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  • Articles  (128)
  • Springer  (128)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science
  • American Physical Society
  • Annual Reviews
  • Wiley
  • Wiley-Blackwell
  • 1980-1984  (128)
  • 1935-1939
  • 1980  (128)
  • Philosophy  (128)
  • 1
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    Reduced products of logical matrices (1980)
    Springer
    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 19-43 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The class Matr(C) of all matrices for a prepositional logic (ℒ, C) is investigated. The paper contains general results with no special reference to particular logics. The main theorem (Th. (5.1)) which gives the algebraic characterization of the class Matr(C) states the following. Assume C to be the consequence operation on a prepositional language induced by a class K of matrices. Let m be a regular cardinal not less than the cardinality of C. Then Matr (C) is the least class of matrices containing K and closed under m-reduced products, submatrices, matrix homomorphisms, and matrix homomorphic counter-images.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00373095
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  • 2
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    Fifth International Wittgenstein Symposium (1980)
    Springer
    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 99-99 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00373099
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  • 3
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    Some kinds of modal completeness (1980)
    Springer
    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 125-141 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract In the modal literature various notions of “completeness” have been studied for normal modal logics. Four of these are defined here, viz. (plain) completeness, first-order completeness, canonicity and possession of the finite model property — and their connections are studied. Up to one important exception, all possible inclusion relations are either proved or disproved. Hopefully, this helps to establish some order in the jungle of concepts concerning modal logics. In the course of the exposition, the interesting properties of first-order definability and preservation under ultrafilter extensions are introduced and studied as well.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00370316
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  • 4
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    Omega-consistency and the diamond (1980)
    Springer
    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 237-243 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract G is the result of adjoining the schema □ (□qA→A)→□qA to K; the axioms of G* are the theorems of G and the instances of the schema □qA→A and the sole rule of G* is modus ponens. A sentence is ω-provable if it is provable in P(eano) A(rithmetic) by one application of the ω-rule; equivalently, if its negation is ω-inconsistent in PA. Let ω-Bew(x) be the natural formalization of the notion of ω-provability. For any modal sentence A and function ϕ mapping sentence letters to sentences of PA, inductively define A ωϕ by: p ωϕ = ϕ(p) (p a sentence letter); ⊥ωϕ= ⊥; (A→B)suωϕ}= (A ωϕ→Bωϕ); and (□qA)ωϕ= ω-Bew(⌜A ωϕ⌝)(⌜S⌝) is the numeral for the Gödel number of the sentence S). Then, applying techniques of Solovay (Israel Journal of Mathematics 25, pp. 287–304), we prove that for every modal sentence A,⊢ G A iff for all ϕ, ⊢ PA A ωϕ; and for every modal sentence A, ⊢ G* A iff for all ϕ, A ωϕ is true.
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  • 5
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    Interpolation in loop-free logic (1980)
    Springer
    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 297-310 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Model-theoretic methods are used to extend Craig's Interpolation Theorem to the loop-free portion of Pratt's dynamic logic of programs with simple assignments.
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  • 6
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    An example of strongly finite consequence operation with 2ℵ0 standard strengthenings (1980)
    Springer
    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 375-379 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Using ideas from Murskii [3], Tokarz [4] and Wroński [7] we construct some strongly finite consequence operation having 2%0 standard strengthenings. In this way we give the affirmative answer to the following question, stated in Tokarz [4]: are there strongly finite logics with the degree of maximality greater than ℵ0?
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  • 7
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    Finite axiomatization for some intermediate logics (1980)
    Springer
    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 415-423 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract LetN. be the set of all natural numbers (except zero), and letD n * = {k ∈N ∶k|n} ∪ {0} wherek¦n if and only ifn=k.x f or somex∈N. Then, an ordered setD n * = 〈D n * , ⩽ n , wherex⩽ ny iffx¦y for anyx, y∈D n * , can easily be seen to be a pseudo-boolean algebra. In [5], V.A. Jankov has proved that the class of algebras {D n * ∶n∈B}, whereB =,{k ∈N∶ ⌉ $$\mathop \exists \limits_{n \in N} $$ (n 〉 1 ≧n 2 k)is finitely axiomatizable. The present paper aims at showing that the class of all algebras {D n * ∶n∈B} is also finitely axiomatizable. First, we prove that an intermediate logic defined as follows: $$LD = Cn(INT \cup \{ p_3 \vee [p_3 \to (p_1 \to p_2 ) \vee (p_2 \to p_1 )]\} )$$ finitely approximatizable. Then, defining, after Kripke, a model as a non-empty ordered setH = 〈K, ⩽〉, and making use of the set of formulas true in this model, we show that any finite strongly compact pseudo-boolean algebra ℬ is identical with. the set of formulas true in the Kripke modelH B = 〈P(ℬ), ⊂〉 (whereP(ℬ) stands for the family of all prime filters in the algebra ℬ). Furthermore, the concept of a structure of divisors is defined, and the structure is shown to beH D n * = 〈P (D n * ), ⊂〉for anyn∈N. Finally, it is proved that for any strongly compact pseudo-boolean algebraU satisfying the axiomp 3∨ [p 3→(p1→p2)∨(p2→p1)] there is a structure of divisorsD * n such that it is possible to define a strong homomorphism froomiH D n * ontoH D U . Exploiting, among others, this property, it turns out to be relatively easy to show that $$LD = \mathop \cap \limits_{n \in N} E(\mathfrak{D}_n^* )$$ .
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  • 8
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    First-order modal theories (1980)
    Springer
    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 159-202 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract This paper is part of a general programme of developing and investigating particular first-order modal theories. In the paper, a modal theory of propositions is constructed under the assumption that there are genuinely singular propositions, ie. ones that contain individuals as constituents. Various results on decidability, axiomatizability and definability are established.
