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  • 2010-2014
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  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (2,723)
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  • Articles  (2,723)
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  • 2010-2014
  • 1980-1984  (2,723)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1950-1954
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  • 101
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 527-533 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Electrolysis of mixtures of sea water and waste water from a secondary treatment plant has been studied; the current density and the inter-electrode gap were varied. The results show a fast elimination of phosphorus compounds under favourable conditions. The rate of nitrogen removal is dependent on the formation, and subsequent degradation, of chloramines. In order to avoid the diffusion of the anodic products to the cathode, diaphragms of different materials were used; the best results were obtained with a cellulose pressed diaphragm. The energy consumptions for a phosphorus removal of 40 and 60% were 0.075 and 0.1 kWh m−3 of treated sewage, respectively.
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  • 102
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 543-547 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The rate of anodic dissolution of copper in phosphoric acid above the potential where oxygen evolution takes place was studied. Variables investigated were oxygen discharge rate, phosphoric acid concentration and electrode position. The mass transfer coefficient of the anodic dissolution of copper in phosphoric acid was related to the oxygen discharge rate and the physical properties of the solution by the equations for a vertical electrode:k=aV 0.2(ρ/u)0.93 for a horizontal electrode:k=aV 0.21(ρ/u)0.93
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  • 103
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 593-596 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Electrolysis at platinum, gold and pyrolytic graphite anodes of a molten mixture of CF3COOK-CF3 COONa leads to mainly C2F6 and CO2. Smaller quantities of CF4, C3F8 and C2F4 are also observed particularly at gold and pyrolytic graphite. Voltammetric studies of some oxidation and reduction reactions in this medium are presented.
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  • 104
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 575-582 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The electrochemical reduction of 2,3,5-tribromothiophen to 3-bromothiophen may be carried out in good yield with a high current efficiency using a lead, mercury, zinc or graphite cathode in 70% dioxan/30% water containing sodium bromide (0.2 M) and a potential just positive to that for hydrogen evolution. The electrolysis may be designed to form free bromine at the anode or thiophen may be brominated in the anolyte; the product is 2-bromothiophen or 2,5-dibromothiophen which is resistant to further substitution in this solvent. Various strategies for the scale up of this synthesis are discussed.
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  • 105
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 553-565 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A fixed bed electrochemical reactor was used in the laboratory to oxidize benzene to quinone. The reactor consisted of a 3 mm thick bed of 1 mm lead shot, 0.5 m long by 0.05 m wide, sandwiched between a lead feeder plate and an asbestos diaphragm which was compressed against a stainless steel cathode plate. A dispersion of benzene in aqueous sulphuric acid was passed through the reactor and the rates of production of quinone, hydroquinone, carbon dioxide, oxygen and hydrogen, together with the cell voltage and pressure drop, were obtained for a range of operating conditions. Concentrations of quinone in the benzene product varied from 0.04 to 0.31 M and current efficiencies for quinone were in the range 22 to 55%. In a single pass of 1 M acid and benzene through the reactor at 25° C the quinone efficiency fell from 53% to 39% as the average superficial current density increased from 0.4 to 2.0 kA m−2. At an average superficial current density of 2.0 kA m−2 the quinone efficiency decreased with an increase in process temperature (25 to 50° C), but increased with increases in acid concentration (1 to 4 M), acid flow (0.5 to 1.0 cm3 s−1), benzene flow (0.05 to 10 cm3 s−1) and co-current nitrogen gas flow (0 to 32 cm3 s−1 at STP). Recycling the 4 M sulphuric acid at 25° C raised the concentration of quinone in the product benzene but decreased the net current efficiency for quinone. Corresponding changes were observed in the cell voltage and in the current efficiencies for hydroquinone, carbon dioxide and oxygen. The results are discussed in terms of the process stoichiometry, electrode kinetics and mass transfer for three-phase flow in a fixed bed reactor.
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  • 106
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 603-609 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The impedances of the various component parts of the Leclanché cell have been measured in experiments in which the complete cell is progressively built up. The results confirm previous conclusions that the zinc ‘can’ provides the impedance characteristic of the assembled cell. The contributions of the other parts of the cell are discussed.
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  • 107
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 611-621 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The splitting of the anodic and cathodic potentiodynamic E/I display of the nickel hydroxide electrode in 1 N KOH between 0 and 75° C is reported. The formal first order rate constants for the chemical reactions which occur simultaneously with the electrochemical steps, and the corresponding activation energies are evaluated. The results are discussed on the basis of the reaction model recently proposed for the nickel hydroxide electrode.
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  • 108
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 635-647 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The performance of undivided cells with disparate anode-cathode ratios was studied using cerium (IV) reduction as a test reaction. The effects of electrode material and surface texture are reported. Results have been fitted to a computer-based model, and the role of bubble evolution and electrode coverage by bubbles is considered. Results are contrasted with those of a similar study using hypochlorite formation, which can give qualitatively different results.
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  • 109
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 649-654 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The electrochemical dissolution of mild steel and nickel in hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid has been studied with alternating current of varying frequencies. For both mild steel and nickel the current efficiency decreases exponentially with increasing frequency. With increasing current density (32 to 100 mA cm−2) and increasing acid concentration (0.5 to 2.0 N), the current efficiency increases. Mild steel is dissolved more efficiently in sulphuric acid than hydrochloric acid but the reverse is true for nickel.
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  • 110
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 665-667 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A pump suitable for use with gas electrodes, in which recirculation of the gas is necessary, is described. The system to which the cell with the gas electrode and the pump are connected does not change its volume when the pump is in operation. The pump works as follows: an embolus, consisting of a Tefloncoated magnetic stirring bar, placed inside a glass tube having an internal diameter slightly larger than the diameter of the bar, is moved from the outside with a permanent magnet, which in turn is moved horizontally along the tube by means of a mechanical assembly driven by an electric motor. The motion of the embolus is accompanied by the closing and opening of glass valves which allow the gas to circulate in the desired direction. The pump, used in conjunction with a vacuum line, operates from pressures as low as 60 Torr to above atmospheric pressure. The operation of the pump is unaffected by organic gases and most inorganic gases.
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  • 111
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The results of the electrochemical reduction of membrane electrodes of Fe(II) and Fe(III) hexacyanoferrates in 80 vol% 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 20 vol% propylene carbonate with 1M LiClO4 are presented. The hexacyanoferrates studied were of the following formula: (a) KFeIIFeIII[FeII(CN)6]3, (b) Fe 4 III [FeII(CN)6]3, and (c) KFeIII [FeII(CN)6]. Reduction occurred at about 3V with 90% efficiency. It is shown by voltammetry that this reduction is reversible and that it is possible to partially oxidize the three hexacyanoferrates. The charge-discharge cycles carried out on the electrode membranes of different composition confirmed this reversibility for various electrochemical systems. For (a), the cycle: discharge at 2.5 V and charge at 4 V gave an efficiency ranging from 94% on the first cycle to 50% on the 300th. These results are interpreted by supposing that the Fe(III) is easily reduced to Fe(II) without the destruction of the crystalline net, but with the probable insertion of Li+ cations from the solutions: Fe crystal 3+ + Li+ + e⇌Fe2+Licrystal/+. It is possible to use these hexacyanoferrates as active constituents in secondary cells with non-aqueous electrolytes, particularly with a negative lithium electrode.
    Notes: Résumé On présente les résultats obtenus concernant la réduction électrochimique dans le mélange solvant 80% en volume de 1,2-diméthoxyéthane-20% en volume de carbonate de propylène rendu conducteur par LiClO4 1M, d'électrodes membranaires constituées d'hexacyanoferrates der fer (II) et (III). Les hexacyanoferrates étudiés ont pour formule approximative: (a) KFEIIFe 3 III [FeII(CN)6]3, (b) Fe 3 III [FeII(CN)6]3, et (c) KFeIII [FeII(CN)6]. Leur réduction électrochimique s'effectue vers 3 V par rapport au système Li+/Li↓ avec un rendement voisin de 90%. On montre, par voltampérométrie, que cette réduction est reversible et qu'il est meme possible d'oxyder partiellement les trois hexacyanoferrates. Des cycles de charge-décharge effectués sur des électrodes membranaires des différents produits confirment la réversibilité des divers systèmes électrochimiques engagés. Ainsi, pour des décharges du produit (a) jusqu'à 2.5 V et des charges jusqu'à 4V le rendement électrochimique évolue de 94% au premier cycle à 50% au 300 ème cycle. On interprète ces résultats, en supposant que le Fe(III) contenu dans les composés est susceptible de se réduire à l'état (II) sans destruction de la structure cristalline avec probablement insertion de cations Li+ en provenance de l'électrolyte selon: Fe cristal 3+ + Li++e⇌Fe2+Li cristal + . Il est donc possible d'utiliser ces hexacyanoferrates comme matières actives dans des générateurs secondaires à électrolyte non aqueux et notamment à électrode négative de lithium.
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  • 112
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 683-686 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A cell has been constructed which enables the observation by microscopy of the electrochemical formation of Na2S x on graphite fibres in a thin layer of liquid sulphur. The polysulphide phase initially forms only on the graphite surface although later other small droplets of this phase are deposited in the bulk of liquid sulphur. In contrast to the mechanisms in the literature the formation of these droplets by an electrochemical route is suggested. It is probably due to electronic conduction by dissolved sodium in the liquid sulphur.
