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  • Hymenoptera
  • Springer  (30)
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  • 1983  (18)
  • 1981  (12)
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  • Springer  (30)
  • Annual Reviews
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 27-34 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Aphidiidae ; Aphidius rhopalosiphi ; Sitobion avenae ; Functional response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons examiné quelques aspects des relations entre le parasitoïde Aphidius rhopalosiphi et son hôte Sitobion avenae. La fécondité potentielle à l'émergence (144 œufs) était inférieure à la fécondité “réalisée”: nombre de pucerons momifiés (212). La plupart des œufs étaient pondus dans la première semaine de la vie imaginale (fig. 1). Le super-parasi-tisme s'est produit dans les conditions expérimentales, mais la distribution des larves (fig. 2) s'écartait souvent de la distribution au hasard, ce qui indiquait une certaine discrimination parmi les hôtes. La longévité moyenne était de 13,1 jours et le maximum de 23 jours. Le taux sexuel (fig. 3) pour l'ensemble de la descendance était 1/1, mais changeait dans le temps. Après le premier jour de ponte, plus de femelles que de mâles étaient obtenues; mais après 6 jours, il n'y avait presque plus que des mâles. Le taux de rencontre des aphides et des parasitoïdes augmentait avec la taille (fig. 4a). Le temps de prospection de l'hôte était en moyenne de 2 secondes, mais dans certains cas il atteignait 10 secondes ou plus. La proportion de rencontres efficaces était plus faible au 4ème stade (fig. 4b). Il n'y avait pas de différence significative dans le nombre de larves de parasitoïdes obtenues par rencontre pendant les stades 1 à 3 des pucerons, mais elle était significativement inférieure au 4ème stade par rapport au second. Les taux globaux de succès (taux de rencontre et nombre de larves formées par rencontre) étaient plus élevés aux 2ème stades des pucerons. La réponse fonctionnelle était sigmoïde (fig. 5).
    Notes: Summary Aphidius rhopalosiphi produced 212 offspring on average but in one case 509 deposited eggs were found. Superparasitization occurred but the frequency distribution of parasitoid larvae in aphids differed significantly from random, indicating a certain degree of host discrimination. Average life span of adults was 13.1 days and sex ratio was 1:1. It changed in time among successively produced offspring. Handling time was about 2 sec and was somewhat longer in the fourth instar than in the second. Second and third aphid instars were preferred for oviposition. Functional response was sigmoid and at an aphid density of 100 aphids per cage percentage parasitization decreased.
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  • 2
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 78-84 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Microplitis croceipes ; Heliothis ; Parasitoid ; Host suitability ; Host selection ; 3-trophic level interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Microplitis croceipes (Cresson), Parasit der Heliothis-Larven, wurde in 9 Kombinationen von Wirtsinsekt/Wirtspflanze gezüchtet. Im allgemeinen war das Ueberleben der Parasiten (1) besser in Wirtsraupen von Baumwolle als von Bohnen oder Tomaten, (2) besser in H. zea als in H. virescens und (3) besser in laborgezüchteten H. zea als in Raupen aus dem Freiland. Mehrere Versuche über die Eiablagepräferenz der Parasiten zeigten, dass mehr Eier in Raupen von Baumwolle als in Raupen von Bohnen oder gar von Tomaten abgelegt wurden. Die Wespen unterschieden aber nicht zwischen H. zea und H. virescens. Die Eiablagepräferenzen waren unabhängig von den Kombinationen Wirtsinsekt/Wirtspflanze, in denen sich die Parasiten entwickelt hatten. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass die Pflanze, auf der die Wirtsraupe frisst, wichtig ist für die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines Parasitenangriffs und für den Erfolg der Parasitierung.
    Notes: Summary Microplitis croceipes (Cresson), a parasitoid of Heliothis larvae, was reared on 9 host insect/plant combinations. In general, parasitoid survivorship was (1) higher in host larvae that were reared on cotton than in hosts reared on either bean or tomato, (2) higher in H. zea hosts than in H. virescens and (3) higher in a laboratory strain of H. zea than in a wild strain. A series of parasitoid oviposition preference tests showed that wasps laid more eggs in host larvae on cotton plants than on bean and more on bean than on tomato. However, the wasps did not distinquish between H. zea and H. virescens hosts. Wasp oviposition preferences were not conditioned by the host insect/plant combination in which the parasitoid developed. These results indicate that the plant on which host larvae feed is an important factor in determining both the likelihood of parasitoid attack and the probability of successful parasitism.
