of economic efficiency, while the policy variables include: export orientation, size of the public sector, directed credit program through development bank lendings, financial depth (computed as the ratio of the flow of real value of monetary liabilities to real GDP), inflation rate, real interest rate, and real exchange rate distortion. The export-orientation, financial depth, and real interest rate are found to promote economic efficiency, while other policy variables are found to hinder it.
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  • 14
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 27 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Access to credit in lower-income communities has become an increasingly central public policy issue in financial sector regulation over the past five years. One important reform was the establishment of purchasing goals for the government-sponsored secondary mortgage markets (Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac) in 1992. This paper examines the central city lending goal, using the St. Louis MSA as a case study. Census tracts are clustered according to five variables argued to impede secondary market purchases of home loans in some neighborhoods. Borrower characteristics and lending patterns are compared across the clusters of tracts, and across central city and suburban tracts. Clustered tracts are found to be more strongly related to a set of key lending variables than are tracts divided according to central city/ suburban boundaries. The paper concludes that targeting affirmative lending requirements on the basis of neighborhood characteristics rather than political or statistical divisions may provide a more appropriate framework for efforts to expand access to credit. However, the analysis of spatial differences in lending patterns raises a number of questions that require further research.
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    Growth and change 27 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The aim of this study is to broaden the understanding of the impact of tourism on local government expenditures. Specifically, a regression model is developed to examine the hypothesis that there is a direct relationship between the degree of reliance of the local economy on tourism and local government expenditures. This study indicates that the degree of reliance of a local economy on tourism does have a statistically significant impact on the level of capital outlays, transportation, police protection, fire protection, corrections, parks and recreation, financial administration, and general government administration expenditures. This analysis indicates that the share of tourism in the local economy can influence expenditures on a variety of local government services, thus tourism should not be regarded as a totally costless instrument of economic development.
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    Growth and change 27 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of locational and individual characteristics upon interstate retiree migration, particularly in state-level public policy variables. Data regarding the characteristics of individual movers are drawn from the 1990 US. Census of Population and Housing 5% Public Use Microdata Sample. The household data are merged with location-specific attributes including both natural amenities and local fiscal variables. Three specifications of the model are estimated. The “push” model analyzes the impact of origin characteristics upon migration between states, while the “pull” model demonstrates the influence of destination characteristics upon interstate migration. The final specification is the “difference” model, which measures the actual changes in site characteristics experienced by migrants in their location decisions. The results indicate that both personal and locational characteristics are important factors determining the decision of elderly migrants to change their state of residence. While there is some limited support for the push and pull specifications, the difference model is found to provide the best overall fit.
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 27 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book Review in This Article:Discoveringthe Possible: The Surprising Worldof Albert O. Hirschman. Luca Meldolesi.The Misunderstood Economy: What Countsand Howto Count It. by Robert Eisner.Womenin The Ageof Economic Transformation: Gender Impactof Reformsin Post-Socialistand Developing Countries. edited by Nahid Aslanbegui, Steven Pressman, and Gale Summer-field.Re-Reading Cultural Geography. edited by Kenneth E. Foote, Peter J. Hugill, Kent Mathewson, and Jonathan M. Smith.
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  • 18
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 27 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Our understanding of the socio-economic and geographical impacts of structural adjustment has not kept pace with the transformations, and this paper responds to this problem. Faced with massive foreign debt and a collapse of traditional exports, governments throughout the developing world have agreed to World Bank- and International Monetary Fund (IMF)-prescribed structural adjustment and to its component industrial free zones. The zones are designed to attract foreign manufacturers to produce for export, and thereby generate hard currency for governments and jobs for young women. Jamaica, which has experienced a greater foreign debt burden and more structural adjustment agreements than virtually any other third world country, provides a case study of free zone policy. The research employs a political economy approach (Barnes 1993, whereby conventional wisdom that free zones contribute positively to Third World development is initially scrutinized. Free zones are examined with respect to the historical, social, and spatial contexts in which they are imbedded, and social groups affected by free zones are disaggregated by class and gender to expose power relationships and differential impacts. Most evidence is drawn from internal Jamaican government records and interviews with public and private managers involved with the free zones. The findings indicate that the costs and benefits of free zone promotion are distributed very unevenly with respect to class, gender and location.