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  • 113
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The critical current densities for passivation of a number of industrial stainless steels and nickel-based alloys have been measured in 20% H2SO4 at temperatures from 30 to 103° C (boiling). The critical current decreases — and then the aptitude for passivation increases — as the chromium and molybdenum contents of the alloys are increased; molybdenum was about three times as effective as chromium. Increasing the temperature extends the range of active dissolution of the alloys and markedly increases the critical current density for passivation. The effect is least severe for the alloys of high Cr and Mo content, but even for these, spontaneous passivation does not take place above 50° C. The logarithm of the active current density varies linearly with the reciprocal of absolute temperature over limited ranges. Apparent activation energies have been measured and proposals for the rate-determining factors in the mechanisms are outlined on the basis of these measurements.
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  • 114
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 729-740 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract It has been found that the performance of graphite anodes in coal electrolysis is closely comparable to that reported previously for anodes of Pt gauze; the sole exception discerned thus far is that the gases formed anodically at graphite are somewhat enriched in carbon monoxide and correspondingly depleted in carbon dioxide as compared to Pt anodes. No significant consumption or degradation of the graphite was observed during short experiments in which about half an equivalent of charge passed — the weight gain measured was about 0.05% of that computed from the assumption of formation of an equivalent quantity of surface oxides. Of several different electrolytes considered and tested, aqueous solutions of H2SO4 appear to cause the most rapid reaction rates.
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  • 115
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 741-747 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Nafion membranes of two different equivalent weights (eq. wt) were evaluated as a separator in an alkaline electrolyser with nickel screen electrodes in both KOH and NaOH electrolytes over the concentration range of 10–30 wt % and at temperatures from 25 to 160° C. For the same current densities, the cell voltage with 30% KOH electrolytes was more than twice that with 30% NaOH. This result correlates with the water content of the membrane which is almost twice as high in NaOH electrolytes. Thinner membranes and membranes of lower equivalent weight give lower cell voltages. Materials and performance considerations indicate that a membrane of 1000 eq. wt is the optimum separator for an alkaline electrolyser. Indications are that LiOH may be an even better electrolyte than NaOH for use with Nafion membranes. Further improvements in performance can be expected by membrane pretreatment such as exposing the membrane to elevated temperature in water. Nafion membranes have excellent physical and mechanical properties in alkaline electrolyte and can be used at temperatures up to 250° C.
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  • 116
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 749-755 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of antimony in solution on the oxidation behaviour of lead in 5 M H2SO4 was studied by measuring the current-time curves during potentiostatic oxidation at 1.5 and 1.6V, and by analysing the incorporated antimony in the resulting oxide layer as a function of depth. Antimony (III) species greatly influence the oxidation behaviour, but not so antimony (V). The amount of antimony incorporated was found to increase with the oxidation time in the electrolyte containing antimony (III), but in the antimony (V) solution it was almost constant at a relatively low level. The antimony incorporated from the antimony (III) solution was eluted by reoxidizing the oxide layer in an antimony-free solution, and the elution process was found to be accompanied by rearrangement of the oxide layer structure. The incorporation of antimony from the antimony (III) solution seems to be related to a complicated oxide formation process.
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  • 117
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 785-788 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Mass transfer studies in annular cells with an inner, rotating cylinder are reported. Relatively small gaps are considered (2.5 mm, 5.0 mm and 7.5 mm) and the laminar vortex regime is explored. The results show discrepancies with correlations from the literature, probably due to the fact that the vortices have a tangential wavy movement.
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  • 118
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 775-784 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In pulse plating the useful values of the on and off times are limited by the rate of charging and discharging, respectively, of the electrical double layer at the electrode-solution interface. The charging and discharging times are calculated as a function of the relevant parameters (pulse current density, exchange current densityi 0, capacitanceC of the double layer and others). Simple, approximate relationships are also presented for the case in which no experimental values fori 0 andC are available. In order to quantify the damping of the Faradaic current the concept of ‘degree of flattening’ is introduced to describe the extent of the capacitive effects. The influence of a high degree of flattening on some deposit properties is illustrated by examples.
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  • 119
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 813-813 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 120
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The prediction of the residual capacity of some primary electrochemical storage cells has been investigated using the impedance technique over an extensive frequency range. The frequency responses of Leclanché cells in various states of charge are presented and it is shown that the gross changes in impedance which result from discharging provide an adequate parameter for state-of-charge prediction. The component factors of the whole-cell impedance have been investigated and the contributions of the various cell components to the resultant frequency-response (resistive and reactive) spectrum identified. A knowledge of these contributions is important for the development of a suitable device for the rapid testing of cell quality since in principle the examination of each mode of failure of each component demands a separate test. In practice the understanding of the frequency response of the cell has enabled us to construct a relatively simple instrument which gives an adequate estimate of cell condition for ordnance applications. A block schematic diagram is presented and the operation of the device is described in principle.
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  • 121
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
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  • 122
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 3-11 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A brief review of the theory pertaining to the impedance of electrolytic cells is presented. Differences between the operational representations of cell impedances in the fields of electrochemistry and electrical engineering are noted. The experimental data on the impedance of complete batteries, available from the literature, is critically reviewed. The results are discussed in terms of the generation of a nondestructive,in situ, state-of-charge test.
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  • 123
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 29-36 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract High current efficiencies and material yields were attained in the indirect electrochemical oxidation of toluene and chlorotoluene to the corresponding aldehyde. The oxidant used was Ce4+ in HClO4, which was regenerated at platinized titanium anodes. A cost estimate showed that the electrochemical route could be economically attractive.
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  • 124
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 43-47 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports experimental work undertaken to explore diffusion-controlled current distributions immediately downstream of sudden changes in flow cross-sectional area such as may occur at the entry to electrochemical flow cells. Nozzle flows expanding into an axisymmetric circular duct and into a square duct have been investigated using the reduction of ferricyanide ions on nickel micro-electrodes as the electrode process. The spanwise distribution of current has also been studied for the case of the square cell where secondary corner flows are significant.
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  • 125
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 55-60 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The work examines a possible process for the electrolytic reduction of oxalic acid to glyoxylic acid. The reaction is investigated in filter press type cells varying from small bench scale to pilot plant size and it is shown that the product can be produced with current efficiencies better than 70% and chemical yields better than 90%. It is demonstrated that the cell product containing 8–10 wt% of glyoxylic acid can be concentrated to the commercial specification of a 50 wt% aqueous solution.
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  • 126
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 75-80 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The results of some electrochemical investigations on a silver microcoulometer with an electrolyte consisting of Ag+ in concentrated fluoroboric acid are reported. The advantages of this system are confirmed as wide ranges of current and charge, low resistance and low influence of temperature. The investigated solution may also be used in other electrochemical investigations.
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  • 127
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 81-90 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The phase diagram of the Bi2O3-Er2O3 system was investigated. A monophasic f c c structure was stabilized for samples containing 17.5–45.5 mol% Er2O3. Above and below this concentration range polyphasic regions appear. The f c c phase showed high oxygen ion conduction. The ionic transference number is equal to one for specimens containing 30 mol% Er2O3 or less, while an electronic component is introduced at low temperatures for specimens containing 40–60 mol% Er2O3. Between 673 K and 873 K a maximum in the conductivity was found at 20 mol% Er2O3. (Bi2O3)0.8.(Er2O3)0.20 is found to be the best oxygen ion conductor so far known. The conductivity at 773 K and 973 K is 2.3 Ω−1m−1 and 37 Ω−1 m−1 respectively. These values are 2–3 times higher than the best oxygen ion conductor reported for substituted Bi2O3 systems and 50–100 times higher than those of stabilized zirconia (ZrO2)0.915(Y2O3)0.085 at corresponding temperatures.
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  • 128
    ISSN: 1572-8838
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The anodic oxidation of N-anions of diacylimides which are acidic enough to be deprotonated by relatively weak bases in protic solvents was investigated with respect to the electrode kinetics and preparative aspects. All imide anions are oxidized in a one-electron step to the respective imide radicals. Of the imides investigated, two were cyclic carboxylic imides (succinimide and phthalimide) three were sulphonyl imides (di-p-toluene and di-benzene sulphimide, dimethane sulphimide) and one was a mixed carboxylate-sulphonate imide (saccharate). The imide radicals produced by anodic oxidation of the dicarboxylate imides do not couple to form a hydrazine derivative but induce solvent oxidation by H-abstraction. The disulphonyl imides couple to unstable hydrazine derivatives although H-abstraction occurs to more than 80%. Only the anodic coupling of the N-anion of imido-disulphonic acid to hydrazine tetrasulphonate discovered by Grinstead [3] can be performed with good selectivity and current and mass yields. The optimum conditions for this reaction are determined in order to show that it may serve in the future as one step in a new hydrazine process.
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  • 129
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The choice of electrolyte composition for electrocapillary acceleration meters is discussed and the conclusions checked experimentally. An aqueous solution (1.1 M Na2SO4+0.1 M H2SO4) is proposed for filling the acceleration meters.
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  • 130
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 143-149 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A new approach is suggested for the characterization of electrochemical reactors and is applied to three-dimensional electrodes. This approach permits the investigation of the fluid flow pattern through heterogeneous media and the overall reactivity of the bed. The fluid flow patterns have been derived by adapting the tracer method (well-known in chemical reaction engineering) for measurements on electrochemical reactors: auxiliary electrodes have been used both for the production and detection of concentration pulses. Experiments have been carried out on beds of glass beads, the size of the beads, height of the beds and flow rates being varied. The results are expressed as (Pe)-(Re) relationships. The reactivity of the beds has been determined using a new method, the mathematical background of which is due to be published. This method has been tested on electrochemically active beds of glass beads coated with copper and silver, the particle size and flow rates again being varied. The results are expressed ask=Sk m(=SD/δ) relationships.
