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  • Articles  (1,195)
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  • 1978  (1,195)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (1,195)
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  • Articles  (1,195)
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1975-1979  (1,195)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1945-1949
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 24 (1978), S. 47-50 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Three cases of anomalies of the skull in a 12 month old female roe deer are described and illustrated by two photographs: 1. Retardation of the linear expansion of the ossa nasalia; 2. Hypertrophy of the tubera frontalia; 3. Malformation of the rami mandibularum and their processi coronoidei.
    Abstract: Résumé Trois cas d'irrégularités du crâne chez un Chevreuil femelle d'un an sont décrits et illustrés à l'aide de deux photos. En détail il s'agit d'une 1. retention de la croissance des ossa nasalia; 2. hypertrophie des tubera frontalia; 3. malformation des rami mandibularum et ses processi coronoidei.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über Regelwidrigkeiten am Schädel eines 12 Monate alten Rickenkitzes berichtet. Die durch zwei Fotos belegten Anomalien sind folgende: 1. Verkürzung der Nasenbeine; 2. Hypertrophie der Stirnwülste; 3. Deformierung des Unterkieferastes, insbesondere Verbiegung des Muskelfortsatzes.
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  • 2
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    European journal of wildlife research 24 (1978), S. 155-166 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary By “single food diet” is meant a mixture which contains all the nutritive substances, minerals and vitamins required for body mainternance and growth, with a balanced proportion of energy units. Especially for the feeding of ruminant cloven-hoofed game animals, such a food has great nutritional and physiological advantages over a conventional concentrate of other foods such as cereals, beet, hay or straw since all the components are taken simultaneously by the game animal. In this way it is possible to avoid an unbalanced food intake which, in the case of ruminants, may easily lead to damage to the rumen flora and may therefore be an important cause of illness. Silages have proved themselves to be particularly good in the feeding of ruminant cloven-hoofed game animals. In what is by now an 8-year study in three forest administrative areas of the north-west Eifel, a single food silage has been introduced and tested. Apple cores, sugar beet leaves, minerals and vitamins form the basic components along with hay or straw. Production is made easier with a power food chopper. A structured feed like this is ideal for ruminants; it is readily eaten by the animals and ad-lib intake meets maintenance needs. Costs are in the region of 90 to 100 DM per 1000 kg. In order to cut the daily production costs, 29 self-feeder troughs have so far been set up successfully; through these a permanent supply of food is available to the animals. These troughs have the advantage that failures in the food supply do not occur.
    Abstract: Résumé Par aliment complet on entend un composé comprenant toutes les matières nutritives, actives et énergétiques nécessaires au maintien et aux performances d'un animal. En ce qui concerne plus particulièrement l'alimentation des Ongulés-gibier, une telle nourriture présente, par rapport aux concentrés usels ou par rapport à d'autres aliments tels que céréales, betteraves, foins ou pailles, de gros avantages sur le plan physiologique, tous les ingrédients prévus étant absorbés simultanément. On évite de la sorte une alimentation trop exclusive qui, chez les ruminants, peut causer des dommages à la flore stomacale et ètre à l'origine de maladies. Pour l'affouragement des Ongulés-gibier ruminants, l'ensilage s'est avéré particulièrement probant. Voici maintenant