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  • 9
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    A modal sequent calculus for a fragment of arithmetic (1980)
    Springer
    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 245-256 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Global properties of canonical derivability predicates (the standard example is Pr() in Peano Arithmetic) are studied here by means of a suitable propositional modal logic GL. A whole book [1] has appeared on GL and we refer to it for more information and a bibliography on GL. Here we propose a sequent calculus for GL and, by exhibiting a good proof procedure, prove that such calculus admits the elimination of cuts. Most of standard results on GL are then easy consequences: completeness, decidability, finite model property, interpolation and the fixed point theorem.
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  • 10
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    On the size of refutation Kripke models for some linear modal and tense logics (1980)
    Springer
    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 325-333 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract LetL be any modal or tense logic with the finite model property. For eachm, definer L (m) to be the smallest numberr such that for any formulaA withm modal operators,A is provable inL if and only ifA is valid in everyL-model with at mostr worlds. Thus, the functionr L determines the size of refutation Kripke models forL. In this paper, we will give an estimation ofr L (m) for some linear modal and tense logicsL.
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  • 11
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    Intuitionistic uniformity principles for propositions and some applications (1980)
    Springer
    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 361-369 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract This note deals with the prepositional uniformity principlep-UP: ∧p ∈ Κ ∨x ∈N A (p, x) → ∨x ∈N ∧p ∈ Κ A (p, x) (Ω species of all propositions) in intuitionistic mathematics.p-UP is implied by WC and KS. But there are interestingp-UP-cases which require weak KS resp. WC only. UP for number species follows fromp-UP by extended bar-induction (ranging over propositions) and suitable weak continuity. As corollaries we have the disjunction property and the existential definability w.r.t. concrete objects. Other consequences are: there is no non-trivial countable partition ofΩ;id is the only injective function fromΩ toΩ; there are no many-place injective prepositional functions; card (Ω) is incomparable with the cardinality of all metric spaces containing at least three elements.
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  • 12
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    On constructive functions ranging over propositions (1980)
    Springer
    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 371-374 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that there is no constructive extensional truth-value mapping from the speciesP of all propositions into known constructive structures ≠ P.
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  • 13
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    λ-Normal forms in an intensional logic for English (1980)
    Springer
    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 311-324 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Montague [7] translates English into a tensed intensional logic, an extension of the typed λ-calculus. We prove that each translation reduces to a formula without λ-applications, unique to within change of bound variable. The proof has two main steps. We first prove that translations of English phrases have the special property that arguments to functions are modally closed. We then show that formulas in which arguments are modally closed have a unique fully reduced λ-normal form. As a corollary, translations of English phrases are contained in a simply defined proper subclass of the formulas of the intensional logic.
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  • 14
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    The undecidability of the first-order theory of diagonalizable algebras (1980)
    Springer
    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 355-359 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The undecidability of the first-order theory of diagonalizable algebras is shown here.
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  • 15
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    Finite structural axiomatization of every finite-valued propositional calculus (1980)
    Springer
    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 1-4 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract In [2] A. Wroński proved that there is a strongly finite consequence C which is not finitely based i.e. for every consequence C + determined by a finite set of standard rules C ≠ C +. In this paper it will be proved that for every strongly finite consequence C there is a consequence C + determined by a finite set of structural rules such that C(Ø)=C +(Ø) and $$\bar C$$ = $$\bar C$$ (where $$\bar C$$ , $$\bar C$$ are consequences obtained by adding to the rules of C, C + respectively the rule of substitution). Moreover it will be shown that under certain assumptions C=C +.
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  • 16
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    Interpretations of the first-order theory of diagonalizable algebras in peano arithmetic (1980)
    Springer
    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 347-354 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract For every sequence ϕ ≡ |p n } n∈ω of formulas of Peano ArithmeticPA with, every formulaA of the first-order theory ℐ diagonalizable algebras, we associate a formulaϕ 0 A, called “the value ofA inPA with respect to the interpretationϕ.” We show that, ifA is true in every diagonalizable algebra, then, for everyϕ, ϕ 0 A is a theorem ofPA.
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  • 17
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    A note on three-valued logic and Tarski theorem on truth definitions (1980)
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 405-414 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract We introduce a notion of semantical closure for theories by formalizing Nepeivoda notion of truth. [10]. Tarski theorem on truth definitions is discussed in the light of Kleene's three valued logic (here treated with a formal reinterpretation of logical constants). Connections with Definability Theory are also established.
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  • 18
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    Ist Eckard Königs „Theorie der Erziehungswissenschaft“ eine „Kritik der pädagogischen Vernunft“? (1980)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 11 (1980), S. 302-320 
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    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Argumentationszusammenhang der im Titel genannten Schrift von König, welche Erziehungswissenschaft als praktische Disziplin von Grund auf revidieren und neu aufbauen soll, wird dargestellt, das Gesamtwerk dann aber einer eingehenden Kritik unterzogen. Dabei wird nachgewiesen, daß die Begründung oberster Normen bei König zirkelhaft ist. Außerdem wird auf eine Reihe von Unklarheiten und Verwechslungen begrifflicher Art, sowie auf Unkorrektheiten formaler Art hingewiesen. Vor allem aber wird deutlich gemacht, daß König sich viele Schwierigkeiten und Unklarheiten durch die kritiklose Übernahme der Lehren der Erlanger Schule eingehandelt hat.
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  • 19
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    Zur Forderung nach theoretischem Pluralismus in Permanenz (1980)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 11 (1980), S. 321-331 
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    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Verfasser behandelt die Frage, ob die Naturwissenschaften ihre gegenwärtige Hauptfunktion, die Lieferung technikrelevanter Erkenntnisse, wirksamer als bisher erfüllen könnten, wenn sie sich nicht nur während revolutionärer Perioden, sondern ununterbrochen theoretisch pluralistisch entwickeln würden. Zuerst wird gezeigt, warum die Naturwissenschaften unter der Forderung nach maximaler Effektivität stehen, anschließend, daß diese Forderung durch einander abwechselnde pluralistische und nichtpluralistische Entwicklungsphasen in höherem Grade erfüllt wird als durch eine permanent pluralistische Entwicklung. Daraus wird geschlossen, daß eine Ersetzung der bisherigen Entwicklungsdynamik in den Naturwissenschaften durch eine permanent pluralistische wenig Realisierungschancen hat. Mit Hilfe der Effektivitätsforderung wird ferner erklärt, warum auch während evolutionärer Perioden in einem gewissen Ausmaß theoretischer Pluralismus besteht, insbesondere, warum in der Praxis neue Theorien bei Mißerfolgen nicht strikt eliminiert werden, sondern Bewährungsfristen erhalten.