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  • 131
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 157-168 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract An electrochemical technique has been employed for determining the hydrodynamic characteristics and reaction rate constants for the bipolar trickle reactor as a whole. Theoretical descriptions of modified flow models have been derived and experimental data have been fitted to these descriptions both in the time and Laplace domains. A model with both fast and slow-moving phases gives excellent agreement with experimental curves, although a simple dispersion model is seen to be a reasonable approximation. Differences due to changes in the boundary conditions are shown to be small. The rate constant for a first order reaction has been found to be linearly dependent on the film Reynolds number, suggesting that mass transfer to the active areas within the reactor dominates the measured performance for reactions such as copper deposition.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 173-178 
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    Notes: Abstract In the marker-pulse method of characterizing electrochemical reactors, unwanted coupling often occurs between the marker and detector electrodes. This makes the transient response hard to analyse and the continuous cross-correlation of input and output signals virtually impossible. The origins of the problem have been investigated and methods of minimizing the effect are described which produce clean transients and acceptable correlograms.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 191-196 
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    Notes: Abstract The characteristics of electrocapillary elements with their filling subjected to vibrations by mechanical and electrical harmonic input signals of frequencies in the range 0.003–30 Hz as well by voltage or pressure jump were studied. The idea of variable pressure or pressure jump measurement by means of an electrocapillary transducer and a model of such a manometer are presented.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 203-211 
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    Notes: Abstract The discharge curves of a magnesium-silver chloride seawater activated cell at different pressures were measured to examine the performance at great ocean depths. The e.m.f. measurements at increasing pressures were also carried out in order to understand the small differences in the discharge behaviour under different pressures and to get some information on the dissolution kinetics of magnesium in chloride solutions. The performance is shown at atmospheric pressure and at increased pressure and there is virtually no change in output power. It is found that Mg AZ61 is a better choice than Mg AZ31 at high pressures because of the nature of the sludge it forms. Partial molal volume changes for the magnesium oxidation reaction obtained with pure magnesium and its alloys (AZ31 and AZ61) in 0.5 M NaCl are presented and discussed.
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  • 135
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    Notes: Abstract The thermogalvanic e.m.f. of O2− conducting solid oxide cells can be used to detect small electronic contributions to the oxide conductivity, as a function of the ambient O2 partial pressure. When this contribution is negligible, the thermocell can serve as an ‘oxygen gauge’. Gas-tightness of the oxide specimen is not required, in contrast to more conventional (concentration cell) techniques.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 239-244 
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    Notes: Abstract The contact between a silver electrode and the solid electrolyte RbAg4I5 is investigated by means of impedance and cyclic voltammetry. From the observed dependence of the electrolyte resistance and the maximum current density achievable in cyclic voltammetry on the pressure applied, an attempt is made to calculate the real contact areas.
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  • 137
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 251-260 
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    Notes: Abstract The Ca/LiNO3-LiCl-KCl (50-25-25 mol%) thermal battery cell can be activated at 160° C and operated over a temperature range of 250–450° C to produce 2.5–2.8 V at open-circuit and initial operating voltages above 2 V at 10 mA cm−2. At operating temperatures between 250 and 350° C, this system shows promise for applications requiring a sixty-minute thermal battery. Cell lifetimes decrease at higher temperatures due to the accelerating reaction of calcium with the molten nitrate salt to form gaseous products. An experimental energy density value of 142 Whkg−1 was obtained at 300° C during constant current discharge at 10 mAcm−2. Effects of applied face pressure on cell discharge characteristics were small. At current densities above 20–30 mA cm−2, the cell performance deteriorates due to polarization at the anode. This is probably caused by the precipitation of CaO which blocks the active sites at the anode.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 275-283 
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    Notes: Abstract The high temperature electrode Ag(s)/Ag4SO4+Na2SO2(l) contained in a mullite membrane is a suitable reference electrode for measuring sodium activities in Na2SO4 melts. Several Na concentration cells have been studied at 900° C to establish the thermodynamic basis for the Ag(s)/10 mol% Ag2SO4 + Na2SO4 electrode. Part of this work involved the determination of the ratio of activity coefficients of Ag2SO4 and Na2SO4 in melts that were dilute in Ag2SO4. When the non-ideal solution behaviour was taken into account, very good agreement was obtained between predicted and measured cell voltages for acidic Na2SO4 melts.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 285-290 
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    Notes: Abstract Recent progress toward commercialization of organic electrochemical synthesis is reviewed and interpreted. The impact upon future prospects of the present-day need for industry to re-evaluate its technology because of costlier feedstocks and the need to minimize pollution and to conserve energy, are discussed. Steps to improve the future acceptability of organic electrochemical processes are suggested.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 299-308 
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    Notes: Abstract A mechanism for copper powder formation in potentiostatic deposition is proposed, and the critical overpotential of copper powder formation is determined. A good agreement between theoretical and experimental results has been obtained.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 309-313 
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    Notes: Abstract Doped manganese dioxide samples, containing cations of different valency, were prepared. The doped and undoped samples contained small amounts of physically held and chemically bound water. The X-ray diffraction patterns of the doped samples were very similar to the pattern of the undoped sample and they all belong to theβ-modification mixed withε-MnO2 andα-Mn2O3. The specific surface area of the samples measured by nitrogen adsorption and calculated by theα s-method was in the range 2–5 m2g−1, indicating a lower porosity and a lower reactivity compared to theγ-forms. From measurements of pore radii the pores were classified as lying in the mesopore/macropore range (8–35 nm). A decrease in the mean pore radius was observed for the doped samples except for that doped with Li+ ions.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 335-344 
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    Notes: Abstract The electrochemical extraction of lead directly from lead sulphide has been attempted for some time but with little success. This could probably be due either to the limited solubility of the products or to an incomplete understanding of the fundamental process(es) involved. An attempt is made to understand the dissolution mechanism using synthetic lead sulphide electrodes in hydrochloric acid. The parameters examined are potential, concentration, oxygen, time, temperature, etc. A critical view is given of the anodic behaviour of PbS as a function of these parameters.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 351-355 
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    Notes: Abstract Mass transfer coefficients were measured for the deposition of copper from acidified copper sulphate solution at a vertical cylinder cathode stirred by oxygen evolved at a horizontal lead anode placed below the cylinder. Variables studied were: oxygen discharge rate, electrolyte concentration and cylinder height. The mass transfer coefficient was found to increase by a factor of 1.8–2.6 depending on oxygen discharge rate and cylinder height. The mass transfer coefficient was related to oxygen discharge rate and cylinder height by the equation: $$K = 65.8 \times 10^{ - 4} \frac{{V^{0.358} }}{{h^{0.29} }}$$
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 365-377 
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    Notes: Abstract The potentiodynamic response of the Cu/alkaline solution interface in the potential range where Cu2O is formed and reduced has been investigated using a broad range of experimental conditions, including different electrode treatments. The reproducibility of the results is also critically considered. The cathodic reaction revealed that at least three different Cu(I) species are formed during the Cu2O formation. One of them has been attributed to a soluble Cu(I) species. One out of the two remaining Cu(I) surface species undergoes potentiostatic ageing effects. The results are discussed in terms of previously proposed reaction mechanisms related to the Cu2O formation and reduction.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 669-675 
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    Notes: Abstract Polycrystalline layers of WO3·H2O are obtained by anodization of tungsten in 1 N H2SO4 at 70° C. The cathodic reduction of these layers in acid solutions causes the formation of blue WO3−x·H2O (0〈x⩽:0.12) oxides. The kinetics of coloration are investigated by galvanostatic and potentiostatic techniques. The experimental results are compared with the theoretical data obtained by solving the diffusion equation for a constant flow of oxygen vacancies and for a time-dependent surface vacancy concentration. Except in the initial stage of coloration, the process controlling rate can be ascribed to the diffusion of oxygen vacancies from the oxide-electrolyte interface into the bulk of the layers. At low vacancy concentration, a barrier-limited proton transfer across the oxide-electrolyte interface seems to determine the kinetics of coloration.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 687-696 
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    Notes: Abstract This review evaluates the work on the use of the fluidized bed electrode to recover metals from solution, since the appearance of this particular electrode in 1966.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 697-701 
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    Notes: Abstract The anodic behaviour of as-cast and homogenized binary copper-based alloys with Zr, Cr, Si, Sn and Al in 65% phosphoric acid was studied by a potentiostatic method. The biggest difference in the anodic behaviour between as-cast and homogenized samples was found for Cu-8% Sn and Cu-8% Al alloys.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 709-719 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The electrodissolution of syntheticβMS has been studied in hydrochloric acid at 25° C. The influence of hydrogen ions (pH 0.46–2.68), nickel ions (0–1 M) and chloride ions (1–4 M) has been examined. Potentiokinetic and potentiostatic studies and alsoE-pH diagrams of NiS-H2O clarified the electrochemical kinetics and mechanism of the dissolution ofβNiS. The attacked surface and dissolution products were examined by X-rays, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray dispersion and atomic absorption.
