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  • Articles  (5)
  • agriculture  (5)
  • Springer  (5)
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  • Institute of Physics
  • International Union of Crystallography
  • Oxford University Press
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
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  • 2005-2009
  • 2000-2004  (5)
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  • 2000  (5)
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  • 1981
  • Geography  (5)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (1)
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  • Articles  (5)
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  • Springer  (5)
  • Annual Reviews
  • Elsevier
  • Institute of Physics
  • International Union of Crystallography
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  • 2005-2009
  • 2000-2004  (5)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Timing Nitrogen Fertilizer Application to Reduce Nitrogen Losses to the Environment (2000)
    Springer
    Water resources management 14 (2000), S. 35-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: agriculture ; agricultural policy ; best nitrogen management plan ; fertilizer ; insurance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The advantage of using insurance to help a farmeradopt a best nitrogen management plan (BNMP) thatreduces the impact of agricultural production on theenvironment is analytically and empiricallydemonstrated. Using an expected value analysis, it isshown that an insurance program can be structured soas to reduce a farmer's cost of bearing the adoptionrisk associated with changing production practicesand, thus, to improve the farmer's certaintyequivalent net return thereby promoting the adoptionof a BNMP. Using the adoption of growing-season onlyN fertilizer application in Iowa as a case study, itis illustrated how insurance may be used to promotethe adoption of this practice to reduce N fertilizeruse. It is shown that it is possible for a farmer andan insurance company both to have an incentive todevelop an insurance adoption program that willbenefit both the farmer and the insurance company,increasing net social welfare and improvingenvironmental quality in Iowa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008137011813
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Settlement and sustainability in the Polish Sudetes (2000)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 50 (2000), S. 273-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: agriculture ; Poland ; pollution ; population ; rural tourism ; Sudetes ; sustainability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract The paper summarises the history of human settlement in the Sudetes from the Bronze Age. A more intensive stage was reached in the Middle Ages when settlers from the west established new villages deep in the mountain valleys. By the beginning of the 20th century the Sudetes were already overpopulated but after a near-complete ethnic replacement from a German to a Polish population in 1945–8, population continued to grow until the 1980s. However, the economic system was hardly sustainable by this time. There were many polluting industries in the region and massive transboundary pollution from adjacent areas of Czechoslovakia and Germany had a devastating effect on the forests. Moreover, subsidised state agriculture placed heavy pressure on vulnerable mountain grazings. Since 1989 there has been a process of deindustrialisation in the Sudetes and surrounding areas and, with the disappearance of the state farms and the reduction in subsidies, agriculture is now better adjusted to the natural potential and is complemented by a promising start with agrotourism. The population of the region is growing relatively slowly (0.8% per annum 1956–1999), with the rural areas now in decline. A sustainable future for the region is now a possibility, but while there is a consensus for continued environmental reconstruction, supported by alternative economies, this will have to be carefully managed in the years ahead when EU accession may bring heavier development pressures than those evident at the moment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007165901891
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The population of the Polish countryside: Demography and living conditions (2000)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 50 (2000), S. 101-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: agriculture ; demography ; housing ; migration ; Poland ; population
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract Despite substantial rural-urban migration, 38.1 percent of the population of Poland still live in the countryside and the total numbers are only 0.9mln fewer than in 1946. At present the rural population is increasing and the rate of natural increase (though falling) is higher than in the towns though the productive age group is smaller. However, these human resources are not being properly used and the results can be seen in terms of economic inefficiency, low living standards and a high level of state support. Loss of jobs in factories and state farms results in welfare payments by the state and considerable 'hidden unemployment' on small family farms where profitability is constrained by inefficient use of labour. Poverty among the rural population is evident through a collapse of house building and considerable domestic overcrowding. However, conditions vary considerably across the country and this must be reflected in the economic and social policies drawn up for the new administrative regions introduced in 1999.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007131515578
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maramures: Expanding human resources on the Romanian periphery (2000)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 50 (2000), S. 181-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: agriculture ; cooperation ; diversification ; less- favoured areas ; mining ; Romania ; rural tourism ; unemployment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract Maramures is one of the remotest mountain regions of Romania and has been marginalised throughout the modern period, including the communist era. Yet its human resources continue to grow with significant levels of natural increase and a growing labour market in the more traditional parts of the county. After placing the region in its physical and historical settings, the paper examines the communist economy and the strategies adopted by the growing population to maintain viable communities rooted in cultural practices on which the authorities made only a superficial impact. Since 1989 the economy has contracted quite sharply and out-migration has accelerated, while natural increase remains positive, but to a lesser extent than before. Tourism is seen as an important source of diversification and significant progress has been made through the setting up of local tourist associations and the publication of accommodation lists. Despite constraints, the business opportunities are increased by closer integration with Hungary and also with Ukraine given the enhanced potential for cross-border cooperation. However, even with continued dependence on seasonal employment outside the region and fiscal incentives for business development, arising from a special programme for `less-favoured areas' affected by mine closures, it is unlikely that out-migration will be halted. But the resourcefulness of the population could boost Maramures as a area of small-scale enterprise harmonising with the physical resources and cultural milieu.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007185011461
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coping strategies in rural areas of the Buzau Sub–Carpathians (2000)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 50 (2000), S. 157-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: agriculture ; coping strategies ; local services ; poverty ; social capital ; transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract This paper focuses on the Sub–Carpathian region which has traditionally maintained a large rural population and is today suffering acute economic and social stress. During the present transition phase the rural population is struggling to survive by combining elements of the modern and traditional economies and research has been undertaken to clarify a range of household strategies. After profiling the communes of the Buzau Carpathians the problem is tackled at two levels on the basis of questionnaire work carried out during 1998–1999. First there is a general overview to outline conditions in Patarlagele commune, including some local contrasts between settlements on main transport axis along the Buzau valley and those in the hills and side valleys. Second there is a consideration of in-depth profiles of specific households in villages in the wider area including Panatau as well as Patarlagele commune. It remains to be seen to what extent the district will be able to safeguard its social capital when growth resumes in large towns especially Brasov and Buzau with which Patarlagele has the best contacts. It is also an open question how far the remoter settlements will retain a viable population, assuming that the services remain relatively poor while disadvantage persists with regard to both employment opportunities and physical security.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007176809643
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