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  • Articles  (712)
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  • 1995-1999
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  • 1
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 261-261 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
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  • 2
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 111-126 
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    Keywords: Least Element ; Linear Complementarity ; Quadratic Programs ; Special Structure ; Applications ; Computational Experience
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The present paper studies the linear complementarity problem of finding vectorsx andy inR + n such thatc + Dx + y ≧ 0,b − x ≧ 0 andx T (c + Dx + y) = y T (b − x) = 0 whereD is aZ-matrix andb 〉 0. Complementarity problems of this nature arise, for example, from the minimization of certain quadratic functions subject to upper and lower bounds on the variables. Two least-element characterizations of solutions to the above linear complementarity problem are established first. Next, a new and direct method to solve this class of problems, which depends on the idea of “least-element solution” is presented. Finally, applications and computational experience with its implementation are discussed.
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 139-139 
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 190-209 
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    Keywords: Algorithm ; Piecewise Linear ; Complementary Pivot ; Equilibrium Model ; Trade ; Production Prices ; Linear Programming ; Fixed Point Methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The general equilibrium model is approximated as a piecewise linear convex model and solved from the point of view of welfare economics using linear programming and fixed point methods.
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 260-260 
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  • 6
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 263-263 
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  • 7
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    Keywords: Complementarity Problem ; Computational Results ; Structural Engineering ; Applications ; Portfolio Selection ; Actuarial Graduation
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we discuss three applications of a class of (parametric) linear complementarity problems arising independently from such diverse areas as portfolio selection, structural engineering and actuarial graduation. After explaining how the complementarity problems emerge in these applications, we perform some analytical comparisons (based on operation counts and storage requirements) of several existing algorithms for solving this class of complementarity problems. We shall also present computational results to support the analytical comparisons. Finally, we deduce some conclusions about the general performance of these algorithms.
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  • 8
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 136-136 
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  • 9
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 141-158 
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    Keywords: Constrained Least Squares Problems ; Positive Semidefinite Quadratic Programming ; Orthogonal Factorization ; Reorthogonalization
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a feasible descent algorithm for solving certain constrained least squares problems. These problems are specially structured quadratic programming problems with positive semidefinite Hessian matrices that are allowed to be singular. The algorithm generates a finite sequence of subproblems that are solved using the numerically stable technique of orthogonal factorization with reorthogonalization and Given's transformation updating.
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  • 10
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    Mathematical programming 17 (1979), S. 104-105 
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    Keywords: Complementarity Problem ; Number of Solutions
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  • 11
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    Mathematical programming 17 (1979), S. 109-113 
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    Keywords: Geometric Programs ; Kuhn—Tucker Conditions ; Condensation Methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present some points of clarification of a recently presented algorithm for geometric programs [7]. While presenting the clarification, we are able to identify the behavior of condensation type algorithms for generalized geometric programs.
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  • 12
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    Mathematical programming 17 (1979), S. 121-121 
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    Mathematical programming 17 (1979), S. 140-155 
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    Keywords: Multiplier Methods ; Adaptive Penalization ; Nonlinear Programming ; Quadratic Convergence
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    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a multiplier method for solving optimization problems with equality and inequality constraints. The method realizes all the good features that were foreseen by R. Fletcher for this type of algorithm in the past, but which suffers from none of the drawbacks of the earlier attempts.
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  • 14
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    Mathematical programming 17 (1979), S. 401-401 
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  • 15
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    Mathematical programming 17 (1979), S. 16-31 
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    Keywords: Goal Programming ; Sensitivity Analysis ; Vector-Maximum Algorithms ; Multiple Objective Linear Programming ; Multiple Criteria Decision Making
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract This paper presents an application of the vector-maximum research [4–8] to the sensitivity analysis of goal programming problems as several of the criterion function penalty weights are simultaneously and independently varied. A generalized goal programming capability is presented and a six-stage analytic procedure is described. The problem is generalized in the sense that the regular goal programming penalty weights can be expanded to intervals if desired. The solution procedure is new in that it depends upon an algorithm for the vector-maximum problem, “criterion cone” contraction procedures, and “filtering” techniques. Together they are able to generate and process all extreme points on the portion of the surface of the goal programming “augmented” feasible region corresponding to the interval penalty weights specified. In effect, the procedure and adapted algorithm of this paper delivers to goal programming an operational power of sensitivity analysis not previously available to users. A numerical example is provided in order to illustrate the computerized application of the total goal programming procedure outlined.
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  • 16
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 281-302 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Linear Inequalities ; Convex Polytopes ; Facets ; Lifting Theorems ; Travelling Salesman Problem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Four lifting theorems are derived for the symmetric travelling salesman polytope. They provide constructions and state conditions under which a linear inequality which defines a facet of then-city travelling salesman polytope retains its facetial property for the (n + m)-city travelling salesman polytope, wherem ≥ 1 is an arbitrary integer. In particular, they permit a proof that all subtour-elimination as well as comb inequalities define facets of the convex hull of tours of then-city travelling salesman problem, wheren is an arbitrary integer.