    Notes: Résumé L'électrodissolution deβMS synthétisé a été étudiée en milieu d'acide chlorhydrique à 25° C. L'influence de la concentration des ions d'hydrogène (pH 0.46–2.68), de nickel (0–1 M) et de chlore (1–4 M) a été examinée. Les études potentiocinétiques et potentiostatiques ainsi que les diagrammesE-pH de NiS-H2O ont clarifié la cinétique électrochimique et le mécanisme de dissolution deβNiS. La surface attaquée et les produits de corrosion ont été examiné par rayons-X, microscopie électronique à balayage, dispersion des rayons-X et absorption atomique.
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  • 149
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    Notes: Abstract The single duty cycle application requires nickel-cadmium cells to be stored for long periods in a discharged, short-circuited state. Under these conditions Cd(OH)2 active material in the negative electrode is subject to crystal growth processes which result in reduced charge efficiency when cycled after storage. Of equal importance, however, is the observed gross redistribution of Cd(OH)2 active material, whereby crystals penetrate into the separator, sometimes as far as the positive electrode. This must be considered undesirable and could lead to internal short-circuiting of the cell. This paper examines the effects of various surfactant electrolyte additives on Cd(OH)2 crystal growth and capacity of sintered, negative electrode material, stored in excess 6 M KOH, at various temperatures between +30 and +60°C. Results show that, under the test conditions, low concentrations (⩽0.1%) of the anionic surfactants sodium lauryl sulphate and turkey red oil strongly suppress Cd(OH)2 growth and result in markedly higher aged electrode capacities compared to control electrodes stored in the absence of these additives.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 765-774 
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    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of nickel-zinc co-deposition and the effect of nickel on zinc morphology have been studied by means of chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction and SEM observations of cathodic deposits obtained in various experimental conditions, including acid and alkaline baths. It has been shown that nickel ions, even if present in the electrolyte at very low concentrations (1 ppm), do not deposit under mass transport controlled conditions but are dragged by zinc ions whose concentration influences the nickel current. With regard to zinc morphology, it has been observed that nickel reduces the grain size of the zinc crystals formed during the electrodeposition.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 757-763 
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    Notes: Abstract An ambient temperature, rechargeable lithium/titanium disulphide cell with a lithium thiocyanate-1,3dioxolane (DOL)-1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) organic electrolyte was investigated. Electrolyte compositions of 2.5–3.5 molal LiSCN in solvent compositions from 100% DOL to 0.80∶0.20::DOL∶DME were tested. NMR, infrared spectroscopy and linear-sweep voltammetric studies indicated that the electrolyte was thermally and electrochemically stable, except for the slow formation of dioxolane oligomers. Test cells contained 10–30 mAh cm−2 of TiS2 with two- to sixfold excess of Li in parallel-plate, prismatic configuration. Performance delivered 80–90% of theoretical charge on first discharge and showed not only a rate-dependent cycle life, but also sensitivities to the (anode loading)/(cathode loading) ratio and cathode charge density. Cells with 10–15 mAh cm−2 of TiS2 and four to sixfold excess Li operated 35–50 cycles atC/5 toC/15 rates, while 30 mAh cm−2 cathodes with 3∶1 ∶∶anode: cathode ratio cycled 10–20 cycles atC/10. Results of half-cell studies, performance variation with temperature and overcharge and overdischarge behaviour of the cells are presented. Possible causes of the loss of efficiency during cycling are discussed.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 789-797 
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    Notes: Abstract In the sulphur electrode of sodium-sulphur cells, carbon surfaces (generally as yarns or felts) are used as current collectors. During the charging cycle, oxidation of the molten polysulphides results in sulphur as a second (immiscible) phase. If sulphur has preferential wetting properties, an insulating sulphur layer may be established. A technique for wetting measurements with the molten sulphur electrolyte at ∼330° C is described. The wetting properties of molten sulphur and molten polysulphides were investigated with both untreated and metal oxide treated carbon surfaces as substrates. Results are reported for felts with Fe, Ni, Co, Cr, Al (as oxides), and with H20, NaOH, Na2SO4 and Na2S2O3 as impurities in the fluid electrolyte.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 807-812 
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 481-488 
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    Notes: Abstract The adverse effect of parallel magnetic and electric fields perpendicular to horizontal electrodes facing upwards in combined natural and forced convection was studied experimentally. The results are interpreted in terms of convective-diffusion models modified for the magnetic field interaction.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 489-494 
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    Notes: Abstract A continuous process for the electrosynthesis of sulphones by cathodic reduction of sulphur dioxide in the presence of organic halides has been investigated. The organic halide, consumed in the cathode process, is regenerated at the anode side and the halogen is hence recycled. As a model process, the synthesis of dipropyl sulphone via propyl bromide has been investigated; SO2 and propyl alcohol are the starting materials. The alcohol, simultaneously serving as the anolyte solvent, reduces bromine to give hydrobromic acid which, in turn, regenerates the organic halide by reaction with further alcohol. The cathodic and anodic yields are both promising.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 511-525 
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    Notes: Abstract The initial stages of the potentiostatic deposition of lead dioxide from acidic lead nitrate solution, onto titanium wires, have been followed. The observed current transients and size distributions of the nuclei have been related to available theories of electrocrystallization by assuming a stochastic growth process. The inhibiting effects of fluoride ions are emphasized.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 549-552 
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    Notes: Abstract OH radicals, produced by the electrochemical reduction of solutions containing both oxygen and iron(III) oxidize cyclohexane to cydohexanone int-BuOH/H2O/HCl media; in some experiments cyclohexanol was also produced. The use of a non-chloride medium or the use of Ti(III) instead of Fe(II) leads to a remarkable decrease in the yields. These results are interpreted by a mechanism involving the intermediate formation of Cl radicals.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 535-541 
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    Notes: Abstract The codeposition of nonconducting silicate particles with different grain size during the plating of nickel coatings with preferential orientation along with 〈2 1 1〉 axis is investigated by electron microscopy. The results confirm that small size particles, about 20 nm, are included in the twinning defects, inherent to this orientation, blocking the latter as active dissolution sites. Larger particles, approximately 1.5 μm, are included in the bulk of the coating, and cause a continuous redistribution and decrease of the corrosion rate. On the other hand, when particles of 20 nm size are used, an unusual decoration of the twinning plane {111} perpendicular to the substrate, may lead to the elucidation of some theoretical problems related to the initiation of the texture 〈2 1 1〉. A dissolution mechanism is proposed, based on the mutual effect of both factors: redistribution of the corrosion current, and blocking of the twinning planes which act as active dissolution centres. This mechanism is confirmed by Corrodkote tests of codeposited nickel coatings.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 385-391 
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    Notes: Abstract Mass transfer when a jet of solution impinges at 90° to a stationary ring disc electrode has been investigated using an electrochemical method. The influence of various parameters such as the fluid velocity, the distance between the nozzle and the electrode surface as well as the concentration of the reacting species on the disc and the ring current was examined experimentally using the cathodic reduction of CuCl2 and of K3Fe(CN)6 in KCl. It has been found that the stationary ring can be used for detection of intermediate species formed at the disc. An application of this system for the study of the anodic dissolution of a metal is given.
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  • 160
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    Notes: Abstract The electrochemical oxidation and reduction of hydrogen and chlorine in hydrochloric acid has been investigated on graphite, ruthenized titanium and platinum electrodes. Both steady state and potentiostatic pulse methods were used. Cell studies were also carried out in cells with flow-by and flow-through chlorine electrodes. Results indicate that the electrode kinetics are fast and the electrolysis and fuel cell reactions can be carried out in the same cell with electric-to-electric efficiencies in excess of 75% at current densities of 300 mA cm−2. Mass transfer limitations at the chlorine electrode during discharge can be eliminated by cell pressurization and the use of flow-through electrodes.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 415-416 
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    Notes: Abstract An electrochromic cell with a solid proton conductor, HUO2PO4 · 4H2O, as the electrolyte is described and its performance was investigated.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 419-425 
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    Notes: Abstract Various electrolytic methods were examined for recovering chlorine, hydrogen and ammonia from by-product ammonium chloride produced in the ammonium chloride-soda process. Two methods, one based on an aqueous electrolysis and the use of an ion exchange membrane, and the other employing a molten metal cathode were considered possible. This series of papers aims at a detailed description of the latter process, which seems more interesting from the viewpoint of industrial exploitation. This paper briefly reviews the other electrolytic processes before describing the principle of the molten salt process and the study of the reaction between ammonium chloride and liquid metals.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 441-448 
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    Notes: Abstract The electronic conductivity of active battery materials has seldom been investigated in detail. The problem is to separate the resistance contributions located in the particle cores and in the particle surfaces. In this paper battery PbO2, the best-known model substance, has been studied.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 449-457 
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    Notes: Abstract We have investigated the physical characteristics and means of producing silicon surfaces treated to provide reliable nucleation sites for boiling in perfluorinated coolants. Three techniques may be used to provide these sites; removal of mechanical defects by liquid etchants; selective etching of one of the phases of a eutectic alloy; and deposition of an inert, porous material such as alumina. Consistent nucleation, required to assure proper heat transfer of silicon circuit chips, does not occur on polished silicon surfaces.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 567-573 
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    Notes: Abstract The electrochemical reduction of nitrobenzene has been studied in aqueous organic solvents containing sulphuric acid. It is shown that the yield ofp-aminophenol and the maximum current density for the reaction is dependent upon the solvent, the cathode metal, the electrode potential, the concentration of acid and the rate of stirring of the catholyte. The changes of products would not be obvious from theI-E curves but it is possible to find conditions where the yield ofp-aminophenol is 〉 75% at a current density of 150 mA cm−2.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 583-586 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of benzyl alcohol by electrogenerated hypobromite in a two-phase emulsion has been studied using a quaternary ammonium salt as a phase transfer agent. The performances of a stirred-tank batch reactor and a bipolar electrochemical pump cell have been compared and the differences found are discussed in terms of the different mixing/transport/reaction regimes of the two cells. Benzaldehyde can be produced at a rate of 0.2 mol h−1 dm−2 of electrode area for 4.20 kWh kg−1.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 597-602 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract An SEM study of the oxidation of PbSO4 on Pb and Pb-Sb alloys is presented. The formation of a duplex layer of PbO2 on the antimonial alloy is established and the primary layer of PbO2 on Pb-Sb is shown to be analogous to the single layer on pure lead.
