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  • 1980-1984  (782)
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  • 1
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    OR spectrum 1 (1980), S. 143-168 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Elemente der Modellierungskonzeption System Dynamics werden beschrieben und anhand von zwei einfachen Lager- und Produktionsplanungsmodellen demonstriert. Nach der Darstellung des Aufbaus eines implementierten System Dynamics Modells wird die Anwendbarkeit dieses Modellierungskonzeptes kritisch analysiert.
    Notes: Summary The fundamentals of the modelling approach System Dynamics are described and illustrated by two simple inventory and production planning models. After discussing the structure of an implemented System Dynamics model the applicability of this modelling approach is critically analysed.
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  • 2
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    OR spectrum 1 (1980), S. 169-181 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This paper discusses a heuristic algorithm for solving a special scheduling problem: the assignment of a set of ships to a set of routes under specific complex restrictions. The usefulness of the resulting schedule is demonstrated by comparisation with a given schedule for container ships in the Europe — Australia — NewZealand service.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein heuristisches Verfahren zur Lösung eines besonderen Reihenfolgeproblems behandelt: die Zuordnung einer Menge von Schiffen zu einer Menge von Routen unter besonderen, komplexen Bedingungen. Die Brauchbarbeit des sich ergebenden Fahrplans wird durch Vergleich mit einem gegebenen Fahrplan für Container-Schiffe im Liniendienst zwischen Europa und Australien/Neuseeland veranschaulicht.
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  • 3
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    OR spectrum 1 (1980), S. 183-198 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Personnel expense planning is of great importance within big enterprise corporate planning. Orientation points are given from total economic development and from the market. The task is to find out personnel expense depending on personnel figures, work time requirement, etc. by implementation of a general matrix model. Non linear components are includet. The model runs in routine.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Personalaufwandsplanung hat für die Unternehmensplanung eines Großunternehmens besondere Bedeutung. Orientierungspunkte dabei sind die gesamtwirtschaftliche Entwicklung und die Absatzmarktlage. Aufgabe ist die Ermittlung des Personalaufwands in Abhängigkeit von Belegschaftszahlen, Arbeitszeitbedarf usw. mit Hilfe eines allgemeinen Matrizenmodells, das auch nichtlineare Komponenten enthält. Das Modell ist routinemäßig im Einsatz.
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  • 4
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    OR spectrum 1 (1980), S. 209-209 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
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  • 5
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    OR spectrum 1 (1980), S. 207-209 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
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  • 6
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    OR spectrum 1 (1980), S. 210-210 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit untersucht die Parameter-Abhängigkeit von Ergebnissen kriegerischer Auseinandersetzungen zweier homogener Gegner (insbesondere Vernichtung eingesetzter Kräfte), die mit Gleichungen der Lanchester-Theorie mit zeitabhängigen Verlustraten modelliert werden. Es wurde gezeigt, daß die Vorhersage der Vernichtung von Kräften von sogenannten Paritätsbedingungen nur von Verlustraten abhängen. Neue wichtige Ergebnisse geben Auskunft, wie diese Paritätsbedingungen von der Kampfintensität und der relativen Feuereffektivität der Gegner abhängen. Bisherige analytische Ergebnisse des Autors können Anwendung in einer viel umfangreicheren Art von Verlustraten finden. Diese neuen Ergebnisse erlauben es, daß eine umfangreiche Art von Gleichungen der LanchesterTheorie moderner Kriegsführung mit zeitlicher Feuereffektivitätsveränderung beinahe so leicht untersucht werden können, wie das klassische Modell von Lanchester mit konstanter Verlustrate.
    Notes: Summary This paper studies the parametric dependence of battle outcome (in particular, force annihilation) for combat between two homogeneous forces modelled by Lanchester-type equations of modern warfare with time-dependent attrition-rate coefficients. Force-annihilation prediction has been shown to depend on a so-called parity-condition parameter, which depends on only the attrition-rate coefficients. New important results are given on how the parity-condition parameter depends on the intensity of combat and the relative fire effectiveness of the combatants. Previous analytical results of the author are shown to apply to a much wider class of attrition-rate coefficients. These new results allow a wide class of Lanchester-type equations of modern warfare with temporal variations in fire effectiveness to be studied almost as easily as Lanchester's classic constant-coefficient model.
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  • 8
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    OR spectrum 1 (1980), S. 211-232 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This article gives an overview on the mathematical methods of cluster analysis. It describes algorithms for constructing homogeneous classes of objects, several criteria for the evaluation of classifications, and some examples of application.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Dieser Artikel gibt einen Überblick über die mathematischen Methoden der Clusteranalyse. Er berichtet über Algorithmen zur Konstruktion von homogenen Objektklassen, über Verfahren zur Bewertung von Klassifikationen sowie über praktische Anwendungsfälle.
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  • 9
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    OR spectrum 1 (1980), S. 243-249 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Selected real-world nonlinear programming applications are presented that have arisen in different industries, namely food, electric utility, insurance and engineering. The models belong to the class of all-quadratic programs, that is, a quadratic function is to be minimized subject to quadratic constraints. The problems are solved by means of computer software for the Sequential Unconstrained Minimization Technique (SUMT) and for Geometric Programming.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über einige ausgewählte Anwendungen der nichtlinearen Programmierung berichtet, die in unterschiedlichen Wirtschaftszweigen aufgetreten sind, nämlich in der Nahrungsmittelindustrie, in der Energieversorgungswirtschaft, in der Versicherungswirtschaft und im Maschinenbau. Die Modelle gehören der Klasse der ganz-quadratischen Programme an, d.h. eine quadratische Zielfunktion ist zu minimieren unter quadratischen Nebenbedingungen. Die Optimierungsprobleme werden mit Hilfe von Computersoftware für die Sequential Unconstrained Minimization Technique (SUMT) und für die Geometrische Programmierung gelöst.