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  • 17
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 388-388 
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  • 18
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 21-36 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Parametric Linear Programming ; Construction Method ; Degeneracy ; Primal Lexicographic Method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We consider a linear programming problem, with two parameters in the objective function, and present an algorithm for finding the decomposition of the parameter space into maximal polyhedral areas in which particular basic solutions are optimal. Special attention is paid to fill up areas of degenerate solutions.
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  • 19
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 81-97 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Nonlinear Programming ; Linear Constraints ; Computational Experience
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    Notes: Abstract An essential part of many iterative methods for linearly constrained nonlinear programming problems is a procedure for determining those inequality constraints which will be “active” (that is, satisfied as equalities) at each iteration. We discuss experiments in which we used several strategies for identifying active constraints in conjunction with two well-known algorithms for linearly constrained optimization. The results indicate that in most cases a strategy which keeps the number of constraints in the active set as small as possible is computationally most efficient.
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    Mathematical programming 17 (1979), S. 198-228 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Plant Location ; Dual Method ; Orthogonality Conditions ; Enumeration ; Computational Results
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The mixed plant location problem (mixed in the sense of allowing capacitated as well as uncapacitated plants) is a difficult and important mixed integer problem. We give a direct dual method, consisting of several phases (each of which appears essential for some data), to resolve a strong relaxed form of the problem with additional constraints over the integer variables (user specified, or derived from the data themselves). When all features of the algorithm are employed, there appears to be no difficulty with problems of 100 plants, even in an inefficient computer implementation. The primal solutions which we derive from the orthogonality conditions and a simple greedy heuristic are almost always much better than those we obtain from a standard relaxed problem in the Lagrangean sense. With an enumeration code in an efficient implementation we would expect to be capable of resolving very large problems (of perhaps up to 500 or 1000 plants) to within practically well acceptable tolerances.
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  • 21
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    Mathematical programming 17 (1979), S. 115-118 
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    Mathematical programming 17 (1979), S. 122-122 
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    Mathematical programming 17 (1979), S. 239-242 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Anti-Blocking ; Perfect Graphs ; Polyhedra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract LetC andA be (0, 1)-valued matrices with no zero columns. Fulkerson has shown that the extreme points of {x: Cx ≤ 1,x ≥ 0} are given by the rows ofA and their projections and the extreme points of {x: Ax ≤ 1,x ≥ 0} are given by the rows ofC and their projections if and only if the maximal rows ofC andA are the incidence vectors of maximal cliques and anticliques, respectively, of a perfect graph. This theorem is discussed and a new proof is given for the “only if” implication.
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    Mathematical programming 17 (1979), S. 251-269 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Nonlinear Programming ; Penalty Functions ; Exact Penalty Functions ; Constraint Qualification ; Second Order Optimality Conditions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that the existence of a strict local minimum satisfying the constraint qualification of [16] or McCormick's [12] second order sufficient optimality condition implies the existence of a class of exact local penalty functions (that is ones with a finite value of the penalty parameter) for a nonlinear programming problem. A lower bound to the penalty parameter is given by a norm of the optimal Lagrange multipliers which is dual to the norm used in the penalty function.
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    Mathematical programming 17 (1979), S. 335-344 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Linear Complementarity Problem ; Complementary Cones ; Complementary Pivot Methods ; Computational Complexity ; Exponential Growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Murty in a recent paper has shown that the computational effort required to solve a linear complementarity problem (LCP), by either of the two well known complementary pivot methods is not bounded above by a polynomial in the size of the problem. In that paper, by constructing a class of LCPs—one of ordern forn ≥ 2—he has shown that to solve the problem of ordern, either of the two methods goes through 2 n pivot steps before termination. However that paper leaves it as an open question to show whether or not the same property holds if the matrix,M, in the LCP is positive definite and symmetric. The class of LCPs in whichM is positive definite and symmetric is of particular interest because of the special structure of the problems, and also because they appear in many practical applications. In this paper, we study the computational growth of each of the two methods to solve the LCP, (q, M), whenM is positive definite and symmetric and obtain similar results.
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    Mathematical programming 17 (1979), S. 398-399 
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    Mathematical programming 17 (1979), S. 402-402 
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    Mathematical programming 17 (1979), S. 32-60 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Lagrange Multipliers ; Linearly-Constrained Optimization ; Augmented Lagrangian Functions ; Projected Lagrangian Methods ; Quadratic Sub Problems
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    Notes: Abstract Almost all efficient algorithms for constrained optimization require the repeated computation of Lagrange-multiplier estimates. In this paper we consider the difficulties in providing accurate estimates and what tests can be made in order to check the validity of the estimates obtained. A variety of formulae for the estimation of Lagrange multipliers are derived and their respective merits discussed. Finally the role of Lagrange multipliers within optimization algorithms is discussed and in addition to other results, it is shown that some algorithms are particularly sensitive to errors in the estimates.