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  • 20
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    Black and Hempel on vagueness (1980)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 11 (1980), S. 332-346 
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    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary A. Vagueness is not definable in terms of behaviour (Section 4). B. Variations in the application of a term T is neither sufficient nor necessary conditions for T to be vague. Nor are such variations an indication — a loose criterion — for vagueness (Section 3). C. That Black's and Hempel's theories contain negations of A and B as central theses. They are therefore irredeemably false.
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  • 21
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    Hackings law of likelihood und das Kartenparadoxon von Kerridge (1980)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 11 (1980), S. 354-356 
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    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird begründet, daß die Konstruktion des Kartenparadoxons von Kerridge auf einer fehlerhaften Betrachtungsweise beruht. Eine genauere Analyse zeigt, daß das Kerridge-Argument mit dem Hackingschen Likelihood-Stützungsargument im Einklang steht.
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  • 22
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    Equationally definable implication algebras for orthomodular lattices (1980)
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 5-18 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The fact that it is possible to define three different material conditionals in orthomodular lattices suggests that there exist three different orthomodular logics whose conditionals are material conditionals and whose models are orthomodular lattices. The purpose of this paper is to provide equationally definable implication algebras for each of these material conditionals.
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  • 23
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    Independent propositional modal logics (1980)
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 143-144 
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    Notes: Abstract We show that the join of two classical [respectively, regular, normal] modal logics employing distinct modal operators is a conservative extension of each of them.
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  • 24
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    On deontic logic (1980)
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 63-75 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Some requirements concerning deontic logic are formulated and discussed. Stress is laid on the need to distinguish between theories and deductive systems. It is argued that deontic theories need not be closed under the rule of detachment. Two deontic calculi, called DSC1, DSC2, are presented and talked over.
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  • 25
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    Pretabular varieties of modal algebras (1980)
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 101-124 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract We study modal logics in the setting of varieties of modal algebras. Any variety of modal algebras generated by a finite algebra — such, a variety is called tabular — has only finitely many subvarieties, i.e. is of finite height. The converse does not hold in general. It is shown that the converse does hold in the lattice of varieties of K4-algebras. Hence the lower part of this lattice consists of tabular varieties only. We proceed to show that there is a continuum of pretabular varieties of K4-algebras — those are the non-tabular varieties all of whose proper subvarieties are tabular — in contrast with Maksimova's result that there are only five pretabular varieties of S4-algebras.
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  • 26
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    Decidability for branching time (1980)
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 203-218 
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    Notes: Abstract The species of indeterminist tense logic called ‘Peircean’ by A. N. Prior is proved to be recursively decidable.
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  • 27
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    Application of modal logic to programming (1980)
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 257-274 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The modal logician's notion of possible world and the computer scientist's notion of state of a machine provide a point of commonality which can form the foundation of a logic of action. Extending ordinary modal logic with the calculus of binary relations leads to a very natural logic for describing the behavior of computer programs.
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  • 28
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    IUHPS/DLMPS Bulletin no. 4 (1980)
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 425-433 
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  • 29
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    Gentzen formulations of two positive relevance logics (1980)
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 381-403 
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    Notes: Abstract The author gentzenizes the positive fragmentsT + andR + of relevantT andR using formulas with, prefixes (subscripts). There are three main Gentzen formulations ofS +ε{T+,R +} calledW 1 S +,W 2 S + andG 2 S +. The first two have the rule of modus ponens. All of them have a weak rule DL for disjunction introduction on the left. DL is not admissible inS + but it is needed in the proof of a cut elimination theorem forG 2 S +.W 1 S + has a weak rule of weakeningW 1 and it is not closed under a general transitivity rule. This allows the proof that ⊢A inS + iff ⊢A inW 1 S +. From the cut elimination theorem forG 2 S + it follows that if ⊢A inS +, then ⊢A inG 2 S +. In order to prove the converse,W 2 S + is needed. It contains modus ponens, transitivity, and a restricted weakening rule.G 2 S + is contained inW 2 S + and there is a proof that ⊢A inW 2 S + iff ⊢A inW 1 S +.
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    Three prepositional calculi of probability (1980)
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 49-61 
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    Notes: Abstract Attempts are made to transform the basis of elementary probability theory into the logical calculus. We obtain the propositional calculus NP by a naive approach. As rules of transformation, NP has rules of the classical propositional logic (for events), rules of the Łukasiewicz logic Łℵ 0 (for probabilities) and axioms of probability theory, in the form of rules of inference. We prove equivalence of NP with a fragmentary probability theory, in which one may only add and subtract probabilities. The second calculus MP is a usual modal propositional calculus. It has the modal rules x ⊢ □ x, x ⊃ y ⊢ □ x ⊃ □ y, x ⊢ ⌝ □ ⌝x, x ⊃ y ⊢ □ (y ⊃ x), ≡ ⊢ (⊢y ⊃ ⊢x), in addition to the rules of classical propositional logic. One may read □x as “x is probable”. Imbeddings of NP and of Łℵ 0 into MP are given. The third calculus ŁP is a modal extension of Łℵ 0. It may be obtained by adding the rule □((∼□x→□y)→□y) ⊢ □x→□y to the modal logic of quantum mechanics ŁQ [5]. One may read □x in ŁP as “x is observed”. An imbedding of NP into ŁP is given.
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    The choice of logical foundations: Non-classical choices and the ultralogical choice (1980)
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 77-98 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
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    Quantifiers as modal operators (1980)
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 145-158 
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    Notes: Abstract Montague, Prior, von Wright and others drew attention to resemblances between modal operators and quantifiers. In this paper we show that classical quantifiers can, in fact, be regarded as “S5-like” operators in a purely propositional modal logic. This logic is axiomatized and some interesting fragments of it are investigated.