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  • 19
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    Growth and change 27 (1996), S. 0 
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  • 20
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    Growth and change 27 (1996), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Large numbers of savings and loan companies (S&Ls) failed in the late 1980s and early 1990s. This paper explores the origins and development of the S&L Crisis, embedding the topic within the wider theorization of the post-Keynesian state, particularly the critical role played by deregulation. Next it focuses on the geography of S&L failures and their causes. Third, an econometric analysis of the determinants of S&L failures finds them to be highly susceptible to local economic conditions. Fourth, it examines inter-regional transfers of failed S&L assets and liabilities, and measures statistically the importance of proximity between buying and selling regions as well as the economic structure of the purchasing region. The conclusion contrasts these findings to those of commercial bank failures.
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    Growth and change 27 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Analysts have debated the extent to which recent economic changes represent a continuation of earlier patterns or a fundamental shift to a new industrial order. We trace and extend the spatial implications of this debate for a mature industrial region, the Ohio River Valley, part of the American Manufacturing Belt, for the 1980-90 period. The paper builds on recent research arguing that such regions had a diverse, rather than homogeneous, space-economy. Empirical findings clearly demonstrate diversity of economic structures, sectorally and spatially, emphasizing both continuity and change in an old industrial region, and the totality of economic activity rather than specific sectors identified with the rise or transformation of industrial capitalism. In terms of change, aggregate trends follow national ones, but do not wash evenly over the Ohio River Valley. Nor do they mirror, when considered at a sub-regional scale, patterns indicated by de-industrialization and post-Fordist transition frameworks. Findings provide implications for elaborating or augmenting these perspectives, and types of research needed to accomplish the task.
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    Growth and change 27 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Over the past 30 years there have been three unanticipated shifts in metropolitan-nonmetropolitan population change and migration: the nonmetropolitan turnaround of the 1970s, with a migration balance favoring nonmetropolitan areas: the downturn of the early 1980s when nonmetropolitan areas lost net migrants as they did in the 1960s, and a more recent post-1990 recovery, with nonmetropolitan net migration rates once again above those of metropolitan areas. Partial explanations have been developed from the deconcentration and regional restructuring theoretical perspectives, but there is not yet consensus on how to explain this sequence of three migration changes since 1970. There is a need for a general review of these trends, particularly given the recency of the latest change. Such a review is attempted here. Annual net migration estimates are examined, considering the changing metropolitan-nonmetropolitan differential, and differences across geographic and functional county types in nonmetropolitan areas. Some differences stand out across the 24-year period, but the most notable finding is the widespread nature of the turnaround, the reversal, and the current recovery. There are differences between the present and the 1970s, but a trend toward greater retention and or acquisition of people in rural and small town areas is clear.
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    Growth and change 27 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Functional economic areas have long been recognized as the appropriate unit of analysis for examining the spatial organization of regional economic activity. While easily defined conceptually, few fine-tuned empirical delineations based on either trading or commuting patterns have been produced. In this paper, labor market areas (LMAs) based on commuting patterns of Saskatchewan residents are constructed for two points in time, 1981 and 1991. Detailed Statistics Canada data on place of work and place of residence for the experienced labor force were used 38 distinct LMAs were identified for 1991, and 37 for 1981. The 15 largest LMAs, which included just under one-half of all rural municipalities (RMs) in southern Saskatchewan, grew in absolute terms and gained in relative importance during the decade. Another 23 (22) smaller LMAs in 1991 (1981), provided jobs for modest but declining numbers of both commuters and noncommuters. The remaining 30 percent of all RMs had such low or diffused levels of commuting that they were not included in any LMA in either year. A pattern apparent for all LMAs was an intensification of commuting within the labor market area. Although there was a reduction in the number of commuters from centers of employment to surrounding areas between 1981 and 1991, there was an even larger increase in commuters to centers of employment. While commuting to a job in an urban center is still a distinct possibility for the rural labor force living within the 15 largest LMAs, it is increasingly less likely for those residing elsewhere in rural Saskatchewan. In these remote areas, alternatives to urban-based employment are required.