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    Mathematical programming 17 (1979), S. 85-90 
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    Keywords: Cutting Stock ; Glass Industry ; Approximate Solution ; Knapsack ; Small Firm ; Cutting Sequencing ; Small Order Size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A description of some examples of the application of cutting stock problems is given. Focusing on a small firm and its special problems a case from the glass industry is presented. The case leads to a two-dimensional cutting stock problem where large rectangles have to be cut into smaller rectangles. At the same time a group of additional constraints have to be satisfied. The solution method is a near optimal method using knapsack functions. It is shown that the waste can be reduced by approximately 50% in comparison to the solution normally used by the company. Furthermore a sequencing procedure for the ordering of the glass sheets is suggested.
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    Mathematical programming 17 (1979), S. 106-108 
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    Keywords: Fixed-point Algorithms ; Unconstrained Minimization ; Monotonic Paths
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    Notes: Abstract The exact homotopy path when seeking the minimum of a convex function is monotonic in the homotopy parameter. This monotonicity is not inherited by the piecewise linear approximations to such paths produced by fixed-point algorithms.
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    Mathematical programming 17 (1979), S. 119-119 
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    Mathematical programming 17 (1979), S. 123-135 
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    Keywords: Nonlinearl 1 Problem ; Nondifferentiable Functions ; Optimality Conditions ; Nonlinear Programming
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    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present necessary and sufficient conditions for optimality in the nonlinearl 1 problem. Furthermore, the relationship of thel 1 problem and the Pietrzykowski's approach to solve the nonlinear programming problem is discussed in detail.
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    Mathematical programming 17 (1979), S. 229-238 
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    Keywords: Constrained Optimization ; Penalty Methods ; Second Order Necessary Conditions
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    Notes: Abstract Penalty methods using second derivatives are presented for computing points that satisfy second order necessary conditions for the constrained case in nonlinear programming. Convergence to such points is proved.
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    Mathematical programming 17 (1979), S. 248-248 
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    Mathematical programming 17 (1979), S. 270-297 
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    Keywords: Minimax Optimization ; Nondifferentiable Optimization ; Computer-Aided Circuit Design ; Leastpth Optimization
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    Notes: Abstract Over the past few years a number of researchers in mathematical programming and engineering became very interested in both the theoretical and practical applications of minimax optimization. The purpose of the present paper is to present a new method of solving the minimax optimization problem and at the same time to apply it to nonlinear programming and to three practical engineering problems. The original problem is defined as a modified leastpth objective function which under certain conditions has the same optimum as the original problem. The advantages of the present approach over the Bandler-Charalambous leastpth approach are similar to the advantages of the augmented Lagrangians approach for nonlinear programming over the standard penalty methods.
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    Mathematical programming 17 (1979), S. 391-397 
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    Keywords: Decomposition ; Forrest-Tomlin Update ; Large Scale LP ; Linear Programming ; Triangular Factors
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    Mathematical programming 17 (1979), S. 400-400 
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    Mathematical programming 17 (1979), S. 400-400 
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    Mathematical programming 17 (1979), S. 403-417 
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    Keywords: Networks ; Graphs ; Resistor Networks ; Max-flow Min-Cut
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    Notes: Abstract This paper was written at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1963. A lecture based on it was given at the Rand Corporation in 1965 and this version is in the form in which Ray Fulkerson received it at Rand. The paper is the underpinning for results on resistor network inequalities (Reference [4]) which has not been published. A specific example, however, appears inProceedings of the IEEE 51 (1963) 1047–1048. There is also a parallel theory of the abstract assignment problem; every W—L matrix being an assignment matrix. More is known about minimal non-W—L matrices. U. Peled has found several additional classes of matrices which are also classically known in other contexts. A consequence of a recent matrix theorem is apparently that the degenerate projective planes are the only minimal matrices requiring unequal weights.
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    Computing 21 (1979), S. 113-125 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine erweiterte Quasi-Newtonsche Gleichung wird gelöst unter Verwendung derW-V verallgemeinerten Inverse und ergibt eine einheitliche Ableitung der bekannten Quasi-Newtonschen Methode für die Lösung von nichtlinearen algebraischen Gleichungssystemen. Dieser Zugang ermöglicht es uns, neue Formeln für dünnbesetzte und nicht dünnbesetzte Systeme zu erhalten und auch zu bestimmen, welche Normen der Update-Matrizen bei verschiedenen brauchbaren Quasi-Newtonschen Update-Formeln minimisiert werden.
    Notes: Abstract An augmented quasi-Newton equation is solved by using theW-V generalized inverse to give a unified derivation of the known quasi-Newton methods for solving systems of nonlinear algebraic equations. This approach makes it possible to get new formulas for sparse and non-sparse systems, and also to determine what norms of the update matrices are minimized when several useful quasi-Newton update formulas are derived.
