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  • 101
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    INVERSION METHOD IN THE SLANT STACK DOMAIN USING AMPLITUDES OF REFLECTION ARRIVALS (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 32 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Almost all ray-tracing methods ignore the analysis of the amplitudes of seismic arrivals and therefore utilize only half of the available information. We propose a method which is a combination of ray-tracing imaging and transformation of the amplitudes of wide-aperture data.Seismic data in the conventional X-T domain are first transformed to the domain of intercept time τ and ray parameter p to recover the plane wave response. The next step is the derivation of a series of plane wave reflection coefficients, which are mapped as a function of τ and p. The reflection coefficients R(τ, p) for two arbitrarily chosen traces can then be used in our inversion method to derive a slowness-depth and a density-depth profile. It is shown that the inclusion of amplitudes of seismic arrivals (in this method, we consider the acoustic case) makes the inverse method highly stable and accurate. In a horizontally stratified medium one can recover separate profiles of velocity and density. Since this method utilizes large-offset data, it can be used for separate recovery of velocity and density to a greater depth.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1984.tb01106.x
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  • 102
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    INFLUENCE OF AMPLITUDE AND PHASE ERRORS ON MIGRATION RESULTS (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 32 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Random amplitude and phase errors in seismic input data introduce a coherent distribution of migration half-circles or “smiles”, the occurrence of which may cause a significant decrease of signal-to-noise ratio. In addition, the effect of quantization errors is discussed for different wordlengths, used both during acquisition and during data processing. Results of sign-bit recordings are shown.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1984.tb01109.x
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  • 103
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    MORE COMMENTS ON “A NUMERICAL METHOD OF CALCULATING THE KERNEL FUNCTION FROM SCHLUMBERGER APPARENT RESISTIVITY DATA” BY R. SANTINI AND R. ZAMBRANO (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 32 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1984.tb01113.x
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  • 104
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    OBITUARY (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 32 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1984.tb00725.x
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  • 105
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A HYBRID METHOD FOR WAVE FIELD COMPUTATION (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 32 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: A hybrid method for wave field computation in two-dimensional heterogeneous media is proposed. The proposed method is a combination of analytical and numerical techniques. The method is based upon the separation of wave propagation and scattering and upon the description of each process by the most suitable technique. The SH wave scattering problem is used to elucidate the proposed method.Examples of numerical computations using the hybrid method are considered for a number of simple models. The analysis of the results shows that the hybrid method gives both a detailed and a reasonably accurate description of the total wave field.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1984.tb00730.x
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  • 106
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    GENERALISATION ET OPTIMALISATION DE LA METHODE DES DIFFERENCES FINIES POUR LA MODELISATION EN MAGNETO-TELLURIQUE (MT) (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 32 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: After a brief discussion of MT modeling methods, we expose a particular application of finite elements that may be assimilated to a finite-difference method. The resulting linear equations obtained are similar to the transmission network equations for two-dimensional media. The introduction of resistivity discontinuities is more rigorous than in the usual finite-difference development. The consequence is an improved accuracy.We also present some conclusions about various problems encountered in modeling, such as the choice of network boundary conditions, linear system resolution and the final derivation of apparent resistivity. Application of successive over-relaxation is discussed and we detail rules for mesh design that control result accuracy and iterative convergence.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1984.tb00733.x
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  • 107
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    COMMENT ON “A SIMPLE AND EXACT METHOD OF 3-D MIGRATION—THEORY” BY H. JAKUBOWICZ AND S. LEVIN (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 32 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1984.tb00736.x
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  • 108
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    ON THE ORIGIN AND INTERPRETATION OF SELF-POTENTIAL ANOMALIES (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 32 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: The renewed interest in the self-potential method of exploration for mineral deposits gives an understanding of the self-potential mechanism new importance. The cause of SP anomalies in general lies in the interference between simultaneously occurring nonequilibrium phenomena. However, theories of the mechanism of mineral SP anomalies generally relate the SP anomaly to the equilibrium potential of the chemical reaction supposed to occur on the ore body surface. In this paper, I reformulate these equilibrium mechanisms in terms of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. The result is that the SP anomaly depends not on the equilibrium potential alone, but also on the potential resulting from current transferred across the ore body—electrolyte interface. It is not possible to calculate the overpotential theoretically because of the number of complicating factors, and experimental data are not available. This does not imply that SP data are uninterpretable quantitatively. SP data may be interpreted similarly to other potential field data.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1984.tb00716.x
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  • 109
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    DETECTABILITY OF AN INTERMEDIATE LAYER BY PERPENDICULAR AND VERTICAL COPLANAR ELECTROMAGNETIC SOUNDING SYSTEMS EMPLOYING DIFFERENT PRIMARY EXCITATIONS (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 32 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: The detectability of an intermediate layer in a three-layer earth model in the time domain has been investigated. The calculations were made for the perpendicular loop (designated system II) and vertical-coplanar (designated system III) electromagnetic (EM) sounding systems. The primary excitation employed is a train of half-sinusoidal and square waveforms of alternating polarity. The time-domain response has been determined by Fourier transformation of the matched complex mutual coupling ratios into the time domain and by linear digital filtering. Top and bottom layers have equal resistivity. EM responses have been computed for conductive and resistive intermediate layer with a wide range of thickness and for two values (500 m and 1000 m) of loop-separation. For the detectability analyses, the root mean square (rms) difference between three-layer and homogeneous-earth responses is adapted. The threshold value for detectability is defined as an rms difference of 10% and the measurement error is arbitrarily assumed to be of the order of 3%. It is observed that the perpendicular-loop system is better than the vertical-coplanar system in detecting thin intermediate layers (either conductive or resistive). For a loop separation of 1000 m and half-sinusoidal pulse excitation, the detectable thickness ratio (h2/h1) is 0.10 by system II for the conducting middle layers; for square pulse excitation the corresponding thickness ratios are 0.06 for system II and 0.12 for system III. For a loop separation of 1000 m and half-sinusoidal pulse excitation in detecting the resistive intermediate layers, the corresponding thickness ratios are 0.9 for system II and 2.25 for system III; while for square pulse excitation the thickness ratios are 0.55 for system II and 1.55 for system III.Results in the frequency domain and time domain (for half-sinusoidal and square pulsed field) have also been presented for systems II and III for detecting conducting layers by considering an earth model where p1≠ p3 and p3 〉 p1 (p is the resistivity). The loop separa- tion used is 1000 m. Direct comparisons between the frequency domain and time-domain results clearly demonstrate the superiority of frequency-domain systems for detecting con- ducting intermediate layers.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1984.tb00719.x
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  • 110
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of mining subsidence on seismic velocity monitored by a repeated reflection profilel (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: We have monitored changes in seismic velocity due to longwall coal-mining in the Selby coalfield, Yorkshire, England by. ten repeated surveys of a surface seismic reflection profile. The direction of face advance in the Barnsley Seam, at 550 m depth, was parallel to the orientation of the profile. The traveltime of a strong reflection event from an anhydrite bed at 150 m depth was measured after processing the data with standard techniques. As the face advanced, the traveltime increased by about 4% overall. In detail, the progressive increase in traveltime correlates well with empirical calculations of differential subsidence between the surface and the anhydrite. However, the magnitude of the change must principally be accounted for by a decrease in seismic velocity, which we attribute to a reduction in the vertical effective stress.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00131.x
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  • 111
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Tracking the amplitude versus offset (AVO) by using orthogonal polynomials (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Inversion for S-wave velocities from the amplitude variation with offset of P-wave data is far from being a standard routine in the seismic processing sequence. However, the need for tracking the amplitude versus offset (AVO) occurs in several situations, for example in order to estimate the zero-offset amplitude, to reveal areas with particular AVO characteristics, or to compress the AVO so that it is more easily obtainable at a later stage of the seismic processing. Furthermore, weak reflections can occasionally, due to the effect of the angle-dependent reflectivity, have a polarity-shift with offset, resulting in a very poor, or even vanishing, stack response. In such cases, the reflection event has to be represented by some other property than its mean amplitude or stack value.We outline how the AVO of seismic data may be extracted and classified by the use of orthogonal polynomials. The main advantage of this method compared to a general polynomial fit is that the AVO may be classified by a unique Spectrum of polynomial coefficients. This is in analogy to Fourier coefficients where the orthogonal basis is harmonic functions. The set of orthogonal polynomials is constructed entirely from the set of offset coordinates, and these polyno-mials are defined only on the offset window considered. Compared to a Fourier transform, this is a major advantage since there is no effect of a limited spatial bandwidth.The AVO of normal-moveout corrected data may be represented by a data gather where the orthogonal polynomial coefficients are given as time traces with each trace revealing a certain AVO characteristic. For instance, the stack is proportional to the zeroth-order coefficient, the mean gradient is given by the firstorder coefficient, while the second-order coefficient indicates whether the AVO increases and then decreases, or vice versa.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00134.x
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  • 112
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    2D modelling of resistivity and magnetotelluric data from the Belvedere Spinello salt mine, Italy (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: The Belvedere Spinello salt mine is located in the Catanzaro Province of Calabria in Southern Italy. An extensive mining program has caused the development of Underground cavities filled with brine and the migration of this brine has been of great environmental concern to the mine owners. This paper presents the results of a multidimensional interpretation of a two-phase resistivity and magnetotelluric (MT) survey that was performed in an attempt to determine the complex conductivity structure of the mine area and to gain information on brine development and migration pathways. Key resistivity soundings were interpreted using a 2.5D algorithm based on the Polozhii decomposition method. The MT data were interpreted using a 2D finite-element code. A conductivity model was developed, integrating available geological and drill-hole information. The interpretation of the MT data, collected five years after the acquisition of the resistivity data, shows a conductive feature of depth that is not resolved in the resistivity interpretation. This feature has been interpreted as a thick brine zone that has developed as a result of mining during the interval between the resistivity and the MT measurements.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00125.x
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  • 113
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    DERIVATION OF LAYER PARAMETERS OF AN ELASTIC MEDIUM FROM REFLECTION COEFFICIENT MATRICES (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 32 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: In this paper we develop a recursive algorithm to obtain the layer parameters of an elastic medium (density, P-wave velocity, S-wave velocity) from reflection coefficient matrices in terms of energy flux ratios for a non-normal incidence case. We define a layer impedance matrix, analogous to the impedance of an acoustic medium. Next we derive a matrix relationship between the layer impedance matrix of the n+ 1st layer and the reflection coefficient and parameter matrices of the nth layer. This relationship leads to recursively computing the parameters of the subsurface. We show that the elastic case—unlike the acoustic case—allows one to recover the layer parameters from the impedance matrix for non-normal incidence. The results of this work play a key role in the solution of the inverse problem with non-normal-incidence plane-wave seismic data when using a downward continuation technique.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1984.tb00741.x
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  • 114
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    MEASUREMENTS OF EARTH ATTENUATION FROM DOWNHOLE AND SURFACE SEISMIC RECORDINGS (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 32 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Frequency-dependent attenuation of compressional waves within the earth has been estimated in the vicinity of wells from〈list xml:id="l1" style="custom"〉1spectral power ratios of the coherent events in separate time gates on the seismic section2matching a broadband synthetic trace with seismic data at the well, and3determining the operator that transforms one down(up) going pulse recorded in the well into another recorded at a deeper (shallower) level.The accuracy of estimation of all three methods was insufficient to estimate attenuation over small depth intervals, and it was not possible to distinguish between the contribution due to internal multiples and that of genuine absorption with much confidence. Spectral ratios from (1) showed a smoother variation with frequency—and one more consistent with other estimates—when they were compensated for the spectra of the reflectivities over the time gates employed, but they did not provide more than a broad indication of attenuation over a substantial depth interval. Approach (2) was hampered by the restricted durations over which synthetic trace and seismic data can be reliably matched; approach (3) gave the best results. Here matching is a much more powerful tool than the spectral-ratio techniques that are commonly applied since it can yield the form of the attenuation operator, i.e., both its amplitude and phase response, together with properly defined measures of its accuracy, while at the same time it minimizes the influence of noise and local interference effects at each recording level.For seismic target depths where internal multiple activity was low the logarithms of the amplitude responses of the estimated attenuation operators decreased approximately linearly with frequency and the phase responses showed no significant dispersion. Application of approach (3) to downgoing and upgoing waves estimated from a vertical seismic profile revealed the importance of changes in frequency-dependent geophone coupling and their effect on values of Q determined from downgoing pulses only.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1984.tb00745.x