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    Growth and change 27 (1996), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: .Migration analysis is hindered by the lack of up-to-date migration data. This paper examines the feasibility of using information from the American Moving Conference (AMC), the trade organization of the moving industry, to develop timely estimates of gross in- and out-migration and net migration rates at the state level. When adjusted for the spatially varying size of migrant households and the spatially varying market share of the professional moving industry, the number of AMC inbound and outbound shipments provide useful, but slightly imperfect, estimates of migration in 1990 and 1991. Viewed as a time series, adjusted AMC shipment data accurately reveal the major migration stories of the last decade. AMC-based estimates for 1992, 1993, and 1994 provide a picture of state in- and out-migration for years in which official data are not yet available.
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    Growth and change 27 (1996), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Valuing Nature: The Declineand Preservationof Old-Growth ForestsContesting Earth's Future: Radical Ecology AND Postmodernity. By Michael E. Zirnmerman.Geographyand Social Justice. by David M. Smith.Urban Enclaves: Identityand Placein America. by Mark Abrahamson.Japanese Multinationals IN THE Changing Context OF Regional Policy. by Man-Hee Han.
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    Growth and change 27 (1996), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) will continue to attract political debate as U.S. manufacturing industries adjust in the face of increased import competition and export opportunities. This study applies the specific factors model of production to manufacturing industries in Alabama to examine the pending adjustment. As industrial prices change, there will be small output adjustments in the short run and downward pressure on the wages of production workers. Projected changes in industrial investment will lead to substantial long-run output adjustments.
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to analyze whether major results from Mankiw, Romer, and Weil (1992) cross national study on productivity convergence hold when applied to U.S. states where there is more uniformity of institutional factors and homogeneity of the economic data. Similar to the international studies, this paper identifies the contribution of factor inputs and human capital by state for the period 1969–88. The study finds a strong tendency for convergence even when controlling for other factors, with human capital growth being most important; the speed of convergence is roughly twice as high as between countries.
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    Growth and change 27 (1996), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The proportion of a region's population that is elderly may change over time for many different reasons. The proportion may grow because of the net in-migration of elderly individuals, or it may grow because of the net out-migration of nonelderly residents. Furthermore, the proportion may grow if the number of nonmovers in the “pre-elderly” cohort is relatively high. This paper discusses in detail the ways in which this proportion may change over time. This is complemented by a state-level empirical study of elderly population growth in the United States during the late 1980s. The spatial pattern of the rate of new entry into the elderly cohort among nonmovers is found to be particularly influential in determining changes in the proportion of a state's population that is elderly.
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    Growth and change 27 (1996), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book Review In This Article:Development, Geography, and Economic Theory. by Paul Krugman.Writing Womenand Space: Colonialand Postcolonial Geographies. Alison Blunt and Gillian Rose.The Industrial Enterpriseand Its Environment: Spatial Perspectives. by Sergio Conti, Edward J. MaleckiIndustrial Location: Principles, Practice, and Policy. by J.W. Harrington and Barney Warf.Regulatory Takings: Law, Economics, and Politics. by William A. Fischel.Marxisminthe Postmodern Age: Confrontingthe New World Order. Antonio Callari, Stephen Cullenberg, and Carole Biewener
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    Growth and change 12 (1981), S. 0 
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    Notes: Book reviews in this article:Incomplete Picture Victor L. Arnold, ed., Alternatives to Confrontation: A National Policy toward Regional Change.Ladies’Room Gerda R. Wekerle, Rebecca Peterson, and David Morley, eds., New Space for Women.Speaking Fluidly Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Western Water Resources:Multilateral Monologues Alice H. Amsden, ed., The Economics of Women and Work. New York:To Plan or Not to Plan Joseph F. DiMento, The Consistency Doctrine and the Limits of Planning.Comprehensive Social Theory Walter Isard and Panagis Liossatos with Yoshigeto Kanemoto and Phyllis C. KanissGalvanized into Action Kai N. Lee and Donna Lee Klemka with Marion E. Marts, Electric Power and the Future of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle and London:Toil and Trouble Andrew Levison, The Full Employment Alternative. New York:Made in the U.S.A. Hsin-Min Tong, Plant Location Decisions of Foreign Manufacturing Investors.Also of Interest Peter Abelson, Cost Benefit Analysis and Environmental Boblems.Also of Interest Brian J. L. Berry and Lester P. Silverman, eds.,Also of Interest John Carney, Ray Hudson, and Jim Lewis, eds.Also of Interest Leslie Dienes and Theodore Shabad, The Soviet Energy System: Resource Use and Policies. New York:Also of Interest Thomas R. Dye and Virginia Gray, eds., The Determinants of Public Policy. Lexington, Mass.Also of Interest Stahrl W. Edmunds and Adam Z. Rose, eds.Also of Interest Thomas G. Rawski, China's Transition to Industrialism: Producer Goods and Economic Development in the Twentieth Century.