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    Diodorean modality in Minkowski spacetime (1980)
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 219-236 
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    Notes: Abstract The Diodorean interpretation of modality reads the operator □ as “it is now and always will be the case that”. In this paper time is modelled by the four-dimensional Minkowskian geometry that forms the basis of Einstein's special theory of relativity, with “event” y coming after event x just in case a signal can be sent from x to y at a speed at most that of the speed of light (so that y is in the causal future of x). It is shown that the modal sentences valid in this structure are precisely the theorems of the well-known logic S4.2, and that this system axiomatises the logics of two and three dimensional spacetimes as well. Requiring signals to travel slower than light makes no difference to what is valid under the Diodorean interpretation. However if the “is now” part is deleted, so that the temporal ordering becomes irreflexive, then there are sentences that distinguish two and three dimensions, and sentences that can be falsified by approaching the future at the speed of light, but not otherwise.
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    Applying modal logic (1980)
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 275-295 
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    Notes: Abstract The main purpose of the paper is to introduce philosophers and philosophical logicians to dynamic logic, a subject which promises to be of interest also to philosophy. A new completeness result involving both “after” — and “during” — operators is announced.
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    Set theory as modal logic (1980)
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 335-345 
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    Notes: Abstract A logical systemBM + is proposed, which, is a prepositional calculus enlarged with prepositional quantifiers and with two modal signs, □ and Δ These modalities are submitted to a finite number of axioms. □ is the usual sign of necessity, Δ corresponds to transmutation of a property (to be white) into the abstract property (to be the whiteness). An imbeddingσ of the usual theory of classesM intoBM + is constructed, such that a formulaA is provable inM if and only ifσ(A) is provable inBM +. There is also an inverse imbeddingπ with an analogous property.
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    Is there research policy making vis-à-vis the Geisteswissenschaften? (1980)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 11 (1980), S. 164-193 
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    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In den letzten anderthalb Jahrhunderten ist die bedeutende Entfaltung der Geistewissenschaften in den deutschsprechenden Ländern maßgeblich durch jene Universitätsreform ermöglicht worden, die mit dem Namen Humboldts verknüpft wird. Seit den sechziger Jahren nimmt man auch in der Bundesrepublik von dieser Universität Abschied; die jetzige Hochschulgesetzgebung setzt auch eine äußerliche Zäsur. Zugleich setzt sich auch im Bereich geisteswissenschaftlicher Arbeit bei Basisaufgaben wie der Materialsammlung und der Edition die „Forschung“ durch, das heißt die langfristig organisierte und institutionell abgesicherte wissenschaftliche Tätigkeit. Im politischen wie im kirchlichen Bereich wird die unmittelbare Weitergabe und Darstellung von Tradition immer stärker entmächtigt, und so können wissenschaftlich distanzierte, kompensatorische Hinweise auf Tradition — etwa in den großen kulturhistorischen Ausstellungen — Bedeutung bekommen. Eine Forschungspolitik wird auch gegenüber den Geisteswissenschaften nötig, die ihre Grenzen kennt und die geisteswissenschaftliche Arbeit, die in ihrem Kern Individualforschung war und bleiben muß, nicht durch Übertragung unangemessener forschungspolitischer Direktiven aus anderen wissenschaftlichen Bereichen stört.
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    Sympathy for the devil (1980)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 11 (1980), S. 254-275 
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    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary In this article three dramas, quite subjectively picked out of the extensive literature, in which scientists play an important part and science constitutes a main subject, are analysed to find out, what are the underlying and implicit epistemological ideas.
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    A modification of Popper's tetradic schema and the special relativity theory (1980)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 11 (1980), S. 213-237 
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    Notes: Summary The present paper constitutes an elaboration of a previous work by one of us which, among other things, proposed some modifications of Popper's tetradic schema. Here, in the first part, we consider critically and develop further these modifications and elaborate on methods which prove more satisfactory for the mapping of the problem solving processes in Physics. We also find the opportunity to make some comments on Physics and on its relation to Mathematics. In the second part, there is an attempt to test the above ideas on the genesis and development of the Special Relativity Theory. In doing this, we concentrate mainly on Einstein's 1905 paper and try to explicitate its relation with the situation Physics found itself in that period as well as to clarify the epistemological status of Einstein's two postulates.
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    Analogy and distance (1980)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 11 (1980), S. 276-291 
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    Notes: Summary The paper presents a technical analysis of the notion of analogy by means of the notion of conceptual similarity (the inverse of distance). The main idea is to elucidate the analogy (similarity) between predicates (properties) in terms of the higher-order predicates they share or fail to share. The notions of predicate-similarity and theory-similarity (defined as the inverse of theory-distance) are then combined to give an analysis of the analogy between conceptual systems.
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    Buffon's gnoseological principle (1980)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 11 (1980), S. 238-253 
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    Notes: Summary In establishing what he called the “metaphysics of science”, the French naturalist Buffon was confronted with the problem of situating the place occupied by man in the natural world, a problem which ultimately depended on discerning his true nature. The paradox of Descartes' dualism offered various solutions — the extremes being, either to condemn man's material nature as corrupted in order to exalt his spiritual nature as a moral being, as Pascal had done, or to reduce man's pretended spiritual nature to nothing more than a manifestation of his material organization, the solution of La Mettrie. Buffon could accept neither, proves man's duality, and proceeds to establish his gnoseological principle on his critique of these two radical solutions.
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    Rezensionen (1980)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 11 (1980), S. 385-418 
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    Philosophische Analyse der Sprache sprachanalytischer Philosophen (1980)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 11 (1980), S. 69-79 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Sprachanalytische Philosophen tun, wenn sie Sätze formulieren, vielerlei: Sie beschreiben, charakterisieren, erläutern, stellen fest, sprechen Empfehlungen aus. Diese Äußerungen sind keine „empirischen Aussagen“ (Aussagen etwa von Art der Aussagen des deskriptiven Linguisten). Sie sind dementsprechend nicht „empirisch wahr“, sondern — im günstigen Falle — hinlänglich detailliert, plausibel usf. Von ihnen eine empirische Verifikation zu verlangen ist verfehlt.
