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  • Articles  (11)
  • Other Sources
  • agriculture  (6)
  • fusion  (5)
  • 2010-2014
  • 1990-1994  (8)
  • 1980-1984  (3)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1925-1929
  • 1993  (7)
  • 1991  (1)
  • 1982  (1)
  • 1980  (2)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (11)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental results from a beam direct converter at 100 kV (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of fusion energy 2 (1982), S. 131-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: fusion ; direct energy conversion ; neutral beams
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A direct-energy converter was developed for use on neutral-beam injectors. The purpose of the converter is to raise the efficiency of the injector by recovering the portion of the ion beam not converted to neutrals. In addition to increasing the power efficiency, direct conversion reduces the requirements on power supplies and eases the beam dump problem. The converter was tested at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory on a reduced-area version of a neutral-beam injector developed for use on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor at Princeton. The conversion efficiency of the total ion power was 65 ±7% at the beginning of the pulse, decaying to just over 50% by the end of the 0.6-s pulse. Once the electrode surfaces were conditioned, the decay was due to the rise in pressure of only the beam gas and not to outgassing. The direct converter was tested with 1.7 A of hydrogen ions and with 1.5 A of helium ions through the aperture with similar efficiencies. At the midplane through the beam, the line power density was 0.7 MW/m, for comparison with our calculations of slab beams and the prediction of 2–4 MW/m in some reactor studies. Over 98 kV was developed at the ion collector when the beam energy was 100 keV. When electrons were suppressed magnetically, rather than electrostatically, the efficiency dropped to 40%. However, a better designed electron catcher could improve this efficiency. New electrode material released gas (mostly H2 and CO) in amounts that exceeded the input of primary gas from the beam. The electrodes were all made of 0.51-mm-thick molybdenum cooled only by radiation. This allowed the heating by the beam to outgas the electrodes and for them to stay hot enough to avoid the reabsorption of gas between shots. By minor redesign of the electrodes, adding cryopanels near the electrodes, and grounding the ion source, these results extrapolate with high confidence to an efficiency of 70–80% at a power density of 2–4 MW/m. Higher power may be possible with magnetic electron suppression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054580
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Towards a sustainable and efficient use of manure in agriculture: The Dutch case (1991)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 1 (1991), S. 313-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Manure problem ; nutrient policy ; nutrient surplus ; regulatory levy ; sustainability ; agriculture ; intensive livestock sector ; acidification ; groundwater pollution ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Rapid increases in livestock production in the Netherlands have changed manure from a valuable input into a mere waste product. This is especially true for the southern and eastern parts of the country, where specialized pig and poultry farms have concentrated on sandy soils. As these farms generally own very little land, they largely depend on imported feedstuffs. As a consequence, manure is applied to the land in such large quantities that serious environmental problems have resulted: (1) eutrophication of surface water by phosphate emissions; (2) pollution of groundwater by nitrate emissions; and (3) acidification by ammonia emissions. In the last few years the Dutch government has developed a manure policy to counteract these effects. Our analysis of that policy has revealed at least three fundamental defects, which render the manure policy ineffective and inefficient. In this paper proposals are made to remove the defects in current manure policy. Much attention is paid to the problem of designing a mixture of policy instruments which is both effective as well as efficient in limiting the environmental problems caused by manure. It is shown that the use of financial incentives in regulation can substantially improve the efficiency of the manure policy. Finally, the main economic consequences of the proposed policy are examined for the public sector as well as for the agricultural sector.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00367923
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abatement of agricultural pollution and economic incentives: The case of intensive livestock farming in France (1993)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 3 (1993), S. 285-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Pollution control ; nitrogen taxation ; agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Amongst possible economic incentives to encourage reduced nitrate contamination of water, this paper emphasizes a nitrogen tax as a possible solution. This finding is based on models estimated from panel data for 100 intensive livestock farms. For each farm a threshold is established (nitrogen units which can be spread per hectare without damage) above which there is an excess of nitrogen. The 100 farms can consequently be classified into two subsamples. The demand for nitrogen is derived for each sub-sample using the dual approach. Both categories are pooled together and a tobit model is estimated. This is used to derive total nitogen demand if all farms were under the threshold. A mineral nitrogen tax would lead to a reduced nitrate concentration in water supplies, because of a more efficient use of organic nitrogen together with a reduction in the use of mineral nitrogen in crop production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313163