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    Notes: The annexation activity of municipalities is studied in a market framework. A sample of 659 municipalities of 25,000 or more population is used to analyze the effects of municipal government structure and annexation statutes on municipal government behavior. Both annexation laws and types of municipal governments are found to be significant determinants of the level of municipal annexation activity. Since some studies indicate that annexation activity affects municipal efficiency, these results have policy implications for state legislators who control the institutions under which municipalities operate.
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    Notes: A widely-held belief is that stricter environmental regulations stifle economic growth. To determine empirically the effect of environmental conditions and policies on state-level per capita income growth, a Barro-type economic growth model was estimated for the years 1982 to 1991, which correspond to two consecutive troughs in the business cycle. States with better environmental conditions had significantly higher income growth rates during this period. At the same time, stricter environmental policies did not significantly depress income growth. Data used include recently developed, consistent measures of environmental policy and quality for individual states, as well as data from the 1980 U.S. Census and Bureau of Economic Analysis.
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    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:History in One Word
 James W. Martin, State Tax Systems under Changing Technology: The Problem of the Roadways, ed. Richard E. Gift.A Redefined Redefinition
 Andrew Marshall Hamer, ed., Urban Atlanta: Redefining the Role of the City, Research Monograph no. 84.Where It Hurts
 Donald Phares, Who Pays State and Local Taxes?Feminine Subtleties
 Ralph E. Smith, ed., The Subtle Revolution: Women at Work.The Golden State
 John H. Culver and John C. Syer, Power and Politics in California.Multiregional Models
 F. Gerard Adams and Norman J. Glickman, eds., Modeling the Multiregional Economic System: Perspectives for the Eighties.All the Models That Fit
 Norbert Oppenheim, Applied Models in Urban and Regional Analysis.Social Fabric
 Roger S. Ahlbrandt, Jr. and James V. Cunningham, A New Public Policy for Neighborhood Preservation.In Search of a Model
 Charles I. Zinser, The Economic Impact of the Adirondack Park Private Land Use and Development Plan.Weighing Alternatives
 Kirkpatrick Sale, Human Scale.
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    Notes: Book Review in this Article.Thomas R. Pezzullo and Barbara E. Brittingham, eds., Salary Equity: Detecting Sex Bias in Salaries among College and University Professors.Carman St. John Hunter with David Harman, Adult Illiteracy in the United States: A Report to the Ford Foundation.Leo Grebler and Frank G. Mittelbach, The Inflation of House Prices: Its Extent, Causes, and Consequences.Eileen Zeitz, Private Urban Renewal: A Different Residential Trend.Joe W. Russell, Jr., Economic Disincentives for Energy Conservation.P. G. Bock and Irene Fraser Rothenberg, Internal Migration Policy and New Towns: The Mexican Experience.John Friedmann and Clyde Weaver, Territory and Function: The Evolution of Regional Planning.Ludwig L. Geismar and Shirley Geismar, Families in an Urban Mold: Policy Implications of an Australian-US. Comparison.Charles A. Clinton, Local Success and Federal Failure: A Study of Community Development and Educational Change in the Rural South.John Oosterbaan, Population Dispersal: A National Imperative.Warren Johnson, Muddling toward Frugality.