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  • 115
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    ON VERTICAL SEISMIC PROFILE PROCESSING (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 32 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: From the wealth of information which can be deduced from VSP, the information most directly comparable to well logs is considered: P-wave and S-wave interval velocity, acoustic impedance, and the velocity ratio γ=Vs/Vp. This information not only allows better interpretation of surface seismic sections but also improves processing.For these results to be usable a number of precautions must be taken during acquisition and processing; the sampling in depth should be chosen in such a way that aliasing phenomena do not unnecessarily limit the spectra during the separation of upwards and downwards travelling waves. True amplitudes should be respected and checked by recording of signatures, and the interference of upwards and downwards travelling waves should be taken into account for the picking of first arrivals.The different steps in processing and the combination of results in the interpretation of surface seismic results are described with actual records.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1984.tb00738.x
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  • 116
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    THREE-TERM TAYLOR SERIES FOR t2 - x2-CURVES OF P- AND S-WAVES OVER LAYERED TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC GROUND (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 32 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: The arrival-time curve of a reflection from a horizontal interface, beneath a homogeneous isotropic layer, is a hyperbola in the x - t-domain.If the subsurface is one-dimensionally inhomogeneous (horizontally layered), or if some or all of the layers are transversely isotropic with vertical axis of symmetry, the statement is no longer strictly true, though the arrival-time curves are still hyperbola-like. In the case of transverse isotropy, however, classical interpretation of these curves fails. Interval velocities calculated from t2 - x2-curves do not always approximate vertical velocities and therefore cannot be used to calculate depths of reflectors.To study the relationship between velocities calculated from t2 - x2-curves and the true velocities of a transversely isotropic layer, we approximate t2 - x2-curves over a vertically inhomogeneous transversely isotropic medium by a three-term Taylor series and calculate expressions for these terms as a function of the elastic parameters. It is shown that both inhomogeneity and transverse isotropy affect slope and curvature of t2 - x2-curves. For P-waves the effect of transverse isotropy is that the t2 - x2-curves are convex upwards; for SV-waves the curves are convex downwards. For SH-waves transverse isotropy has no effect on curvature.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1984.tb00742.x
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  • 117
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    SIMULATIONS OF REFLECTIONS AND DIFFRACTIONS FROM TARGETS BURIED IN A MEDIUM WITH LINEAR VARIATION OF VELOCITY WITH DISTANCE (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 32 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: A combination of ray theory and diffraction theory has been used to simulate reflections of seismic pulses from a full plane and reflections and diffractions from a half plane buried horizontally in earth models with linear increase of velocity with depth. Wave forms of signals reflected from a full plane in this case are modifications of the source pulse, even if the medium is assumed to be perfectly elastic. The extent of pulse modification increases with increase of the velocity gradient. The duration of the reflected pulse is always longer than that of the source pulse. The pulses diffracted from the edge of the half plane in such cases do not lie along hyperbolic curves in the time-offset plane. Diffracted signals can be observed only up to a limited distance from the edge of the half plane equalling half the horizontal range of the ray which is tangential to the half plane and has its end points at the level of the source and the receiver.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1984.tb00746.x
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  • 118
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    EDITOR'S NOTE (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 32 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1984.tb01704.x
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  • 119
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    RESOLUTION ENHANCEMENT OF WELL LOG AND SEISMIC DATA (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 32 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: A new method with general applications for seismic data is presented for spectral extrapolation. The method gives a restored image that is optimum in the sense of minimum norm and can be adapted to incorporate any constraints on the reconstruction. As an illustration of the technique it is first applied to a synthesized (noise-free) image. Then it is shown that enhancement of a density log (run in a hole drilled entirely in Coal Measures rocks) is possible using constraints taken from the geologist's log. A synthetic trace with significantly improved event arrival times and general character is obtained.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1984.tb01707.x
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  • 120
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    IN-SEAM SEISMIC LOVE WAVE SCATTERING MODELED BY THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 32 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: The dynamic finite-element method allows frequency-dependent reflection and transmission coefficients to be computed for Love waves scattered by two-dimensional inhomogeneities in coal seams.Clean faults of zero hade angle show a throw-dependent cross-over frequency in reflection spectra, and throw-dependent conversion from fundamental to first higher mode energy in transmission spectra. Oblique faults show mode conversion in reflection spectra which is relatable to the fault hade angle by simple Huygens-theory models. Thin fracture zones or dykes normal to the seam show a reflection maximum when thickness of the zone is of order one quarter of the seam wave wavelength.Published field data from two known faults and a dyke are compared with the modeling results and support the belief that broad-band seam-wave data are capable of characterizing a seam discontinuity (throw, hade angle, dyke thickness) as well as locating it. Development of such procedures will require extensions to existing field practice and processing.This research was funded in part by the National Energy Research Development and Demonstration Council of Australia. The authors thank The Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited for permission to quote from company case histories.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1984.tb01711.x
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  • 121
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    Digitale Medien
    NOMOGRAMS TO INTERPRET CRONE PEM DATA USING A DIPPING SHEET MODEL (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 32 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: The response of a rectangular plate to the Crone PEM system has been investigated for different values of depth, dip and conductance parameters. The conductance aperture diagram is presented to estimate the conductance and depth to the top of a vertical sheet. Information regarding dip and depth may be obtained using the appropriate nomogram.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1984.tb01717.x
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  • 122
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    A FIELD EXAMPLE OF THE USE OF ANISOTROPY PARAMETERS DERIVED FROM RESISTIVITY SOUNDINGS (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 32 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: In areas where steep dips are encountered conventional practice in resistivity work has involved orienting arrays favourably in relation to the geological strike. In concealed conditions, however, the geological strike may not be known; moreover, strike may change with depth. Considerable advantage is to be gained, in such circumstances, by the use of crossed square arrays in that these yield orientationally insensitive resistivity measurements and also allow strike determinations and measurements of the effective vertical anisotropy.Two traverses of crossed square array observations are presented, together with one deeper sounding. The results show that, in favourable circumstances, reliable data on concealed strike directions can be obtained, and that the anisotropy findings greatly assist the subsequent interpretation. Model results pertinent to the field material are presented and discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1984.tb01716.x
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  • 123
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    Digitale Medien
    PHASE DISTORTION DUE TO ABSORPTION IN SEISMOGRAMS AND VSP (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 32 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Absorption of seismic energy in the earth reduces amplitudes and changes phases of the propagating seismic waves. Amplitudes are usually recovered according to an estimated exponential decay curve, while phase distortions are generally disregarded. Therefore, accurate processing of seismic data requires a careful investigation of the relationship between absorption and phases.In this paper a procedure is suggested to achieve this goal, and some related topics are worked out. A method is outlined for computing synthetic seismograms and vertical seismic profiles with phase distortion due to absorption.The algorithm works in the frequency domain, and it provides for absorption according to the usual model of exponential decay of amplitude with distance. The absorption coefficient is a linear function of frequency and is related to the quality factor Q of the rocks. Complex seismic velocities are introduced and minimum-phase delay due to absorption is assumed for all cases considered.Methods for estimating Q profiles from seismic well surveys and seismic data are described. Comparison between field and synthetic data shows the effectiveness and benefits of the procedure. Some applications of the method to phase distortion recovery and wavelet processing are presented.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1984.tb01108.x
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  • 124
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    Digitale Medien
    ON THE INTERPRETATION OF AIRBORNE ELECTROMAGNETIC DATA FOR THE TWO-LAYER CASE (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 32 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: For helicopter-borne electromagnetic systems, the distance between the transmitting and the receiving coils is small compared with the altitude above ground. For this case, a major simplification can be made for the calculation of model curves. Some two-layer curves for the interpretation of frequency measurements are presented.A very simple procedure is demonstrated for the conversion of the relative secondary field into apparent resistivity and apparent distance for the mapping of airborne electromagnetic data. Furthermore, an approximation is described for the determination of the thickness and the resistivity of a layer lying on a perfectly conducting half-space.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1984.tb00735.x
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  • 125
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    Digitale Medien
    A METHOD FOR CALCULATING IP ANOMALIES FOR MODELS WITH SURFACE POLARIZATION (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 32 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: A numerical method is given for calculating resistivity and induced polarization anomalies produced by a surface polarization model. Surface polarization is generated when a purely electronic conductor is located in an electrolyte environment. The system that develops on the boundary between the conductor and the electrolyte is described macroscopically by a net surface charge distribution and an electric double layer. An integral equation is derived for the potential by assuming that the electronic conductor forms an equipotential system and that the polarization impedance across the boundary is linear. The integral equation is solved by means of the method of subsections. As an application some numerical modeling results are presented. The surface impedance values used in calculations are based on laboratory measurements that are briefly described. Implications of the results for scale modeling are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1984.tb00718.x
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  • 126
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    Digitale Medien
    DEBUBBLING: A GENERALIZED LINEAR INVERSE APPROACH (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 28 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: On seismograms recorded at sea bubble pulse oscillations can present a serious problem to an interpreter. We propose a new approach, based on generalized linear inverse theory, to the solution of the debubbling problem. Under the usual assumption that a seismogram can be modelled as the convolution of the earth's impulse response and a source wavelet we show that estimation of either the wavelet or the impulse response can be formulated as a generalized linear inverse problem. This parametric approach involves solution of a system of equations by minimizing the error vector (ΔX = Xobs– Xcal) in a least squares sense. One of the most significant results is that the method enables us to control the accuracy of the solution so that it is consistent with the observational errors and/or known noise levels.The complete debubbling procedure can be described in four steps: (1) apply minimum entropy deconvolution to the observed data to obtain a deconvolved spike trace, a first approximation to the earth's response function; (2) use this trace and the observed data as input for the generalized linear inverse procedure to compute an estimated basic bubble pulse wavelet; (3) use the results of steps 1 and 2 to construct the compound source signature consisting of the primary pulse plus appropriate bubble oscillations; and (4) use the compound source signature and the observed data as input for the generalized linear inverse method to determine the estimated earth impulse response—a debubbled, deconvolved seismogram. We illustrate the applicability of the new approach with a set of synthetic seismic traces and with a set of field seismograms.A disadvantage of the procedure is that it is computationally expensive. Thus it may be more appropriate to apply the technique in cases where standard analysis techniques do not give acceptable results. In such cases the inherent advantages of the method may be exploited to provide better quality seismograms.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1980.tb01264.x
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  • 127
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    Digitale Medien