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    Perspektiven einer Wissenschaftsethik im Dialog mit Francis Bacon (1980)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 11 (1980), S. 1-15 
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    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Während „Logik der Forschung“ als Wissenschaftstheorie sich längst etabliert hat, steht eine ebenso notwendige „Ethik der Forschung“ als Wissenschaftsmoral noch aus. Dazu liefert die kritische Auseinandersetzung mit Francis Bacon wichtige Bausteine: Allgemeines Menschheitswohl als letztes Ziel aller Forschung; Betonung des unabhängigen Selbstdenkens; Forschertugenden wie Wahrhaftigkeit, Hoffnung, Demut, Menschenliebe; Anerkennung von sittlichen Grenzen des Wissens. Hingegen ist zugunsten einer engagierten Eigenverantwortlichkeit der Wissenschaftler vor Bacons Unterwürfigkeit gegenüber der Staatsgewalt zu warnen.
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    Ceteris paribus clauses, closure clauses and falsifiability (1980)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 11 (1980), S. 16-22 
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    Notes: Summary The article argues thatceteris paribus clauses have to be separated from another type of clauses called closure clauses. The former are associated with laws and theories, the latter with test situations of a particular kind. It is also argued that closure clauses, but notceteris paribus clauses, make Popper's falsifiability principle untenable. In that way, it also resolves the quarrel between Popper and Lakatos aboutceteris paribus clauses and falsifiability by saying that both are partly wrong and partly right.
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    The quest for humanism in a scientific society (1980)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 11 (1980), S. 45-52 
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    Notes: Summary Zur Frage des Verhältnisses von Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft werden drei Thesen formuliert: (1) Auf hochentwickelte Wissenschaft und Technologie gegründete Gesellschaften bewältigen ihre spezifischen Probleme nicht durch Wissenschaftsgläubigkeit oder Rousseauismus, sondern nur durch denrechten Gebrauch von Technik und Wissenschaft. — (2) Weil es keine allgemeine Wissenschaft gibt, sondern nur einzelne Wissenschaften, die in methodischer Eingrenzung einzelne Fragen beantworten, gibt es auch keine wissenschaftliche Weltanschauung und keine wissenschaftliche Begründung von kulturellen oder ethischen Normen. — (3) Die kulturellen und moralischen Zwecke, für die Wissenschaft und Technik die Mittel bereitstellen, können nur in einer Gesellschaft formuliert und tradiert werden, die den Geisteswissenschaften, der Kunst und der Philosophie einen sehr hohen Stellenwert im Bildungswesen (vor allem in der beruflichen Bildung) einräumt. Die Modelle einer strikten Trennung von Wissenschaft und Politik (Max Weber) oder einer universalen Planifikation sind nicht geeignet, die Zielkonflikte wissenschaftlicher Zivilisationen zu lösen.
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    Der Modellbegriff in der Erkenntnistheorie (1980)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 11 (1980), S. 53-68 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Erkenntnis hängt, wie schon E. Topitsch gezeigt hat, einerseits mit Entlastung vom „Druck der Realität“, andererseits mit analogisierender Merkmalsübertragung zusammen. Aus dieser Sicht werden die Erkenntnismodelle im Eleatismus und besonders in der Ideenlehre Platons unbeschadet ihres werthaft-spekulativen Charakters als im doppelten Sinne lebensdienlich betrachtet: sie sind Seinsdeutung und Handlungsorientierung. Der nachplatonische epistemologische „Sündenfall“, eingeleitet durch den Proto-Empirismus der Aristotelischen Wissenschaftslehre, führte in einigen großen Entwicklungsschritten in die Laisser-faire-Freiheit sich allein der Wahrheitsidee verpflichtender wissenschaftlicher Forschung. Bis zum Aufkommen des Konventionalismus verstehen sich die wissenschaftlichen Modelle dieses ontologisch-empiristischen „Paradigmas“ als wesentlich original-, nicht entscheidungs- und handlungsabhängig, und auch ein sich „kritisch“ nennender Rationalismus beläßt es prinzipiell bei der Zweistelligkeit der Modellrelation. Sowohl weite Bereiche der faktischen gegenwärtigen Forschung sowie der Technik- und Wissenschaftsplanung auf der einen wie epistemologische Kritik auf der anderen Seite fordern die explizite Einführung pragmatischer Variablen, insbesondere von Subjekt-, Zeit- und Zielvariablen, in die szientifischen Modellbildungsprozesse. Mit der Unabdingbarkeit einer systematischen Pragmatik besonders für die theoriendynamischen Reflexionen im Big-science-Bereich moderner Technologien finden die weitgehend intuitiven Überzeugungen des klassischen Seins-Sollens-Holismus ihre pünktliche zeitgenössische Entsprechung.
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    Sind Ludwigs Chancengewichtungen propensities im Sinne Poppers? (1980)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 11 (1980), S. 80-85 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Besonderheit der propensity-Theorie von Popper liegt darin, daß in ihr — im Gegensatz zu anderen Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorien — die Versuchsbedingungen explizit als Argument in der Wahrscheinlichkeitsfunktion erscheinen. Diese Besonderheit teilt sie mit der Ludwigschen Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie. Diese Gemeinsamkeit legt die Frage nahe, ob sich aus dem Ludwigschen Formalismus die drei Bedingungen herleiten lassen, die nach Popper aus einer adäquaten Axiomatisierung einer propensity-Theorie folgen müssen. Diese Frage ist um so interessanter, als nach Keuth [1] zwei der Adäquatsbedingungen im Widerspruch zu Poppers eigener Axiomatisierung stehen. Die Frage der Herleitbarkeit der Adäquatheitsbedingungen im Ludwigschen Formalismus hängt selbstverständlich stark von der gewählten „Übersetzung“ der Popperschen Bedingungen ab. Das Ergebnis dieser Arbeit ist, daß es eine „Übersetzung“ gibt, in der die Adäquatheitsbedingungen herleitbar sind.