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    Notes: Resource development in the form of cyclical commercial logging activities results in a short period of often severe land disturbance followed by a prolonged phase of recovery. The monitoring of catchment sediment yield gives some indication of the gross erosion processes within the catchment as a result of the disturbance and may also effectively measure any ameliorative processes. Studies in Ulu Segama, Sabah, East Malaysia, recorded significant increases in stream suspended sediment loads as a result of logging. Stream loads were derived from a combination of daily sample measurements and storm event sampling using automated liquid samplers. Measured loads were then compared to computed loads from sediment discharge rating sets derived from the actual samples. Application of these ratings in the disturbed catchment initially underestimated sediment loads; however, a progressive overestimation of loads occurred as the catchment vegetation recovered. When using sediment rating curves as a tool to measure catchment erosion rates in disturbed environments, considerable caution has to be used. Vegetation recovery is reflected in the rapid recovery of stream water quality, making it necessary to continually review the rating.
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    Topics: Geography
    Notes: The Wola people of Nipa District in the Southern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea show little interest in attempting to manipulate the fallow vegetation that colonises their garden sites when they cease to cultivate them, although they are intimately aware of the composition of different successions. Their disinterest signals an interesting farming regime, one in which people cultivate some land semi-permanently under non-perennial crops within the broad context of a swidden regime. This paper reports on the general sequence in which plants recolonise cleared sites, both according to locally identified stages and the results of a survey of fallow vegetation on sites uncultivated for different periods of time. The attitudes of local people to various regrowth species are also discussed in the context of fallow management. One species, the casuarina, emerges as pre-eminent and its effect on fallow soil recuperation is investigated.
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    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: Canadian Regional Planning and Development in Transition Regional Development in Britain, 2nd Edition, by G. Manners, D. Keeble, H.B. Rodgers, and K. Warren. The Economic Impact of the Adirondack Private Land Use and Development Plan, by Charles I. Zinser. Transportation for the Elderly: Changing Lifestyles, Changing Needs, by Martin Wachs. The Political Economy of Underdevelopment: Dependence in Senegal, by Rita Cruise O'Brien (ed.). Spatial Time Series, by R.J. Bennett. Industrial Movement: Experience in the US and the UK, by P. M. Townroe.
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    Notes: In 1984, kittiwakes at Hopen laid eggs ca. 14 days later than previously found in North Norway and on the Kola Peninsula. The mean clutch size, egg volume, and hatching success were otherwise very similar to those documented on the mainland. Although feeding trips were very long, a rapid chick growth and high rate of chick survival suggested that food availability was not a limiting factor in 1984. In contrast to other sites at Svalbard where polar cod Boreogadus saida and crustaceans dominate kittiwake diets, the diets of chicks at Hopen consisted mainly of capelin Mallotus villosus which the adults probably collected at or beyond the polar front southeast of the island.
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    Notes: Observations from August 1991 and 1993 of downward UV-B, blue and quanta irradiances, and of colour indices and Secchi disc depths in the Greenland Sea and the northern part of the Barents Sea, are presented. The UV-B irradiance (306 nm) is on average reduced to 10% of its surface value at 5 metres depth, and to 1% at 10 m. Blue irradiance (465 nm) is reduced to 10% at 21 m, and to 1% at 41 m. The integrated quanta irradiance obtains the same reductions at 16 m and 35 m, respectively. These penetration depths correspond to Ocean Water Type III in Jerlov's classification. They are about twice the values of May-June 1973 observed by Aas & Berge, but they are half the values observed in September 1979 by Højerslev. This variability may partly be seasonal, caused by the hydrological and light-climate cycles. The UV-B transparency of the Svalbard waters seems to be influenced by yellow substance from different freshwater run-offs, and there is probably no single relation between salinity and yellow substance content in this region. Statistical relations between the quanta irradiance and the colour index, the Secchi disc depth and the blue irradiance differ from one region to another, and from year to year.
