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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A numerical analysis of arborescent communities in the rain forest of the Luquillo mountains, Puerto Rico (1980)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 40 (1980), S. 135-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Classification ; Cluster analysis ; Forest management ; Forest survey ; Montane rain forest ; Ordination ; Puerto Rico
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cluster analysis and canonical ordination were used as complementary techniques to identify major associations in a lower montane rain forest in Puerto Rico. These techniques were applied to forestry inventories from both secondary and primary communities. Eight major forest types were identified from the analyses and were confirmed by field checks. Distribution of these types was strongly correlated with past land-use and topographic position. Comprehensive ecological surveys are rare in moist tropical forests; however, forestry inventories are common and the results of this study suggest that valuable ecological information can be obtained from these data sets as well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228477
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Succession in a South Swedish deciduous wood: A numerical approach (1980)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 43 (1980), S. 103-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Classification ; Ordination ; Semipermanent plots ; Succession
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Successions in a South Swedish deciduous wood, which is a national park and has been almost undisturbed since 1918, are studied using semipermanent plots. These plots were originally established in 1935 and reestablished in 1969–70 and 1975–76. Each plot is represented by a record, which combines fieldlayer data from spring- and summer aspects. The accuracy of the approach of semipermanent plots is evaluated from a slightly displaced sample. Vegetational and successional gradients are revealed in a classification of the entire dataset. Successional trends are analysed through ordinations of site- period data. A converging successional trend is found. The vegetational and successional gradients are found to coineide. A considerable reduction in the variation and diversity of the fieldlayer is evident. An analysis of the development in smaller groups of corresponding quadrats shows consistent, and in some cases rather drastic, changes in cover and/or frequency for many species. Characteristic indicator values are used to connect these changes to environmental factors, and changes in light regime and nitrogen status are indicated. The spatial-temporal pattern is analysed through maps.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00121023
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variants of polar ordination (1980)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 40 (1980), S. 147-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Bray-Curtis ordination ; Data transformation ; Ordination ; Polar ordination ; Reciprocal averaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Three data matrix standardizations, three distance measures, and four ordination equations were tested in a factorial design of 36 variants of polar ordination, including the one originally given by Bray & Curtis (1957), with reciprocal averaging (Hill 1973) serving as a standard of comparison. Their effectiveness was tested on simulated data sets varying in beta diversity and noise, and on two sets of field data. Of the 36 variants of polar ordinations tested here, the original algorithm of Bray & Curtis was on the whole as good as any. The one modification which improved the Bray & Curtis algorithm for a reasonably large range of data set properties was application of the arcsin transformation to percentage difference values (Loucks 1962). In cases where the beta diversity and noise level of the data set are known, performance of variants can be predicted, and in some cases other variants may offer modest improvement over the Bray-Curtis method. For simulated data with exactly known properties differences in performance are mostly small; for field data several variants may give results essentially equivalent to one another and reciprocal averaging.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228478
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vegetation and soil studies of the enclosed heathlands of the Lizard Peninsula, Cornwall (1980)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 41 (1980), S. 121-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Enclosure ; Heathlands ; Management ; Ordination ; Serpentine ; Soils ; Vegetation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The heathland vegetation of the Lizard Peninsula, Cornwall, which had been formerly enclosed for agricultural purposes and allowed to revert to heathland, was compared with unenclosed areas. The enclosed vegetation tended to be more complex and intermediate between two of the main heath types found on the Lizard, ‘Short’ and ‘Tall Heath’ (sensu Coombe & Frost 1956a). The concentrations of exchangeable calcium, sodium and magnesium in the soils of the enclosed heaths were also intermediate between those of the two unenclosed vegetation types, whilst exchangeable potassium and total phosphorus concentrations were higher, perhaps a relic of past management. The enclosed heaths are therefore distinctive entities in their own right, although they are related to the unenclosed vegetation types. The relevance to healthland conservation on the Lizard Peninsula is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00121425
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The vegetation of a Dartmoor catchment (1980)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 43 (1980), S. 163-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Dartmoor ; Grassland ; Management ; Moorland ; Ordination ; Reciprocal averaging ; Vegetation analysis ; Ward's method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Percentage cover data from vegetation in the Narrator catchment, Dartmoor, have been analysed by reciprocal averaging ordination and by Ward's error sum of squares classification technique. Eleven plant community types have been identified which are compared with the classification of Dartmoor vegetation by Ward et al. (1972). Ordination shows that two groups of environmental variables are important in determining the composition and distribution of the vegetation. The first axis correlates with soil moisture, pH, soil/peat depth and slope angle, while the second axis is explained by biotic factors, particularly burning and grazing. The significance of drainage basins as basic units for the study of vegetation in areas where soil moisture is an important factor is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00158746