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    Wie arbeitet die analytische Wissenschaftstheorie? (1980)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 11 (1980), S. 23-44 
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    Notes: Summary In the last decade analytical philosophy of science has been considered by many people as a descriptive activity. In part I of this paper we show that philosophy of science has been designed as normative “logical analysis” by Reichenbach and Carnap before world war II. Thus the identification “analytical = descriptive” is historically unjustified. In part II we discuss three tasks of analytical philosophy of science, the logical reconstruction of concepts, theories, and methods. While the first is mainly descriptive, the third mainly normative, the second may be both, depending on the intended goal.
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    Zur Kritik einer neuen Definition von „Wahrscheinlichkeit“ (1980)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 11 (1980), S. 103-107 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung P. Lorenzen hat unlängst eine neue Definition von „Wahrscheinlichkeit“ vorgeschlagen. Es soll gezeigt werden, daß sich zumindest die in diesem Zusammenhang erhobenen Ansprüche auf „Rechtfertigung“ der Normierung und der endlichen Additivität von Wahrscheinlichkeitsmaßen sowie auf „Begründung“ der Anwendbarkeit in den empirischen Wissenschaften nicht aufrecht erhalten lassen.
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    Konstruktivistische Erklärungstheorie als Grundlage einer methodisch verfahrenden Philologie? (1980)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 11 (1980), S. 95-102 
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    Notes: Summary It is well known that Hempels ‘classical’ approach to scientific explanation leads to a lot of difficulties with regard to the real world of inquiry, especially to that of the humanities. Seen against this background alternative views on explanation have become more and more attractive during the last years. The present paper deals with a recent contribution made by O. Schwemmer (a representative of the ‘Erlanger Schule’). His conception of explanation is explicitly meant to apply to the actual practice of the humanities. Contradicting Schwemmer's own claim it is argued that his logic of explanation is not applicable and not relevant to the work of the humanities. The examples are taken from philology.
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    Zu „Methode und Erkenntnisfortschritt“ von Wolfgang Detel (1980)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 11 (1980), S. 108-114 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Läßt sich Wissenschaftstheorie mittels Wissenschaftsgeschichte überprüfen? Die Vorschläge und Ansätze Wolfgang Detels hierzu* werden einer kritischen Prüfung unterzogen. Es wird gezeigt, daß seine Darstellungen der normenlogischen Struktur solcher Überprüfungsversuche ihren Gegenstand nicht treffen: sie geben die angesprochenen Ansätze, etwa von Kuhn oder Lakatos, nicht mehr wieder.
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    Stegmüller squared (1980)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 11 (1980), S. 86-94 
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    Notes: Summary Wolfgang Stegmüller, the leading German philosopher of science, considers the status of scientific revolutions the central issue in the field ever since “the famous Popper-Lakatos-Kuhn discussion” of a decade and a half ago, comments on “almost all contributions to this problem”, and offers his alternative solutions in a series of papers culminating with, and summarized in, his recent “A Combined Approach to Dynamics of Theories. How To Improve Historical Interpretations of Theory Change By Applying Set Theoretical Structures”, published in Gerard Radnitzky and Gunnar Andersson, editors,The Structure and Development of Science, issued in theBoston Studies in the Philosophy of Science series, volume 59, 1979, pp. 151–86. (The above quote is from p. 186.) Popper views scientific revolutions as rational and due to empirical refutations, but there are no refutations in science. Lakatos agrees and assumes that research programs are refutable and their replacements to be revolutions, but the same arguments he launches against Popper apply to him; moreover, applying his philosophy to itself makes it collapse anyway (p. 170). Kuhn's view was interpreted to be one of scientific revolutions as quite irrational and as arbitrary as mob action. Stegmüller presents revolution in another interpretation of Kuhn — as non-rational, as based on hopes and value judgment but not on facts. He thinks there are big and small revolutions. And he uses his own modifications of J. D. Sneed's famous formal analysis of scientific theory to make his point. After presenting a summary of Stegmüller's ideas in our own way, which seems to us a clarification of presentation with no change of content, especially due to our stressing all differences of opinion, we apply Stegmüller's idea to itself, the way Stegmüller has done with the view of Lakatos, and with similar results.
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    Lakatos und politische Theorie (1980)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 11 (1980), S. 135-146 
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    Notes: Summary I try to apply Lakatos's metacriterion of the rationality of normative philosophies of science to normative political theories, stressing that Lakatos's metacriterion is not only an extension of Popper's idea of tests by potentially falsifyingdescriptive basic judgments to tests by potentially falsifyingnormative judgments. Rather, its application is a test by demonstrating the tested theory's capability of reconstructing its own history as rational. Finally I argue that the tradition of utilitarian political theories is fittest to be confirmed by a Lakatosian test.
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    Bemerkung zur Popper-Diskussion (1980)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 11 (1980), S. 162-163 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Poppers doppelter Falsifikationismus führt dazu, daß der Kritische Rationalismus nicht als die Metatheorie der empirischen Sozialwissenschaften angesehen werden kann. Außerdem ist in diesem Ansatz die logische Asymmetrie von Verifikation und Falsifikation nicht realisiert.