    A STUDY OF ABYSSAL FRACTURES IN THE UKRAINIAN SHIELD BY GEOPHYSICAL METHODS (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 28 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: According to data presented by YU.A. Kosigin, 84% of all endogenous mineral deposits are in some direct or indirect relation with the fractures of the earth's crust. Therefore the discovery and the study of the spatial disposition of the fractures is the most important object for geophysicists. Abyssal fractures are of particular interest.By geophysical methods one can find the geometrical parameters of abyssal fractures such as their extent, the depth of formation, the breadth of the zones, and the amplitude of the relative displacement of separated blocks.The methods determining these parameters are widely known. A calculation of the difference in the levels of the erosion cuts of the blocks are of particular interest under shield conditions. A method to calculate this difference by gravity interpretation of “step” anomalies and by using the gradient model of the earth's crust is proposed.A comparision of the results of gravimetry and magnetometry with those of deep seismic soundings shows that the fractures of the first and the second order in the Ukrainian shield cut the earth's crust and part of the upper mantle so they can be qualified as abyssal fractures.In the Ukrainian shield the spatial regularities of the fractures determined by geophysical methods can be used for the prognosis of the ore deposits.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1980.tb01269.x
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  • 128
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    ELECTRICAL SOUNDING OF A HALF-SPACE WITH A MONOTONIC CONTINUOUS VARIATION OF THE RESISTIVITY WITH DEPTH (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 28 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: The interpretation of electrical sounding data for a subsurface with monotonic continuous variation of the resistivity with depth is becoming increasingly necessary. The contribution of this article is the derivation of the solution for the Wenner and the Schlumberger apparent resistivity functions for a resistivity varying as a real power of a linear positive function of the depth. The interpretation of sounding data in these cases can be used to estimate the variation of the porosity or the salt content of the pore water with depth.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1980.tb01273.x
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  • 129
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    Digitale Medien
    VERTICAL SEISMIC PROFILES: THEIR APPLICATIONS IN EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICS (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 28 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: During the past four or five years, Vertical Seismic Profiles have been run in a large number of wells and in a variety of geological provinces with the object of assisting the seismic data processor and improving the geological interpretation.The special properties of the Vertical Seismic Profile, which allows the separation of the upward and downward travelling components of the recorded waveform, provides a means of studying the acoustic response of the earth in detail. Deconvolution of the data in particular gives a clearer understanding of the mechanics of multiple reflections and the way in which they may obscure primary reflections in the vicinity of the well.The primary reflection response of the earth can be observed with greater resolution than conventional seismic data permits, making correlation with lithology more precise, and allowing a good estimate of the reflection coefficient series to be determined. Inversion of the seismic traces to produce an acoustic impedance log leads to better definition of the sedimentary sequence and is of particular interest in predicting lithologic variations ahead of the drilling bit.In addition, Vertical Seismic Profile data can be used to assess parameters in areas such as deconvolution and signal band width for the evaluation of conventional seismic data.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1980.tb01254.x
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  • 130
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    Digitale Medien
    EQUIVALENCE IN ELECTROMAGNETIC (FREQUENCY) SOUNDING (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 28 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: An analysis of the equivalence phenomenon, analogous to that encountered in resistivity sounding, has been made for electromagnetic (frequency) sounding with the following systems: horizontal coplanar coils, perpendicular coils, vertical coplanar coils, and vertical coaxial coils. Cases analyzed are three-layer H and K type resistivity distributions. The theoretical responses for the EM sounding systems have been computed by the digital linear filter method using short filters. An analysis has been made of the resolution by the four EM systems considered f the equivalence effect. It is concluded that from the equivalence point of view electromagnetic (frequency) sounding has relatively better resolution compared to resistivity sounding for the H type three-layer cases. For the K type three-layer cases electromagnetic (frequency) sounding provides a serious problem in resolution similar to that encountered in resistivity sounding. Empirical relationships have been established for the H and K type cases respectively in order to numerically quantify the equivalence involved in electromagnetic (frequency) sounding.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1980.tb01260.x
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  • 131
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    Digitale Medien
    EUGENE G. LEONARDON (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 28 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1980.tb01262.x
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  • 132
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    MAPPING NON-REFLECTING VELOCITY INTERFACES BY NORMAL MOVEOUT VELOCITIES OF UNDERLYING HORIZONS (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 28 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: The normal moveout velocity of a reflecting bed is a function of the dips and curvatures of all overlying velocity interfaces. Now let the (N– 1)th velocity interface be a non- (or badly) reflecting bed, whereas the other interfaces, including the base of the Nth layer, reflect satisfactorily, and let the velocities UN– 1 and UN of the (N– 1)th and Nth layer, respectively, be known. Then the normal moveout velocity for the base of the Nth layer, if known in one direction at a certain part of the surface of the earth, provides a second order differential equation in the horizontal coordinates x and y for the depth ZN – 1(x, y) of the unknown interface.The mathematics becomes rather simple in the case of two-dimensional geological structures. For this case and N= 2 the differential equation mentioned can be solved by stepwise integration or by iteration. One of the many possible applications of the new concept is the determination of the structure of the base of an overthrusting sheet.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1980.tb01231.x
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  • 133
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    UTILISATION COMBINÉE DES ONDES LONGITUDINALES ET TRANSVERSALES EN SISMIQUE REFLEXION (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 28 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1980.tb01220.x
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  • 134
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    DIRECT RESISTIVITY INTERPRETATION BY ACCUMULATION OF LAYERS (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 28 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: The asymptotic approximation of Pekeris is replaced by two new procedures referred to as the two-point method and the multilayer method, other steps in the direct interpretation remaining unmodified. The new methods are based on the assumption that there are at least one or two consecutive sample points of the kernel curve containing the information on a particular layer and containing no information on the deeper layers. In any step, the identified covering layers are accumulated and the interpretation progresses to the successive deeper layer.The multilayer method is oriented towards interpretation of data severly contaminated by noise. The elimination of noise with simultaneous averaging of layer parameters is performed in the domain of Dar Zarrouk parameters.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1980.tb01224.x
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  • 135
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    DR TERRANCE CHARLES RICHARDS (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 28 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1980.tb01228.x
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  • 136
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    Digitale Medien
    LONG PERIOD SEA-FLOOR MULTIPLES AND THEIR SUPPRESSION (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 28 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Multiple sea-floor reflections in deep water often are not effectively suppressed by either CDP stacking nor standard predictive deconvolution methods. These methods fail because the reflection coefficient varies markedly with angle of incidence and also because of the variation of arrival time with offset and because of dip. For a reasonablly flat sea-floor, multiples of various orders and the primary sea-floor reflection which have all been reflected at nearly the same angle lie along a straight line through the origin in time-offset space. This line is called the “radial direction.” The multiples which lie along this line show a systematic relationship because they all experience the same water-bottom reflection effect. In other words, multiples behave in a stationary manner along the radial directions on multi-trace seismic records. A technique of multi-channel predictive deconvolution, called “Radial Multiple Suppression,” utilizes this aspect to design Wiener operators for the prediciton and suppression of water bottom multiples.The effectiveness of the technique is demonstrated by the study of field records, autocorrelations, velocity analyses, and stacked sections before and after Radial Multiple Suppression processing.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1980.tb01209.x
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  • 137
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    AN EFFICIENT METHOD OF OPERATING THE AIR-GUN (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 28 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: A new technique is developed for generating a short seismic pulse from the bubble pulses which are radiated by an air-gun. The new technique, which is useful in well velocity surveys and vertical seismic profiling, can be implemented by firing a single air-gun several times at the same depth but with different chamber pressures.A record obtained by this procedure from a well-geophone clamped at a depth of 2450 m gave a maximum peak-to-peak amplitude within the first 100 ms of the effective seismic pulse at least ten times any later peak-to-peak amplitude.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1980.tb01213.x
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  • 138
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    Digitale Medien
    SOURCE ARRAY SCALING FOR WAVELET DECONVOLUTION (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 28 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: A seismic source array is normally composed of elements spaced at distances less than a wavelength while the overall dimensions of the array are normally of the order of a wavelength. Consequently, unpredictable interaction effects occur between element and the shape of the far field wavelet, which is azimuth-dependent, can only be determined by measurements in the far field. Since such measurements are very often impossible to make, the shape of the wavelet—particularly its phase spectrum—is unknown.A theoretical design method for overcoming this problem is presented using two scaled arrays. The far field source wavelets from the source arrays have the same azimuth dependence at scaled frequencies, and the far field wavelets along any azimuth are related by a simple scaling law. Two independent seismograms are generated by the two scaled arrays for each pair of source-receiver locations, the source wavelets being related by the scaling law.The technique thus permits the far field waveform of an array to be determined in situations where it is impossible to measure it. Furthermore it permits the array design criteria to be changed: instead of sacrificing useful signal energy for the sake of the phase spectrum, the array may be designed to produce a wavelet with desired amplitude characteristics, without much regard for phase.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1980.tb01267.x
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  • 139
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    Digitale Medien
    GEOELECTRIC MODELS IN ENGINEERING GEOPHYSICS (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 28 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Man's engineering activities are concentrated on the uppermost part of the earth's crust which is called engineering-geologic zone. This zone is characterized by a significant spatialtemporal variation of the physical properties status of rocks, and saturating waters. This variation determines the specificity of geophysical and, particularly, geoelectrical investigations.Planning of geoelectric investigations in the engineering-geologic zone and their subsequent interpretation requires a priori) geologic-geophysical information on the main peculiarities of the engineering-geologic and hydrogeologic conditions in the region under investigation. This information serves as a basis for the creation of an initial geoelectric model of the section. Following field investigations the model is used in interpretation. Formalization of this a priori) model can be achieved by the solution of direct geoelectric problems. An additional geologic-geophysical information realized in the model of the medium allows to diminish the effect of the “principle of equivalence” by introducing flexible limitations in the section's parameters. Further geophysical observations as well as the correlations between geophysical and engineering-geologic parameters of the section permit the following step in the specification of the geolectric model and its approximation to the real medium. Next correction of this model is made upon accumulation of additional information. The solution of inverse problems with the utilization of computer programs permits specification of the model in the general iterational cycle of interpretation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1980.tb01270.x
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  • 140
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    REPORT BY THE SECRETARY-TREASURER AND THE EDITOR FOR THE YEAR 1979 (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 28 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1980.tb01253.x
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  • 141
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    EFFET TOPOGRAPHIQUE EN PROSPECTION ELECTRIQUE (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 28 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: The computation of the electrical potential created by a source of direct current in a horizontally stratified earth is easy, and it is now a common practice to interpret, by manual or automatic procedures, the maps of apparent resistivity or of mise-à-la-masse surveys.The study of 3-D cases requires a computer cost too high for a general use, and the available techniques usually refer only to an anomalous body embedded in a stratified medium. In fact, it often happens that the surface of the ground cannot be regarded as a plane, an assumption which can cause large discrepancies between the observed and the calculated potentials. A first estimate of these discrepancies can be made by assuming that the earth's surface makes a dihedron and the underground consists either of one homogeneous medium or of several media whose plane interfaces pass through the edge of the ground surface dihedron. Although very schematic, this approximate model can provide a useful information on the effect of the relief.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1980.tb01274.x
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  • 142