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detrended correspondence analysis: An improved ordination technique (1980)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 42 (1980), S. 47-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Correspondence analysis ; Multivariate technique ; Nonmetric multidimensional scaling ; Ordination ; Reeiprocal averaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) is an improvement upon the reciprocal averaging (RA) ordination technique. RA has two main faults: the second axis is often an ‘arch’ or ‘horseshoe’ distortion of the first axis, and distances in the ordination space do not have a consistent meaning in terms of compositional change (in particular, distances at the ends of the first RA axis are compressed relative to the middle). DCA corrects these two faults. Tests with simulated and field data show DCA superior to RA and to nonmetric multidimensional sealing in giving clear, interpretable results. DCA has several advantages. (a) Its performance is the best of the ordination techniques tested, and both species and sample ordinations are produced simultaneously. (b) The axes are scaled in standard deviation units with a definite meaning, (c) As implemented in a FORTRAN program called DECORANA, computing time rises only linearly with the amount of data analyzed, and only positive entries in the data matrix are stored in memory, so very large data sets present no difficulty. However, DCA has limitations, making it best to remove extreme outliers and discontinuities prior to analysis. DCA consistently gives the most interpretable ordination results, but as always the interpretation of results remains a matter of ecological insight and is improved by field experience and by integration of supplementary environmental data for the vegetation sample sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00048870
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the interpretability of ordination diagrams (1980)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 42 (1980), S. 43-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Distortion ; Gradient ; Horseshoe effect ; Ordination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00048869
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some applications of principal components analysis in vegetation: Ecological research of aquatic communities (1980)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 42 (1980), S. 67-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Association matrix ; Classification ; Data reduction ; Ordination ; PCA ; Water plant communities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Three examples for the application of PCA to vegetationecological data are given. 1. Vegetation data concerning 33 species from 79 stagnant waters were replaced by the varimax rotated prineipal components of a Q-analysis and subsequently correlated to measured hydrochemical parameters according to a linear model. The correlations were calculated and statistically tested. The hydrogen carbonate proved to be a very important ecological parameter for the composition of the vegetation. 2. 16 principal components were extracted from an association matrix of the 47 most frequent macrophytes of Central Europe (according to 3000 relevés taken from publications) and varimax rotated. Only eigenvectors 〉0.3 were taken into account for interpretation. The method produces a classification of overlapping species groups. The groups related to the first 10 prineipal components are very well interpretable ecologically and correspond largely to former classification attempts. 3. The frequency of the 40 most frequent water plant species in 14 drainage areas was estimated in a 5-step scale. The result of the ordination was presented as a seatter diagram of the eigenvectors along the first and second unrotated prineipal axes. This showed that a gradient influences the composition of vegetation, which can be explained by the contrast between rhitral and potamal running waters. Finally, two other items are emphasized: 1. An appropriate scaling should be used. 2. Varimax rotated solutions are often superior to unrotated ones, particularly in eases of a complex matrix.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00048872
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preliminary survey of the peat-bog Hummell Knowe Moss using various numerical methods (1980)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 42 (1980), S. 129-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Mire ; Multidimensional soaling ; Ordination ; Peat-bog ; Principal component analysis ; Principal coordinate analysis ; Reciprocal averaging ; Transformation of data
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary (1) Hummell Knowe Moss is one of several fine and relatively undamaged peat bogs in northern England, close to the border with Scotland. (2) The central, eccentrically domed, mass of peat is ca 300×600 m, and much of this is 7 to 10 m deep. (3) A single profile has 8 m of bog peat overlying 2.5 m of Phragmites peat with seeds of Potamogeton and Nymphaea. The bog as a whole is probably part ‘raised’ and part ‘blanket’, as are others in the area. (4) Much of the present surface is wet, with Sphaanum magellanicum, Eriophorum spp., Andromedia polifolia etc. There are some eroded areas with less Sphagnum and more abundant fruticose lichens (Cladonia spp.), and marginal areas with Molinia caerulea, Deschampsia flexuosa, Sphognum recurvum and Polytrichum commune. (5) Numerical analyses show the importance of data transformation. Of the ordination methods tried, PCA produced unhelpful results, but RA, PCO and NP-MDS were all adequate. PCO can take a variety of dissimilarity measures, but not all produce useful results. NP-MDS is more tolerant, and can also be used to adjust the relative importance of inter-pair dissimilarities in a more flexible way than can PCO. (6) Further analyses by RA after removal of outliers were not of great use, but those by PCO and NP-MDS revealed clear patterns. Two of the groups of sites were less clearly developed versions of the erosion and marginal vegetation types. The third type may be developed in slightly drier conditions, or may in some places result from differences in management. (7) The usefulness of the methods in this survey was NP-MDS 〉 PCO 〉 RA 〉 PCA. Computing cost of NP-MDS, PCO and RA paralles usefulness: more useful, greater cost.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00048880
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ordination as a tool for analyzing complex data sets (1980)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 42 (1980), S. 171-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Forests ; Gradient analysis ; North Carolina ; Ordination ; Reciprocal averaging ; Vegetation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ordination has proven to be a useful tool for examining relationships between environment and vegetation in data sets with a simple underlying environmental strueture. Complex data sets have proven much less tractable. A strategy is offered for dealing with complex data sets based on progressive removal of sets of stands along identified gradients, and subsequent reordination. This strategy is demonstrated using forests of the North Carolina piedmont.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00048883
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