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  • 10
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    OR spectrum 1 (1980), S. 233-242 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir betrachten Markoffsche Entscheidungsprozesse mit endlichem Zustands- und Aktionenräumen für das Kriterium des Durchschnittsertrags. Wir untersuchen die Methode der wertorientierten sukzessiven Approximation, die für das Kriterium des Gesamtertrags von Van Nunen ausführlich untersucht wurde. Unter einer starken Aperiodizitätsbedingung und verschiedenen Voraussetzungen, die eine Unabhängigkeit des optimalen Durchschnittsertrages vom Anfangszustand garantieren, beweisen wir die Konvergenz der Methode.
    Notes: Summary We consider the Markov decision process with finite state and action spaces at the criterion of average reward per unit time. We study the method of value oriented successive approximations, extensively treated by Van Nunen for the total reward case. Under a strong aperiodicity assumption and various conditions which guarantee that the gain of the process is independent of the starting state we show that the method converges and produces nearly optimal policies.
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  • 11
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    OR spectrum 1 (1980), S. 261-264 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In network applications the problem of sensitivity often is of great practical interest. The aim of this paper is to provide indices of sensitivity for the arcs and vertices of a network, depending on the number of paths running through. In connection with a powerful algorithm for computing these numbers, the indices will be useful for considerations of sensitivity.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Sensitivitätsbetrachtungen in Netzen sind in vielen praktischen Anwendungsfällen von großem Interesse. In dieser Arbeit werden für die Knoten und Kanten eines Netzes Sensitivitätsindices angegeben, die auf der Anzahl der durch sie verlaufenden Wege des Netzes basieren. Zusammen mit einem leistungsfähigen Algorithmus zur Berechnung dieser Anzahlen stellen diese Indices ein brauchbares Mittel für Sensitivitätsbetrachtungen in Netzen dar.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1436-6304
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This contribution describes the solution of an one-dimensional cutting problem in the context of a production control system. The solution of the cutting problem is demonstrated at the example of the production of central heating radiator units. The procedure is subdivided in an initial heuristic phase in order to concentrate the problem description. Afterwards an optimization phase is added to find the best solution of the reduced problem by using Linear Programming. Test results of field experiences are given. The last part of the contribution shows the integration of this solution in the global material and machine planning and control moduls. This is done by the determination of the interfaces of the batch oriented production control system and the process control of an NC saw machine.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In diesem Beitrag wird am Beispiel der Produktion von Radiator-Heizungskörpern die Lösung des Zuschnittproblems der Vor- und Rücklaufrohre mit einem heuristisch-optimierenden Verfahren dargestellt. Die heuristische Vorschaltphase des Verfahrens ermöglicht bei geschickter Wahl der Kriterien eine Reduktion der Dimension des Verschnittproblems, ohne die Lösungsgüte unzulässig einzuschränken. Im Rahmen der reduzierten Problembeschreibung folgt anschließend die Optimierungsphase durch Anwendung der Linearen Programmierung. Es werden Testergebnisse im praktischen Einsatz des Verfahrens beschrieben. Weiterhin wird die Betrachtung der Integration des Verfahrens in ein globales EDV-gestütztes Produktionsplanungs- und -steuerungssystem behandelt, indem die Schnittstellen in der Material- und Terminbewirtschaftung zwischen dem stapelorientierten Planungskonzept und der Prozeßkontrolle einer NC-Sägeanlage definiert werden.
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  • 13
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    OR spectrum 1 (1980), S. 265-265 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
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  • 14
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    OR spectrum 1 (1980), S. 270-270 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1436-6304
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    OR spectrum 1 (1980), S. 271-272 
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  • 17
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    OR spectrum 1 (1980), S. 272-272 
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  • 18
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    OR spectrum 2 (1980), S. 79-89 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einer Simulationsstudie werden mehrere hierarchische Methoden zur Produktionsplanung und Lagerhaltung untersucht, die zusammen mit der Materialbedarfsplanung eingesetzt werden können. Die verwendeten Daten stammen aus einem Unternehmen, dessen Endprodukt eine komplexe Struktur besitzt. In dem zunächst gebildeten aggregierten Modell werden alle Teilprodukte zu einer Produktgruppe und alle Maschinen zu einer Maschinengruppe zusammengefaßt. Mit Hilfe verschiedener Lösungsmethoden wurde dieses aggregierte Planungsproblem gelöst. Ausgehend von der Optimallösung des aggregierten Modells wird der detaillierte Produktionsplan in der Weise ermittelt, daß durch Variation der Freigabezeiten und durch Variation der Auftragsgrößen dieser an die Optimallösung möglichst gut angepaßt wird. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, daß sehr einfache hierarchische Planungsmethoden signifikante Kostenminderungen verglichen mit einer Materialbedarfsplanung auf der Basis prognostizierter Nachfragen ergeben können.
    Notes: Summary Hierarchical planning methods which can be utilized in connection with material requirements planning have been evaluated in a simulation study. Data have been obtained from a company producing one final product having a complex structure. In the aggregate model all items are aggregated into one product group and all machines into one machine group. Different solution methods have been used for solving the aggregate planning problem. The aggregate plan is disaggregated by adjusting the detailed production plans using two methods involving changes of order release times and changes of order quantities. Our results indicate that also very simple hierarchical planning processes can give significant cost reductions compared to using material requirements planning based on predicted demand.
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    OR spectrum 2 (1980), S. 99-109 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Since 1977 it is legal in Germany to use sampling methods when taking the yearly inventory. This can lead to very substancial savings. Publications so far concentrate on the application of these methods to ending inventory. We, therefore, focus our considerations on applicability and procedural questions with respect to perpetual inventory taking.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Seit 1977 ist die Verwendung mathematisch-statistischer Verfahren zur Durchführung der Inventur in Deutschland gesetzlich zugelassen. Die hierdurch möglichen Rationalisierungseffekte können sehr erheblich sein. Über die Anwendung dieser Verfahren bei der Stichtagsinventur liegen bereits eine Anzahl von Veröffentlichungen vor. Daher werden hier hauptsächlich Möglichkeiten und Probleme der Anwendung von Stichprobenverfahren bei der permanenten Inventur behandelt.