huit années qu'un aliment complet sous forme d'ensilage est fabriqué et fait l'objet d'essais dans trois régions forestières du Nord-Ouest de l'Eifel. Comme composants de base sont utilisés le marc de pommes, la feuille de betteraves sucrières, des vitamines, des éléments minéraux de même que de la paille ou du foin. Pour la fabrication de l'ensilage on se sert d'une hacheuse soufflante. Un tel aliment structuré est destiné à être aussitôt ruminé, est appété par les animaux et couvre, lorsqu'il est distribué ad libitum, les besoins du métabolisme de maintien. Le prix de revient se situe aux environs de 90 à 100 DM par kg. Afin de réduire les frais d'acheminement quotidien de la nourriture, 29 distributeurs automatiques ont d'ores et déjà été installés avec succès, excluant par la même occasion les déficiences liées à un approvisionnement journalier.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Unter einem „Alleinfutter” ist eine Futtermischung zu verstehen, in der alle für die Erhaltung und Leistung erforderlichen Nähr-, Mineral- und Wirkstoffe mit einem entsprechenden Energieanteil enthalten sind. Speziell für die Fütterung des wiederkäuenden Schalenwildes bildet eine solche Äsung gegenüber einem üblichen Kraftfutter und sonstigen Futterstoffen, wie z. B. Getreide, Rüben, Heu oder Stroh große ernährungsphysiologische Vorteile, da alle vorgesehenen Inhaltstoffe gleichzeitig vom Wild aufgenommen werden. Auf diese Weise kann eine einseitige Futteraufnahme verhindert werden, die bei Wiederkäuern leicht zu Schädigungen der Pansenflora führt und damit wesentliche Ursache für das Auftreten von Erkrankungen ist. Besonders bewährt haben sich zur Verfütterung an wiederkäuendes Schalenwild Silagen. In nunmehr über 8 Jahre durchgeführten Versuchen in 3 Forstverwaltungen der nordwestlichen Eifel ist eine Alleinfutter-Silage hergestellt und erprobt worden. Als Grundkomponenten dienen Apfeltrester, Zuckerrübenblatt, Mineral- und Wirkstoffe sowie Heu oder Stroh. Die Herstellung erfolgt mit Hilfe eines Gebläsehäckslers. Ein solch strukturiertes Futter ist wiederkäuergercht, wird von den Tieren gerne aufgenommen und deckt bei ad libitum-Aufnahme den Erhaltungsbedarf. Die Kosten betragen etwa 90–100 DM/1000 kg. Um die täglichen Ausbringungskosten zu vermindern, sind bisher 29 Selbstfütterungen mit gutem Erfolg eingesetzt worden, durch die dem Wild ständige Äsung zur Verfügung steht und somit Fütterungsfehler dieser Art entfallen
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  • 3
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    European journal of wildlife research 24 (1978), S. 182-186 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The paper presents the findings of a study by the district veterinary office in Kleve, which deals with geese losses on the Lower Rhine in N. Rhine Westphalia in connection with a winter thunderstorm. The report suggests lightning strikes, damage by hail, collision with aircraft (bird strikes), and the effects of pressure differences in nose diving from flying at high altitudes as possible causes of death.
    Abstract: Résumé Les pertes observées dans le Bas-Rhin (Rhénanie-Westphalie) par les services vétérinaires de Kleve en liaison avec une perturbation atmosphérique au cours de l'hiver font l'objet d'une discussion. Dans la présente communication, on fait état des causes possibles suivantes: foudre, grèle, collision avec des avions de même que l'effet de variations de pressions atmosphériques lorsque les oiseaux quittent brusquement les hautes altitudes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Diskussion gestellt wird der Untersuchungsbefund aus dem Kreisveterinäramt Kleve, der sich mit Gänseverlusten am Niederrhein in Nordrhein-Westfalen in Zusammenhang mit einem Wintergewitter befaßt. Erörtert werden als mögliche Ursachen in der vorliegenden Mitteilung Blitzschlag, Hagelschlag, Zusammenstoß mit Flugzeugen (Vogelschlag) und die Auswirkung von Druckunterschieden bei sturzflugartigem Verlassen großer Flughöhen.