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    Der Drache und das Miezekätzchen (1980)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 11 (1980), S. 115-134 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Als die zwei auch für die Wissenschaftstheorie relevantesten Konversionen der letzten Jahre gelten die von Holzkamp hin zum Marxismus sowie die von Feyerabend hin zum Anarchismus oder Dadaismus. Beide Forscher haben autobiographische Notizen publiziert, die ihre Konversion plausibel machen sollen. Darüberhinaus liegt durch jüngste Publikationen auch bei Feyerabend inzwischen genügend theoretisches Material vor, aufgrund dessen eine erste Bilanz gewagt werden kann. Mit dem Schwerpunkt auf Feyerabend lautet die Hauptfrage, warum er „nur“ zum Anarchismus konvertierte, nicht aber zum Marxismus. Bezogen auf die Auseinandersetzung zwischen emanzipatorischer Anthropologie und nomothetischer Methodologie wird zunächst die Kritik der Forschungspraxis aufgezeigt, wie sie vom frühen (konstruktivistischen) Holzkamp und von Feyerabend geübt wurde. Spätestens bei dem seit den Analysen von Kuhn aktuellem Bruch zwischen Wissenschaftstheorie und -praxis ist Feyerabend im Unterschied zu Holzkamp nicht mehr motiviert, diesen Bruch rational zu rekonstruieren. Vielmehr tut Feyerabend alles dafür, die Autorität der Wissenschaft zu erschüttern. Die Überführung seines durchaus teilbaren Kampfes gegen ein (naiv gehandhabtes) Falsifikationsprinzip in einen Kampf für pluralistische Methodologie ist letztlich ein Zeichen der Hilflosigkeit einer idealistischen und voluntaristischen Philosophie. Seine radikaldemokratische Konzeption der Wissenschaft als Abstimmungsgeschäft etabliert jene ‘Mob‘-Herrschaft, die er in seiner Auseinandersetzung mit Lakatos' Basisurteilen noch ablehnte. Als Ursache für den Unterschied in der Konversion bei Holzkamp und Feyerabend wird herausgestellt: Das liberalistische Privatindividuum Feyerabend ist im Unterschied zu Holzkamp nie in der Lage, seine Interessen an Wissenschaft von der Praxis her disziplinieren zu lassen und die positiven Ansätze zu einer „kosmologischen“ Analyse in einer umfassenden Reflektion des Zusammenhangs von Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft aufzuheben.
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    Zeitschriftenschau (1980)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 11 (1980), S. 200-212 
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    Wissenschaftstheoretische Anmerkungen zu Konrad Lorenz' „Vergleichende Verhaltensforschung“ (1980)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 11 (1980), S. 147-161 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Vier von Lorenz aufgeworfene Problemkreise sollen im folgenden diskutiert werden: 1. Die Lorenzsche Auffassung bezüglich der Eigenständigkeit der biologischen Explikation. 2. Biologische Explikation und Finalität. 3. ‚Ganzheit‘ und ‚Gestalt‘ in der biologischen Forschung. 4. Stammesgeschichtliche Verhaltensbetrachtung. Für eine philosophische Analyse bietet sich vor allem der erste Teil dieses Buches an, der den Titel „Methodenlehre“ trägt, und der eine ausgereifte Darlegung der wissenschaftstheoretischen Konzeption und der methodologischen Basis der Lorenzschen Ethologie darstellt. Ich werde mich daher in diesem Aufsatz — auch aus Gründen des Platzmangels — im wesentlichen auf die in diesem Abschnitt aufgeworfenen Fragen beschränken.
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    Rezensionen (1980)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 11 (1980), S. 194-199 
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    Positivismus und Konventionalismus (1980)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 11 (1980), S. 292-301 
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    Notes: Summary Es wird die Frage nach dem Ursprung des Konventionalismus aufgeworfen und ein Versuch ihrer Beantwortung unternommen. Die Entstehung des Konventionalismus wird auf das Versagen der philosophischen Grundlegung befremdender, aber auch empirisch erfolgreicher wissenschaftlicher Hypothesen zurückgeführt. Auch verdankt der moderne Positivismus seinen Aufschwung zum Teil der Unvereinbarkeit solcher Hypothesen mit herrschenden metaphysischen, bzw. religiösen, Weltanschauungen. Dies führt zum (vergeblichen) Versuch, die ontologischen Voraussetzungen wissenschaftlicher Theorien auszuklammern, ohne dadurch ihren empirischen Gehalt zu verringern. Im letzten Abschnitt wird dargetan, daß sowohl der moderne Positivismus wie auch der Realismus in verschiedenen Aspekten der Kantschen Transzendentalphilosophie wurzeln.
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    Finalization and functionalization (1980)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 11 (1980), S. 347-353 
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    Notes: Summary A group of scientists at the Max Planck Institut at Starnberg have recently been studying the interrelation between science and society in the context of science policy. They have advanced the thesis that there is a connection between: (1) the level of cognitive development of any given science and (2) the ability of that science to be directed towards externally set goals. In this paper I will analyse the concepts of finalization and functionalization, which are crucial for their theory.
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    Ein Vergleich der von Ludwig bzw. Popper vorgeschlagenen Interpretationen der Quantenmechanik (1980)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 11 (1980), S. 357-366 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede in den Interpretationen von Ludwig und Popper werden aufgezeigt. Daß überhaupt Unterschiede festzustellen sind, erscheint zunächst verwunderlich, da zum einen von verschiedenen Autoren eine enge Korrelation zwischen Interpretationen der Quantenmechanik und Wahrscheinlichkeitsinterpretationen behauptet wird, zum anderen aber Ludwigs Chancengewichtungen als propensities im Sinne Poppers interpretiert werden können. Es zeigt sich, daß die Unterschiede in den Interpretationen der Quantenmechanik auf Unterschieden in dem jeweils verwendeten wahrscheinlichkeitstheoretischen Formalismus beruhen, die jedoch für die Möglichkeit, Chancengewichtungen als propensities zu interpretieren, ohne Bedeutung sind.
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    Sozialforschung und Quantifizierung (1980)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 11 (1980), S. 367-384 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von der Tatsache, daß der den historischen Zusammenhang zwischen Empirie und Theorie ignorierende Minimalkonsens über den klassischen Methodenkanon der empirischen Sozialforschung das einheitsstiftende Moment innerhalb der Soziologie darstellt, wird programmatisch versucht, die Wissenschaftsgeschichte der Disziplin neu zu überdenken. Zunächst werden einige Ansätze der bisherigen Geschichtsschreibung der empirischen Sozialforschung kritisch diskutiert. Danach wird ein neuer Ansatz unter Betonung wissenschaftstheoretischer, -historischer und -soziologischer Aspekte forschungsstrategisch umrissen, wobei verdeutlicht werden soll, daß die Soziologie ihren Auftrag, zur gesellschaftlichen Rationalität beizutragen, nur erfüllen kann, indem sie — ihre eigene Geschichte reflektierend — das Problem der Methodenadäquanz selbst löst, anstatt dies spezialisierten Formalwissenschaften zu übertragen.