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    Notes: This study focuses on the fluvial sediment input to the Laptev Sea and concentrates on the hydrology of the Lena basin and the geochemistry of the suspended particulate material. The paper presents data on annual water discharge, sediment transport and seasonal variations of sediment transport. The data are based on daily measurements of hydrometeorological stations and additional analyses of the SPM concentrations carried out during expeditions from 1975 to 1981. Samples of the SPM collected during an expedition in 1994 were analysed for major, trace, and rare earth elements by ICP-OES and ICP-MS. Approximately 700 km3 freshwater and 27 times 106 tons of sediment per year are supplied to the Laptev Sea by Siberian rivers, mainly by the Lena River. Due to the climatic situation of the drainage area, almost the entire material is transported between June and September. However, only a minor part of the sediments transported by the Lena River enters the Laptev Sea shelf through the main channels of the delta, while the rest is dispersed within the network of the Lena Delta. Because the Lena River drains a large basin of 2.5 times 106 km2, the chemical composition of the SPM shows a very uniform composition. In contrast, smaller rivers with more restricted catchment areas exhibit significant differences.
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    Notes: An analytical approximation of spectral albedo is derived for a melt pond with a Lambertian bottom assuming that Rayleigh scattering in the water is small compared to absorption. A Monte Carlo method is used to verify that scattering can he ignored in the water. This enables us to calculate pond albedos in the 400–700 nm wavelength hand using the analytical approximation. Model calculations and observations indicate that a step-decrease in albedo is likely t o occur when a melt pond initially forms, and melt pond albedos in the visible depend more on the structural and optical properties of the bottom than on the depth of the pond.
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    Notes: Breeding biology, nestling growth and development, and biometry of the little auk Alle alle polaris were studied in Franz Josef Land. A total of 103 adult birds were measured, 60 in the field and 43 in the St. Petersburg Museum. The development of 16 chicks was compared with that of Alle a. alle chicks from Spitsbergen. At particular stages of development, both adults and nestlings of A. a. polaris are larger than those of A. a. alle.In Franz Josef Land the breeding season is more extended and less synchronised than that of Svalbard. The majority of the little auks in the studied colonies in Franz Josef Land nested on steep rocky cliffs, possibly as an adaptation to the severe climatic conditions and heavy mammalian predation in subcolonies located on accessible mountain slopes. Glaucous gulls Larus hyperboreus exerted negligible predatory pressure. This study confirms the existence of morphologically distinguishable populations of the little auk on Franz Josef Land and Svalbard, supported by recent studies of climatic and oceanographic conditions in the two areas that parallel the morphological differentiation.
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    Notes: Ice temperature measurements were taken from three shallow and five deep (to bedrock) boreholes on Hansbreen, Svalbard, in selected years between 1988 and 1994. In general, results show a subpolar, polythermal structure. The glacier accumulation zone is of warm ice within the entire vertical profile except the uppermost layer of seasonal temperature fluctuations where there is an upper cold ice layer in the ablation zone which varies in thickness and may even be absent in the western lateral part. The upper layer of cold ice thins along the glacier centre-line from the equilibrium line altitude down to the glacier front. The depth of the pressure melting, indicating the base of the cold ice layer, was defined at the borehole measurement sites but was not manifested as an internal reflection horizon using multi-frequency radar methods. The isotherm lies about 20 m above a radar internal reflecting horizon near the equilibrium line altitude and about 40 m above it in the frontal part of the glacier. The internal reflection horizon almost certainly reflects the high water content within temperate ice and not the cold/temperate ice interface. At 10 m depth, the temperatures are 2–3°C higher than the calculated mean annual air temperatures, demonstrating the importance of meltwater refreezing on the release of latent heat.
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Previous research provides evidence of a socioeconomic bias in outdoor recreational participation. One explanation of this bias is that socioeconomic groups have differential opportunities to participate, with the “costs” of this participation especially serving to restrict the recreational access of lower class persons living in urban areas. Using driving distance as a measure of cost, this study assessed the effects of travel costs on the attendance of three social class groups from an urban population at rural reservoir facilities. Findings support the contention that, while increased driving distance has a dampening effect on recreational participation, this effect is most pronounced for the lower class person. These findings point to the importance of equity considerations in the planning of outdoor recreational facilities.
