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  • Articles  (2,561)
  • Springer  (2,427)
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  • Articles  (2,561)
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  • 2015-2019  (1,400)
  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994  (1,027)
  • 1980-1984  (134)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 19-43 
    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The class Matr(C) of all matrices for a prepositional logic (ℒ, C) is investigated. The paper contains general results with no special reference to particular logics. The main theorem (Th. (5.1)) which gives the algebraic characterization of the class Matr(C) states the following. Assume C to be the consequence operation on a prepositional language induced by a class K of matrices. Let m be a regular cardinal not less than the cardinality of C. Then Matr (C) is the least class of matrices containing K and closed under m-reduced products, submatrices, matrix homomorphisms, and matrix homomorphic counter-images.
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  • 2
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 99-99 
    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
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  • 3
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    Springer
    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 125-141 
    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract In the modal literature various notions of “completeness” have been studied for normal modal logics. Four of these are defined here, viz. (plain) completeness, first-order completeness, canonicity and possession of the finite model property — and their connections are studied. Up to one important exception, all possible inclusion relations are either proved or disproved. Hopefully, this helps to establish some order in the jungle of concepts concerning modal logics. In the course of the exposition, the interesting properties of first-order definability and preservation under ultrafilter extensions are introduced and studied as well.
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  • 4
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    Springer
    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 237-243 
    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract G is the result of adjoining the schema □ (□qA→A)→□qA to K; the axioms of G* are the theorems of G and the instances of the schema □qA→A and the sole rule of G* is modus ponens. A sentence is ω-provable if it is provable in P(eano) A(rithmetic) by one application of the ω-rule; equivalently, if its negation is ω-inconsistent in PA. Let ω-Bew(x) be the natural formalization of the notion of ω-provability. For any modal sentence A and function ϕ mapping sentence letters to sentences of PA, inductively define A ωϕ by: p ωϕ = ϕ(p) (p a sentence letter); ⊥ωϕ= ⊥; (A→B)suωϕ}= (A ωϕ→Bωϕ); and (□qA)ωϕ= ω-Bew(⌜A ωϕ⌝)(⌜S⌝) is the numeral for the Gödel number of the sentence S). Then, applying techniques of Solovay (Israel Journal of Mathematics 25, pp. 287–304), we prove that for every modal sentence A,⊢ G A iff for all ϕ, ⊢ PA A ωϕ; and for every modal sentence A, ⊢ G* A iff for all ϕ, A ωϕ is true.
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  • 5
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    Springer
    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 297-310 
    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Model-theoretic methods are used to extend Craig's Interpolation Theorem to the loop-free portion of Pratt's dynamic logic of programs with simple assignments.
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  • 6
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    Springer
    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 375-379 
    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Using ideas from Murskii [3], Tokarz [4] and Wroński [7] we construct some strongly finite consequence operation having 2%0 standard strengthenings. In this way we give the affirmative answer to the following question, stated in Tokarz [4]: are there strongly finite logics with the degree of maximality greater than ℵ0?