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    DIPOLE-DIPOLE DEEP GEOELECTRIC SOUNDINGS OVER GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 28 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Alfano L. 1980, Dipole-Dipole Deep Geodectric Soundings over Geological Structures, Geophysical Prospecting 28, 283–296.The dipole-dipole array is used for deep vertical geoelectric soundings for practical reasons. However, the data obtained are often too scattered and the quality is lower than that of a Schlumberger sounding. The mathematical transform from these fields data to the corresponding Schlumberger ones is needed. It is demonstrated that for more general underground structures different from plane parallel stratifications, only the continuous polar dipole-dipole array permits a general and reliable transform of this type. It follows that any other dipole-dipole array, (for instance the azimuthal, equatorial, parallel, perpendicular, etc.), are useless over complex structures, or in the presence of irregularities on the ground surface.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1980.tb01226.x
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  • 143
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    IMPULSE RESPONSE MODELS FOR NOISY VIBROSEIS DATA (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 28 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: A new method of Vibroseis deconvolution has been recently proposed by the authors. This discussion describes the effects of noise on the application of this method. The initial deconvolution step involves estimating the spectrum of the Vibroseis wavelet by homomorphic filtering. It is shown that noise causes problems with phase estimation. Hence, the Vibroseis wavelet is assumed to be zero phase. Examples demonstrate that zero phase cepstral filtering is a robust wavelet estimation approach for noisy data. The second step of the deconvolution method forms an impulse response model by a spectral extension method. Although this step can improve the resolution of seismic arrivals, it must be applied with caution in view of the deleterious effects of noise.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1980.tb01210.x
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  • 144
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    Digitale Medien
    SIGNIFICANCE OF INFORMATION UNCERTAINTY IN SETTING UP THE INTERPRETATIVE PATTERNS OF GEOPHYSICAL DATA (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 28 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Geophysical interpretation consists of the identification of geological parameters carried out in the state of uncertainty. From this follows that the identificative model must correspond to the degree of uncertainty. As uncertainty measure of the surveyed material the informative distance between different interpretive models is introduced. The influence of the measurement noise and the accuracy of measurement devices as well as the number of measurement sets worked out simultaneously for this survey is analyzed. Numerical examples indicate that the material considered to be not interpretable from the point of view of a certain accurate model may be interpreted by the use of a less accurate model.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1980.tb01214.x
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  • 145
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    3D geoelectric tomography and archaeological applications1 (1998)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 46 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Following a previous paper in which the principles of a 3D ground-surface tomographic processing of self-potential data were established, we extend the method to active source geoelectric surveying. The main purpose of the new tomographic approach is to obtain a physical image reconstruction of the induced electric charges distributed over buried resistivity discontinuities. The information is produced in a probabilistic sense, as the mathematical formulation underlying the method treats only the intrinsic physical nature of the generated electric field underground and the method of its ground-surface detection, independently of the geometry of the unknown structures. In practice, a 3D tomography is realized by cross-correlating a set of distributed electric-field ground-surface data with a scanning function, representing a unit positive point charge located anywhere in the lower half-space. The resolution of the method is tested on the synthetic response of a 3D structural simulation of an archaeological target, consisting of an infinitely resistive prismatic body immersed in a half-space, including surface inhomogeneities and layering. Finally, the field response of a 3D structure consisting of a hypogeal dromos-chamber tomb inside the Sabine Necropolis at Colle del Forno, close to Rome, is presented and discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.1998.00102.x
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  • 146
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Analysis of a guided wave along a conducting structure in a borehole[ Received ] (1998)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 46 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: A guided wave along a borehole is often observed in borehole radar measurements. These guided waves deform the antenna pattern and can cause artefacts in radar measurements. A water-filled borehole or a conducting logging cable can function as a waveguide for electromagnetic waves under some conditions. We describe the theoretical characteristics of such a guided wave in a borehole and compare them with our experiments. The measured signal discussed was obtained with a directional borehole radar. This radar uses a cylindrical conformal array antenna as receiver and is a model of a conducting structure in a borehole. The induced field around the borehole was compared with the theory. The most fundamental symmetrical and asymmetrical modes were TM01 and HE11, and they were identified in the measured signals using time–frequency distribution analysis and by observation of the azimuthal field distribution of the magnetic field.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.1998.00103.x
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  • 147
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Analysis and application of a non-conventional underwater geoelectrical method in Lake Geneva, Switzerland[Received J] (1998)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 46 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: The electrical method presented is used for determining the resistivity of lake-bottom sediments and is based on the d.c. electrical sounding principles. The electrode array, called the fishing rod (FR), is of pole-pole type and is orientated vertically on a line perpendicular to the surface of the water. The technique is used for mapping resistivity anomalies located deep underwater. This paper presents an analysis of the resolution capabilities of the FR method and the results of a case study carried out in Lake Geneva, where measurements were interpreted using a one-dimensional (1D) multilayer earth model. The analysis of the uncertainty in the model parameters of a 1D multilayer earth model is carried out using the covariance matrix of the linearized inversion problem. The results of the analyses show that when the thickness and resistivity of the water layer is known, the resistivity of the sediment layer is well determined under most circumstances. The thickness of the sediment layer is well determined when resistivity contrasts are not too low. In Lake Geneva the FR method has been used to study an old depression with a resistive channel. This application shows the efficiency of the method compared with conventional electrical methods, where water depth becomes a limiting factor. The use of an automated iterative inversion scheme in this particular case is advantageous, as a joint interpretation of the three different data sets measured with the FR method can be carried out. Finally, the result of the inversion is compared with the trial-and-error interpretations of a previous study.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.1998.00107.x
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  • 148
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    Digitale Medien
    Reply to comment on: ‘Detecting lateral resistivity inhomogeneities with the Schlumberger array’ by B. Sretenovic[ Received ] (1998)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 46 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.1998.00089.x
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  • 149
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Robust multiple suppression using adaptive beamforming[Paper pres] (1998)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 46 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Minimum variance unbiased (MVU) beamforming is a type of multichannel filtering which extracts coherent signals without distortion, whilst minimizing residual noise power. Adaptive beamforming estimates signal and noise characteristics as part of the extraction process. The adaptive beamformer used here is designed from models of primary and multiple reflection signals having parametrically specified moveout and amplitude variation with offset (MVO and AVO). Phase variation with offset (PVO) can also be included but it is not usually justified in practice. The resulting analysis provides data for input into AVO and PVO schemes for obtaining lithological information. Synthetic data examples illustrate details of implementation of parametric adaptive MVU beamforming and the response characteristics of the resultant design. Real data examples show that data-adaptive beamforming is more flexible and more effective in attenuating multiples in prestack common-midpoint seismic data than Radon transform methods. In common with other prestack multichannel processes, the advantages of beamforming are shown to best effect in data with a good signal-to-noise ratio.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.1998.00090.x
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  • 150
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Integrated geophysics for mineral exploration in drift-covered volcanic terrains: examples from northern Vancouver Island, Canada[Received J] (1998)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 46 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Known mineral occurrences in northern Vancouver Island are typically hosted in volcanic units of the Bonanza Group. At a local scale, the mineralization is associated with advanced argillic bedrock alteration and is often intimately related to porphyry intrusions. On a larger scale, faults are thought to exert the most significant control on the distribution of mineralized host rocks. Poor exposures and a complex glacial history limit the use of traditional methods of geological mapping and mineral exploration in this region and to date geophysical methods have been under-utilized. Here we present findings from four standard geophysical (gravity, magnetics, electromagnetics and seismic refraction) methods, recently deployed here to elucidate the subsurface geology, as well as to identify new targets for base metal exploration.Results at two different sites show that the integrated interpretation of geophysical data, constrained by physical rock property measurements, yields detailed images of the subsurface at a fraction of the cost of drilling. At one site, east of Rupert Inlet, the final subsurface model shows that the Bonanza Group is not nearly as extensive as previously presumed. An extension of the Holberg Fault is identified some 50 km east of the visibly mapped outcrop and an extensive zone of alteration around the fault is recognized. Furthermore, a number of the methods provide support for the existence of a porphyry dike at this site. At the second site, north of Rupert Inlet, magnetic and electromagnetic data prove effective at mapping alteration and locating shear zones beneath a relatively thin drift cover. Together, these results help outline a strategy for exploration in drift-covered terrains and show that a redirection of exploration effort is warranted in the case of northern Vancouver Island.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.1998.00093.x
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  • 151
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Conventional and modern seismic investigations for rock quality determination at a dam site—a case history (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Refraction seismics and modern tomographic surveys were employed at the Platanovrissi dam site on the Nestos river in northern Greece in an effort to investigate the dynamic elastic properties and rockmass condition of gneiss-schist outcropping in the area under investigation. Six seismic refraction traverses were run on the ground surface, inside the exploratory tunnels and between tunnels and the ground surface. The results provided information about the low-velocity surface layer parameters and the stress relief zones on the walls of all the tunnels in which seismic tomography tests were performed. Ultrasonic tests, conducted both in situ and in the laboratory, enabled the determination of the ratio Vp/Vs and the Poisson's ratio calculation. From the tomography data analysis and the geological interpretation of the results, three main velocity zones, ranging between 3500 and 4000, 3000 and 3500 and less than 3000m/s, were detected in each tunnel. High-velocity zones were found to be compatible with the hard rockmass of gneiss-schist material, while moderate velocities are closely related to jointed and fractured zones. Finally, low-velocity zones were well correlated with weathered gneiss-schist material.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00280.x
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  • 152
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cancelling directional EM noise in magnetoteilurics (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: The prospecting of densely urbanized areas by the measurement of magnetic and electric natural fields is severely hampered by electromagnetic (EM) noise. Active man-made EM noise sources can generally be considered fixed in space, thus affecting the magnetotelluric (MT) signals of a measuring site mainly along their polarization directions.Taking advantage of the impulsive nature of polarized EM noise, a time-domain directional noise cancelling (DNC) technique is proposed. The comparison of noisy data with data predicted, using a low noise reference signal or with data interpolated whenever no reference is available, allows the detection of the most likely noise sources with prevailing directional patterns using a Bayes's criterion. The DNC approach is general and can be adapted, depending on the reference signal used (single-site or remote-reference).In field data, hodograms of the prediction residuals basically confirm the directional noise model assumed in DNC. An example is presented in which the DNC technique has been applied to a single-site MT survey carried out in northern Italy, where the signal was heavily corrupted by noise with prevailing directional properties due to the densely urbanized area. MT apparent resistivities and phases obtained at the site of the survey before and after DNC are presented and discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00270.x
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  • 153
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Phase inversion deconvolution for long and short period multiples attenuationl (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: A new approach to deconvolution has been developed to improve the attenuation of multiple energy. This approach to deconvolution is unique in that it not only eliminates the usual assumptions of a minimum phase lag wavelet and a random distribution of impulses, but also overcomes the noise limitation of the homomorphic deconvolution and its inherent instability to phase computation.We attempt to analyse the continuous alteration of the acoustic waveform during the propagation through a linear system. Based on the results of this analysis, the surface-related measurements are described as a convolution of the impulse response of the system with the non-stationary forward wavelet which includes all multiple terms generated within the system.The amplitude spectrum of the forward wavelet is recovered from the amplitude spectrum of the recorded signal, using the difference between the rate of decay of the source wavelet and the duration of the measurement.The phase spectrum of the forward wavelet is estimated using the Hilbert transform and the fact that the mixed phase lag wavelet can be presented as a convolution of the minimum and maximum phase lag wavelets.The multiples are discriminated from primaries by comparison of the phase spectrum of the seismic signal and the inverse of the forward wavelet. Therefore, the technique is called phase inversion deconvolution (PID). This approach requires no velocity information in order to recognize and attenuate multiple energy. Therefore, primary energy is recovered in the near-offset region where the velocity differential between primary and multiple energies is very small.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00262.x