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  • 3
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 155-162 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; Apanteles bignellii ; Euphydryas aurinia ; Multivoltinism ; Synchronisation ; Weather
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einer Population von Euphydryas aurinia (Rottemburg) bei Oxford, England treten während einer Generation von E. aurinia drei Normalgenerationen von Apanteles bignellii Marshall auf. Jede Generation des Parasitoids kann charakterisiert werden durch das befallende Wirtsstadium und durch die aus einem Wirt schlüpfende Zahl Parasitoide. Parasitoide schlüpfen in Normalgenerationen aus dem 3., dem 4. und dem 6. Stadium des Wirts; in Ausnahmegenerationen schlüpfen sie aus dem 2. und 5. Stadium. Bis zu 70 Parasitoide können aus einer Altraupe (6. Stadium) schlüpfen und die Dauer dieses Stadiums kann bis auf 2 Wochen verlängert werden. Die Ausnahmegenerationen von A. bignellii aus Zweitlarven dürften aus Eiablagen in frühe Erstlarven stammen. Fünftlarven des Wirts, aus denen Parasitoide schlüpfen, sind ungewöhnlich klein und fressen nicht; sie dürften das Resultat sein eines Uebermasses von Apenteles-Eiern, die in frühe Viertlarven gelegt wurden. Die Synchronisation zwischen dem Parasitoiden und dem Wirt während der Zeit, da E. aurinia im Puppen-, Adult- oder Eistadium ist, wird aufrechterhalten durch ein verlängertes Coconstadium von Apanteles. Die Puppen des Parasitoiden entwickeln sich normal und die Adulten schlüpfen, bleiben aber bis 4 Wochen lang im Cocon, bevor sie sich eine Ausgangsöffnung machen. Das Wetter kann den Parasitierungsgrad der letzten Wirtsstadien beeinflussen. Wenn der Frühling kalt ist mit klarem Himmel, kann die Synchronisierung zwischen Parasitoiden, die aus Viertlarven des Wirts schlüpfen und potentiellen Fünft- und Sechtstlarven des Wirts schlecht werden. Die Entwicklung von Apanteles-Puppen wird durch die Umgebungstemperatur beeinflusst, während E. aurinia-Larven ihre Temperatur erhöhen, indem sie sich sonnen und deshalb rasch wachsen. Wenn die Parasitoiden unter solchen Bedingungen schlüpfen, sind die meisten potentiellen Wirte schon verpuppt und damit nicht mehr geeignet für die Parasitierung. Die Mechanismen der Synchronisation und der Wettereinfluss auf diese Vorgänge wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The gregarious endoparasite, Apanteles bignellii Marshall is specific to the nymphalid butterfly, Euphydryas aurinia (Rottemburg) in the British Isles. The synchronisation between host and parasitoid is described at a site near Oxford, England where both occur. Three regular generations of A. bignellii occur in one generation of the host in the studied population. Relevant features of the biology of A. bignellii and E. aurinia are described, including a method of distinguishing the number of Apanteles larval instars based upon shed cuticle remnants. Mechanisms for host-parasitoid synchronisation are outlined, especially a protracted parasitoid cocoon stage when the host is unavailable for attack during the chrysalis, adult and egg stages. Cool, but sunny weather conditions in spring can influence the degree of parasitisation experienced by final instar host caterpillars. The timing of adult A. bignellii emergence and subsequent attack on early instar hosts can lead to additional, partial, generations of parasitoids from second and fifth instar hosts.
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  • 4
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 208-211 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Dieretiella rapae ; Encyrtidae ; Insecticide ; Integrated control ; Hymenoptera ; Pteromalidae ; searching behavior ; Syrphidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 5
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    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 909-917 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichogramma pretiosum ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; biological control ; kairomone ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; host density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Trichogramma pretiosum Riley females exhibit success-motivated searching after oviposition. The stimulatory effect of contact with host eggs makes host-egg density an important factor in determining the appropriate strategy for behavioral manipulation, using kairomones, that simulate host seeking, in biological control programs. Host eggs can be used, in conjunction with kairomones or by themselves, to improve the performance of these important beneficial insects.