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    Computing 21 (1979), S. 127-141 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Verfahren beschrieben, das nichtlineare Optimierungsprobleme mit linearen Nebenbedingungen löst, ohne daß Ableitungen der Zielfunktion berechnet werden müssen. Der Algorithmus verwendet das Konzept der aktiven Nebenbedingungen und vermeidet die Berechnung von Ableitungen, indem modifizierte Gradienten und Hessesche Matrizen mit Hilfe von Funktionswertdifferenzen approximiert werden. Diese Approximationen werden so berechnet, daß man dieselben Konvergenzergebnisse erhält wie für jede Quasi-Newton-Methode.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper a method is described for solving linearly constrained nonlinear programming problems without evaluating any derivatives of the objective function. The algorithm uses the concept of active constraints and avoids the calculation of derivatives by approximating modified gradients and Hessian matrices by the aid of differences of function values. These approximations are calculated in such a way that the same convergence results are obtained as for any Quasi-Newton method.
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    Computing 21 (1979), S. 183-194 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein neuer Branch-and-Bound-Algorithmus vorgestellt, der aus einem stark zusammenhängenden Digraphen eine maximale Anzahl von Kanten entfernt, ohne die Zusammenhangsverhältnisse zu verändern. Eine FORTRAN IV Version des Algorithmus ist beigefügt. Das Verhalten des Algorithmus wird durch Abschätzung der Komplexität und durch Vergleich mit den Algorithmen von Moyles-Thompson und Hsu verdeutlicht.
    Notes: Abstract The paper presents a new branch and bound algorithm for removing the maximum number of edges from a strongly connected digraph without affecting its reachability properties. A FORTRAN IV implementation is given. The efficiency of the algorithm is analyzed through computational comparison with the methods of Moyles-Thompson and Hsu.
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    Computing 21 (1979), S. 221-232 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, daß Multiplikation von Zahlen und Bestimmen der Quadratwurzel von gleicher Komplexität sind, d. h. aus einem Programm zur Multiplikation kann man eines zum Wurzelziehen konstruieren, das größenordnungsmäßig die gleiche Zeitkomplexität hat (1 Schritt ≦ 1 Bit-Operation) und umgekehrt. Mit dem Schönhage-Strassen-Algorithmus erhält man so einen 0 (n logn log logn)-Algorithmus zum Berechnen der Quadratwurzel.
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that multiplication of numbers and square rooting have the same complexity, i. e. from a program for multiplication one can construct a program for square rooting with the same asymptotic time complexity (1 step≦1 bit-operation) and vice versa. It follows from the Schönhage-Strassen algorithm that square rooting can be performed in 0 (n logn log logn) bit-operations.
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    Computing 21 (1979), S. 105-111 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für die bekannte Konvergenz des additiven und des linearen (unrestingierten) ART-Algorithmus werden neue Beweise gegeben. Die ART-Algorithmen gehören zu einer Klasse von Methoden für die Rekonstruktion von digitalen Bildern aus ihren Projektionen, Probleme, die z. B. in der Röntgentomographie auftreten. Unter Vermeidung des Umweges über die Lösung von Systemen von Ungleichungen wird hier ein sehr direkter und knapper simultaner Beweis für die Konvergenz des additiven und des linearen Algorithmus hergeleitet. Ein zweiter Beweis zeigt die geometrische Konvergenz des linearen Algorithmus, indem nur elementare Matrizenrechnung verwendet wird.
    Notes: Abstract New Proofs are given for the known convergence of the additive and linear (i.e. unconstrained) ART algorithms. These algorithms belong to a class of methods for the reconstruction of digitized pictures from one-dimensional views which are used e. g. in x-ray tomography. Avoiding the detour of solving systems of inequalities, the first proof gives, simultaneously and in a very direct way, the convergence of both the additive and the linear algorithms. A second proof shows the geometric convergence of the linear algorithm by using elementary matrix algebra only.
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    Computing 21 (1979), S. 151-157 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wird eine Volterrasche Integralgleichung erster Art durch Kollokation im Raum der stückweisen Polynome vom Gradm≧0, welche Sprungstellen an den Knoten besitzen, gelöst, so ist die globale Konvergenzordnung der Näherungslösung durchp=m+1 gegeben. In dieser Arbeit wird gezeigt, daß eine spezielle Wahl der Kollokationspunkte (charakterisiert durch die Lobatto-Abszissen in (0, 1]) eine um Eins höhere Konvergenzordnung an den entsprechenden Legendre-Abszissen liefert.
    Notes: Abstract Collocation methods for solving first-kind Volterra equations in the space of piecewise polynomials possessing finite (jump) discontinuities at their knots and having degreem≧0 are known to have global order of convergencep=m+1. It is shown that a careful choice of the collocation points (characterized by the Lobatto points in (0, 1]) yields convergence of order (m+2) at the corresponding Legendre points.