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  • 154
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Non-linear inversion of resistivity profiling data for some regular geometrical bodies (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: The inversion of resistivity profiling data involves estimation of the spatial distribution of resistivities and thicknesses of rock layers from the apparent resistivity data values measured in the field as a function of electrode separation. The drawbacks of using traditional curve-matching techniques to solve this inverse problem have been overcome by iterative linear techniques but these require good starting models even if the shape of the causative body is asssumed known. In spite of the recent developments in inversion techniques, no robust method exists for the inversion of resistivity profiling data for the simple model of dikes and spheres which are the classical models of geophysical prospecting.We apply three different non-linear inversion schemes to invert synthetic resistivity profiling data for the classical models embedded in a uniform matrix of contrasting resistivity. The three non-linear algorithms used are called the Metropolis simulated annealing (SA), very fast simulated annealing (VFSA) and a genetic algorithm (GA). We compare the performance of the three algorithms using synthetic data for an outcropping vertical dike model. Although all three methods were successful in obtaining optimal solutions for arbitrary starting models, VFSA proved to be computationally the most efficient.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00292.x
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  • 155
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    Digitale Medien
    Detection of underground cavities with monofrequency electromagnetic tomography between boreholes in the frequency range 100 MHz to 1 GHz (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: In order to detect underground cavities, we have designed a geophysical method based on the interaction of a monochromatic electromagnetic wave in the frequency band 100 MHz to 1 GHz with the ground situated between two boreholes.Three different approaches are involved in the design of this EM tomographic method.〈list xml:id="l1" style="custom"〉1The application of an ‘exact’ theory is used to calculate artificial data, based on an integral equation method. These data are inverted using a tomographic algorithm whose basic assumptions are rather coarse. The results show that, however, cavities can very well be detected and their position recovered.2Data are obtained with a physical reduced-scale model in a water tank, in which all parameters are known in advance. The inversion process confirms the validity of the method.3Underground cavities are actually detected.The above approaches are described and discussed and results are shown. The equipment involved and its operation is quite simple: the surface devices are commercially available and only the transmitter and receiver antennae must be specially built. The method is shown to be quite efficient and its cost should be reasonably low.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00297.x
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  • 156
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The stable-beam seismic modelling method (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: The stable-beam method for forward modelling of seismic data is introduced. The method is applicable to geometries which may be approximated by a series of single-valued (in depth) interfaces separating constant-velocity layers. For models of this restricted type, the results are of similar accuracy to those from waveequation-based methods whilst the run times are similar to, or better than, those for simple ray-tracing approaches. The basis of the method is to approximate interfaces by a series of straight-line segments. This allows very rapid and stable ray tracing through the model. Pseudodiffractions are then added from all of the interface discontinuities formed between adjacent segments. These pseudodiffractions have the effect of correcting for the phase, amplitude and wavefront continuity errors introduced by the interface approximation. Comparison of the stable-beam results to analytical, Kirchhoff, finite-difference and physical model results confirm the accuracy ofthe technique.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00290.x
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  • 157
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Phase-shift migration with a variable-length spatial transform–an algorithm for moderately varying lateral velocities (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: A migration algorithm appropriate for moderately varying lateral velocity changes is developed as an extension of phase-shift migration by using a variable-length spatial transform. This process significantly reduces the number of lateral wave-numbers necessary to downward continue the data, and it replaces the spatial FFT with a simple recursion relationship. For a given frequency and position x, ten lateral wavenumbers are typically sufficient, and the migration algorithm produces accurate images when the velocity structure V (X, z) changes over a few depth intervals of thickness Δz, with lateral velocity gradients up to 1.4 to 1.0.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00277.x
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  • 158
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    Digitale Medien
    P- and S-wave anisotropy of a synthetic sandstone with controlled crack geometryl (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: A method is reported for the production of synthetic porous sandstones containing cracks of known dimensions and geometry with respect to the matrix. A synthetic sandstone was manufactured from Sand cemented with an epoxy glue. The cracks of known geometry were introduced into the material in the manufacturing stage, by emplacing thin metallic discs in the Sand-epoxy matrix. These discs were chemically leached out of the consolidated porous sandstone. Acoustic anisotropy. and shear-wave splitting were observed in the synthetic sandstones. For the dry sample the observed angular dependence of the P- and S- wave velocities (at 100 kHz) compares well, qualitatively, with the theoretical models of Hudson and of Thomsen. Quantitatively, however, the experimental data fits Hudson's model better. For the case of a saturated sample the experimental results are in excellent agreement with Thomsen's model. Hudson's model, on the other hand, predicts a different angular dependence for P-waves. This demonstrates that the concept of fluid transfer between cracks and the ambient porosity can be a significant process. The results reported here are from the first successful experiment in which the theoretical models were tested on a porous material containing a known crack geometry.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00276.x
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  • 159
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    Digitale Medien
    Elastic anisotropy due to aligned cracks in porous rock (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: All theoretical expressions which relate the characteristics of saturated aligned cracks to the associated elastic anisotropy are restricted in some important way, for example to the case of stiff pore fluids, or of the absence of equant porosity, or of a moderately high frequency band. Because of these restrictions, previous theory is not suitable for application to the upper crust, where the pore fluid is brine (Kf≅ K820), the equant porosity is often substantial (φp 〉 0.1), and the frequency band is sonic to seismic. This work removes these particular restrictions, recognizing in the process an important mechanism of dispersion. A notable feature of these more general expressions is their insensitivity, at low frequency, to the aspect ratio of the cracks; only the crack density is critical. An important conclusion of this more general model is that many insights previously achieved, concerning the shear-wave splitting due to vertical aligned saturated cracks, are sustained. However, conclusions on crack orientation or crack aspect ratio, which were derived from P-wave data or from shear-wave‘critical angles’, may need to be reconsidered. Further, the non-linear coupling between pores and cracks, due to pressure equalization effects, means that the (linear) Schoenberg-Muir calculus may not be applied to such systems. The theory receives strong support from recent data by Rathore et al. on artificial samples with controlled crack geometry.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00282.x
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  • 160
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    Digitale Medien
    Effect of clayey media parameters on the negative response of a coincident loop (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: The aim of this work is to consider the phenomenon of negative response and its detectability in a polarizable half-space formed of Clay-water mixture which commonly exists in water aquifers and which can be used as a simple indicator of the presence of Underground water.We make use of an analytical treatment for the transient voltage induced in a coincident loop lying on a half-space as a basis for our computations. A Cole-Cole model is used to represent the Clay with appropriate parameters.As saturated Clay is characterized by high conductivity and moderate chargeability, it is hardly detectable relative to the practical noise level. However, there are optimum Clay parameters that offer a maximum negative response. It is also observed that for a very short time constant τ in the Cole-Cole model, the amplitude of the negative response decreases with the decrease of the time constant due to the fast decay of the polarization current.Finally, it is found that there is an optimum value for the loop radius which gives the largest value of the negative response and this loop radius depends on the model parameters.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00269.x
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  • 161
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    Digitale Medien
    Laboratory technique for measurement of spectral induced polarization response of soil sampies (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Laboratory measurements of soil samples are necessary to assess the effect of mineralogy, grain size distribution, moisture content, and electrolyte composition on the resistivity spectrum of soil material. Laboratory results are also required for the interpretation of field data. Induced polarization phenomena in glacial soils are poorly understood and so far no convenient laboratory techniques are available for its measurement. Coarse grain size and the need to measure unsaturated samples and to monitor the homogeneity of the sample require a sample holder–electrode construction that differs from those presented in Clay mineral Studies.This study presents a spectral induced polarization laboratory system that is suitable for measuring fine- and coarse-grained and both saturated and unsaturated soil samples. The noise caused by the electrode–electrolyte interface is studied in detail. It is shown that easy-to-use platinum or acid-free steel potential electrodes are convenient over a broad frequency band ranging from 0.016Hz up to more than 1000 Hz. The laboratory experiments and comparisons between laboratory and field results also indicate that sampling and sample packing procedures have only a minor influence on the phase spectrum of glacial soils.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00273.x
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  • 162
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Harmonic resonance structure and chaotic dynamics in the earth-vibrator system (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Source-generated energy in seismic vibrator records includes ultraharmonics, subharmonics, ultra-subharmonics and possibly chaotic oscillatory behaviour. Nonlinear behaviours can be modelled using a ‘hard-spring’ form of the Duffing equation. Modelling indicates that a qualitatively similar harmonic resonance structure is present for a broad range of possible mathematical descriptions. Qualitative global system behaviours may be examined without knowledge of actual earth parameters. Non-linear resonances become stronger, relative to fundamental sweep frequencies, as the driving force increases or damping decreases. System response energy levels are highest when non-linear resonances are strong. The presence of chaotic energy can indicate the highest energy state of a system reponse. Field data examples are consistent with behaviours predicted by modelling. Conventional correlation and stack uses a fraction of the energy produced in the earth-vibrator system. A correlation and filtering process that uses a representation of the source dynamics based on the system response can reduce signal degradation due to non-linear resonance.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00263.x
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  • 163
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Anisotropic velocity analysis (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Results from walkaway VSP and shale laboratory experiments show that shale anisotropy can be significantly anelliptic. Heterogeneity and anellipticity both lead to non-hyperbolic moveout curves and the resulting ambiguity in velocity analysis is investigated for the case of a factorizable anisotropic medium with a linear dependence of velocity on depth. More information can be obtained if there are several reflectors. The method of Dellinger et al. for anisotropic velocity analysis in layered transversely isotropic media is examined and is shown to be restricted to media having relatively small anellipticity. A new scheme, based on an expansion of the inverse-squared group velocity in spherical harmonics, is presented. This scheme can be used for larger anellipticity, and is applicable for horizontal layers having monoclinic symmetry with the symmetry plane parallel to the layers. The method is applied to invert the results of anisotropic ray tracing on a model Sand/shale sequence. For transversely isotropic media with small anisotropy, the scheme reduces to the method of Byun et al. and Byun and Corrigan. The expansion in spherical harmonics allows the P-phase slowness surface of each layer to be determined in analytic form from the layer parameters obtained by inversion without the need to assume that the anisotropy is weak.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00266.x
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  • 164
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Ultrasonic wave propagation in dry and brine-saturated sandstones as a function of effective stress: laboratory measurements and modelling (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Compressional and shear-wave velocities have been measured and a novel approach using digital processing employed to study wave attenuation for brine- and gas- saturated sandstones, over a range of effective stresses from 5 to 60 MPa. Also measured were the complex conductivity in the brine-saturated state and permeability in the gas-saturated state over the same range of stresses as for the velocity measurements. Broadband ultrasonic pulses of P- and orthogonally polarized S-waves in the frequency range 0.3–0.8 MHz are transmitted through the specimen to be characterized for comparison with a reference (aluminium) having low attenuation. The attenuation is calculated in terms of the quality factor Q from the Fourier spectral ratios, using the frequency spectral ratios technique. The corrections necessary for the effects of diffraction due to the finite size of the ultrasonic transducers have been carried out for the case of measurements under lower confining stress. To interpret the laboratory measured velocity and attenuation data under the physical conditions of this study and to estimate the effects of pore structure, numerical modelling of velocities and attenuation as functions of the confining stress have been performed, based on the MIT model. Theoretical models based on several hypothesized attenuation mechanisms are considered in relation to laboratory data of the effects of confining pressure, fluid saturation and pore structure on attenuation. Numerical calculations using these models with the experimental data indicate that friction on thin cracks and grain boundaries is the dominant attenuation mechanism for dry and brine-saturated sandstones at low effective stresses for the frequencies tested. However, for brine-saturated sandstones at moderately high effective stresses, fluid flow could play a more important role in ultrasonic S-wave attenuation, depending on the pore structure of the sample.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00255.x