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  • 6
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 57-65 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Honeybee ; Apis mellifera ; alarm pheromone ; acetate ; alcohol ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; sting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Twelve compounds identified from honeybee,Apis mellifera L., sting extracts were evaluated in a standardized laboratory test for their effectiveness in eliciting an alarm response from caged worker honeybees. Two-1-decanol and phenol-were judged ineffective as alarm pheromones. The other ten-1-butanol, isopentyl acetate, isopentyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 2-heptyl acetate, 2-heptanol, 1-octanol, 1-acetoxy-2-octene, 2-nonyl acetate, and 1-acetoxy-2-nonene-produced alarm responses of similar speed and intensity. Three non-sting-derived compounds-β-ionone, methyl benzoate, andtrans-cinnamaldehyde—caused weak or no responses, indicating that the responses were not simply a reaction to concentrated odoriferous substances.
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  • 7
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 105-111 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pogonomyrmex badius ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; oleic acid ; social context ; midden ; pheromone ; harvester ant ; necrophoric
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The response of the southern harvester ant,Pogonomyrmex badius, to oleic acid was found to depend on social context. Social context was specified as the number of ants engaging in each of five categories of behavior. When a large percentage of the colony is doing midden work or nest maintenance, papers treated with oleic acid are taken to the midden, as previously reported. However, when a large percentage of the colony is foraging or convening, treated papers are taken into the nest as if they were food items.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Larch sawfly ; Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig) ; Hymenoptera ; Tenthredinidae ; feeding behavior ; nutritional indices ; abietic acid ; dehydroabietic acid ; neoabietic acid ; isopimaric acid ; sandaracopimaric acid ; resin acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Diterpene resin acids significantly affect consumption rates, feeding efficiencies, and growth rates of the larch sawfly,Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig) when topically applied to their natural food, tamarackLarix laricina (DuRoi) K. Koch. Abietic acid, neoabietic acid, dehydroabietic acid, and isopimaric acid significantly reduced consumption rates, feeding efficiencies, and growth rates. Sandaracopimaric acid reduced growth and efficiency but did not influence consumption rate. Two-way analysis of variance indicates a significant interaction between chemical and concentration for growth rate, feeding efficiency, and consumption rate. This interaction indicates that increasing chemical concentrations do not influence the larch sawfly in a uniform manner, supporting the concept of concentration-dependent biological activity of allelochemics.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Xylocopa hirsutissima ; Vespa orientalis ; Camponotus ; Hymenoptera ; Xylocopidae ; Vespidae ; Formicidae ; pheromone ; allomone ; chemical preparation ; cis-3,6-dimethyltetrahydro-2-pyrone ; 6-n-undecyltetrahydro-2-pyrone ; 6-n-pentyl-5,6-dihydro-2-pyrone ; lactones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Simple preparations ofcis-3,6-dimethyltetrahydro-2-pyrone, VII,6-n-undecyltetrahydro-2-pyrone, XVIIb, and 6-n-pentyl-5,6-dihydro-2-pyrone, XVIa, have been achieved. Products VII and XVIIb, respectively, are the major constituent of the pheromonal blend of a carpenter bee (Xylocopa hirsutissima) and the pheromone of the queens of the Oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis). The lactone XVIa is a suspected defensive allomone in two species of formicine ants of the genusCamponotus. All three compounds have been prepared from dehydroacetic acid, I, a cheap and industrially available starting material.
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  • 10
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    Plant systematics and evolution 137 (1981), S. 229-240 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Cephalanthera longifolia ; Cistaceae ; Cistus salviifolius ; Hymenoptera ; Halictus ; Flower biology and ecology ; pollination ; pollen imitation ; floral mimicry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Solitary bees (Halictus sp.) were found to be the effective pollinators ofCephalanthera longifolia. In the same foraging flight the bees also visit flowers ofCistus salviifolius which has a similar colour pattern.Cephalanthera offers no reward to its pollinators, but orange papillae on its labellum successfully imitate pollen ofCistus. AsCephalanthera also attracts pollinators in the absence ofCistus, this is regarded as “facultative floral mimicry”.