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    Computing 21 (1979), S. 177-182 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract We consider the problem posed by Erdös of minimizing the sum of the squares of the fundamental functions of the Lagrange interpolation by trigonometric polynomials at2n+1 points.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Wir betrachten das von Erdös gestellte Problem, das Integral über die Summe der Quadrate der Grundfunktionen der Lagrange-Interpolation durch trigonometrische Polynome an2n+1 Knoten zu minimieren.
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    Computing 21 (1979), S. 195-211 
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    Keywords: Balanced search trees ; height balanced trees ; 2–3 trees ; B-trees ; Balancierte Suchbäume ; höhenbalancierte Bäume ; 2–3 Bäume ; B-Bäume
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird die Klasse der höhenbalancierten 2–3 Bäume eingeführt. Diese Klasse umfaßt die Klasse der 2–3 Bäume echt. Einfüge- und Entferne-Algorithmen mit 0 (logn) Zeitkomplexität werden für diese Bäume angegeben. Mit dieser Arbeit wird gezeigt, daß das Konzept des Höhenbalancierens vorteilhaft auf Klassen von nichtbinären Bäumen angewandt werden kann. Dies stellt einen Beitrag zur Lösung eines Problems von Knuth dar.
    Notes: Abstract The class of height balanced 2–3 trees is defined. This class properly contains the class of 2–3 trees. Insertion and deletion algorithms for these trees having 0 (logn) performance are provided. This paper thus, effectively demonstrates that “height balancing” can be usefully applied to classes of trees other than binary trees, which is a contribution to the solution of one of Knuth's problems.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Zweck dieser Arbeit ist eine Darstellung der Wirksamkeit der zweidimensionalen Laplace-Transformation als eine Methode für die Auflösung von zeitabhängigen, linearen, partiellen Differentialgleichungen mit verschiedenen zeitabhängigen Randbedingungen. Die Hauptergebnisse der zweidimensionalen Laplace-Transformationstheorie werden benutzt, zusammen mit einem wirksamen numerischen Umkehralgorithmus. Die Formulierung und numerische Resultate werden vorgestellt für eine Anzahl von Aufgaben, die auf halbunendlichen und endlichen räumlichen Gebieten bestimmt sind. Die modifizierte zweidimensionale Laplace-Transformation wird beschrieben für den Fall, wo die räumliche Variable auf ein endliches Intervall beschränkt ist.
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the effectiveness of the double Laplace transform as a method for solving time-invariant linear partial differential equations with a variety of time-varying boundary conditions. The main results of double Laplace transform theory are utilized together with an efficient numerical inversion algorithm. The formulation and numerical solutions are presented for a number of problems defined on both a semi-infinite and a finite spatial domain. The modified double Laplace transform is developed with the spatial variable defined on a finite interval.
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    Computing 21 (1979), S. 259-266 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Faktorisierungsmethode zur beschleunigten numerischen Lösung von konstanten quindiagonalen linearen Systemen beschrieben. Die Methode läßt sich u. a. anwenden auf die blockiterative Lösung der biharmonischen Gleichung unter einer Vielzahl von Randbedingungen.
    Notes: Abstract A factoring method is described for the fast numerical solution of constant five diagonal linear systems. Applications of the method include: block iterative solutions of the Biharmonic partial differential equation under a variety of boundary conditions.
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    Computing 21 (1979), S. 295-322 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die folgende Arbeit enthält zwei neue Algorithmen zur Bestimmung der Menge sämtlicher maximaler vollständiger Untergraphen (Cliquen) eines endlichen ungerichteten Graphen. Die Methoden verwenden spezielle Baumsuchalgorithmen. Die blockweise Erzeugung aller Cliquen führt zu charakteristischen Eigenschaften der Algorithmen, die eine effiziente Berechnung spezieller Untermengen von Cliquen, u.a. die Menge aller Cliquen von maximaler Länge, ermöglichen. Überdies erlaubt die Struktur beider Algorithmen die Berechnung der vollständigen Cliquenmenge auf parallel arbeitenden Rechnern. Die Algorithmen wurden an umfangreichen Serien charakteristischer Graphen getestet und mit dem wirksamsten der den Autoren bekannten Algorithmen, dem Algorithmus von Bron-Kerbosch (Algorithm 457 of CACM), verglichen.
    Notes: Abstract Making use of special tree search algorithms the present paper describes two new methods for determining all maximal complete subgraphs (cliques) of a finite nondirected graph. In both methods the blockwise generation of all cliques induces characteristic properties, which guarantee an efficient calculation of special clique subsets, especially the set of all cliques of maximal length. Moreover, by their structure both algorithms allow to calculate the complete clique set by parallel processing. The algorithms have been tested for many series of characteristic graphs and compared with the algorithm of Bron-Kerbosch (Algorithm 457 of CACM) the most efficient algorithm which is known to the authors.
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 378-383 
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    Keywords: Constrained Minimization ; Variable Metric Methods
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Although variable metric methods for constrained minimization generally give good numerical results, many of their convergence properties are still open. In this note two examples are presented to show that variable metric methods may cycle between two points instead of converging to the required solution.