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    OR spectrum 2 (1980), S. 118-119 
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    OR spectrum 2 (1980), S. 111-117 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The subject of this essay is the estimation of the effect of reducing the maximum permissable levels of petrol in petrol station tanks on forwarding. Optimum maximum permissable storage levels, dependant on sales, are determined from the minimum of the objective function. This is calculated from the difference between a) interest savings, due to reduced storage and b) increased cost of forwarding. The calculation of interest savings is elementary; the increase in expense is worked out by setting various maximum levels, based on average sales and the distance to the delivery point. For several assumed stochastic runs of daily sales, the forwarding of trucks is simulated for a fixed period under reduced maximum permissable storage levels. The results of the simulations are used to estimate the increase of expense of forwarding.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In diesem Aufsatz wird versucht, die Auswirkungen verringerter Agenturbestände (das sind die Obergrenzen für die Lagerung von Kraftstoffen in Tankstellen) auf die Spedition zu bewerten. Das Minimum der Zielfunktion, gebildet aus der Differenz zwischen Zinseinsparungen aus der Bestandsreduzierung einerseits und den Mehrkosten aus der Spedition andererseits, wird zur Bestimmung von absatzabhängigen optimalen Agenturbeständen benutzt. Die Zinseinsparungen sind elementar berechenbar; zur Berechnung der Mehrkosten werden verschiedene, vom Durchschnittsabsatz und von der Entfernung zur Lieferstelle abhängige Höchstgrenzen an Agenturbeständen festgelegt. Für mehrere angenommene stochastische Absatzverläufe wird dann die Tankwagendisposition bei reduzierten Agenturbeständen über einen festen Zeitraum simuliert. Aus den auf ein Jahr hochgerechneten Simulationsergebnissen werden die Mehrkosten der Spedition bestimmt.
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    OR spectrum 2 (1980), S. 47-58 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary For the long-term planning of a telecommunication network, a computer-assisted procedure was developed by the Research Institute of the Deutsche Bundespost. This procedure as well as the experience gained with its application are described. Even with varying input parameters, the calculated network structure should remain stable. Investigations to this effect were carried out, the results of which are described and analyzed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Für die langfristige Planung eines Fernmeldenetzes wurde im Forschungsinstitut der Deutschen Bundespost ein EDV-gestütztes Verfahren entwikkelt. Die dabei verwendete Methode wird zunächst dargestellt, danach wird über die Erfahrungen, die bei ihrer Anwendung gewonnen wurden, berichtet. Da die berechnete Netzstruktur sich nur wenig ändern darf, wenn die Eingangsparameter (Kostenanteile, Bedarf an Kanalkapazität) variieren, wurden Stabilitätsuntersuchungen durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen werden dargestellt und analysiert.
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    OR spectrum 2 (1980), S. 64-64 
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    OR spectrum 2 (1980), S. 75-78 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden obere und untere Schranken für die LösungV einer Erneuerungsgleichung gegeben durch Anwendung einer bekannten Monotonieeigenschaft des zugehörigen Operators. Die Ergebnisse werden angewandt auf die Erneuerungsfunktion eines gewöhnlichen Erneuerungsprozesses.
    Notes: Summary Upper and lower bounds are given to the solutionV of a renewal equation by applying a well-known monotonicity argument. The results are applied to the renewal function of an ordinary renewal process.
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    Empirical economics 5 (1980), S. 31-37 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Summary Previous studies of the price equation have generally used past values of variables to proxy expectations. In this note expected wage change, import price change and output change are formulated in both an extrapolative and unbiased manner. Empirical evidence on the efficacy of various alternative specifications is presented for the UK for 1961–1978 and the rational approach is found to work well.
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    Empirical economics 5 (1980), S. 129-142 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents results of parameter estimations of a small system of demand equations for Austria. The functional form of the equations follows the log-linear specification well known as the “Rotterdam”-System. Using annual data from 1954 to 1977 we estimate the absolute price version for a rather aggregated system consisting of four sectors of consumption expenditures. Aitken estimation with and without linear restrictions is the adopted estimation method. Tests for the validity of the general linear restrictions axe performed employing the usual criteria. Relations among the test statistics are discussed. Taking into accountBeaton's [1972] argument of the appropriate use of likelihood ratio tests we present results also after iterating on the restricted error-covariance matrix. The question of negative semidefiniteness of the matrix of price coefficients is examined by inspection of its characteristic roots and the calculation of their approximated asymptotic covariance matrix. Finally, our results are confronted with such of other comparable studies.
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    Empirical economics 5 (1980), S. 193-203 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Summary This paper looks at the issue of factor substitutability versus complementarity from the point of view of directional causality. That is, prior to estimating a production function, is there any empirical support for the belief that capital, labor, energy and materials are substitutes or complements for one another in the production process? The results suggest that capital is a substitute for the other factors of production but when the other factors are compared pairwise, such a conclusion does not follow.
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    Empirical economics 5 (1980), S. 219-232 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Summary In this paper we consider a general class of weak parametric specifications in the poly-nomial distributed lag model. The classical and Bayesian estimations of the means of polynomial lags are derived without smoothness priors, with deterministic smoothness priors, and with probabilistic priors. Finally, using Almon's data, an illustrative application of the alternative estimators under various specifications about smoothness priors is provided.