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  • 11
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    Plant systematics and evolution 137 (1981), S. 241-258 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Orchidaceae ; Ophrys ; Hymenoptera ; Apoidea ; Scoliidae ; Sphecidae ; solitary bees ; Pollination ; pseudocopulation ; isolating mechanisms ; plant mimicry ; Flora of southern Spain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An investigation of pseudocopulation behaviour in species ofOphrys from southern Spain confirms the close relationship betweenCampsoscolia ciliata (Scoliidae) andOphrys speculum, and betweenEucera nigrilabris (Apoidea) andOphrys tenthredinifera. It could be demonstrated thatEucera barbiventris is the pollinator ofOphrys scolopax subsp.scolopax, whereas other species ofEucera andTetralonia which are active at the same time show no interest at all for the flowers of this species. Special attention was paid to the forms of the taxonomically confusedOphrys fusca group:O. fusca s. str.,O. iricolor, O. omegaifera andO. atlantica. WhileO. fusca s. str. is widespread, small-flowered and has late anthesis,O. iricolor has very large flowers and early anthesis. Each of the four members ofO. fusca agg. in S. Spain is pollinated by a different bee, and selective experiments show that each of these four species of bees is specifically attracted only to one of theOphrys species:Andrena flavipes is the pollinator ofO. fusca s. str.,Colletes cunicularius infuscatus ofO. iricolor, Anthophora atroalba ofO. omegaifera, andChalicodoma parietina ofO. atlantica. These four pollinators belong to 4 different bee families (Andrenidae, Colletidae, Anthophoridae, Megachilidae). As this type of pollination represents a very effective pregamic isolation mechanism, these four taxa ofOphrys fusca agg., at least in southern Spain, behave and should be regarded as genuine species.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Kairomone ; parasitoids ; biological control ; Trichogramma pretiosum ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogramma tidae ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noeturidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The behavioral response ofTrichogramma pretiosum Riley females to the kairomone found inHeliothis zea (Boddie) moth scales is examined.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Red-headed pine sawfly ; Neodiprion lecontei ; Hymenoptera ; Tenthredinidae ; electroantennogram ; field tests ; sex pheromone ; 3,7-dimethylpentadecan-2-yl acetate ; 3,7-dimethylpentadecan-2-yl propionate ; optical isomers ; enantiomers ; esters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sawfly sex pheromones, the acetate and propionate esters of 3,7-dimethylpentadecan-2-ol, were field tested for activity towardNeodiprion lecontei (Fitch). Only the acetate form of the 2S,3S,7S isomer was active. Field catch decreased with the addition of the 2S,3R,7(R/S) acetate isomer sample. Electroantennogram recordings showed a positive correlation between response and degree to which the chirality of each isomer resembled the attractive isomer.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Larch sawfly ; Pristiphora erichsonii ; Hymenoptera ; Tenthredinidae ; Larix laricina ; Larix russica ; Larix decidua ; Larix kaempferi ; nutritional indices ; feeding behavior ; abietic acid ; antifeedant allelochemics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Nutritional indices for larch sawfly,Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig), larvae fed single and tufted needles of fourLarix spp. are reported. Larvae offered only single needles ofL. lancina, L. russica, andL. decidua had lower relative growth rates than larvae fed tufted needles of the same species. There was no significant reduction in larval growth for larvae fedL. kaempferi single needles as compared to tufted needles. Abietic acid-treated foliage reduced consumption but did not lower relative growth rate. These findings are discussed with respect to the mechanism of preferential feeding of the larch sawfly and current hypotheses of host plant herbivore interaction.
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  • 15
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    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 203-208 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Olesicampe monticola ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Cephalcia lariciphila ; Pamphiliidae ; parasitism ; kairomone ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In the laboratory, ovipositor probing in mated femaleOlesicampe monticola was elicited by freshCephalcia lariciphila frass but not by aged frass or freshly spun larval silk. Second instar sawfly larvae andLarix needles also elicited a low level of ovipositor probing. Extracts of frass in dichloromethane, but not hexane, were also active. No difference in response was found to frass fromC. lariciphila larvae fed on three varieties ofLarix, (L. kaempferi, L. decidua andL. × eurolepis).