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  • 7
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    Springer
    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 415-423 
    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract LetN. be the set of all natural numbers (except zero), and letD n * = {k ∈N ∶k|n} ∪ {0} wherek¦n if and only ifn=k.x f or somex∈N. Then, an ordered setD n * = 〈D n * , ⩽ n , wherex⩽ ny iffx¦y for anyx, y∈D n * , can easily be seen to be a pseudo-boolean algebra. In [5], V.A. Jankov has proved that the class of algebras {D n * ∶n∈B}, whereB =,{k ∈N∶ ⌉ $$\mathop \exists \limits_{n \in N} $$ (n 〉 1 ≧n 2 k)is finitely axiomatizable. The present paper aims at showing that the class of all algebras {D n * ∶n∈B} is also finitely axiomatizable. First, we prove that an intermediate logic defined as follows: $$LD = Cn(INT \cup \{ p_3 \vee [p_3 \to (p_1 \to p_2 ) \vee (p_2 \to p_1 )]\} )$$ finitely approximatizable. Then, defining, after Kripke, a model as a non-empty ordered setH = 〈K, ⩽〉, and making use of the set of formulas true in this model, we show that any finite strongly compact pseudo-boolean algebra ℬ is identical with. the set of formulas true in the Kripke modelH B = 〈P(ℬ), ⊂〉 (whereP(ℬ) stands for the family of all prime filters in the algebra ℬ). Furthermore, the concept of a structure of divisors is defined, and the structure is shown to beH D n * = 〈P (D n * ), ⊂〉for anyn∈N. Finally, it is proved that for any strongly compact pseudo-boolean algebraU satisfying the axiomp 3∨ [p 3→(p1→p2)∨(p2→p1)] there is a structure of divisorsD * n such that it is possible to define a strong homomorphism froomiH D n * ontoH D U . Exploiting, among others, this property, it turns out to be relatively easy to show that $$LD = \mathop \cap \limits_{n \in N} E(\mathfrak{D}_n^* )$$ .
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  • 8
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    Springer
    Studia logica 49 (1990), S. 87-104 
    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Three views on definite descriptions are summarized and discussed, including that of P. F. Strawson in which reference failure results in lack of truth value. When reference failure is allowed, a problem arises concerning Universal Instantiation. Van Fraassen solves the problem by the use of supervaluations, preserving as well such theorems as ‘a=a’, and ‘Fa ∨ ∼Fa’, even when the term ‘a’ fails to refer. In the present paper a form of relevant, quasi-analytic implication is set out which allows reference failure to infect even ‘a=a’ and ‘Fa ∨ ∼ Fa’ with lack of truth-value. Reference failure causes lack of truth-value in a subwff to spread throughout any wff built up by the classical connectives. As a result none of the classical firstorder axiom schemes remain as axiom schemes in the system presented.
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  • 9
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    Studia logica 49 (1990), S. 67-82 
    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract A bivalent valuation is snt iff sound (standard PC inference rules take truths only into truths) and non-trivial (not all wffs are assigned the same truth value). Such a valuation is normal iff classically correct for each connective. Carnap knew that there were non-normal snt valuations of PC, and that the gap they revealed between syntax and semantics could be “jumped” as follows. Let VAL snt be the set of snt valuations, and VAL nrm be the set of normal ones. The bottom row in the table for the wedge ‘∨’ is not semantically determined by VAL snt, but if one deletes from VAL snt all those valuations that are not classically correct at the aforementioned row, one jumps straights to VAL nrm and thus to classical semantics. The conjecture we call semantic holism claims that the same thing happens for any semantic indeterminacy in any row in the table of any connective of PC, i.e., to remove it is to jump straight to classical semantics. We show (i) why semantic holism is plausible and (ii) why it is nevertheless false. And (iii) we pose a series of questions concerning the number of possible steps or jumps between the indeterminate semantics given by VAL snt and classical semantics given by VAL nrm.
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  • 10
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    Springer
    Studia logica 49 (1990), S. 133-149 
    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Let g E(m, n)=o mean that n is the Gödel-number of the shortest derivation from E of an equation of the form ϕ(m)=k. Hao Wang suggests that the condition for general recursiveness ∀m∃n(g E(m, n)=o) can be proved constructively if one can find a speedfunction ϕ s s, with ϕ s(m) bounding the number of steps for getting a value of ϕ(m), such that ∀m∃n≦ϕ s(m) s.t. g E(m, n)=o. This idea, he thinks, yields a constructivist notion of an effectively computable function, one that doesn't get us into a vicious circle since we intuitively know, to begin with, that certain proofs are constructive and certain functions effectively computable. This paper gives a broad ‘possibility’ proof for the existence of such classes of effectively computable functions, with Wang's idea of effective computability generalized along a number of dimensions.
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