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    Empirical economics 5 (1980), S. 245-253 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The primary purpose of this paper is to re-examine the compatibility of the factor endowment theorem with the foreign trade of both the United States and Taiwan. The study presents evidence that the so-called Leontief paradox may be attributable to technological gaps and factor intensity reversals between the two trading countries. In addition, the conditions for existence of the paradox are generalized. A distinctive feature of this study is that the technologies of both countries are taken into account. The findings reveal that if one-sided technical coefficients, of either the United States or Taiwan, are used for the empirical tests, the Leontief paradox tends to result. The paradox is likely to disappear when the Leontief index is derived from the technical coefficients of both trading countries.
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    Empirical economics 5 (1980), S. 233-244 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of monetary indexation on the built-in stability of the economic system. The study is based on simulation results from a medium size (28 equation) econometric model of the U.S. economy. The model is close in nature to the Wharton Model, and its equations are summarized in the appendix. (A detailed description of the model is provided inZilberfarb [1976].) This approach enables us to analyze the dynamic properties of the economic system, in a model which is far more detailed than the usual form of theoretical models. It also provides quantitative (as well as qualitative) results of the various effects of indexation. The First section contains a brief review of the pros and cons of monetary indexation. It is followed by a description of the model's monetary sector with and without indexation. Section three outlines the methodology employed in this study. Section four reports on and analyzes the simulation results. Summary and conclusions are provided in the final section.
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    Decisions in economics and finance 3 (1980), S. 60-60 
    ISSN: 1129-6569
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    Decisions in economics and finance 3 (1980), S. 61-72 
    ISSN: 1129-6569
    Keywords: Cubic Programming ; Convex Simplex Method ; Directions ; Convergence ; Computation Time
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Si presenta un adattamento del metodo «Convex Simplex» per risolvere problemi la cui funzione obiettivo è cubica. L'algoritmo analizza le derivate parziali della funzione obiettivo e indica la direzione e la variazione ottimali per procedere poi in analogia all'algoritmo di Beale. Vengono infine analizzate l'efficenza e la convergenza del metodo e considerati vari esempi pratici di applicazione della programmazione cubica.
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a specialization of the Convex Simplex method to cubic objective functions. The algorithm selects a direction of improvement by looking at the partial derivative. An optimal step is chosen by maximizing the objective function in that direction. This involves considering quadratic derivatives and selecting the appropriate step size. The pivoting is done by either a simple Simplex pivoting or by addition of a constraint as in Beale's algorithm. The convergence and the computational efficiency of the algorithm are presented in the last section of the paper, with several examples of application of cubic programming.
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    Decisions in economics and finance 3 (1980), S. 101-108 
    ISSN: 1129-6569
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Here we propose two different methods to overcome the pratical difficulties present in the application of two-attribute utility functions in decision problems under uncertainty. The first method consists in deriving them through modified preference axioms, whereas the second deals with their numerical approximations without violating the fundamental properties of preference ordering.
    Notes: Abstract Nella prima parte di questo lavoro, definita l'indipendenza tra gli attributi di una funzione di utilità di due variabiliu(x, y) si determinano forme multilineari del tipou(x, y) = α 1 u 1 (x) + α 2 u 2 (y) + α 12 u 1 (x)u 2 (y) e se ne studiano le proprietà. Successivamente si propongono alcune approssimazioni diu(x, y) e si verifica quali proprietà fondamentali degli ordinamenti di preferenza esse conservano. In entrambi i casi si ottengono delle forme la cui utilità acquista rilevanza nella semplificazione operativa nei problemi di decisione in condizioni di incertezza.
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    Decisions in economics and finance 3 (1980), S. 109-125 
    ISSN: 1129-6569
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract In this paper (first part of a wider work; the second part will appear in the next issue of this journal) we support the idea that the major objective of inductive reasoning is the distribution for outcomes of any sample not jet observed (predictive distribution) Parameters are a secondary device that can ultimately be justified and can lend some simplification. According to this point of view, we study a notion of prediction sufficiency introduced by F. Spizzichino (1978). Many of the results true for classical sufficient statistics apply to our predictive sufficient statistics as we demonstrate in Section 3. In the second part we analyse sequences of predictive sufficient statistics and their relations with classical sufficient statistics for the parameters which are limits of these sequences. The examples of Section 2 represent a first limited approach to this problem.
    Notes: Abstract Si studia una nozione di riassunto esaustivo, che diremo a fini predittivi e che è già stata oggetto d'indagine da parte di F. Spizzichino sotto diversa denominazione. Si pone in evidenza la naturalezza di questa nuova definizione che, senza alcuna restrizione, può essere applicata in ogni tipo di ragionamento induttivo. Nella prima parte della ricerca, dopo alcune esemplificazioni sull'applicazione in alcuni tipici problemi inferenziali con particolare riguardo alla costruzione di modelli ipotetici a partire da considerazioni squisitamente predittive del concentto di riassunto esaustivo a fini predittivi, se ne studiano le principali proprietà. Nella seconda parte (che apparirà in un prossimo numero di questa Rivista) se ne analizzeranno i rapporti con le più abituali nozioni di riassunto esaustivo.