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  • 4
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    European journal of wildlife research 24 (1978), S. 207-211 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 5
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 124-127 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 6
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 129-139 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Since most of the drugs are taken orally via the gastrointestinal tract, interactions with food ingredients may lead to alterations in the intake of essential dietary factors. With regard to vitamins the following effects have been demonstrated: early decomposition resp. inactivation, decreased absorption or a qualitatively and quantitatively modified metabolism. Examples of such changes are given with regard to water- and lipid-soluble vitamins.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Arzneimittel werden meistens peroral, d. h. über den Magen-Darm-Kanal, zugeführt. Damit besteht die Möglichkeit einer Interaktion mit Nahrungsinhaltsstoffen, die aber dann bedeutsam sein dürfte, wenn essentielle Nahrungsfaktoren wie z. B. Vitamine betroffen sind. Für die Vitamine können sich dann folgende Auswirkungen ergeben: eine vorzeitige Zerstörung bzw. Inaktivierung, eine gehemmte Resorption aus dem Magen-Darm-Kanal oder eine quantitativ und qualitativ veränderte Metabolisierung. Anhand von Beispielen werden derartige Auswirkungen von Arzneimitteln auf wasserlösliche und fettlösliche Vitamine aufgezeigt.
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  • 7
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 112-123 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Mould cultures are used for the manufacture of soft and blue cheese. The report deals with the present stage of knowledge of the question of mycotoxin-producers in mould cultures used for cheesemaking. The PR-toxin was isolated repeatedly fromPenicillium roqueforti strains which were incubated on special media, but also from P. roqueforti cultures used for cheese manufacture. However, cheese ripening conditions do not favow the production of this toxin. Other catabolites from P. roqueforti such als roquefortine and isofumigaclavine have been found in cheese, but there is not much known about their toxic effect. No cancerogenic mycotoxins have been discovered in these types of cheese, except aflatoxin M1 which might however originate from contaminated milk. It must be concluded that the occurrence of tumors after feeding of a pureP. camemberti var. candidum culture is due to the effect of mycotoxins. On the other hand, further animal experiments with various mould culture strains used for cheesemaking have not confirmed these findings. On the basis of the literature consulted it may be said that the use of mould cultures for cheesemaking does not involve any risk for human health, that means it is toxicologically harmless.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Schimmelpilzkulturen werden bei der Herstellung von Weißschimmel— und Blauschimmelkäse verwendet. Es wird über den gegenwärtigen Stand der Kenntnisse zur Frage von Mykotoxinbildnern in Schimmelpilzkulturen der Käsefabrikation berichtet. Verschiedentlich wurde ausPenicillium roqueforti-Stämmen, die auf speziellen Medien bebrütet wurden, das PR-Toxin isoliert, auch aus P. roqueforti-Kulturen, die zur Käseherstellung verwendet werden. Doch sind die Bedingungen der Käsereifung für eine Produktion dieses Toxins nicht geeignet. Weitere Stoffwechselprodukte von P. roqueforti wie Roquefortin und Isofumigaclavin konnten in Käse aufgefunden werden, doch ist über deren toxische Wirkung wenig bekannt. Kanzerogen wirkende Mykotoxine konnten in Schimmelkäsen nicht gefunden werden, außer Aflatoxin M1, das jedoch aus der kontaminierten Milch stammen dürfte. Das Auftreten von Tumoren nach Verfütterung einer Reinkultur vonP. camemberti var. candidum ließ auf eine Mykotoxinwirkung schließen. Doch haben weitere Tierversuche mit verschiedenen, bei der Käsefabrikation verwendeten Schimmelpilzstämmen diesen Befund nicht bestätigt. Es läßt sich aufgrund der gesichteten Literatur sagen, daß der Einsatz von Schimmelpilzkulturen in der Käsefabrikation kein Risiko für den Menschen darstellt, also toxikologisch unbedenklich ist.