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    Mathematical programming 17 (1979), S. 91-103 
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    Keywords: Node Packing ; Node Covering ; Stable Set ; Bicritical Graphs ; 2-Bicritical Graphs ; Regularizable Graphs ; Matchings
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    Notes: Abstract The problem of finding a minimum cardinality set of nodes in a graph which meet every edge is of considerable theoretical as well as practical interest. Because of the difficulty of this problem, a linear relaxation of an integer programming model is sometimes used as a heuristic. In fact Nemhauser and Trotter showed that any variables which receive integer values in an optimal solution to the relaxation can retain the same values in an optimal solution to the integer program. We define 2-bicritical graphs and give several characterizations of them. One characterization is that they are precisely the graphs for which an optimal solution to the linear relaxation will have no integer valued variables. Then we show that almost all graphs are 2-bicritical and hence the linear relaxation almost never helps for large random graphs.
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    Mathematical programming 17 (1979), S. 114-114 
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 210-227 
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    Keywords: Pivotal Algorithms ; Equilibrium Point ; Primitive Sets ; Restart Method
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    Notes: Abstract On the basis of a unified approach to pivotal algorithms and a generalization of the concept of primitive sets by Scarf we show that Scarf's algorithm for finding fixed points can be embedded into a class of more flexible and more efficient algorithms, allowing restarts. An example of this new restart method is described. Also the class of equilibrium problems solvable by this method is discussed.
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 262-262 
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 303-324 
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    Keywords: Exact Penalty Function ; Constrained Optimization ; Equality Constraints
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    Notes: Abstract A first order algorithm for solving the problem of minimizing a function subject to equality constraints is presented. At each iteration the algorithm generates a search direction which has two components, the first component being chosen to satisfy (to first order) the equality constraint and the second to be a descent direction for the objective function. The step length is determined using an exact penalty function. A procedure for choosing a suitable value for the parameter in the exact penalty function completes the algorithm description. Global convergence is established, and a comparison with alternative algorithms is made.
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 131-131 
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 137-138 
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 177-189 
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    Keywords: Partial Enumeration ; Redundant Solutions ; Branch and Bound ; Implicit Enumeration
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    Notes: Abstract Many algorithms for discrete problems use a variation of the tree-search enumeration technique as a basis for the algorithm. If a solution is the assignment of an attribute from a set ofm attributes to every variable in a set ofn variables, then redundant solutions can be generated if either the attributes or the variables contain some indistinguishable elements. A series of necessary and sufficient techniques are developed to eliminate the production of redundant solutions during enumeration. These techniques can be used to form the foundation of any partial enumeration algorithm where redundant solutions can be produced.
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 159-176 
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    Keywords: Complementary Pivoting ; Fixed Point Computation ; Nonlinear Equations ; Polynomial Systems ; Simplicial Approximations ; Solution of Systems of Nonlinear Equations
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    Notes: Abstract In a previous paper, the authors suggested a procedure for obtaining all solutions to certain systems ofn equations inn complex variables. The idea was to start with a trivial system of equations to which all solutions were easily known. The trivial system was then perturbed into the given system. During the perturbation process, one followed the solution paths from each of the trivial solutions into the solutions of the given system. All solutions to the given system were thereby obtained. This paper utilizes a different approach that eliminates the requirement of the previous paper for a leading dominating term in each equation. We add a dominating term artificially and then fade it. Also we rely on mathematically more fundamental concepts from differential topology. These advancements permit the calculation of all solutions to arbitrary polynomials and to various other systems ofn equations inn complex variables. In addition, information on the number of solutions can be obtained without calculation.
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 228-244 
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    Keywords: Markov Decision Chains ; Optimal Stopping ; Exponential Utility ; Linear Programming
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    Notes: Abstract This paper uses linear programming to compute an optimal policy for a stopping problem whose utility function is exponential. This is done by transforming the problem into an equivalent one having additive utility and nonnegative (not necessarily substochastic) transition matrices.
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 265-280 
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    Keywords: Linear Inequalities ; Convex Polytopes ; Facets ; Travelling Salesman Problem
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    Notes: Abstract We investigate several classes of inequalities for the symmetric travelling salesman problem with respect to their facet-defining properties for the associated polytope. A new class of inequalities called comb inequalities is derived and their number shown to grow much faster with the number of cities than the exponentially growing number of subtour-elimination constraints. The dimension of the travelling salesman polytope is calculated and several inequalities are shown to define facets of the polytope. In part II (“On the travelling salesman problem II: Lifting theorems and facets”) we prove that all subtour-elimination and all comb inequalities define facets of the symmetric travelling salesman polytope.
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 371-373 
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    Keywords: Polyhedral Sets ; Recession Cone ; Feasible Directions Cones ; Linear Programming
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    Notes: Abstract The following result is proved using solvability and optimality criteria for linear programs. The duals to the cones of feasible directions at vertices of a polyhedral set constitute a partition of the dual to the recession cone of the set.