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    Decisions in economics and finance 3 (1980), S. 128-128 
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    Decisions in economics and finance 3 (1980), S. 128-128 
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The paper emphasizes the relevance of alternative opportunities in migration research and suggests a method for representing such opportunities in empirical studies. The suggested approach aggregates the different alternatives using weights which are distance-dependent such that the weights decline with larger distances. This method is applied to Korean migration data from which a migration-allocation model is estimated. The results support both the alternative opportunities hypothesis and the particular way for incorporating their influence as suggested in this paper.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 12-20 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Both the relative cost and accuracy of alternative forecasting techniques should be considered by local decision makers. The contention of this paper is that estimates of the benefits of increased accuracy from more expensive economic-demographic forecasting models are necessary prior to making a rational choice over how much to spend on model construction. A case study using western North Dakota coal development and its economic-demographic impacts is used to illustrate a method for evaluating these benefits in the public sector.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 21-30 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper develops a model to measure regional industrial diversification in a Markowitz portfolio context, using the notion of a regional efficiency frontier. It argues that a region can be considered to be optimally diversified when it is on this efficiency frontier. The extent to which a region's portfolio deviates from the efficiency frontier suggests a useful measure of diversification with normative aspects that are conspicuously absent from the more commonly used indices. In this context, regional diversification is then compared to various other measures using Canadian provincial employment data.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 72-90 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the significance of selected economic determinants of rural-urban migration within the rural and urban labor markets of the postwar Korean economy. The analysis makes explicit provision for possible simultaneity among variables by specification and estimation of a simultaneous equations system which describes the rural and urban labor market and migration behavior. Results obtained support the economic opportunity hypothesis of migration. Reduced forms derived from this system provide useful means for estimating the potential migration response associated with alternative economic policies.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 93-95 
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 91-93 
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 169-172 
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 23-38 
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    Notes: Abstract Regional variations in car ownership have recently been subjected to a number of studies. This short paper extends this work by using much more recent data sources to see if previously observed trends in Great Brtain have continued into the 1970s. In addition, a number of simple econometric models of cross sectional variations in ownership are explored which test a wide variety of hypotheses concerning causal linkages between car ownership and several explanatory variables. The range of variables used is larger than that employed in most of the recent work in the field.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 12-22 
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    Notes: Abstract Recent statutory developments in U.S. local government law have placed more comprehensive administrative procedures and constraints upon those individuals wishing to alter their form of local government. What effect, if any, have these “reforms” had upon the performance of local government; has government become more efficient in providing goods as one body of literature seems to suggest, or has local government become more monopolistic as a result of reduced competition as other strands of thought suggest? By examining the budgetary behavior of local governments under alternative institutional structures, this paper examines these alternative perspectives. The empirical evidence suggests that entry barriers significantly alter the performance of local governments and allow existing units of government to cartelize the market.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 1-11 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Theories of public facility locations have followed a rather haphazard pattern. The prevailing “emptiness” reflects the varying kinds of public facilities requiring location. It also reflects the personal-social behavioral basis which underscores selection of public facility locations. The present paper sets forth a new approach along the lines of welfare economics towards the end of determining the factors (such as demand, cost, welfare (or utility), etc.) which underscore public facility location patterns. In the process of developing our model, the approach is shown to dovetail with that applicable to locations of private enterprises. What in many respects is a general theory of facility location is thereby established herein.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 39-50 
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    Notes: Abstract Most empirical studies of the U.S. wage-price relationship in the pre-fuel crisis period found wages systematically lagging prices, even in the long run. This finding was considered to be problematical or disturbing since it contradicts standard expectations generated by the competition model. It is here hypothesized that the empirical findings are affected by compositional-aggregation bias. This hypothesis is tested (and supported) by applying a standard (Phillips-Curve) wage equation to a regionally disaggregated body of data using individual SMSA observations.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 77-89 
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    Notes: Abstract It is possible to identify some important inconsistencies in the definition of the components of input-output multipliers derived in the conventional manner. This paper identifies these inconsistencies which occur in output, income and employment multipliers, with the result that valid comparison of direct and indirect effects between multipliers is not possible. A suggested re-definition of input-output multipliers, considered to be free of these inconsistencies, is provided and illustrated.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 51-64 
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    Notes: Abstract The literature is replete with studies of urban population density gradients which utilize a distance variable as their only explanatory variable. This model emphasizes only the trade-off between saving on travel costs and residential space and completely ignores other neighborhood amenities which might be important to consumers' decisions regarding their residential location. While in certain cases this omission might not result in any major distortion, it will distort the estimates in other cases. This study investigates the role played by neighborhood amenities in the determination of population, residential and build area densities in the city of Tel Aviv-Yaffo in Israel. The findings clearly indicate that distance alone fails to explain much of the spatial variation of the above densities and that neighborhood amenities, indeed, play an important role in the determination of densities.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 65-76 
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    Notes: Abstract This study focuses on the competitive processes and locational patterns of a convenience retail activity within two urban areas exhibiting distinct differences in operational characteristics. Impacts of various economic, demographic, and political environmental factors on the distribution of gasoline service stations in urbanized Hong Kong and metropolitan Denver are examined. Measurement of distributional patterns (utilizing nearest-neighbor and spatial association statistics) and socioeconomic/demographic influences (employing regression analysis) reveal remarkable similarities between the two areas. Investigation of several site-related characteristics (zoning and intersection orientation) suggests that they may be significant agglomerative influences accounting both for the consistent location patterns as well as the weak explanatory power of demand variables.