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    Notes: Abstract The inhibitive efficiencies of isatin, thiosemicarbazide and their condensation product, i.e. isatin-3-(3-thiosemicarbazone) are studied at different concentrations in relation to corrosion of aluminium alloys (1060,1100, 3003) in 20% nitric acid at 30, 40 and 50° C using the weight loss method. Polarization experiments have been performed at 0.05, 0.2 and 0.3% concentrations of the inhibitors at 30° C. It is found that isatin-3-(3-thiosemicarbazone) is a more effective inhibitor as compared to the parent compounds for the three alloys at all the experimental temperatures. The effectiveness of the inhibitors increases with increase in temperature from 30° C to 50° C. The inhibitors are found to retard the corrosion by predominantly acting on local cathodes although they are also partially effective on the anodes. The critical current density for the passivation of aluminium decreases almost in the same order as the inhibition efficiency of the inhibitors increases.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 623-626 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Lead alloys are widely used as anodes in electrowinning operations, for the recovery of metals such as zinc, copper and chromium. When lead alloys are used as such it takes a long time for the build up of a compact, adherent and protective lead dioxide film. During the initial period prior to the build up of the compact layer of lead dioxide, the rate of anodic dissolution is very high, leading to a decrease in the purity of the cathode deposit. In order to minimize the duration of the conditioning of the anode, it is customary to build up a compact lead dioxide layer by pretreating the anodes in suitable electrolytes. An attempt is made to evaluate the performance of the pretreated electrodes by potentiodynamic methods.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 627-634 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A model is proposed to evaluate the effect of radial diffusion on the efficiency of porous flow-through electrodes. The model includes the electrode parameters of porosity (θ), thickness (L) and equivalent pore radius (R), the superficial flow speed of the electrolyte (v) and the molecular diffusivity of the reactant in the electrolyte (D). The effects of these variables are incorporated in a dimensionless groupφ(L) =vR 2/2DLθ which controls the conversion efficiency of the electrode. Satisfactory agreement was found between the model predictions and the experimental results of several authors on different electrode-electrolyte systems over a wide range of conditions. Implications of this work for design purposes are outlined. The effect of radial diffusion limitations on the voltage efficiency of the electrode is also discussed. It is shown that radial diffusion effects predominate under conditions of large values of pore radius, polarization and exchange current density, and small values of diffusivity.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 677-681 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Using cells with calcia stabilized zirconia as the solid electrolyte, the standard free energy of formation of stabilized Bi2O3 (fcc) was determined in the temperature range 750–950 K. The stability against reduction of stabilized Bi2O3 (fcc) is not increased with respect to pureδ-Bi2O3 (fcc). The corrosion of the calcia stabilized zirconia tube caused by Bi2O3 which took place along the grain boundaries, was investigated.
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    Electrical engineering 62 (1980), S. 5-12 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents Electromechanical convertion system contains three parts: the electrical system, the convertional device and the mechanical system. In the paper it is analyzed an electromechanical convertion realyzed by an electrical system, described by a first-order nonlinear differential equation, and a mechanical system described by a second-order linear differential equation. The convertional device analized in the paper, consists in the magnetoelectric measuring aparatus, that can perform torsional oscillations. it results from the analysis that if the working point of the electrical system is unstable the mechanical system performs sustained oscillations described by nonlinear differential equation of the type Rayleigh.
    Notes: Übersicht Die elektromechanische Konversionssysteme enthalten drei Teile: das elektrische System, die Konversionsanlage und das mechanische System. In der Arbeit wird die elektromechanische Konversion, die durch einer nichtlinearen Differentialgleichung erster Ordnung beschriebenes elektrisches System und ein durch einer linearer Differentialgleichung zweiter Ordnung beschriebenes mechanisches System, analysiert. Die untersuchte Konversionsanlage ist ein magnetselektrisches Messungsgerät, welches Torsionsschwingungen ausüben kann. Aus der Analyse folgt, daß neun der Arbeitspunkt des elektrischen Systems instabil ist, dann übt der mechanische System selbsterregte Schwingungen, die von einer nichtlinearen Differentialgleichung von Rayleighschem Typ beschrieben sind, aus.
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    Electrical engineering 62 (1980), S. 19-24 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Es wird ein mathematisches Modell für die aus geradlinigen Elementen zusammengesetzten Erdungsanlagen in geschichtetem Erdreich entwickelt. Die vorgeschlagene Methode ermöglicht die Berechnung aller Kennlinien der Erdungsanlage bei Anwendung eines allgemeinen Verfahrens, das auf der elementaren Daten über die Konfiguration der Erdungsanlage und des Erdreiches beruht.
    Notes: Contents The mathematical model of earthing systems consisting of straight-line elements in the nonuniform soil is developed. The method presented enables the evaluation of all earthing system characteristics by applying a general algorithm, appropriate for digital computing, based upon elementary data of the earthing system and soil configuration.
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    Electrical engineering 62 (1980), S. 25-35 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents Generally, for the calculation of the distribution of the eddy current transients in a sphere, an integration has to be performed along the arbitrary contour of the exiting loop of current having an arbitrary time dependence. This paper deals with the solution of this problem for a hollow sphere placed in the planar field of excitation of a system of conductors, whereby the contour integration is avoided. Solutions derived are verified with the discrete solutions obtained in the case of sinusoidal excitation. The practically important screening effect of a thin hollow sphere on transient field produced by current impulses flowing through two conductors is also discussed. The field plottings in the hollow space of the sphere are derived out of the closed form solution and are also given for different instances of the transient excitation. The time dependence of the magnetic flux penetrating the area of a square inside the hollow sphere is analysed and is given as a function of the duration of the exciting impulse.
    Notes: Übersicht Die Berechnung der transienten Wirbelstromverteilung in einer Kugel erfordert allgemein eine Integration über die erregende Leiterschleife beliebiger Kontur, die einen Strom mit beliebiger Zeitabhängigkeit führt. In der vorliegenden Abhandlung wird die Lösung dieses Problems für eine Hohlkugel, die sich im ebenen Feld einer erregenden Leiteranordnung befindet, ohne Konturintegration angegeben und für den Fall zeitlich sinusförmiger Abhängigkeit der Feldgrößen mit der dann möglichen direkten Lösung der Differentialgleischungen überprüft. Der unter praktischen Gesichtspunkten wichtige Fall der Abschirmung transienter Felder durch eine Hohlkugel geringer Wandstärke wird für einen Stromimpuls auf einer erregenden Doppelleitung behandelt. Aus der geschlossen darstellbaren Lösung werden die Feldbilder im Kugelhohlraum zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten der transienten Feldänderung angegeben und der Zeitverlauf des magnetischen Flusses durch eine quadratische Fläche im Innern der Kugel wird in Abhängigkeit von der Zeitdauer des erregenden Stromimpulses untersucht.
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    Electrical engineering 62 (1980), S. 57-62 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents Complete normed annihilators are applicated to the following problems: Derivation of the loop and cut set method from the node method, normal forms of rectangular arrays of ideal transformers, equivalent circuits in symmetrical components for short-circuits and disconnections in multiphase interconnected systems. The existence of complete normed annihilators is proved. Normed annihilators generate most simple relations.
    Notes: Übersicht Vollständige Einheitsnullteiler werden auf folgende Aufgaben angewandt: Herleitung der Maschen- und Schnittmengenmethode aus der Knotenmethode, Normalformen von rechteckgen idealen Übertragermatrizen, Ersatzschaltungen in symmetrischen und anderen Komponenten für Kurzschlüsse und Unterbrechungen in mehrphasigen Verbundnetzen. Hierzu wird die Existenz von vollständigen Einheitsnullteilern für singuläre Matrizen nachgewiesen. Einheitsnullteiler erzeugen besonders einfache Beziehungen.
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    Electrical engineering 62 (1980), S. 81-90 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents In self-supply systems of thermal power plants sometimes a large number of induction motors has to be changed over to a reserve supply if mains interruptions occur. The digital simulation offers the possibility to calculate the dynamic performance of the drives already at the stage of planning. A mathematical model describing induction motor groups is developed and prepared for the simulation of change-over processes by digital computing.
    Notes: Übersicht In Kraftwerks-Eigenbedarfsnetzen muß bei Netzstörungen mitunter eine größere Anzahl von Asynchronmotoren auf eine Reserveeinspeisung umgeschaltet werden. Die digitale Simulation bietet die Möglichkeit, das dynamische Verhalten der Antriebe während des Umschaltvorganges schon bei der Planung genau zu berechnen. Es wird ein mathematisches Modell zur Berechnung beliebiger Motorengruppen entwickelt und für die Simulation von Netzumschaltungen mit Hilfe eines Digitalrechners aufbereitet.