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  • 85
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 86
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Water Planning in Britain, Dennis J. Parker and Edmund C. Penning-RowsellRural Water Planning, Frederic O. Sargent and Blaine P. Sargent.Developments in Water Treatment-2, W. M. Lewis (Editor).Stochastic Water Resources Technology, N. T. Kottegoda.Fundamentals of Hydraulic Engineering Systems, Ned H. C. Hwang.The Benefits of Flood Alleviation: A Manual of Assessment Techniques, Edmund C. Penning-Rowsell and John B. Chatterton.Potable Water From Wastewater, edited by M. T. Gillies.Drought in the Great Plains: Research on Impacts and Strategies, Proceedings of the Workshop on Research in Great Plains Drought Management Strategies held at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, March 26–28, 1979, Norman J. Rosenberg (Editor).Safety Evaluation of Existing Dams, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation.
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  • 87
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 95
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  • 96
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
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  • 97
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: An experiment on urban effects of warm season rainfall of a moderately sized city and its downwind towns found no evidence of global enhancement. However, there are grounds for believing that the intra urban distribution of precipitation is influenced by urban variables among which air pollution and urban roughness are considered primary. The presence of an urban heat island did not appear to improve rainfall. On the contrary, it appears to be a factor in the relative aridity of the downtown sector of the city.
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  • 98
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Velocity and depth preference curves for juvenile and adult red shiners (Notropis lutrensis) were developed for each season of the year. The incremental methodology, developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for quantifying the amount of physical habitat available for fish, was applied as a basis for recommending minimum stream flows for life stages of red shiners and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in the Washita River below Foss Reservoir. The minimum stream flow required to support populations of red shiners and channel catfish was estimated to be 0.60 m3/s during all months except April and May, during which flushing flows of 3.0 m3/s were recommended. Under drought conditions a contingency flow of 0.18 m3/s was recommended for August through March, a flushing flow of 2.4 m3/s for April and May, and a flow of 0.30 m3/s for channel catfish spawning in June and July. Standing crop of adult red shiners per weighted usable area averaged 2.73 g/m2 (27 kg/ha) for two sites on the Washita River. A positive relation between standing crop and weighted usable area was suggested. Use of the incremental methodology on the study reach below Foss Reservoir required 96 person-hours of labor, excluding training, travel, and developing preference curves, and a total cost of $1,762, of which $1,200 was for the purchase of equipment.
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  • 99
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Out study deals with the demand for water and alternative agricultural production and land use patterns under varying prices for both surface and ground water. We derive irrigation water demands for both the United States and regions of it. Not only is a different amount of water used at each set of water prices but also a different mix of crops, livestock, and production technology develops among the different regions. Under the highest set of prices used, more than fourteen million acres are converted into dryland farming. Total irrigated water use decreases by more than 25 million acre-feet. Irrigated crop yields are reduced and cropping patterns shift away from irrigation. Commodity shadow prices increase as much as 15 percent under high prices for both surface and ground water. A redistribution of farm income occurs between irrigated and dryland regions.
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: The level of water demand for supplemental irrigation and the impact of such demand on water supplies were estimated, as a function of the price of corn (Zea Mays L.). The method of estimation was based on an economic analysis of irrigation practice which assumed constant irrigation costs, profit maximizing behavior on the part of irrigators, and which was deliberately structured to underestimate the level of irrigation water use. The analysis was applied to and used data from the Little Wabash basin in Illinois. No irrigation was predicted at a corn price below $3.50 per bushel. Between $3.50 and about $6.50 per bushel, irrigation was estimated to be profitable for a small region of the basin where acceptable groundwater was available. Above about $6.50 to $7.50, irrigation was found to be profitable in the remainder of the basin, where impoundment storage was required. The potential impact on the water resources of the basin is significant. For a corn price between $3.50 and about $6.50, the probability of a shortfall, defined as the event where the potential demand exceeds the supply, was estimated to be between 2 percent and 20 percent during the growing season. Above about $7.50, this probability was found to be about one-third. The development of policies to control withdrawals for irrigation and other uses is endorsed.
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