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The solution procedures in Operations Research for problems in the manufacturing sector are manifold. Yet they have not established themselves broadly in practical applications inside the manufacturing industry whereas the concepts of the DP-Standard Software coin the reality of planning. At first, the differences between planning concepts of OR and EDP software are elaborated. Especially the questions of data collection, time horizon for planning and the connection between planning and realization are examined in detail. For separate steps of the suczessive planning systems implemented in the DP-concepts it is investigated as to what extent the use of OR-models can be of help. In the last part more recent DP-developments: Application of general purpose Data Base Systems, online processing and distributed processing are discussed regarding their possible support for the application of OR-models. On the whole the opinion is put forward, that in order to influence the planning reality to a greater extent, the OR-models have to be adopted to the structure and limits of the DP-Standard Software.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die klassischen Lösungsansätze des OR zu Planungsproblemen im Fertigungsbereich sind sehr vielfältig. Trotzdem haben sie sich in der praktischen Anwendung in der Fertigungsindustrie noch nicht in breitem Umfang durchgesetzt. Vielmehr prägt hier die Konzeption der EDV-Standardsoftware die Planungswirklichkeit. Zunächst werden Unterschiede in den Planungskonzeptionen von OR und EDV-Software herausgearbeitet, wobei insbesondere auf Fragen der Datenbereitstellung, des Planungszeitraums und der Verbindung zwischen Planung und Realisierung eingegangen wird. Die einzelnen Planungsschritte des Stufenplanungs-systems der EDV-Konzepte werden daraufhin überprüft, in welcher Form hier der Einsatz von OR-Modellen hilfreich ist. Im letzten Teil werden die neuen EDV-Entwicklungen: Einsatz genereller Datenbanksysteme, Dialogverarbeitung und verteilte Datenverarbeitung (Distributed Processing) bezüglich der Unterstützung der Anwendung von OR-Modellen diskutiert. Insgesamt wird die Meinung vertreten, daß OR-Modelle sich stärker den Rahmenbedingungen der Standardsoftware anpassen müssen, wenn sie in verstärktem Maße die Planungswirklichkeit bestimmen wollen.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The central interest of this work is to discuss the applicability of analytical and simulation methods to practical problems in performance prediction of computer systems. With an example we show the flexibility but also the existing problems of a hybrid technique.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit hat zum Ziel, die Anwendbarkeit von analytischen Verfahren und der Simulationstechnik zur Behandlung aktueller Problemstellungen in der Praxis der Leistungsanalyse von Computersystemen zu diskutieren. An einem Beispiel wird dann das uns für viele Fälle geeignet erscheinende hybride Verfahren gezeigt und die damit mögliche Flexibilität erläutert; gleichzeitig weisen wir aber auch auf die dabei entstehenden Probleme hin.
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    OR spectrum 2 (1980), S. 62-62 
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    OR spectrum 2 (1980), S. 63-63 
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    OR spectrum 2 (1980), S. 63-63 
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    OR spectrum 2 (1980), S. 65-73 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Informationsbewertung im Rahmen der statistischen Entscheidungstheorie durch den erwarteten Wert der Information setzt die Kenntnis einer Reihe von Eingangsdaten voraus. Dies ist einer der Hauptkritikpunkte an diesem Bewertungskonzept. Es werden Abschätzungen für den erwarteten Wert der Information für den Fall nicht vollständig bekannter Modellgrößen angegeben. Hierdurch wird eine grobe, vom Grad der Unsicherheit abhängige Bewertung der Informationsaktivität ermöglicht.
    Notes: Summary Information evaluation in the scope of statistical decision theory by the expected value of information presupposes the knowledge of a series of basic data. This is one of the main crucial points for this evaluation concept. In the paper bounds for the expected value of information for the case of not completely known basic data are stated. This renders possible a rough evaluation of the information activity, dependent on the degree of uncertainty.
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    OR spectrum 2 (1980), S. 91-97 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Unabhängig entwickelte analytische und Simulationsmodelle desselben Realphenomens können sich wirkungsvoll ergänzen. Ein einfaches analytisches Modell kann von einem realistischeren Simulationsmodell „lernen“ und ermöglicht umgekehrt „evolutionäre“ Steuerung der Optimumsuche im Simulationsmodell.
    Notes: Summary Indepently developed analytical and simulation models of the same real world phenomenon can effectively complement each other. A simple analytical model can “learn” from a more realistic simulation model and can in turn provide “evolutionary” guidance in optimum seeking to the simulation model.
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    OR spectrum 2 (1980), S. 23-32 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In diesem Artikel wird ein neuer spaltenenumerierender Algorithmus zur Lösung des Set-Partitioning-Problems beschrieben, der nicht die übliche treppenförmige Anordnung der Koeffizientenmatrix benutzt. Das Verfahren geht vielmehr von einer Sortierung der Variablen nach aufsteigenden Kosten zur Bedeckung einer Zeile aus. Unter der Voraussetzung einer solchen Ordnung läßt sich dann eine scharfe untere Schranke berechnen. Die Enumeration selber wird ähnlich wie in einem generellen Branch-and-Bound-Verfahren vollzogen. Die Güte dieses Algorithmus wird auf der Grundlage eines systematischen Vergleichs mit verschiedenen Varianten der bekannten Verfahren von Pierce und Garfinkel-Nemhauser überprüft. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß der neue Algorithmus für Probleme mit mittlerer Dichte der Koeffizientenmatrix überlegen ist.
    Notes: Summary A new column enumeration algorithm for solving the Set-Partitioning Problem is presented. It is not based on the staircase form of the coefficient matrix. Rather, it uses a preordering of the variables with respect to their cost of covering one row that is a supposition of a new strong lower bound concept. The enumeration process itself is organized similar to a general branch-and-bound concept. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated on the basis of a systematic comparison with different variants of the wellknown algorithms by Pierce and Garfinkel-Nemhauser. The computational experiences indicate that the new algorithm is superior for problems with moderatly dense coefficient matrices.
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    OR spectrum 2 (1980), S. 33-40 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir untersuchen Semi-Markoffsche Entscheidungsprozesse mit endlichem Horizont, abzählbarem Zustandsraum, allgemeinem Aktionenraum und unbeschränkten Erträgen. Unter schwachen Voraussetzungen leiten wir die Optimalitätsgleichung her und geben hinreichende Bedingungen für die Konvergenz der sukzessiven Approximation und die Existenz optimaler stationärer Politiken. Unter schärferen Voraussetzungen zeigen wir die Eindeutigkeit der Lösung der Optimalitätsgleichung. Schließlich diskutieren wir einige numerische Aspekte einschließlich einer Extrapolation basierend auf einer äquivalenten Optimalitätsgleichung.
    Notes: Summary We investigate Markov renewal decision processes with finite horizon, countable state space, general action space and unbounded rewards. Under rather weak restrictions we derive the optimality equation and state conditions ensuring the convergence of successive approximations and the existence of optimal stationary policies. Strengthening the conditions we prove uniqueness of the solution of the optimality equation. Finally we discuss some numerical aspects including extrapolations using an equivalent optimality equation.