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    Castañeda's intentions: A critical study of Castañeda's Thinking and Doing (1980)
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 44 (1980), S. 247-284 
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    A succession of paradigms in ecology: Essentialism to materialism and probabilism (1980)
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 43 (1980), S. 3-39 
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    The truth pays (1980)
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 43 (1980), S. 369-380 
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    Methodological bases of a progressive mentalism (1980)
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 44 (1980), S. 1-112 
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    Logical investigations on ptq arising from programming requirements (1980)
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 44 (1980), S. 361-390 
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    Russell's substitutional theory (1980)
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    Russell on the nature of logic (1903–1913) (1980)
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 45 (1980), S. 117-188 
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    Comments on Goodman's Ways of Worldmaking (1980)
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    ‘Paradigms lost, or the world regained’ —An excursion into realism and idealism in science (1980)
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 45 (1980), S. 317-350 
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    Scientific progress (1980)
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    Reply (1980)
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 43 (1980), S. 79-93 
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    Dialectics and reductionism in ecology (1980)
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    Notes: Conclusions Biology above the level of the individual organism — population ecology and genetics, community ecology, biogeography and evolution — requires the study of intrinsically complex systems. But the dominant philosophies of western science have proven to be inadequate for the study of complexity: (1) The reductionist myth of simplicity leads its advocates to isolate parts as completely as possible and study these parts. It underestimates the importance of interactions in theory, and its recommendations for practice (in agricultural programs or conservation and environmental protection) are typically thwarted by the power of indirect and unanticipated causes rather than by error in the detailed description of their own objects of study. (2) Reductionism ignores properties of complex wholes; the effects of these properties are therefore seen only as noise; this randomness is elevated into an ontological principle which leads to the blocking of investigation and the reification of statistics, so that data reduction and statistical prediction often pass for explanation. (3) The faith in the atomistic nature of the world makes the allocation of relative weights to separate causes the main object of science, and makes it more difficult to study the nature of interconnectedness. Where simple behaviors emerge out of complex interactions, it takes that simplicity to deny the complexity; where the behavior is bewilderingly complex it reifies its own confusion into a denial of regularity. Both the internal theoretical needs of ecology and the social demands that it inform our planned interactions with nature require an ecology that makes the understanding of complexity the central problem: it must cope with interdependence and relative autonomy, with similarity and difference, with the general and the particular, with chance and necessity, with equilbrium and change, with continuity and discontinuity, with contradictory processes. It must become increasingly self-conscious of its own philosophy, and that philosophy will be effective to the extent that it becomes not only materialist, but dialectical.
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    Oblique causation and reasons for action (1980)
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    Review (1980)
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 43 (1980), S. 453-464 
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    Announcements (1980)
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    Review (1980)
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 44 (1980), S. 149-159 
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    A probabilistic causal calculus: Conflicting conceptions (1980)
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 44 (1980), S. 241-246 
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    Meanings and monsters (1980)
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 44 (1980), S. 313-346 
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    Developmental explanation (1980)
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 44 (1980), S. 443-466 
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    A probabilistic version of the Kochen-Specker no-hidden-variable proof (1980)
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 44 (1980), S. 495-500 
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    The development of the theory of logical types and the notion of a logical subject in Russell's early philosophy (1980)
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 45 (1980), S. 71-115 
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    Anything confirms anything? (1980)
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 45 (1980), S. 217-232 
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    Genetic epistemology, normative epistemology, and psychologism (1980)
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 45 (1980), S. 257-280 
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    Coupling, retheoretization, and the correspondence principle (1980)
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 45 (1980), S. 351-385 
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    ISSN: 1573-0964
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Philosophy
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02221784
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    The domain of laboratory ecology (1980)
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 43 (1980), S. 95-110 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Philosophy
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00413858
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    Philosophical materialism (1980)
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 44 (1980), S. 173-206 
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    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Philosophy
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00413406
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    Announcement (1980)
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 44 (1980), S. 172-172 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Philosophy
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00413721
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    Tuomela on the explanation of human action (1980)
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 44 (1980), S. 285-306 
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    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Philosophy
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00413410
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    Randomness and perceived-randomness in evolutionary biology (1980)
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 43 (1980), S. 287-329 
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    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Philosophy
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00413929
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    Ecology — A mixture of pattern and probabilism (1980)
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 43 (1980), S. 111-122 
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    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Philosophy
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00413859
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    The background and some current problems of theoretical ecology (1980)
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 43 (1980), S. 195-255 
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    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Philosophy
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00413926
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    Erratum (1980)
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 44 (1980), S. 171-171 
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    The resolution of two paradoxes by approximate reasoning using a fuzzy logic (1980)
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 44 (1980), S. 397-420 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Philosophy
    Notes: Summary The method of approximate reasoning using a fuzzy logic introduced by Baldwin (1978 a,b,c), is used to model human reasoning in the resolution of two well known paradoxes. It is shown how classical propositional logic fails to resolve the paradoxes, how multiple valued logic partially succeeds and that a satisfactory resolution is obtained with fuzzy logic. The problem of precise representation of vague concepts is considered in the light of the results obtained.
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    Are quantum mechanical transition probabilities classical? A critique of Cartwright's interpretation of quantum theory (1980)
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 44 (1980), S. 501-508 
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00413474
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    Russell as a platonic dialogue: The matter of denoting (1980)
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 45 (1980), S. 43-70 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Philosophy
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00413986
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    Editorial preface (1980)
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 45 (1980), S. 191-191 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Philosophy
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00413557
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    The wonderful worlds of Goodman (1980)
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 45 (1980), S. 201-209 
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    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Philosophy
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00413559
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    Review (1980)
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 45 (1980), S. 311-315 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Philosophy
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00413565
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