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  • 165
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Direct current electric potential computation in an inhomogeneous and arbitrarily anisotropic layered earth (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: We consider the calculation of the electrical field quantities, electric potential and the vertical component of the total volume density of electric current, in a horizontally layered, piecewise homogeneous and arbitrarily anisotropic earth due to a system of direct current point sources. By applying Fourier transformation with respect to the horizontal space coordinates to the static field equations, the field quantities are obtained as the solutions of the system of transform-domain differential equations in the vertical (depth) coordinates. A recurrence scheme has been given to compute the tranform-domain field quantities at any depth. The corresponding space-domain quantities are then obtained by inverse Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT). A complete computer program has been developed for computing the electric potentials at any depth of the layered earth, which is composed of an arbitrary number of anisotropic layers with arbitrary conductivity tensors. By considering the point sources at different depths from the surface, equipotential contours on the surface of arbitrarily anisotropic layered earth models are given.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00260.x
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  • 166
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Determination of a shallow velocity–depth model from seismic refraction data by coherence inversion (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Seismic refractions have different applications in seismic prospecting. The travel- times of refracted waves can be observed as first breaks on shot records and used for field static calculation. A new method for constructing a near-surface model from refraction events is described. It does not require event picking on prestack records and is not based on any approximation of arrival times. It consists of the maximization of the semblance coherence measure computed using shot gathers in a time window along refraction traveltimes. Time curves are generated by ray tracing through the model. The initial model for the inversion was constructed by the intercept-time method. Apparent velocities and intercept times were taken from a refraction stacked section. Such a section can be obtained by appling linea moveout corrections to common-shot records. The technique is tested successfully on synthetic and real data. An important application of the proposed method for solving the statics problem is demonstrated.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00130.x
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  • 167
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    Digitale Medien
    Editorial (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00121.x
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  • 168
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Synthetic seismograms from generalized ray tracing (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: A new method of numerical computation of elastic wavefields in regions containing caustics is tested. The method is an extension of the asymptotic ray theory (ART). The essential features of the method consist of the application of expressions which are well defined at caustics and expressed in terms of ray tracing combined with complex ray tracing in caustic shadows. The method and an outline of the underlying theory are briefly presented, followed by a comparison with finite differences on a test model involving a caustic cusp. The comparison reveals the unexpectedly high degree of accuracy of the new method.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00124.x
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  • 169
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Numerical tests of 3D true-amplitude zero-offset migration (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: An amplitude-preserving migration aims at imaging compressional primary (zero-or) non-zero-offset reflections into 3D time or depth-migrated reflections so that the migrated wavefield amplitudes are a measure of angle-dependent reflection coeffcients. The principal objective is the removal of the geometrical-spreading factor of the primary reflections. Various migration/inversion algorithms involving weighted diffraction stacks proposed recently are based on Born or Kirchhoff approximations. Here, a 3D Kirchhoff-type zero-offset migration approach, also known as a diffraction-stack migration, is implemented in the form of a time migration. The primary reflections of the wavefield to be imaged are described a priori by the zero-order ray approximation. The aim of removing the geometrical- spreading loss can, in the zero-offset case, be achieved by not applying weights to the data before stacking them. This case alone has been implemented in this work. Application of the method to 3D synthetic zero-offset data proves that an amplitude-preserving migration can be performed in this way. Various numerical aspects of the true-amplitude zero-offset migration are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00127.x
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  • 170
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Quantitative evaluation of crosshole seismic reflection images using physical model data (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Physical models give us a known geometry with which to compare our processed reflection images and therefore our imaging techniques. We show how this comparison may be quantified in order to evaluate processed images properly. A crosshole data set was acquired through a model interrogated at ultrasonic frequencies using Durham University's physical modelling system. Various reflectivity images were obtained using processing sequences which include deconvolution, wavefield separation and migration. An error-energy scheme was used to assess the quality of these images, by comparing them against a best-fit depth model. A synthetic data set was also used to evaluate the imaging capability of the crosshole geometry and the effectiveness of the different processing schemes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00265.x
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  • 171
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Impact of processing on the amplitude versus offset response of a marine seismic data set (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: The analysis of prestack reflections may have a high diagnostic potential in the evaluation of the petrophysical characteristics of subsurface targets. However, the recovery of reliable seismic responses, especially when examining amplitude versus offset (AVO) variations, is of the utmost importance and is strictly dependent on the acquisition and processing steps.In order to evaluate the impact of different processing sequences, we examine the AVO responses of three seismic events from a marine data set. Borehole data indicate that these events are related to a lignitic sand, a gas sand and a cineritic bed. The AVO analysis is focused mainly on the reflections from the gas sand. In particular, we compare the results of a standard processing sequence with results from a surface-consistent approach and with results from a processing sequence tailored to this specific case. A decreasing AVO trend of the gas-sand reflection results from the analyses of data that have undergone the standard and the surface-consistent processing sequences. This contrasts with both theory and borehole information, which both predict an energy increase with offset. A detailed study shows that the receiver array attenuation, neglected in previous Studies, plays a major role in attenuating the far-offset reflections. Other propagation factors, such as offset-dependent geometrical spreading and Q absorption, produce only minor effects.Taking into account the above factors, we apply a third processing sequence whose impact on the AVO trend is evaluated step by step and whose results are compared with the previously applied sequences. This new sequence leads to better agreement between the AVOs predicted from borehole data and those measured on surface seismic data.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00253.x
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  • 172
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Median filter behaviour with seismic data (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Median filters may be used with seismic data to attenuate coherent wavefields. An example is the attenuation of the downgoing wavefield in VSP data processing. The filter is applied across the traces in the ‘direction’ of the wavefield. The final result is given by subtracting the filtered version of the record from the original record. This method of median filtering may be called ‘median filtering operated in subtraction’. The method may be extended by automatically estimating the slowness of coherent wavefields on a record. The filter is then applied in a time- and-space varying manner across the record on the basis of the slowness values at each point on the record.Median filters are non-linear and hence their behaviour is more difficult to determine than linear filters. However, there are a number of methods that may be used to analyse median filter behaviour: (1) pseudo-transfer functions to specific time series; (2) the response of median filters to simple seismic models; and (3) the response of median filters to steps that simulate terminating wavefields, such as faults on stacked data. These simple methods provide an intuitive insight into the behaviour of these filters, as well as providing a semiquantitative measurement of performance. The performance degradation of median filters in the presence of trace-to-trace variations in amplitude is shown to be similar to that of linear filters. The performance of median filters (in terms of signal distortion) applied obliquely across a record may be improved by low-pass filtering (in the t-dimension). The response of median filters to steps is shown to be affected by background noise levels. The distortion of steps introduced by median filters approaches the distortion of steps introduced by the corresponding linear filter for high levels of noise.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00256.x
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  • 173
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A joint inversion algorithm to process geoelectric and sutface wave seismic data. Part I: basic ideas (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: For the exploration of near-surface structures, seismic and geoelectric methods are often applied. Usually, these two types of method give, independently of each other, a sufficiently exact model of the geological structure. However, sometimes the inversion of the seismic or geoelectric data fails.These failures can be avoided by combining various methods in one joint inversion which feads to much better parameter estimations of the model than the independent inversions.A suitable seismic method for exploring near-surface structures is the use of dispersive surface waves: the dispersive characteristics of Rayleigh and Love surface waves depend strongly on the structural and petrophysical (seismic velocities) features of the near-surface Underground.Geoelectric exploration of the structure Underground may be carried out with the well-known methods of DC resistivity sounding, such as the Schlumberger, the radial-dipole and the two-electrode arrays.The joint inversion algorithm is tested by means of synthetic data. It is demonstrated that the geoelectric joint inversion of Schlumberger, radial-dipole and two-electrode sounding data yields more reliable results than the single inversion of a single set of these data. The same holds for the seismic joint inversion of Love and Rayleigh group slowness data. The best inversion result is achieved by performing a joint inversion of both geoelectric and surface-wave data.The effect of noise on the accuracy of the solution for both Gaussian and non-Gaussian (sparsely distributed large) errors is analysed. After a comparison between least-square (LSQ) and least absolute deviation (LAD) inversion results, the LAD joint inversion is found to be an accurate and robust method.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00128.x
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  • 174
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bootstrap statistics for velocity tomography: application of a new information criterion (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: A new information criterion, the extended information criterion (EIC) was applied in order to determine an optimum solution in simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique (SIRT) P-wave velocity tomography. The EIC is derived from information theory and statistics, and it measures the goodness-of-fit between the true (unknown) data distribution and the observed data distribution: the former gives the probability of data realization from the true (unknown) model, whereas the latter gives a probability of data realization calculated from a particular model of which parameters are estimated. The EIC is calculated using bootstrap statistics, a numerical technique for calculating statistical estimators. Bootstrap statistics enables us to obtain the bias between the log likelihood and the expected log likelihood, and then to obtain the expected log likelihood from the log likelihood. Since the EIC is obtained numerically, we can use it for most problems of model parameter estimation without employing the maximum likelihood method. Taking weak anisotropy into account, we reconstructed the P-wave velocity structure of a rock sample during water infiltration under differential stress loading conditions. The results indicate that we can remove unrealistic solutions sometimes encountered when too many iterations are made. In spite of much computation time, the EIC is a promising technique for the near future, prompted by the rapid progress in current computer technology.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00129.x
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  • 175
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The effects of source and receiver motion on seismic data (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: The effects of source and receiver motion on seismic data are considered using extensions of the standard convolutional model. In particular, receiver motion introduces a time-variant spatial shift into data, while source motion converts the effect of the source signature from a single-channel convolution in time to a multichannel convolution in time and space. These results are consistent with classical Doppler theory and suggest that Doppler shifting can introduce distortions into seismic data even at relatively slow acquisition speeds. It is shown that, while both source and receiver motion are known to be important for marine vibroseis acquisition, receiver motion alone can produce significant artifacts in marine 3D data. Fortunately, the convolutional nature of the distortions renders them amenable to correction using simple deconvolution techniques. Specifically, the effects of receiver motion can be neutralized by applying an appropriate reverse time-variant spatial shift, while those due to source motion can be addressed by introducing time-variant spatial shifts both before and after standard, deterministic, signature deconvolution or correlation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00133.x
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  • 176