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    OR spectrum 2 (1980), S. 59-61 
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    OR spectrum 2 (1980), S. 119-119 
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    OR spectrum 2 (1980), S. 128-128 
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    De economist 128 (1980), S. 50-74 
    ISSN: 1572-9982
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Summary Keynesian IS-LM models assume the production of a single homogenous commodity which can either be consumed or added to an immobile capital stock. Elsewhere the short run implications of both fixed and flexible wage versions of this model were found altered when consumer and investment goods are produced in separate industries and sold for different prices. This paper reports the long run implications of such models. It turns out that qualitatively the steady state multipliers for the one and two commodity models are virtually identical.
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    De economist 128 (1980), S. 15-49 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Summary A description is given of the aims, design, and policy requirements of the EMS, and of the sort of exchange rate instability it is supposed to end. Changes in market exchange rates are attributed to differential inflation rates between countries and real exchange rate movements. Stable exchange rates can be obtained only if monetary policy is, managed so as to produce international differences in inflation rates that exactly compensate for movements in real exchange rates. Past monetary policies were seriously inconsistent with this requirement. And as yet nothing indicates that they will improve in the future. Moreover, real exchange rate changes are neither well-understood nor well-predictable. As a result, the prospects for the EMS to create monetary stability are dim. It will produce neither price nor exchange rate stability. A better alternative is proposed. Countries should combine flexible exchange rates with low, stable, and equalized inflation rates across the EC and dismatle capital and exchange controls.
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    De economist 128 (1980), S. 86-93 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Summary This note shows that what often has been called money illusion in macro consumption functions can well be due to aggregation bias: micro consumption functions that are homogeneous of order one in (nominal) income, (nominal) wealth and prices may result in an aggregate consumption function that does not show such a homogeneity.
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    De economist 128 (1980), S. 94-96 
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    De economist 128 (1980), S. 121-125 
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    De economist 128 (1980), S. 126-126 
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    De economist 128 (1980), S. 129-188 
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    Notes: Summary To confirm on a more disaggregated level earlier macro-economic studies in the field, an attempt is made in this paper to find out whether a vintage model of the clay-clay type also provides a framework for a plausible explanation of long-run sectoral developments of production capacity, labour requirements and employment. Nine sectors are considered, comprising the total enterprises sector. For this total enterprises sector an (amended) clay-clay vintage model is also (re-)estimated. The results indicate that in the process of adjustments, real labour costs are the strategic variable, though capacity utilization is also recognized as a factor affecting employment directly and indirectly. Projections of employment with the macro vintage model are satisfactory. Specifically, they are more satisfactory than the extrapolations for either manufacturing or non-manufacturing taken separately, and the macro projections compete fairly well with those based on an overall aggregation of employment projections over all nine sectors considered.
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    De economist 128 (1980), S. 205-225 
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    Notes: Summary In this paper we derived a system of asset demand functions from an expected utility maximization model, in which the utility function satisfies both the decreasing absolute risk aversion as well as the increasing relative risk aversion criteria. The rates of return are assumed to be distributed as a multivariate log-normal distribution. It is shown that a system of log-linear asset demand functions follows from the exact model as an approximation and performs better than similar types of linear asset demand functions which follow from a negative exponential utility function.
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    De economist 128 (1980), S. 189-204 
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    Notes: Summary This article deals with the question of whether monetary management through base control is desirable and feasible for the Netherlands. In spite of the analytical appeal of the monetary base framework, the answer is definitely no for the following reasons: First, it is doubtful whether control of the sources of base money creation will perform better than the present system of credit ceilings. Second, the empirical estimates of this paper show a serious lack of stability in the relationship between money stock and base money and of the model to predict the money multiplier. Third, the operational value of the base model is also reduced by the openness of the Netherlands economy and the inherent measurement problems of the base. Fourth, it seems difficult to reconcile money market and foreign exchange market targets through base money control as a major monetary instrument.
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    De economist 128 (1980), S. 242-244 
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    De economist 128 (1980), S. 226-241 
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    Notes: Summary The article is divided into four sections. The first consists of a review of a few main lines of Heertje's thoughts on the relation between economics and technical change. It appears that Dr. Heertje has chosen to write a basically non-mathematical book dealing with the history of technology, production theories and the significance of technical development for economic growth, monopoly power and economic policy. The general comments in the second section make it clear that his study is an excellent survey of the literature on the subject. It covers an overwhelmingly large number of topics and includes copious notes at the end. However, the author's assigned task of filling a gap in the literature for a varied audience of undergraduates, post-graduate students and working economists as well as those doing research in the field of technical development inevitably proved to be too difficult. It means that many conclusions have to be accepted at their face value. On the contrary, at the end of the second section of thepresent article a ‘CS’ model is constructed that allows for a more exact analysis of the important question about the absorptive power of an economic system with regard to the consequences of labour-saving technological pushes. The third section deals more fully with the author's treatment of Von Böhm-Bawerk's roundabout production theory. Improvements are suggested in this section as well as in the concluding fourth section.
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    De economist 128 (1980), S. 245-250 
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    De economist 128 (1980), S. 251-254 
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    De economist 128 (1980), S. 278-281 
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    De economist 128 (1980), S. 445-449 
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    De economist 128 (1980), S. 450-450 
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    De economist 128 (1980), S. 474-496 
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    Notes: Summary In this paper some microeconomic foundations of bank behaviour are analysed. Topics discussed are bank objective functions, competition and bank behaviour in the deposit and loan market, some static microeconomic bank models, and bank-customer relationships. It is investigated whether explicit consideration of some features of microeconomic bank behaviour affects the specification and interpretation of macroeconomic monetary sector models.