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary After the 24 hours preoperative infusion period 0.37% glucose, 0.05% fruc tose and 1.28%xylitol of the infused amount were excreted in the urine. Postoperatively fructose was the best metabolized energy donator before xylitol and glucose. As a sign of an undisturbed hepatic synthesis of lipoproteins the triglycerides rose up to the 5th postoperative day. During the parenteral nutrition and the additional surgical intervention the cholesterol fell from 192.3 to 128.5 mg/100 ml on the first postoperative day. The infusion solutions caused a rise of the insulin concentration from 23.2 to 46.3 U/1 on the operation day. There is a positive nitrogen balance of 3.5 g/24 h on the operation day. The slight negative balance of −1.15 g/24 h on the first postoperative day is reduced to − 0.61 g/24 h on the postoperative day. The changes of the enzymes LDH, GOT and AP were at normal range. The postoperative changes were due to the surgical intervention. Without a simultaneous change of enzymes, 5 patients had a rise of bilirubin up to 1.1 mg/100 ml. To avoid a too great loos of phosphate during a long-term parenteral nutrition period, it is important to put up a balance.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach 24stündiger präoperativer Infusionsperiode werden von der infundierten Menge 0,37% Glukose, 0,05% Fruktose und 1,28% Xylit im 24-h-Urin ausgeschieden. Postoperativ erweist sich Fruktose vor Xylit und Glukose als der am besten verwertete Energieträger. Als Zeichen einer ungestörten hepatischen Lipoproteinsynthese steigen die Triglyzeride bis zum 5. postoperativen Tag an. Unter der parenteralen Ernährung und durch den zusätzlichen operativen Eingriff erfolgt ein starker Cholesterinabfall von 192,3 auf 128,5 g/100 ml am 1. postoperativen Tag. Durch die Infusionslösungen steigt die Insulinkonzentration von 23,2 auf 46,3 U/1 am Operationstag an. Postoperativ werden erhöhte Insulinwerte gemessen. Die Harnsäurekonzentration fällt bis zum unteren Normbereich ab. Am Operationstag besteht eine positive N-Bilanz von 3,5 g/24 h. Die leicht negative Bilanz von −1,15 g/24 h am 1. postoperativen Tag geht bis zum 4. postoperativen Tag auf −0,61 g/24 h zurück. Die Veränderungen der gemessenen Enzyme LDH, GOT und AP bewegen sich im Normbereich. Die postoperativen Veränderungen sind auf den operativen Eingriff zurückzuführen. Ohne entsprechende Enzymveränderungen erfolgt bei 5 Patienten ein Anstieg der Bilirubinkonzentration auf 1,25 mg/100 ml. Um zu große endogene Phosphatverluste bei längerfristiger parenteraler Ernährung zu vermeiden, ist es notwendig, eine Bilanz aufzustellen.
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  • 9
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 52-57 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A new enzymatic method for simultaneous estimation of radioactivity of 1-14C-glucose and 1-14C-fructose is described. It is based on the isomerisation of 1-14C-fructose to 1-14C-glucose by phosphoglucoseisomerase (EC 5.3.1.9) and on its enzymatic removal as ribulose-5-phosphate and14CO2. The method is specific, reproducible, and gives over 97 % recoveries of glucose and fructose concentrations up to 11 mmol/l in aquos and biological solutions.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Beschrieben wird eine neue enzymatische Methode zur gleichzeitigen Radioaktivitätsbestimmung von 1-14C-Glukose und 1-14C-Fruktose. Prinzip ist die Umwandlung von 1-14C-Fruktose in 1-14C-Glukose mit Phosphoglukoseisomerase (EC 5.3.1.9) und anschließende Umwandlung der gebildeten 1-14C-Glukose in Ribulose-5-phosphat und14CO2. Das Verfahren ist spezifisch, gut reproduzierbar und ergibt Wiederfindungsraten in wäßrigen und biologischen Flüssigkeiten von 97 % bis zu Glukose- und Fruktose-Konzentrationen von 11 mmol/l.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In maturity onset diabetes the blood levels of total blood keto acids in terms of pyruvic, serum citric, calcium are significantly higher than in normal adults, while there is a decrease in reduced-blood glutathione, serum zinc, potassium and sodium levels. There were no significant differences between diabetes and normal adults in the serum levels of copper, ceruloplasmin oxidase activity, iron and magnesium.