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Bees ; exocrine product ; mass spectrometry ; terpenoid esters ; phylogeny ; nesting biology ; Dufour's gland ; Andrena ; Hymenoptera ; Andrenidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The volatile components of the Dufour's gland secretions were examined in 22 Nearctic species of andrenid bees representing 10 subgenera. Farnesyl hexanoate was the dominant component in the secretion of 17 species. In others, various terpenoid esters such as geranyl octanoate, farnesyl octanoate and geranylgeranyl octanoate were the major components. Approximately 30 compounds have been identified in the secretions; many are newly identified in andrenid bees. Three different groups of secretions are discerned with “exceptions.” A discussion of the possible function of the Dufour's gland secretion in the biology of, and its use in, the systematics of these bees is presented.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Host-plant resistance ; α-tomatine ; sterols ; sterol esters ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; parasitoids ; Hyposoter exiguae ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; secondary compounds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The solitary, endoparasitic ichneumonid,Hyposoter exiguae (Viereck) is a parasitoid of the tomato fruitworm,Heliothis zea (Boddie). However, the parasitoid is deleteriously affected by the tomato glycoalkaloid, α-tomatine, ingested from hosts (H. zea) fed on artificial diets or semipurified extracts of tomato plants that contained α-tomatine. α-Tomatine causes prolonged larval development; disruption or prevention of pupal eclosion; deformation of antennal, abdominal, and genital structures; and reduction in adult weight and longevity of the parasitoid. These toxic effects are exacerbated when the dietary dose of α-tomatine is increased from 12 μmol to 20 μmol/g dry wt of diet. However, the toxicity of α-tomatine is attenuated in parasitoids reared from hosts fed on artificial diets that contain equimolar or supramolar amounts of 3β-OH-sterols admixed with α-tomatine. Further, the toxicity of extracts from the foliage of different cultivars of tomatoes toH. exiguae is contingent upon the composite levels of α-tomatine and total phytosterol (free and esterified). Cultivars with a low total sterol-tomatine ratio are more toxic toH. exiguae. The possible mode of action of α-tomatine toxicity toH. exiguae by disruption of sterol metabolism is discussed.
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  • 18
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    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 1023-1033 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aneuretus simoni ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; chemical communication ; sternal gland ; pygidial gland ; alarm pheromone ; trail pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Trail and alarm communication inAneuretus simoni are mediated by the secretions of the sternal and pygidial glands, respectively. The sternal gland is composed of a glandular epithelium and an associated reservoir located in the 7th sternum. This gland produces a relatively long-lived mass recruitment pheromone. The pygidial gland opens between the 6th and 7th tergites and produces a secretion that releases aggressive alarm. The evolution of glandular physiology in the Aneuretinae and Dolichoderinae are discussed in view of these findings.
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  • 19
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    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 1057-1061 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Microplitis croceipes ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae parasitoids ; kairomones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In laboratory experiments conducted to compare the kairomonal activity forMicroplitis croceipes (Cresson) of frass fromHeliothis zea (Boddie) larvae fed on different host plants,M. croceipes females responded to extracts of frass from larvae reared on cotton or soybeans but not on corn. The lack of response to frass from larvae reared on corn was shown to be a result of a lack of some appropriate chemical(s) in the corn.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Melipona ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; mandibular glands ; 2-heptanol ; skatole ; nerol ; undecane ; alarm response ; stingless bees
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Workers ofMelipona fasciata andM. interrupta triplaridis respond to their respective mandibular gland extracts with alarm recruitment and defensive behavior. Workers rapidly exit from the nest entrance, land on an intruding object, and bite with the mandibles while vibrating the flight muscles. These behaviors are accompanied by the release of the contents of the mandibular glands. Colonies of both species exhibited greater response to their own mandibular gland extracts than to those of other stingless bee species. Chemical analysis identified 2-heptanol as the major component in hexane extracts of each species. Undecane was a constituent of both species; skatole and nerol were identified only in extracts ofM. i. triplaridis.
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  • 21
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 1525-1531 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Exoneura ; Allodapini ; Hymenoptera ; bees ; defense ; mandibular glands ; ethyl decanoate ; salicylaldehyde ; 1,4-benzoquinone ; ester ; aldehyde ; quinone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract FemaleExoneura richardsoni, E. bicolor, andE. bicincta (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) release a pungent, staining liquid from their mandibular glands upon disturbance. This secretion is primarily composed of ethyl dodecanoate, with lesser amounts of homologous ethyl and methyl esters, salicylaldehyde, and 1,4-benzoquinone. The secretion elicits vigorous grooming when topically applied to antennae ofFormica ants. The shared, unique combination of mandibular gland lipids of these threeExoneura species supports their monophyletic classification, while the presence of salicylaldehyde may associateExoneura (Allodapini) withPithitis (Ceratinini).