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    De economist 128 (1980), S. 453-473 
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    Notes: Summary In this paper a model of a closed economy, including a market sector and a public sector, is presented to analyse the consequences of a reduction of labour time with and without wage compensation. It turns out that a policy of labour time reduction without wage compensation is a very strong instrument to improve production and employment, if the economy is characterized by the Keynesiandemand model. But if the economy is characterized by the neoclassicalsupply model, a relatively large drop in wages is necessary to prevent a policy of labour time reduction from causing a process of stagflation.
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    De economist 128 (1980), S. 497-529 
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    Notes: Summary Equilibrium and disequilibrium analytics have been given for an IS-LM type model and are summarized in Table 4. The familiar IS-LM apparatus is appropriate (with some reinterpretation) for the analysis of notional equilibrium or for excess supplies of labor and commodities. Different tools are required for the other three disequilibrium scenarios considered here. Overall, a bond-financed increase in government spending consistently raises the interest rate, while a bond-financed increase in the money supply reduces the interest rate. The effects, if any, on employment and output depend critically upon the state of the economy.
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    De economist 128 (1980), S. 530-557 
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    Notes: Summary This paper explores the interrelationships among fertility and three measurable aspects of socioeconomic equity: life expectancy, schooling, and income distribution. A block-recursive model of interaction among these variables is tested on cross-sectional data for developing countries. The structural results validate the initial hypotheses, with an important exception: income distribution does not act directly on fertility. Taking indirect effects into account, by deriving the reduced form of the system, shows life expectancy and schooling as major determinants of fertility, and income distribution as a lesser influence. The feedback from fertility to income equity considerably exceeds the net effect in the other direction.
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    De economist 128 (1980), S. 558-562 
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    Notes: Summary This note considers aggregation of economic relations over individuals, where individual behavior differs according to individual characteristics, such as income, wealth and tastes. Assuming a multivariate distribution of these characteristics among individuals, aggregate per capita behavior is approximated in terms of the behavior of the average individual, plus a term depending on the nonlinearity of the relation and the covariance matrix of the distribution of the characteristics.
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    De economist 128 (1980), S. 572-572 
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    De economist 128 (1980), S. 569-571 
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    De economist 128 (1980), S. 1-14 
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    Notes: Summary This article provides a nonmathematical survey of the system-wide approach to microeconomics. The allocation character of consumption theory is emphasized and is related to similar characteristics of other areas in the social sciences. The measurement of the change in the quality of consumption is discussed, and also the independence transformation which describes the consumer's preferences and the firm's technology in the simplest possible form. The system-wide approach is compared with conventional economy-wide macromodels.
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    De economist 128 (1980), S. 75-85 
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    Notes: Summary In this article an effort has been made to demonstrate that trade effectiveness indicators, as used in the decision-making process in centrally planned economies, tend to induce Eastern European dumping on Western markets.
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    De economist 128 (1980), S. 282-282 
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    De economist 128 (1980), S. 285-314 
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    Notes: Summary Profits are both a strategic and a little understood income category. Theoretical approaches differ widely. The author says that many different answers are given to at least seven questions: What is meant by profits? What is the level of profits in a given country, say, the Netherlands? Does a profit squeeze exist? What determines profits? Which variables are determined by profits? How should profits be handled in model-building? How can a government influence profits? In surveying some of the answers to these seven questions the author criticizes Wood's theory and discusses the concept of normal profits.
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    De economist 128 (1980), S. 315-343 
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    Notes: Summary The economic developments leading to the actual profit squeeze are described. A marked decline is found in the share of other income (which includes capital income) and also in returns on capital employed in various manufacturing industries between 1954 and 1978. The minimum profit rate, defined as critical profitability, is analysed. For companies wishing to maintain a 50/50 ratio between own capital and loan capital, a critical profit rate of 13% for December 1979 was calculated. This figure is based on an earnings yield of 14.5% on share capital (price/earning ratio 6.9%) and an interest rate on government bonds of 9.3%. This profit rate is the minimal required to attract capital at the rates demanded by the investors. The present critical profit rate is much higher than the average return on capital employed as calculated in this article.
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    De economist 128 (1980), S. 344-363 
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    Notes: Summary The relative size of profits has dramatically fallen during the seventies. As profits are supposed to play a dominant and strategic role in western economies, the question rises whether model builders have been aware of this role and in which sectors of the economy profits are assumed to influence the behaviour of economic agents. In this contribution the econometric role of profits in three main fields of interest has been investigated, viz. wage and price formation, various demand equations and, finally, relations regarding the labour market. It appears that in empirically estimated econometric models, like the Brookings and Wharton E.F.U. Models for the United States and the Treasury Model for the United Kingdom, the role of profits is very limited. More important but still too restricted is this role in various Dutch models.
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    De economist 128 (1980), S. 364-392 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Summary In this paper the role of the capital market is analysed onthe base of a dynamic two-sector model of a closed economy. The way in which the allocation of investment is related to sectoral differences in the rate of profit and to diverging sectoral capital needs as well, turns out to be of great importance for the whole economy. Conclusions are drawn with regard to the long-run equality of profits after an initial disturbance. The role of the capital market is analysed too in connection with the functioning of sectoral labour markets. As far as unemployment and differing sectoral unemployment rates are concerned, the importance of the labour markets is obviously overwhelming. On that base it is possible to make some remarks on macroeconomic and sectoral investment policies with regard to employment.
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    De economist 128 (1980), S. 393-419 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Summary The role of profit is firstly a source of financing investment and government consumption and secondly a means of stimulating the producers to act in accordance with the directives of the central plan. As an incentive it cannot be analyzed without considering the other parts of the stimulation system with which it has to form a harmonious whole,i.e. the price system and the calculation system. In successive periods of time the role of profit differed, dependeing on whether the plan was implemented in a direct or in an indirect way. It can be shown that in no period has the stimulation system been consistent.
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    De economist 128 (1980), S. 573-573 
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