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    Mathematical programming 17 (1979), S. 74-84 
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    Keywords: Fixed Points ; Triangulation ; Grid Size ; Labelling Rule
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    Notes: Abstract An algorithm to compute a fixed point of an upper semicontinuous point to set mapping using a simplicial subdivision is introduced. The new element of the algorithm is that for a given grid it does not start with a subsimplex but with one (arbitrary) point only; the algorithm will terminate always with a subsimplex. This subsimplex yields an approximation of a fixed point and provides the starting point for a finer grid. Some numerical results suggest that this algorithm converges more rapidly than the known algorithms. Moreover, it is very simple to implement the algorithm on the computer.
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    Computing 21 (1979), S. 267-272 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract LetA, M, N be real matrices, letA=M−N and letM andM−N(M −1 N) k−1 for some integerk≧1 be non-singular. LetM′ y≧0 imply[N(M −1 N) k−1]′ y≧0 (where the prime denotes the transpose). Then[M−N(M −1 N) k−1]′ y≧0 implies[N (M −1 N) k−1]′ y≧0 if and only if the spectral radius ϱ(M −1 N) ofM −1 N is less than one. The same conclusions are true ifA, M andN are replaced byA′, M′ andN′ respectively.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung A, M undN seien reelle Matrizen undA=M−N. Es seienM undM−N(M −1 N)k−1 für eink≧1 nichtsingulär. AusM′ y≧0 folge[N(M −1 N) k−1]′y≧0. Dann folgt aus[M−N(M −1 N) k−1]′y≧0 die Ungleichung[N(M −1 N) k−1]′ y≧0 genau dann, wenn ϱ(M −1 N)〈1 ist. (Der Strich bedeutet Übergang zur transponierten Matrix.) Die gleichen Aussagen bestehen, fallsA, M undN durchA′, M′ undN′ ersetzt werden. Diese Resultate sind Verallgemeinerungen von Ergebnissen, welche in [1] und [2] bewiesen wurden.
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 387-387 
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 1-20 
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    Keywords: Unconstrained Optimization ; Modified Newton's Method ; Descent Pairs ; Directions of Negative Curvature ; Symmetric Indefinite Factorization ; Steplength Algorithm
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    Notes: Abstract We present a modified Newton method for the unconstrained minimization problem. The modification occurs in non-convex regions where the information contained in the negative eigenvalues of the Hessian is taken into account by performing a line search along a path which is initially tangent to a direction of negative curvature. We give termination criteria for the line search and prove that the resulting iterates are guaranteed to converge, under reasonable conditions, to a critical point at which the Hessian is positive semidefinite. We also show how the Bunch and Parlett decomposition of a symmetric indefinite matrix can be used to give entirely adequate directions of negative curvature.
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    Mathematical programming 17 (1979), S. 136-139 
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    Keywords: Linear Complementarity Problem ; Complementary Cones
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    Notes: Abstract In this note, we consider the linear complementarity problemw = Mz + q, w ≥ 0, z ≥ 0, w T z = 0, when all principal minors ofM are negative. We show that for such a problem for anyq, there are either 0, 1, 2, or 3 solutions. Also, a set of sufficiency conditions for uniqueness is stated.
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    Mathematical programming 17 (1979), S. 184-197 
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    Keywords: Complementarity ; Nonlinear Equations ; Fixed Points
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    Notes: Abstract Two scalar labelings are introduced for obtaining approximate solutions to systems of nonlinear equations by simplicial approximation. Under reasonable assumptions the new scalar-labeling algorithms are shown to follow, in a limiting sense, homotopy paths which can also be tracked by piecewise linear vector labeling algorithms. Though the new algorithms eliminate the need to pivot on a system of linear equations, the question of relative computational efficiency is unresolved.
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    Mathematical programming 17 (1979), S. 249-249 
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 374-377 
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    Keywords: Matrices ; Linear Complementarity Problem
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    Notes: Abstract This paper concerns three classes of matrices that are relevant to the linear complementarity problem. We prove that within the class ofP 0-matrices, theQ-matrices are precisely the regular matrices.
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 384-385 
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    Keywords: Linear Complementarity Problem ; Bimatrix Game ; Connectedness ; Almost Complementary Paths
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 37-62 
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    Keywords: Roots of Polynomials ; Fixed Point Computing Methods ; Complementary Pivoting Methods ; Piecewise Linear Homotopy
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    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a constructive method which gives, for any polynomialF(Z) of the degreen, approximate values of all the roots ofF(Z).. The point of the method is on the use of a piecewise linear function $$\bar H$$ (Z, t) which approximates a homotopyH(Z, t) betweenF(Z) and a polynomialG(Z) of the degreen withn known simple roots. It is shown that the set of solutions to $$\bar H$$ (Z, t) = 0 includesn distinct paths,m of which converges to a root ofF(Z) if and only if the root has the multiplicitym. Starting from givenn roots ofG(Z), a complementary pivot algorithm generates thosen paths.