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Treatment and geological disposal of waste from NET pre-design (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of fusion energy 12 (1993), S. 209-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: fusion ; radioactive waste ; final disposal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Within the European Fusion Technology programs Studsvik RadWaste AB has performed studies on fusion waste treatment and disposal for several years. This paper deals with the treatment and geological disposal of radioactive waste from NET operation and decommissioning. Results from calculations on radioactive waste fluxes for the operation and decommissioning of NET are reported. The calculations are based on the NET predesign report published 1993 and include results for the exchangeable in-vessel and external parts of the machine as well as permanent reactor components. Different aspects of treatment, packaging, transportation, and interim storage of the waste are discussed. The volumes of waste conditioned for final disposal are preliminarily quantified, according to German and Swedish scenarios for radioactive waste disposal. A total repository volume of approximately 45,000 m3 is required in the German Scenario and 35,000 m3 is required in the Swedish Scenario. Results from dose rate calculations for NET waste in final repositories are presented for the Swedish Scenario. This work was financially supported by the Swedish Natural Science Research Council (NFR) and the European Atomic Energy Community, under an association contract between Euratom and Sweden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01059380
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Passive safety in a helium-cooled tritium breeding blanket with steel structure (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of fusion energy 12 (1993), S. 41-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: fusion ; blanket ; passive safety
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Helium is attractive for use as a fusion blanket coolant for a number of reasons. It is neutronically and chemically inert, nonmagnetic, and will not change phase during any off-normal or accident condition. A significant disadvantage of helium, however, is its low density and volumetric heat capacity. This disadvantage manifests itself most clearly during undercooling accidents such as a loss of coolant accident (LOCA) or a loss of flow accident (LOFA). This paper proposes a new helium-cooled, tritium breeding blanket concept which uses a metallic structure, and which performs significantly better during such accidents than related designs. The proposed blanket uses modified, reduced-activation HT-9 steel as a structural material and is designed for neutron wall loads exceeding 4 MW/m2. This concept uses novel features such as: (1) a “beryllium-joint” design which allows beryllium to be used to conduct heat away from the first wall, while accommodating swelling of the beryllium, and (2) a shield cooled by naturally circulating water. These features help the blanket passively withstand a worst-case undercooling accident scenario.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01059353
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Failure rate data for glovebox components and cleanup systems at the Tritium Systems Test Assembly (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of fusion energy 12 (1993), S. 47-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: fusion ; reliability ; failure rates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Fusion facility safety and reliability/availability analyses require accurate component failure rate information to provide meaningful results. While fission reactor operating experience data may be adequate for some types of components, there are some data needs that are fusion-specific, such as tritium fueling and handling system information. This paper summarizes data analysis of tritium glovebox confinement systems and an air detritiation system from the Tritium Systems Test Assembly (TSTA) at Los Alamos National Laboratory. These analyses benefit fusion design work by highlighting weak areas in designs to allow for modifications and upgrades, making future designs more robust. The TSTA results are generally smaller failure rates than the information from other industries, thus showing one of the benefits of gathering these fusion-specific data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01059354
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pressure transients in NET building compartments under LOCA conditions (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of fusion energy 12 (1993), S. 83-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: fusion ; water cooling ; loss of coolant accidents ; containment ; pressure transients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The NET cooling systems for in-vessel components and vessel are generally based on low pressure and low temperature water. However, the cooling loops for the breeder blanket are intended to operate at a water temperature of about 250°C. A pipe break in a loop with such data would pressurize the compartment where the break takes place. Therefore, as a basis for proper compartment design, it is important to analyze possible pressure increases following pipe breaks. It may also be necessary to introduce equipment for pressure relief or pressure suppression. The objective of the parameter study presented is to determine the relationship between allowed maximum containment pressure following postulated large pipe break in breeding blanket loop and required containment volume. Parameters varied are: blanket loop temperature and pressure (within the range of burn and baking), and pressure suppression system inclusion/exclusion. The analysis has been performed by means of the Swedish containment code COPTA. The results of the analysis are summarized in a plot showing the influence of the varied parameters on required containment volume. In addition, the results presented include required vent areas, heat sink capacities, etc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01059360