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    Electrical engineering 62 (1980), S. 103-115 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents By means of calculus of variations the differential equation and also the boundary conditions of electrical potential are derived, both of them are describing the polarisation of quadrupole matter. Three basic electrostatic problems are explicitly calculated by these equations.
    Notes: Übersicht Es werden mit Hilfe der Variationsrechnung sowohl die Differentialgleichung als auch die Randbedingungen des elektrischen Potentials bei Polarisation von Quadrupolmaterie abgeleitet. Mit diesen Gleichungen werden drei Grundaufgaben der Elektrostatik explizit durchgerechnet.
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    Electrical engineering 62 (1980), S. 117-123 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents In this paper, an analytical method of determining the current distribution in cylindrical conductors with sudden and eccentric cross-sectional constriction is developed. The motivation lies in the hairline cracks due to fatique ruptures observed in practice. The problem is three-dimensional as a result of the eccentricity in the configuration and leads to a system of linear equations for the coefficients in the potential expressions. The voltage rise due to the eccentric constriction is calculated using equations mentioned above, where-by a uniform cylindrical conductor is taken as reference. The increase of resistance is then determined from the voltage rise.
    Notes: Übersicht In der vorliegenden Abhandlung wird ein analytisches Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Stromverteilung in zylindrischen Leitern entwickelt, die eine sprunghafte, exzentrisch gelegene Querschnittsverengung erfahren. Veranlassung dazu gab das Auftreten von Haarrissen bei Dauerbrüchen. Wegen der vorhandenen Exzentrizität liegt ein räumliches Randwertproblem des stationären Strömungsfeldes vor, das die Lösurg linearer Gleichungssysteme für die Koeffizienten des Potentialansatzes verlangt. Mit diesen wird die Potentialerhöhung bestimmt, die die exzentrische Querschnittsverengung gegenüber einem Zylinder konstanten Querschnitts verursacht, womit auch die gesuchte Widerstandserhöhung bekannt ist.
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    Electrical engineering 62 (1980), S. 195-200 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht In diesem Aufsatz wird eine neue Methode der Feldanalyse angegeben, um die Temperaturverteilung infolge eines im Erdboden verlegen Starkstromkabels zu bestimmen. Diese Methode erlaubt die Bestimmung der Temperaturverteilung im gesamten, unendlich ausgedehnten Gebiet, obwohl die finiten Elemente nur in der unmittelbaren Umgebung des Kabels angewendet werden. Im Programm werden die isoparametrischen Elemente gebraucht, in denen die Approximation der zweiten Ordnung angewandt wird. Die Ergebnisse sind genauer als mit der Benutzung der konventionellen Methode der finiten Elemenente. Mit dem Algorithmus, der hier dargestellt wird, kann man auch die Temperaturfelder der Heizelemente modellieren.
    Notes: Contents A new method for the thermal field analysis for the determination of the temperature distribution around a heavy-current underground cable, is given in this paper. Using finite elements in the immediate neighbourhood of the cable, it is possible to determine the temperature distribution in the whole infinite region. The method of isoparametric elements with second order approximation is used for the numerical computations. The results obtained are more accurate than those obtained using conventional finite element methods (FEM). The algorithm developed here can be easily adopted for the analysis of thermal field caused by underground thermal sources.
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    Electrical engineering 62 (1980), S. 201-206 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents The mathematical conditions to be satistied for the use of the asymptotic methods in the analysis of nonlinear R.L.C. circuits with hysteresis are given. With the help of this, the stability of the forced oscillations of the magnetic flux is analysed. The nonlinear flux-current characteristics is represented by an odd polynomial of the fifth degree, with an additional term which accounts for the double-hysteresis behaviour. Also the cases are discussed in which the hysteresis affects and does not affect the resonance. The calculations are performed using the first-order perturbation-theory.
    Notes: Übersicht Die mathematischen Vorbedingungen zur verwendung asympfotischer Methoden bei der Analyse von nichtlinearen R-L-C-Stromkreisen mit Hysteresis-Schleife werden erläutert. Somit wird die Stabilität erzwungener Schwingungen des magnetischen Flusses analysiert. Die nichtlineare Strom-Fluß-Charakteristik besitzt die Gestalt eines ungeraden Polynoms fünften Grades, mit einem Zusatzglied, das die doppelte Hysterese hervorruft. Es werden die Fällc diskutiert, worin der Hysterese-Beitrag auf die Resonanzkurven einwirkt bzw. nicht einwirkt. Die Berechnungen werden in der Störungsrechnung erster Ordnung durchgeführt.
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    Electrical engineering 62 (1980), S. 207-218 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents The following investigation deals with the perturbation of Hertzian waves as used in Radar by the occurence of moving layers containing material particles. A simplified model of such a layer is given, and the equations of the electromagnetic field are integrated both inside and outside this layer, beeing connected by the principles of relativity. Crossing the layer the originally emitted wave will be weakened and displaced. Additionally, an echo wave is created whose frequency and angle of reflection depend explicitely upon the velocity of the moving layer. Both the Doppler-Effect and the aberration of the reflected wave are computed. Furthermore it is show that by some critical values of the frequencies of the incident wave and its direction the moving layer may be totally transparent or totally reflecting. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A1118151 00002
    Notes: Übersicht Der Verlauf Hertzscher Wellen der Radartechnik wird durch wandernde Schichten materieller Fremdkörper gestört. Anhand eines vereinfachten Modelles werden die Feldgleichungen in und außerhalb der Störschicht unter der Annahme einfach periodischer Wellen integriert und relativistisch miteinander verknüpft. Die ursprünglich emittierte Welle wird bei der Passage der Störschicht geschwächt und seitlich verschoben. Überdies entsteht eine parasitäre Echowelle, deren Frequenz und Rückstrahlwinkel von der Bewegung der Störschicht explizit abhängen. Sowohl der Echo-Dopplereffekt wie die Echo-Aberration werden angegeben. Es werden Formel für die Relfexionsfähigkeit der Störschicht und deren Durchlaßvermögen entwickelt, welche ein optisch singuläres Verhalten der Störschicht bei gewissen Daten des Suchstrahles erwarten lassen.
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    Electrical engineering 62 (1980), S. 265-273 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents In this paper, by means of the field theory an analytical method is derived to calculated the main reactances and the torque of a reluctance motor from the dimensions of the machine. At first, a motor without pole shoes is considered and then the normal salient pole type. In the field theoretical analysis, the matrix method is used to set up a system of linear equations for the coefficients describing the potential in the space under consideration. The equations mentioned above are evaluated, giving the dependence of the desired quantities as a function of the machine dimensions; results are discussed and checked.
    Notes: Übersicht In der vorliegenden Abhandlung wird ein feldtheoretisches Rechenverfahren angegeben, das die Berechnung der Hauptreaktanzen und des Drehmomentes eines vierpoligen Reluktanzmotors aus den Maschinenabmessungen ermöglicht. Dabei wird zunächst die Maschine ohne Polschuhe und dann die Ausführung mit Polschuhen behandelt. Die feldtheoretische Behandlung erfolgt in Matrizendarstellung und führt auf lineare Gleichungssysteme für die Konstanten der aufgestellten Potentialansätze. Die Auswertung liefert die Abhängigkeit der gesuchten Kenngrößen von den Maschinenabmessungen; sie wird diskutiert und einer Kontrolle unterzogen.
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    Electrical engineering 62 (1980), S. 243-254 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents For purposes of material testing, a test-body in the form of a circular cylinder is placed concentrically in the airgap of a closedring magnet out of iron. A solenoid of rectangular cross-section consisting of thin windings and carrying alternating current is used to excite this configuration. Using the lucid matrix method, through inversion of a linear system of equations, the induced eddy currents in the test-body the equivalent current function for it and the loss of energy in it, are calculated. The modified Bessed functions encountered in the above analysis, generally of complex argument, are discussed in the mathematical appendix and their graphical representation for different parameter values is also given therein. The case of an elongated symmetrical test configuration, with the currents flowing in the coil having opposite directions is also studied using the same approach. The general results obtained are used to analyse the plane configuration with a form of surface current excitation and the calculated values are compared with the closed form solution obtained using conformal transformation for the case of very small skindepth.
    Notes: Übersicht Im Luftspalt eines eisengeschlossenen Ringmagneten befindet sich zum Zwecke der Materialprüfung konzentrisch ein kreiszylindrischer, leitender Probekörper. Die Erregung der beschriebenen Anordnung erfolgt durch eine aus dünnen Windungen bestehende, wechselstromdurchflossene Spule rechteckförmigen Querschnittes. Die im Probekörper induzierte Wirbelstromverteilung, die Ersatzstromfunktion sowie die in ihm umgesetzten Verluste werden mit Hilfe der übersichtlichen Matrizendarstellung durch Inversion eines linearen Gleichungssystems berechnet. Die dabei auftretenden modifizierten Besselschen Funktionen allgemein komplexer Argumente werden im mathematischen Anhang erläutert, wobei deren Verlauf für verschiedene Parameterwerte graphisch dargestellt wird. Weiterhin wird auf den Fall einer langgestreckten, symmetrischen Versuchsanordnung eingegangen, deren Spulenseiten von entgegengesetzt gerichteten Strömen durchflossen werden. Abschließend werden die allgemeinen Ergebnisse am Beispiel der ebenen Anordnung mit strombelagförmiger Erregung ausgewertet und für den numerisch kritischen Fall kleiner Eindringtiefe mit einer, durch konforme Abbildung gefundenen, geschlossenen Lösung verglichen.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents The paper presents an analytical method for calculating the field distribution in the airgap and magnet regions of permanent-magnet synchronous machines. The analysis is based on a symplified model which considers the slotting structure of the stator. The resulting distribution of the no load flux density is utilized to find an expression for the eddy current losses in the magnets due to the tooth harmonic fields. Comparison with test results obtained from experimental model and with numerical field calculation shows close agreement. The influence of some design parameters on the eddy current losses in the magnets is investigated.