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A sample of controlled experiments in diff radion tomography (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Various applications of a new geophysical reconstruction method, generalized acoustical diffraction tomography (GADT), which is based on transmission data as input are considered. Conventional diffraction tomography methods normally require linearization with respect to a uniform reference medium and regular sampling along a straight line. Thus, these methods will not work well when the background is strongly non-uniform and/or the acquisition geometry is arbitrary. However, GADT can, in principle, handle both irregularly spaced data, curved acquisition lines, and non-uniform background models.A number of controlled model tank and field experiments, where the model and the test object(s) are known a priori, have been carried out. After acquiring the tomographic data in each experiment, these are used to compute a reconstruction of the model, which can then be compared with the actual, known model. The method's ability to yield high-quality images of the different targets is demonstrated.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00123.x
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  • 177
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Frequency-domain modelling of airborne electromagnetic responses using staggered finite differences (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: A 3D frequency-domain EM modelling code has been implemented for helicopter electromagnetic (HEM) simulations. A vector Helmholtz equation for the electric fields is employed to avoid convergence problems associated with the first-order Maxwell's equations when air is present. Additional stability is introduced by formulating the problem in terms of the scattered electric fields. With this formulation the impressed dipole source is replaced with an equivalent source, which for the airborne configuration possesses a smoother spatial dependence and is easier to model. In order to compute this equivalent source, a primary field arising from dipole sources of either a whole space or a layered half-space must be calculated at locations where the conductivity is different from that of the background.The Helmholtz equation is approximated using finite differences on a staggered grid. After finite-differencing, a complex-symmetric matrix system of equations is assembled and preconditioned using Jacobi scaling before it is solved using the quasi-minimum residual (QMR) method. The modelling code has been compared with other 1D and 3D numerical models and is found to produce results in good agreement.We have used the solution to simulate novel HEM responses that are computationally intractable using integral equation (IE) solutions. These simulations include a 2D conductor residing at a fault contact with and without topography. Our simulations show that the quadrature response is a very good indicator of the faulted background, while the in-phase response indicates the presence of the conductor. However when interpreting the in-phase response, it is possible erroneously to infer a dipping conductor due to the contribution of the faulted background.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00294.x
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  • 178
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Point-to-curve ray tracing in complicated geological models (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Boundary-value problems (BVPs) for seismic rays generally have multiple solutions. In practical applications the number of solutions can be large. The algorithm presented below solves a one-parameter family of BVPs and makes it easy to obtain all the solutions of a BVP.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00285.x
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  • 179
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    One-dimensional non-linear inversion of magnetotelluric data: the importance of data errorrs (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Inversion of noisy magnetotelluric data over a horizontally stratified earth has no unique solution. Instead, the resistivities and thicknesses of the layers can only be specified to lie within certain bounds at a particular confidence level. The significance of having correctly estimated data errors when calculating the parameters and parameter bounds is discussed. Emphasis is put on the very corrunon problem of not being able to obtain models which can be considered acceptable with a reasonable certainty from a statistical point of view. A method is presented to obtain a pragmatic data error description by adjustment of wrongly estimated data errors while keeping the suppression of 1D data features at a minimum. A comparison is made between calculation of the parameter bounds based on approximating the confidence surface by hyperellipsoids and a calculation based on a full non-linear most-squares analysis. In general it is found that the approximation works very well when the confidence limit is small. However, significant deviations are found in some cases.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00288.x
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  • 180
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    Digitale Medien
    On the application of geophysics in the exploration for copper and chrome ores in Albania (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Some generalized results of geophysical exploration for copper sulphide and chromite ores in Albania are presented. The most important geophysical methods used are electrical prospecting, gravity, magnetics and electromagnetics. Physical properties of the ores, genesis and geological problems to be solved have determined the proper choice of any of these methods in the complex exploration.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00278.x
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  • 181
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    Digitale Medien
    Use of traveltime skips in refraction analysis to delineate velocity inversion (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: First arrival refraction data does not normally provide any indication of the velocity inversion problem. However, under certain favourable circumstances, when the low-velocity layer (LVL) is considerably thicker than the overlying higher-velocity layer (HVL), the velocity inversion can be seen in the form of a traveltime skip. Model Studies show that in such cases the length of the HVL traveltime branch can be used to determine the thickness of the HVL and the magnitude of the traveltime skip in order to determine the thickness of the LVL. This is also applicable in the case of field data.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00281.x
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  • 182
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    Digitale Medien
    Finite-difference elastic wave propagation in 2D heterogeneous transversely isotropic media (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: The velocity-stress formulation for propagation of elastic seismic waves through 2D heterogeneous transversely isotropic media of arbitrary orientation is presented. The equations are recast into a finite-difference scheme and solved numerically using fourth-order spatial operators and a second-order temporal operator on a staggered grid. Absorbing, free-surface and symmetry boundary conditions have been implemented. Test cases compare well with other published solutions. Synthetic seismograms are calculated over two idealized models: (i) vertical fractures in granite with a dolerite sill reflector and (ii) a dipping anisotropic shale. Comparisons with the isotropic counterparts show significant differences which may have to be accounted for in seismic processing in the future.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00284.x
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  • 183
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Reflections from a randomly grooved interface: ultrasonic modelling and finite-diff erence calculation (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: This study utilizes ultrasonic water tank modelling to examine the complexities which can result when seismic energy is diffracted by even a simple 3D interface structure. Ultrasonic laboratory modelling is carried out in our in-house water tank, using an aluminum block to simulate very simple ocean-bottom topography. The topography consists of parallel depressions which simulate valleys running parallel to a mid-ocean spreading ridge. This study shows that the phase and amplitude of primary ocean-bottom reflections can vary strongly with the azimuth of propagation. The trailing energy coda also varies dramatically as a function of propagation direction, showing the importance of developing a seismic model which includes the full 3D azimuthal distribution of interface structure.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00268.x
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  • 184
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    Digitale Medien
    Shallow karst exploration using MT-VLF and DC resistivity methods (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: A geophysical test was carried out over a well-located and fairly embedded karstic conduit. The MT-VLF method was selected because of its high resolution and its ability to provide a resistivity parameter sensitive to water and Clay. This method was used together with DC resistivity methods which allow vertical adjustment of the VLF data and show consistency between the investigation and target depths. After correcting the deformations due to the polarization of the primary field, the MT-VLF data show clearly, in the Central part of the site, that the conduit does not coincide with an anomaly axis but coincides with the boundary between a conductive area and a resistive area. 2D modelling confirms that direct detection of the conduit is not feasible and that the conduit is located close to a conductive zone corresponding to a completely Clay-filled fractured zone. This situation was observed on the whole site and the conduit seemed systematically to thread its way between the conductive zones to join the outlet. The distribution of the conductive fractured zones and the direction of the hydraulic gradient were two important elements in predicting the location of the conduits. A 3D approach would increase the probability of finding the conduits in such a case.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00272.x
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  • 185
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Long period multiple suppression by predictive deconvolution in the x–t domainl (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: There are two forms of systematic error in conventional deconvolution as applied to the problem of suppressing multiples with periodicities longer than a hundred milliseconds. One of these is the windowing effect due to the assumption that a true autocorrelation function can be computed from a finite portion of data. The second form of error concerns the assumption of periodicity, which is strictly true only at zero offset for a 1D medium. The seriousness of these errors increased with the lengthening of the multiple period.This paper describes and illustrates a rigorous 2D solution to the predictive deconvolution equations that overcomes both of the systematic errors of conventional 1D approaches. This method is applicable to both the simple or trapped system and to the complex or peg-leg system of multiples. It does not require that the design window be six to ten times larger compared to the operator dimensions and it is accurate over a wide range of propagation angles. The formulation is kept strictly in the sense of the classical theory of prediction. The solution of normal equations are obtained by a modified conjugate gradient method of solution developed by Koehler. In this algorithm, the normal equations are not modified by the autocorrelation approximation.As with all linear methods, approximate stationary attitude in the multiple generating process is assumed. This method has not been tested in areas where large changes in the characteristic of the multiple-generating mechanism occur within a seismic spread length.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00261.x
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  • 186
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Imaging beneath an opaque basaltic layer using densely sampled wide-angle OBS data (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: A combined reflection/refraction (wide-angle) seismic survey was conducted on the continental shelf north-west of Britain, using a conventional streamer with an airgun source, and static ocean-bottom seismometers (OBS) to record wide-angle energy. The shallow structure down to a basaltic layer was reasonably well imaged on the stacked reflection section. The basalts, however, proved to be opaque to the conventional reflection method and prevented the imaging of deeper horizons, where an important velocity inversion was anticipated. This paper reports on the processing, modelling and interpretation of the densely sampled wide-angle OBS data that were coincident with the reflection profile. Eleven OBS instruments were deployed along a 75 km line and recorded signal from a powerful 149 litre (9100 in.3) airgun array fired every 50 m. Data processing was performed using a standard industrial reflection seismic software package prior to first-arrival picking. Processing steps included geometry definition, trace summation and display of the data using various scaling algorithms. An initial model was constructed from 1D velocity-time profiles digitized every 4 km along the stacked section. First arrival traveltime modelling rapidly converged to a detailed model of the structure of the top 5 km of the crust. Modelling revealed the existence of a buried low-velocity Mesozoic sedimentary basin, of a prominent basement horst and of a normal fault penetrating to the basement.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00264.x
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  • 187
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Determination of electrical resistivity, its anisotropy and heterogeneity on drill cores: a new method (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: This paper presents a new method for the measurement on core samples of their electrical resistivity, its anisotropy and heterogeneity. The equipment used has been developed in the field laboratory of the German Continental Deep Drilling program KTB in the north-east of Bavaria on the western rim of the Bohemian Massif. The apparatus measures the resistivity at a fixed frequency as a function of the drill core azimuth and along the core by moving point electrode configurations.From these azimuth and depth dependences, mean values of resistivity and additional information about its anisotropy and heterogeneity are determined. Geometrical averaging is used, because the resistivity data follows a log normal distribution. The quantitative parameters ‘azimuth factor’, corresponding to horizontal anisotropy, and ‘heterogeneity factor’ are introduced.The depth logs of resistivity, azimuth factor and heterogeneity factor, measured on cores obtained from the KTB main drill hole (gneisses and amphibolites) at depths between 4150 m and 8080 m are presented. The geometrically averaged mean values of resistivity of gneisses and amphibolites are in the same range (≅ 103Ωm). The resistivities tend to decrease with depth. The stress release of the drill cores during recovery produces microcracks which may partially account for this effect.Reduced resistivities (down to 150 Ωm) within an amphibolite core correlate with an alteration zone. One sample of this core displays alteration from fresh to completely altered. This sample is also electrically heterogeneous (heterogeneity factor ≅ 2). Other samples with uniform low alteration are more homogeneous heterogeneity factor ≅ 1.4).In general, higher anisotropies are observed in gneisses (mean azimuth factor 2.8), lower anisotropies in amphibolites (mean azimuth factor 1.3). Examples of isotropic and homogeneous samples, as well as anisotropic and heterogeneous samples are also presented.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00254.x
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  • 188
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Using the pseudospectral method on curved grids for 2D elastic forward modelling (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: When applying the conventional Fourier pseudospectral method (FSM) on a Cartesian grid that has a sufficient size to propagate a pulse, spurious diffractions from the staircase representation of the curved interfaces appear in the wavefield. It is demonstrated that these non-physical diffractions can be eliminated by using curved grids that conform to all the interfaces of the subsurface. Methods for solving the 2D acoustic wave equation using such curved grids have been published previously by the authors. Here the extensions to the full 2D elastic wave equations are presented.The curved grids are generated by using the so-called multiblock strategy which is a well-known concept in computational fluid dynamics. In principle the sub-surface is divided into a number of contiguous subdomains. A separate grid is generated for each subdomain patching the grid lines across domain boundaries to obtain a globally continuous grid. Using this approach, even configurations with pinch outs can be handled.The curved grid is taken to constitute a generalized curvilinear coordinate system. Thus, the elastic equations have to be written in a curvilinear frame before applying the numerical scheme. The method implies that twice the number of spatial derivatives have to be evaluated compared to the conventional FSM on a Cartesian grid. However, it is demonstrated that the extra terms are more than compensated for by the fewer grid points needed in the curved approach.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00258.x