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    Mathematical programming 17 (1979), S. 176-183 
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    Keywords: Integer Programming ; Column Generation ; Group Theoretic Method ; Lagrangian ; Group Cuts ; Generalized Linear Programming
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    Notes: Abstract Gomory's group relaxation for integer programs has been refined by column generation methods and dual ascent algorithms to identify a set of candidate solutions which are feasible in the relaxation but not necessarily so in the original integer program. Attempts at avoiding branch and bound procedures at this point have focussed on providing extra group constraints which eliminate all or most of the candidate solutions so that further ascent can take place. It will be shown that a single constraint usually of order 2 or 3, can eliminate all of the candidate solutions.
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    Mathematical programming 17 (1979), S. 243-247 
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    Keywords: Characterization ; Classes of Matrices ; Linear Complementarity Problem
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    Notes: Abstract In a recent paper [1], Aganagic and Cottle have established a constructive characterization for aP 0-matrix to be aQ-matrix. Among the principal results in this paper, we show that the same characterization holds for anL-matrix as well, and that the symmetric copositive-plusQ-matrices are precisely those which are strictly copositive.
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    Mathematical programming 17 (1979), S. 298-319 
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    Keywords: Conjugate Gradient Method ; Inexact Line Search ; Global Convergence ; Rate of Convergence
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    Notes: Abstract Conjugate gradient methods have been extensively used to locate unconstrained minimum points of real-valued functions. At present, there are several readily implementable conjugate gradient algorithms that do not require exact line search and yet are shown to be superlinearly convergent. However, these existing algorithms usually require several trials to find an acceptable stepsize at each iteration, and their inexact line search can be very timeconsuming. In this paper we present new readily implementable conjugate gradient algorithms that will eventually require only one trial stepsize to find an acceptable stepsize at each iteration. Making usual continuity assumptions on the function being minimized, we have established the following properties of the proposed algorithms. Without any convexity assumptions on the function being minimized, the algorithms are globally convergent in the sense that every accumulation point of the generated sequences is a stationary point. Furthermore, when the generated sequences converge to local minimum points satisfying second-order sufficient conditions for optimality, the algorithms eventually demand only one trial stepsize at each iteration, and their rate of convergence isn-step superlinear andn-step quadratic.
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    Mathematical programming 17 (1979), S. 345-361 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Integer Programming ; Knapsack Problems ; Multiple Choice ; Surrogate Constraints
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A specialization of the dual simplex method is developed for solving the linear programming (LP) knapsack problem subject to generalized upper bound (GUB) constraints. The LP/GUB knapsack problem is of interest both for solving more general LP problems by the dual simplex method, and for applying surrogate constraint strategies to the solution of 0–1 “Multiple Choice” integer programming problems. We provide computational bounds for our method of o(n logn), wheren is the total number of problem variables. These bounds reduce the previous best estimate of the order of complexity of the LP/GUB knapsack problem (due to Witzgall) and provide connections to computational bounds for the ordinary knapsack problem. We further provide a variant of our method which has only slightly inferior worst case bounds, yet which is ideally suited to solving integer multiple choice problems due to its ability to post-optimize while retaining variables otherwise weeded out by convex dominance criteria.
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 98-110 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Mathematical Programming ; Optimality Conditions ; Lagrange-Multipliers ; Banach Spaces
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract First-order and second-order necessary and sufficient optimality conditions are given for infinite-dimensional programming problems with constraints defined by arbitrary closed convex cones. The necessary conditions are immediate generalizations of those known for the finite-dimensional case. However, this does not hold for the sufficient conditions as illustrated by a counterexample. Here, to go from finite to infinite dimensions, causes an essential change in the proof-techniques and the results. We present modified sufficient conditions of first-order and of second-order which are based on a strengthening of the usual assumptions on the derivative of the objective function and on the second derivative of the Lagrangian.
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 132-135 
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 140-140 
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    Computers and the humanities 13 (1979), S. 93-103 
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    Computers and the humanities 13 (1979), S. 121-125 
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    Computers and the humanities 13 (1979), S. 150-154 
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    Computers and the humanities 13 (1979), S. 195-206 
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    Computers and the humanities 13 (1979), S. 269-275 
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    Computers and the humanities 13 (1979), S. 277-281 
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    Computers and the humanities 13 (1979), S. 335-339 
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    Computers and the humanities 13 (1979), S. 127-128 
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    Computers and the humanities 13 (1979), S. 207-222 
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    Computers and the humanities 13 (1979), S. 105-119 
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    Computers and the humanities 13 (1979), S. 129-130 
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    Computers and the humanities 13 (1979), S. 172-183 
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    Computers and the humanities 13 (1979), S. 223-226 
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    Computers and the humanities 13 (1979), S. 245-246 
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    Computers and the humanities 13 (1979), S. 283-288 
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    Computers and the humanities 13 (1979), S. 341-373 
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    Computers and the humanities 13 (1979), S. 227-228 
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    Computers and the humanities 13 (1979), S. 247-267 
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