    Notes: Übersicht Ausgehend von einem vereinfachten Modell wird ein analytisches Rechenverfahren entwickelt, das den Nutungseinfluß auf die Feldverteilung im Luftspalt und im Magnetbereich einer mit Permanentmagneten erregten Synchronmaschine erfaßt. Das Verfahren liefert die Leerlaufinduktionsverteilung im Luftspalt und im Magnetbereich sowie die Wirbelstromverluste in den Magneten. Die Genauigkeit des Verfahrens wird durch einen Vergleich mit Meßergebnissen und numerischen Feldberechnungen überprüft. Die Abhängigkeit der Wirbelstromverluste in den Magneten von verschiedenen Entwurfsparametern wird angegeben und diskutiert.
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    Electrical engineering 62 (1980), S. 309-315 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents In the first part, on the base of an idealized type, the ring-transformer, the essential principles already could be mathematically formulated. In the second part, they will be adapted to the usual transformer-types.
    Notes: Übersicht Im ersten Teil konnten anhand einer idealisierten Bauform, des Ringtransformators, bereits die wesentlichen Gesetzmäßigkeiten mathematisch formuliert werden. Im zweiten Teil werden sie an die gebräuchlichen Transformatortypen angepaßt.
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    Electrical engineering 62 (1980), S. 317-319 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht In diesem Artikel wird eine neue numerische Methode für die Bestimmung der Stromverteilung und des Eingangsscheinwiderstandes von einer dünnen, radianlen Drahtantenne in Anwesenheit einer vollkommen leitenden Kugel angegeben. Darin werden zwei verschiedene Antennen behandelt: die radikale Dipol-Antenne und die Monopolantenne, die im Fußpunkt gegen der Kugel erregt ist. Die aufgestellten (Halléns Art) Integralgleichungen werden numerisch mit der Stützstellenmethode gelöst. Die Stromverteilungsfunktion längs der Antenne wird durch ein Polynom approximiert. Die numerischen Ergebnisse stimmen mit den Resultaten der anderen Autoren überein.
    Notes: Contents In this paper a new numerical method for determining the current distribution and input impedance of thinwire radial antennas in the presence of a perfectly conducting sphere is given. Two particular cases, a radial dipole antenna and a monopole antenna above the sphere are analysed. The method is based on Green's function for the Hertz dipole above the sphere and on the integral equations of Hallén type. The integral equations are numerically solved by the point-matching method combined with the polynomial approximation of the current distribution on the antenna conductors. The obtained results are compared with the corresponding results of other authors.
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    Electrical engineering 62 (1980), S. 321-326 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents Design of smoothing filters for power electronic applications can be realized better in time domain than in frequency domain. Using Kirchhoff's laws differential equations can be derived to describe the network in state space; the transition matrix is used for the solution. For arbitrary periodic input time functions initial conditions of all state variables are calculated which lead to the stationary solution. From the simulation of one period a criterion is determined. The minimization of this criterion leads to the optimal choice of design parameters. The stationary solution is calculated and discussed for specific chopper circuits. For other examples the critical (minimal) inductivity is determined.
    Notes: Übersicht Der Entwurf von Glättungsfiltern in der Leistungselektronik erfolgt besser im Zeitbereich als im Frequenzbereich. Aus den bekannten Kirchhoffschen Gesetzen erhält man die Differentialgleichungen zur Beschreibung des Netzwerkes im Zustandsraum. Für die Lösung wird die Transitionsmatrix verwendet. Für periodische Eingangszeitfunktionen beliebiger Form werden die Anfangsbedingungen berechnet, die auf eine stationäre Lösung, d. h. auf einen solchen Periode wird ein Kriterium berechnet, mit dessen Hilfe unter Verwendung bekannter Optimierungsverfahren die Schaltung dimensioniert wird. Die stationäre Lösung wird für das Beispiel eines Sperrwandlers berechnet und diskutiert; für andere Filterkonfiguration wird jeweils die kritische (minimale) Induktivität berechnet.
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    Electrical engineering 62 (1980), S. 343-350 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Man beschreibt ein meist analytisches Verfahren für die Berechnung der optimalen Steuerwinkel für pulsbreiten-modulierte Frequenzumrichter. Durch dieses Verfahren wird es möglich, den Zeitverlauf der bedeutendsten elektrischen und nichtelektrischen Größen des Systems zu optimieren. Das Rechnungsverfahren beruht auf meistens erfüllten Annahmen; auf Grund seiner einfachen und schnellen Durchführung braucht man in den meisten Fällen nur Minicomputer zum Zweck.
    Notes: Contents A method for calculating the optimum commutation times for PWM converters is proposed. The method is mainly analytical and leads to a simple, fast calculation procedure. The time behaviour of any variable, electrical or non electrical, which is considered to be the most characteristic of the behaviour of the system, can be optimized. The validity of the analytical approach is subject to some hypotheses which are often verified in practice. The computation power required by the method is so limited that, in the majority of cases, a minicomputer can be used.
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    Electrical engineering 62 (1980), S. 359-367 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents In this paper two types of induction machine drives are discussed, which use converters with an intermediate dc-link. The values of the smoothing reactances in a CSI-drive and in a VSI-drive affect the performance of the drive. The influence of the dc-link reactances on the relative harmonic content of theac-line current, the stator variables of the machine and the torque is computed by a digital simulation program.
    Notes: Übersicht Es werden zwei Antriebe mit Asynchronmaschinen untersucht, ein Antrieb mit einem Stromzwischenkreisumrichter und einer mit einem Spannungszwischenkreisumrichter. Mit Hilfe eines digitalen Simulationsprogramms wird ermittelt, wie die Größe der Energiespeicher im Zwischenkreis der Umrichter das Betriebsverhalten des Antriebs und den Oberschwingungsgehalt von Strömen, Spannungen und Drehmoment beeinflußt.
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    Electrical engineering 62 (1980), S. 51-55 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents In the paper eddy-current distribution in a strip line is analysed by means of the Fredholm integral equation method. The results obtained are compared with the results achieved elsewhere by means of the other methods.
    Notes: Übersicht In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Stromverteilung in einem Bandleiter mit Hilfe der Fredholmschen Integralgleichung analysiert. Es wird der Vergleich zwischen den numerisch ausgewerteten und den in der Literatur mit Hilfe von anderen Verfahren berechneten Ergebnisse durchgeführt.
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    Electrical engineering 62 (1980), S. 37-42 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents A procedure is proposed for the definition of fixed points of the voltage scale in the high-voltage range. The procedure is based on an elementary nuclear process, namely the pair production which has a distinct energy threshold. From this value, fixed points of the voltage scale are to be deduced by means of a particle accelerator. On the basis of present knowledge, the realizability in the case of d.c. voltage and for electrons as charge carriers is investigated. The relative total uncertainty of the fixed point at 1022 kV is estimated to be 〈10−4. Thus a possibility is presented of fixing the voltage scale in the range of very high voltages and calibrating high-voltage measuring devices.
    Notes: Übersicht Für die Darstellung von Fixpunkten der Spannungsskale im Hochspannungsbereich wird ein Verfahrcn vorgeschlagen und auf seine Realisierungsmöglichkeit hin theoretisch untersucht. Das Verfahren baut auf einen elementar berechenbaren kernphysikalischen Prozeß, dem Paarerzeugungsprozeß, auf, der einen ausgeprägten Schwellwert der Anregungsenergie bei 1022 keV besitzt. Aus diesem Energiewert sollen mittels eines Teilchenbeschleunigers Fixpunkte der Spannungsskale abgeleitet werden. Auf der Basis des heute vorliegenden Wissens wird die Realisierungsmöglichkeit für den Fall der Gleichspannung und für Elektronen als Ladungsträger kritisch untersucht und positiv beurteilt. Die relative Gesamtunsicherheit für die Darstellung des Fixpunktes bei 1022 kV wird auf 〈1·10−4 abgeschätzt. Damit eröffnet sich eine Möglichkeit, die Spannungsskale durch einen Fixpunkt im Bereich sehr hoher Spannungen abzusichern und Hochspannungsmeßkreise mit seiner Hilfe zu kalibrieren.
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    Electrical engineering 62 (1980), S. 43-49 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Bei den bisherigen theoretischen Untersuchungen der Oberflächenrauhigkeitseffektc in komprimiertem SF6 wurde die makroskopische Krümmung der Elektroden nicht berücksichtigt. Die Vernachlässigung dieses Parameters kann zu falschen Schlußfolgerungen über die Existenz einer unteren Schranke für die Einwirkung der Oberflächenrauhigkeit auf die Isolationsfestigkeit leiten. Das Problem wird hier untersucht durch Anwendung eines aus sich schneidenden Kugeln bestehenden Modells auf den Durchschlag in komprimiertem SF6. Aus den Ergebnissen geht hervor, daß es keine untere Schranke bei praktischen Systemen gibt; daraus folgt, daß die Oberflächenrauhigkeit immer eine Reduktion der Isolationsfestigkeit bewirkt.