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  • 189
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    Digitale Medien
    Effective filtering of artifacts for implicit finite-difference paraxial wave equation migration (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Implicit finite-difference implementations of the paraxial wave equation are widely used in industrial prestack and post-stack migration programs for imaging and velocity analysis. This type of implementation gives rise to numerical artifacts which, in general, do not degrade image quality but which do impede effective velocity analysis. This paper reviews the artifacts generated by the paraxial approximation and a post-extrapolation, spatially varying filtering scheme is described which completely eliminates these artifacts. The method is illustrated with numerous examples.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00132.x
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  • 190
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Generalized acoustic diffraction tomogra phy (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: A generalized diffraction tomography algorithm is developed, which in principle can handle irregularly spaced data, curved acquisition lines and non-uniform background models. By direct comparison with medical diffraction tomography, it is shown that the generalized method involves the same two processing steps: data filtering and back-propagation. The filter handles the irregular sampling of the model space and the uneven energy coverage, while the back-propagation operator removes the wave propagation effects. Paraxial ray-tracing techniques are employed to compute both these quantities.In medical diffraction tomography, the resolution vector (i.e. the Fourier vector of the model space) is defined by the incident and scattered plane-wave directions. It is shown here that a similar relationship exists for a non-uniform background, where the resolution vector at a particular image point is defined by the incident and scattered ray directions. Consequently, the impulse response of the generalized algorithm becomes space variant.Finally, a general processing procedure for transmission mode seismic data, based on this generalized algorithm, is proposed. The potential of the method is demonstrated using synthetic cross-hole data.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00122.x
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  • 191
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    Digitale Medien
    A new velocity model for clay-sand mixtu res (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 43 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: None of the standard porosity-velocity models (e.g. the time-average equation, Raymer's equations) is satisfactory for interpreting well-logging data over a broad depth range. Clays in the section are the usual source of the difficulty through the bias and scatter that they introduce into the relationship between porosity and P-wave transit time. Because clays are composed of fine sheet-like particles, they normally form pores with much smaller aspect ratios than those associated with sand grains. This difference in pore geometry provides the key to obtaining more consistent resistivity and sonic log interpretations.A velocity model for Clay–sand mixtures has been developed in terms of the Kuster and Toksöz, effective medium and Gassmann theories. In this model, the total pore space is assumed to consist of two parts: (1) pores associated with sand grains and (2) pores associated with clays (including bound water). The essential feature of the model is the assumption that the geometry of pores associated with sand grains is significantly different from that associated with clays. Because of this, porosity in shales affects elastic compliance differently from porosity in sand-Stones. The predictive power of the model is demonstrated by the agreement between its predictions and laboratory measurements and by its ability to predict sonic logs from other logs over large depth intervals where formations vary from unconsolidated to consolidated sandstones and shales.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00126.x
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  • 192
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    Digitale Medien
    OFFSET CONTINUATION IN THEORY AND PRACTICE (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 32 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Offset continuation is a technique that was recently proposed for the dip moveout correction. This correction can be carried out in the time-wavenumber domain using a proper partial differential equation that links sections with different offset.It has been shown that a single spike in a common-offset section—corresponds to a semi-elliptically shaped reflector with foci located at the source and receiver in the section migrated after dip moveout correction.The sections that result after offset continuation, stack, and migration are thus a superposition not only of semicircles, but also of semi-ellipses with different lengths of axes. This effect smears the migration alias-noise which, without offset continuation, would appear as migration circles not close enough together to interfere destructively.Offset continuation can improve the quality of seismic sections in several ways:—the velocity analyses are more readable, less dispersed and dip independent; diffraction tails arrive with the same normal moveout velocity as the apex and thus diffraction-noise can be “stacked out”;—noise produced by aliasing in the migrated section is reduced.In this paper we give a practical and conceptual interpretation of the offset continuation method, with a generalization to three-dimensional volumes of data. A critical examination of several synthetic and field data examples shows the actual possibilities and advantages of offset continuation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1984.tb00754.x
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  • 193
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    Digitale Medien
    ESTIMATES OF TERRESTRIAL THERMAL GRADIENTS AND HEAT FLOW VARIATIONS WITH DEPTH IN THE HINTON-EDSON AREA OF THE ALBERTA BASIN DERIVED FROM PETROLEUM BOTTOM-HOLE TEMPERATURE DATA (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 32 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: There is a significant increase in terrestrial heat flow with depth in the Hinton-Edson area of the deep part of the western Canadian sedimentary basin in Alberta. This is especially true near the Rocky Mountain foothills which is an area of high relief, high hydraulic head and regional water recharge. Gravity-imposed downward movement of meteoric water through the thick sedimentary strata with velocities as low as 10–10 m/s to 0.5 × 10–9 m/s may cause an increase of heat flow with depth. Such disturbance of heat flow with depth on a regional scale in the sedimentary strata means that it is not possible to determine the background conductive steady-state heat flow associated with crustal or upper mantle heat sources in such an area from measurement of conductive heat flow in the part of the sedimentary column where water movement occurs. This is because the convective portion cannot be determined, particularly when measurements are made in only part of the regional hydrodynamic system of the basin.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1984.tb00758.x
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  • 194
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    Digitale Medien
    A THREE-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL BOTTOM-HOLE TEMPERATURE STABILIZATION MODEL (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 32 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: The heat flow equation in cylindrical coordinates is solved numerically for any general distribution of thermal diffusivity. The temperature stabilization of a borehole is considered, and solutions for the case where thermal diffusivity is a function of radial distance from the borehole are obtained and compared to solutions for uniform diffusivity. The results are discussed in terms of thermal diffusivities that are different for the well contents and for the surrounding material. It is found that the approach to formation temperature is affected by differences between well contents and the surrounding region.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1984.tb00714.x
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  • 195
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    GEOELECTRICAL MODEL CALCULATIONS FOR TWO-DIMENSIONAL RESISTIVITY DISTRIBUTIONS (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 32 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: For the calculation of geoelectrical model curves for a two-dimensional resistivity distribution, the potential equation is transformed by means of a Fourier cosine transform into a two-dimensional Helmholtz equation containing the separation parameter λ.The numerical solution of this equation for different values of λ for an irregular grid is obtained using the method of finite differences combined with the method of overrelaxation. The method by which derivatives are replaced by finite differences turned out to be very important, especially for high resistivity contrasts. After testing several methods designed to deal with any type of resistivity distribution, a method of discretization similar to that used by Brewitt—Taylor and Weaver (1976) for magnetotelluric modeling for H polarization was found the best.Examples are given of model curves for Schlumberger soundings over a vertical fault covered by overburden. The incorrect use of horizontal-layer models leads to erroneous interpretations that are more complex than the real subsurface situations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1984.tb00721.x
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  • 196
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    Digitale Medien
    TWO STRUCTURAL MODELS FOR THE WESTERN FLANK OF THE BRABANT MASSIF (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 32 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: This paper is concerned with an interpretation of the Bouguer anomaly on the Western flank of the Brabant Massif (Belgium). The position, shape, and density contrast of elementary bodies in the upper part of the earth's crust are determined in a purely numerical manner. A batholith-like body and a basin-type structure both adequately account for the observed surface field, at least from a one-sided geophysical and mathematical point of view. Since seismological control is lacking the two models are representative of the ambiguity and indeterminacy of the definitions of the geologic cause of the anomalous features, if the data are restricted to gravity information alone.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1984.tb00715.x
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  • 197
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    Digitale Medien
    A DIGITAL LINEAR FILTER FOR RESISTIVITY SOUNDING WITH A GENERALIZED ELECTRODE ARRAY (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 32 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: This paper presents a digital linear filter which maps composite resistivity transforms to apparent resistivities for any four—electrode array over a horizontally layered earth. A filter is provided for each of three sampling rates; the choice of filter will depend on resistivity contrasts and computational facilities.Two methods of filter design are compared. The Wiener-Hopf least-squares method is preferable for low sampling rate filters. The Fourier transform method is more successful in producing a filter with a high sampling rate which can handle resistivity contrasts of 100 000: 1.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1984.tb00720.x
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  • 198
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    Digitale Medien
    ESTIMATION OF THE SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO OF SEISMIC DATA WITH AN APPLICATION TO STACKING (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 28 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: The amplitude of the signal and the energy of the noise on each of at least three traces can be estimated provided that the signal has the same form (but not necessarily the same amplitude) on these traces and that the noise on any trace is correlated with neither the signal nor the noise on any other trace. This estimation of signal amplitude and noise energy can be achieved by a rather simple algorithm. The accuracy of the estimate depends, of course, on the degree to which the assumption that signal and noise on the different traces are mutually uncorrelated is actually met. The accuracy tends to improve with increasing number of traces.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1980.tb01241.x
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  • 199
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    Digitale Medien
    GEOPHYSICAL DATA BASES: SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 28 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: The use of data file systems within the areas of geological well log and reservoir analysis is now accepted as a necessity in the storage and correlation of large volumes of diverse information.Multi-channel and three-dimensional seismic recording techniques of various types result in a situation where the amount of processing parameters and derived seismic properties of a trace are rapidly approaching the amount of the recorded data themselves. The requirement to access these statistics efficiently has introduced the problems of data management to the seismic processing community.Much software effort has been expended in the design of algorithms for cross reference and indexing of the statistics required in signal processing. These efforts, however, are generally in the direction of a localized solution to a specific requirement and tend to ignore the data base concepts well developed within the commercial data processing community.This paper examines the applicability of commercial data base concepts to the problems of data handling in the area of geophysical exploration, sets forth some basic definitions and organizational characteristics, and describes a system for the integration of several earth disciplines within a single data base from which parameters and mapped information may be derived and indexed for the purpose of processing and interpretation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1980.tb01239.x
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  • 200
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    THE INDUCTIVE RESPONSE OF A HORIZONTAL CONDUCTING CYLINDER BURIED IN A UNIFORM EARTH FOR A UNIFORM INDUCING FIELD (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 28 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: The inductive response of a conducting horizontal cylinder embedded in a uniform earth is studied using numerical results obtained for an analytical solution for the problem of a conducting cylinder buried in a homogeneous earth for the case of a uniform inducing field. A check of the validity of the numerical results is made by a comparison with analogue model measurements for a number of cases. Numerical results for a range of cylinder radii (a = 1–10 km), depths of burial (d= 0–4 km), conductivity contrasts (σ2= 10−2-10 Sm−1), and source frequencies (f= 10−1-10−4 Hz) of interest in the interpretation of magnetotelluric field measurements are presented. The results indicate that for a uniform inducing field the conductivity and depth of burial of a horizontal cylindrical inhomogeneity are best determined through a measurement of the amplitudes Hy, Hz and Ex and the phases φy and Ψx.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1980.tb01245.x
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