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Bees ; exocrine products ; mass spectrometry ; citronellyl citronellate ; citronellyl geranate ; geranial ; neral ; Dufour's gland ; mandibular gland ; Panurginus ; Hymenoptera ; Andrenidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The volatile components of Dufour's gland extracts were analyzed in two species of HolarcticPanurginus bees:Panurginus pontentillae andP. atramontensis. Two terpenoid esters, citronellyl citronellate and citronellyl geranate, were identified inP. pontentillae, whereas only the latter was inP. atramontensis. Citronellyl citronellate was identified in pollen ball extracts ofP. pontentillae. Mandibular gland extracts from male and femaleP. pontentillae contained neral and geranial. The significance of the Dufour's gland secretion in andrenid systematics and its function in the Andrenidae are discussed.
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  • 23
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 423-432 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Telenomus heliothidis ; Heliothis ; Hymenoptera ; Scelionidae ; accessory gland ; colleterial gland ; host recognition ; kairomone ; parasitoid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two large proteins (〉330 K) present in the accessory gland ofHeliothis virescens F. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) serve as an egg recognition kairomone for the parasitoidTelenomus heliothidis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Glass beads coated with the isolated proteins were examined and probed by the parasitoid while uncoated glass beads were not. Electrophoretic analysis of the contents of theH. virescens accessory gland suggests that the gland's contents serve as an egg adhesive. Comparison of the gland proteins revealed that theT. heliothidis hostHeliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) accessory gland contained the kairomonally active proteins while the nonhostSpodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) did not.
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  • 24
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 607-613 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tapinoma simrothi ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Dolichoderinae ; 4-heptanone ; 2-methyl-4-heptanone ; 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one ; 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone ; iridodials ; ant ; ketones ; aldehydes ; alcohol ; gland anal ; alarm ; pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In addition to 2-methyl-4-heptanone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, and iridodials, the anal gland exudate of the dolichoderine ant,Tapinoma simrothi, contains 4-heptanone and 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone. The secretion functions as an alarm pheromone.
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  • 25
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 695-701 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Kairomone ; pheromone ; parasitoid ; Telenomus remus ; Hymenoptera ; Scelionidae ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; fall armyworm ; (Z)-9-tetradecene-1-ol acetate ; (Z)-9-dodecene-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Telenomus remits Nixon is a parasitoid that attacks egg masses ofSpodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith). Increased host-seeking behavior was elicited fromT. remus females in Y-tubes, Petri dish, and greenhouse bioassays byS. frugiperda female abdominal tips as well as (Z)-9-tetradecene-1-ol acetate and (Z)-9-dodecene-1-ol acetate.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Neodiprion sertifer ; European pine sawfly ; Hymenoptera ; Tenthredinidae ; 3,7-dimethylpentadecan-2-yl acetate and propionate ; optical isomers ; enantiomers ; esters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Among optical isomers of 3,7-dimethylpentadecan-2-ol (diprionol) acetate or propionate tested as synthetic attractants, the 2S, 3S, and 7S isomers were most effective in attracting the males ofNeodiprion sertifer in the field. The 2S, 3S, and 7R isomers showed weak activity, but the other optical isomers were not attractive. Capillary GC analysis showed that the natural pheromone from body extracts of females was identical with the synthetic acetate of diprionol in its GC behavior. However, the natural pheromone was about 100-fold stronger than the most purified synthetic acetate of 2S,3S,7S-diprionol in the field. As a result of various isomer combination studies, it was found that the acetate of 2S,3R,7R-diprionol, when added to 2S,3S,7S-diprionol preparation at a low concentration, increased the catch by the latter. It was therefore concluded that the above combination of the optical isomers could account for the major sex attractancy in this species.