    Notes: Contents Previous theoretical studies of electrode surface roughness effects in compressed SF6 have not included the macroscopic curvature of the electrode in the analyses. The omission of this parameter can lead to erroneous conclusions regarding the existence of a lower limit to the effect of surface roughness upon insulation strength. This aspect is examined through the application of an intersecting sphere model to the breakdown of compressed SF6. The results indicate that, in a practical system, no lower limit exists and consequently electrode surface roughness will always lead to a reduction in the insulation strength.
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    Electrical engineering 62 (1980), S. 75-79 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents The paper describes a method of synthesis of a magnetic field in the three-dimensional region lying inside a cylindrical solenoid. The application of the method is demonstrated by the example of a synthesis of a homogeneous field. A regularization method of ill-posed problems has been employed for the solution of the problem.
    Notes: Übersicht Es wird eine Methode zur Synthese des Magnetfeldes im dreidimensionalen Bereich innerhalb einer zylindrischen Spule beschrieben. Die Anwendung der Methode wird am Beispiel der Synthese eines homogenen Feldes demonstriert. Zur Lösung des Problems wird eine Regularisations-Methode benützt.
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    Electrical engineering 62 (1980), S. 63-73 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents Induced voltage in the test-coil mentioned above is determined using potential theory. The exciting plane field can be expressed as a simple series in oblate spheroidal coordinates. As a result the expression for the induced voltage is also a simple series. The calculation of the induced voltage for practically significant cases can, however, be simplified by an approximating expression that can be calculated very fast on a pocket-calculator. The voltage rise in the coil caused by the permeable spheroid is also given. The general expressions obtained are verified using the closed form solution for a high permeable sphere. Finally, the resultant plane field inside the spheroid is also given in the form of field plots.
    Notes: Übersicht Mit Hilfe der Potentialtheorie wird die Spannung bestimmt, die in der in der Überschrift genannten Windung induziert wird. Da das ebene erregende Feld in den verwendeten Koordinaten des abgeplaiteten Rotationsellipsoids durch eine Einfachsumme darstellbar ist, erhält man für die induzierte Spannung ebenfalls eine Summendarstellung. Diese läßt sich jedoch für die praktisch interessierenden Fälle durch eine einfache geschlossene Näherungsbeziehung ausdrücken, die mit einem kleinen Taschencomputer ausgewertet werden kann. Die durch den permeablen Körper hervorgerufenen Spannungsüberhöhungen werden angegeben. Die allgemeinen Ergebnisse werden an Hand des geschlossen losbaren Sonderfalles einer hochpermeablen Kugel kontrolliert. Abschließend wird noch das Feldbild des sich innerhalb des permeablen Rotationsellipsoids einstellenden resultierenden ebenen Feldes angegeben.
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents The general set of equations of the squirrel-cage motor with m stator phase windings has been transformed into its symmetrical components. The reduced equations allow a distinctive calculation of the machine performance. A transformation of the supply currents or voltages generated by rectifier-inverters shows which current harmonics act together with the space harmonics in the case of different phase numbers. An example shows the effect of the phase number on the oscillating torque for the case of trapezoidal current excitation.
    Notes: Übersicht Das allgemeine Gleichungssystem des Käfigläufermotors mitm Ständerwicklungssträngen wird der Transformation in symmetrische Komponenten unterzogen. Die derart vereinfachten Gleichungen gestatten eine übersichtliche Berechnung des Betriebsverhaltens. Eine Transformation der speisenden Ströme bzw. Spannungen aus Zwischenkreisumrichtern läßt erkennen, welche Oberschwingungen mit den eiazelnen räumlichen Harmonischen des Luftspaltfeldes bei den verschiedenen Strangzahlen zusammenwirken. Anhand eines Beispiels wird der Einfluß der Strangzahl auf die Pendelmomente bei trapezförmigem Zeitverlauf der Ständerströme gezeigt.
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    Electrical engineering 62 (1980), S. 131-140 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Zur Berechnung transienter Magnetfelder bei einem 1,3 GVA Generator mit supraleitender Erregerwicklung wird die Fourier-Transformation verwendet. Die erforderlichen Frequenzgänge werden an einem maßstabgerechten Modell gemessen und daran die räumliche Änderung des transienten Feldes dargestellt. Die Untersuchung zeigt die Punkte stärkster Flußänderung auf der Erregerwicklung.
    Notes: Contents The Fourier Transform method is used to compute transient magnetic fields in a 1.3 GVA superconducting alternator. The necessary frequency-response functions are measured in a scale-model and are used to show the spatial variation of the transient field. The study brings out the points on the field winding at which magnetic transients will be most severe.
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    Electrical engineering 62 (1980), S. 153-156 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die Synthese des magnetischen Feldes in der Fläche normal zur Achse einer Spule.
    Notes: Contents The paper deals with the synthesis of magnetic field in the plane perpendicular to the axis of a solenoid.
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    Electrical engineering 62 (1980), S. 157-165 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents A spatial cylindrical ciol with an arbitrary time dependent current flowing through in, is brought into the gap between two magnetic poles of finite permeability and is moved along an arbitrary path in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the cylinders. A spatial test-coil is wound on the poles and the voltage induced in this coil is to be determined. For this, the field due to an eccentrically located cylindrical coil in the gap between two cylinders of finite permeability has to be calculated. The paper under discusson gives an analytic solution of this spatial boundary value problem. Further, a general expression for the mutual inductance of the two cylindrical coils mentioned above is developed and anlytically verified.
    Notes: Übersicht Im Spaltraum zwischen zwei zylindrischen Polen endlicher Permeabilität wird eine räumliche Zylinderspule, die von einem zeitlich beliebig veränderlichen Strom durchflossen wird, auf einer beliebigen Bahnkurve senkrecht zur Zylinderachse bewegt. Bestimmt wird die induzierte Spannung in einer räumlichen zylindrischen Meßwicklung, die auf den Polen angeorden, ist. Dazu muß das feld einer Zylinderspule bestimmt werden, die im Spalt zwischen zwei Zylindern endlicher Permeabilität exzentrisch angeordnet ist. Eine analytische Lösung des vorliegenden räumlichen Randwertproblems wird angegeben. Weiterhin wird eine allgemeine Beziehung für die Gegeninduktivität zwischen den beiden genannten Zylinderspulen aufgestellt und analytisch kontrolliert.
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    Electrical engineering 62 (1980), S. 167-175 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents The output voltage of the open loop controlled cycloconverter can be represented as a Fourier series for all fractional rational ratios output frequency to input frequency (ω A /ω E ). In the general case the frequencies of all harmonics are integer multiples of the subharmonic frequency ω A / n ,n being and integer depending on ω A /ω E . At definite relative big values of ω A /ω E harmonics, the frequency of which lies near the rated frequency ω A , reach remarkable amplitude weight. The consequence of the superposition of this harmonics and the wanted component is a distorting beat effect with the beat frequency |ω H −ω A | in the output voltage of the cycloconverter. A suitable mathematical description of this effect can be found by representing the output voltage in a complex system of coordinates, which is rotating with ω A . The imaginary and the real component of this complex transformed output voltage can be formed with electronic circuits in the real plant to realize a control system for removing or reducing the beat effect. An exact knowledge of the cause of this beat phenomenon is necessary to be able to design this control system
    Notes: Übersicht Die Ausgangsspannung des gesteuert betriebenen Direktumrichters kann man für alle gebrochen rationalen Verhältnisse Ausgangsfrequenz zu Eingangsfrequenz (ω A /ω E ) als Fourierreihe darstellen. Die Frequenzen aller Harmonischen sind im allgemeinen Fall ganzzahlige Vielfache der Frequenz ω A / n einer Subharmonischen, wobein eine von ω A /ω E abhängige ganze Zahl ist. Bei bestimmten relativ großen Werten von ω A /ω E erreichen Harmonische, deren Frequenz ω H in der Nähe der Sollfrequenz ω A liegt, beachtliches Amplitudengewicht. Als Folge der Überlagerung dieser Harmonischen mit der Sollkomponente stellt sich in der Ausgangsspannung des Direktumrichters ein störender Schwebungseffekt mit der Schwebungsfrequenz |ω H −ω A | ein. Eine geeignete mathematische Beschreibung dieses Vorgangs ergibt sich durch die Darstellung der Ausgansspannung in einem komplexen mit ω A umlaufenden Koordinatensystem. Realteil und Imaginärteil dicser komplexen transformierten Ausgangsspannung können an der realen Anlage mit elcktronischen Mitteln gebildet und für eine Regelung zur Beseitigung oder Reduktion des Schwebungseifekts benutzt werden. Der Aufbau dieser Regelung setzudie genaue Kenntnis über die Entstehung dieser Vorgänge voraus.
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    Electrical engineering 62 (1980), S. 187-194 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents The purpose of this paper is not to deal with individual transformer designs rather the mathematical formulation of universally applicable principles. It should thereby contribute to an understanding of the fundamental correlations between the important parameters. The first part treats an easily calculable idealized type, the ring-transformer, a second part the usual transformer-types.
    Notes: Übersicht Diese Arbeit behandelt nicht die Berechnung von Transformatoren im einzelnen, sondern die mathematische Formulierung allgemeiner Gesetzmäßigkeiten. Sie soll damit zum Verständnis der grundsätzlichen Zusammenhänge zwischen den maßgebenden Größen beitragen. Der erste Teil untersucht eine einfach berechenbare idealisierte Bauform, den Ringtransformator, ein zweiter Teil die gebräuchlichen Transformatortypen.
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