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutritional implications of staple food crop successions in Usambara, Tanzania (1980)
    Springer
    Human ecology 8 (1980), S. 311-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: agriculture ; nutrition ; food preferences ; Tanzania
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Archival and ethnographic research carried out in northeastern Tanzania provides evidence of significant changes in production and consumption of staple food crops between 1850 and the present. The banana, which provided the bulk of calories and other nutrients in precolonial times, has been successively replaced by Irish potatoes, maize, and cassava in different localities. The reasons for the adoption of each of these introduced crops are explored, and their implications for human nutrition in the area are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01560998
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Agriculturally induced vegetation change, 1950–1975 (1980)
    Springer
    Human ecology 8 (1980), S. 105-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: agriculture ; biomass ; biomass distribution ; biomass change ; net primary productivity ; vegetation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Changes in worldwide grain production area are analyzed to assess the impact of major agricultural activity onglobal biomass. During the 26-year study period, nearly 1% of the earth's ice-free land surface was converted to grain production. This increase in agricultural area reduced the planetary biomass; however, it had minimal effect on net primary productivity. Geographically, the overall change caused by increased grain production has been to redistribute the planetary biomass poleward.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01531437
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impact of education on the attitudes of college students toward biotechnology (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 6 (1993), S. 75-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: biotechnology ; education ; agriculture ; socio-economic issues
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract An interdisciplinary course was designed as an introduction to the applications of, and the socio-economic issues associated with, biotechnology. College students enrolled in the course were surveyed prior to the first formal lecture, and again upon completion of the course. Assessment was made of the impact of the educational materials on the attitudes and perceptions of the students toward the applications of biotechnology to agriculture. Data were collected for the first three semesters in which the course was offered. Answers to survey questions were analyzed on a before and after basis. It was found that students were very accepting of biotechnology prior to taking the course, despite a generally low level of exposure to this type of technology. The course was effective in increasing the knowledge base of the students, but not as effective in allaying their perceptions of risks associated with biotechnology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01965616
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Basic principles of agroecology and sustainable agriculture (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 6 (1993), S. 1-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: agroecosystems ; agriculture ; ecology ; sustainability ; biodiversity ; competition ; succession ; culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract In the final analysis, sustainable agriculture must derive from applied ecology, especially the principle of the regulation of the abundance and distribution of species (and, secondarily, their activities) in space and time. Interspecific competition in natural ecosystems has its counterparts in agriculture, designed to divert greater amounts of energy, nutrients, and water into crops. Whereas natural ecosystems select for a diversity of species in communities, recent agriculture has minimized diversity in favour of vulnerable monocultures. Such systems show intrinsically less stability and resilience to perturbations. Some kinds of crop rotation resemble ecological succession in that one crop prepares the land for successive crop production. Such rotations enhance soil organic processes such as decomposition and material cycling, build a nutrient capital to sustain later crop growth, and reduce the intensity of pest buildup. Species in natural communities occur at discrete points along the r-K continuum of reproductive maturity. Clearing forested land for agriculture, rotational burning practices, and replacing perennial grassland communities by cereal monocultures moves the agricultural community towards the r extreme. Plant breeders select for varieties which yield at an earlier age and lower plant biomass, effectively moving a variety towards the r type. Features of more natural landscapes, such as hedgerows, may act as physical and biological adjuncts to agricultural production. They should exist as networks in agricultural lands to be most effective. Soil is of major importance in agroecosystems, and maintaining, deliberately, its vitality and resilience to agricultural perturbations is the very basis of sustainable land use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01965612
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