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  • 27
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 923-931 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Xylocopa sulcatipes ; Hymenoptera ; Anthophoridae ; territoriality ; scent marking ; mandibular glands ; guaiacol ; p cresol ; vanillin ; aggressive behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Males of the carpenter bee,Xylocopa sulcatipes, establish and defend territories which they mark with the secretions of their mandibular glands. Chemical analysis of the glandular blend revealed that it is composed of guaiacol,p-cresol, and vanillin. Territorial males recognize other intruding males either by sight or by the odor emitted from their mandibular glands. They chase the intruder out of the territory immediately, but will not do so if the visitor is a female. If a female, however, is scented with the reconstituted synthetic pheromonal blend and introduced into a territory of a male, it is treated as a male and chased out of the territory. It is suggested that the blend has a dual function: Guaiacol seems to be the aggressiveness elicitor, while vanillin is the territorial marker and female attractant and therefore could be considered a sex pheromone.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; synergist ; (Z)-5-tetradecen-1-ol ; (Z)-10-non-adecenal ; sawfly ; Pikonema alaskensis ; Hymenoptera ; Tenthredinidae ; alcohol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The yellowheaded spruce sawfly,Pikonema alaskensis (Rohwer), was known to possess a potent secondary pheromone with the polarity of an alcohol, based on earlier studies with Florisil fractions. Purification of the 25% ether-hexane Florisil fraction (polarity as with alcohols) and the hydrolyzed 5% ether-hexane fraction (polarity as with esters) from 50,000 females yielded a total of ca 3μg of an active compound identified as (Z)-5-tetradecen-1-ol (Z5–14∶ OH). When added to 100 ng of (Z)-10-nonadecenal (Z10–19∶Al), which behaves as the primary pheromone in this sawfly, 0.5 ng of syntheticZ5–14∶ OH caused an 8.8-fold increase in the greenhouse bioassay response, compared toZ10–19∶Al alone.E5–14∶ OH caused a 2.8-fold increase. Only the combination ofZ5–14∶ OH andZ10–19∶ Al consistently elicited mating attempts among males. When Hercon® formulations ofZ5–14∶OH andZ10–19∶ Al were used together to bait traps, catches were up to four times higher than for theZ10–19∶ Al alone, but this increase was seen only after emergence and mating activity in the field population were virtually complete. TheZ5–14∶ OH was inactive alone, and at higher levels it depressed trap catches toZ10–19∶ Al. The Hercon formulations ofZ5–14∶ 0H andZ10–19∶Al together were as attractive as virgin females.Z10–19∶Al alone and the (Z,Z)-9,19 hydrocarbon dienes (found in all females and able to oxidize in air to produceZ10–19∶Al) were similar to mated females. ThusZ5–14∶:OH accounted for the difference in attractiveness between virgin and mated females.
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  • 29
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 1333-1341 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sawfly ; pheromone ; aldehyde ; diene ; oxidation ; Pikonema alaskensis ; Hymenoptera ; Tenthredinidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Each of 10 (Z,Z)-9,19 hydrocarbon dienes (28–37 carbons) found in female yellowheaded spruce sawflies,Pikonema alaskensis (Rohwer), was synthesized and found to be attractive to males by field bioassay. These dienes oxidize slowly in air, major products being aldehydes. One product common to all the dienes, (Z)-10-nonadecenal (Z10–19∶Al), and one from the 29-carbon diene only, (Z)-10-eicosenal, initiated flight and caused upwind anemotaxis in males in a greenhouse bioassay.Z10–19∶Al was incorporated into Hercon® controlled release formulations and was active in the field. The aldehyde could be useful for monitoring sawfly populations.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Honeybee ; Apis mellifera ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; pheromone ; Nasonov pheromone ; footprint pheromone ; bioassay ; anemotaxis ; geraniol ; nerobic acid ; (Z)-citral ; geranic acid ; (E,E)-farnesol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The Nasonov pheromone of the honeybee comprises seven components, (Z)-citral, nerol, geraniol, nerolic acid, geranic acid, and (E,E)-farnesol. Bioassay of individual components showed each attracted foraging bees. A mixture of components in proportions present in the honeybee was as attractive as the natural secretion, and each component contributed to the attractiveness of the mixture. Honeybees responded anemotactically to the source of Nasonov odor. The presence of footprint pheromone enhanced the attractiveness of the synthetic Nasonov mixture. Nasonov and footprint pheromones may prove useful in attracting honeybees to crops needing pollination.
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