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  • 11
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 140-144 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 230 pregnant women of low socio-economic standard were studied regarding the nutritional status and state of calcium and bone mineralization, social, environmental, dietary and biological factors of the women were also investigated to determine their possible role in such state. Results revealed a low nutritional status associated with biochemical abnormality denoting an impaired calcium state and defective bone mineralization. The low intake of available calcium and lack or inefficient supplements are suggested to be the main factors in causing the low state of calcium.
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  • 12
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 145-152 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Whole saliva protein as well as the separated protein components were estimated in normal and malnourished Egyptian infants and young children. In normal, 8 protein components (Albumin,α 1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin,β 2-lipoprotein, transferrin, IgA, IgM and IgG) were detected, while in PCM cases two more components (prealbumin andα 2-macroglobulin) were found. The results also showed that the level of salivary protein components are markedly increased in edematous cases. In non-edeomatous ones, the level of these constituents are slightly increased in 3rd marasmus, but diminished in 2nd grade. It is concluded that the elevation of protein components in saliva of edematous cases could be a result of severe glandular tissue involvement as compared to controls and non-edematous cases. The value of IgA immunoglobulin as specific antibody originated from blood plasma and/or salivary glands may be used to reflect the extent of tissue affection in salivary glands of malnourished cases.
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  • 13
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 169-179 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In quality tests on traded sea-fish, 30 fresh fish- and 20 quick-frozen fish specimens were tested for their TVB-N content, TMA-N content, as well as for TMAO-N, and were subjected to a sensorial test. Equal portions of codfish- and perch fillets were tested. According to the chemical analytic data, 13 specimens of the fresh fillets proved to be unobjectionable commercial merchandise 17 specimen had to be eliminated as being spoiled, since part of the above values for TVB-N and TMA-N had been considerable exceeded. The results differ enormously between the two species of fish. The perch fillets showed a significant better quality condition than the specimens of codfish. In the sensorial test the objective total result was confirmed in the main. On the basis of the chemical findings one specimen of codfish out of the deep-frozen fillets had to be objected. 16 fillet-specimens could sensorially be approved as being commercially marketable, 4 were tested not for sale. With codfish showing considerable better results than perch.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei Qualitätsuntersuchungen von handelsüblichem Seefisch wurden 30 Frischfisch- und 20 Tiefgefrierfischproben auf ihren Gehalt an TVB-N, TMA-N sowie TMAO-N geprüft und einer sensorischen Beurteilung unterzogen. Untersucht wurden Filets der Arten Kabeljau und Rotbarsch je zu gleichen Anteilen. Nach den chemisch-analytischen Daten erwiesen sich 13 Proben der Frischfischfilets als einwandfreie, handelsfähige Ware. 17 Proben waren als verdorben zu beurteilen, da die jeweiligen Grenzwerte für TVB-N und TMA-N, z. T. beträchtlich, überschritten wurden. Die Ergebnisse differieren zwischen beiden Fischarten erheblich. Die Rotbarschfilets zeigten einen signifikant besseren Qualitätszustand als die Kabeljauproben. Bei der sensorischen Beurteilung wurde das objektive Gesamtergebnis im wesentlichen bestätigt. Von den tiefgefrorenen Filets war aufgrund der chemischen Befunde eine Kabeljauprobe zu beanstanden. Sensorisch wurden 16 Filetproben als handelsfähig, 4 als unverkäuflich bewertet. Dabei wies Kabeljau deutlich bessere Resultate auf als Rotbarsch.
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  • 14
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 188-189 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 15
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 180-187 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of phenobarbitone and propionyl-promazine given in ten repeated doses together with small doses of CCl4 on serum protein pattern and fat content of the liver was investigated in albino rats. The data revealed a marked increase of the fat content of the liver under the influence of CCl4. However, when phenobarbitone was administered together with CCl4 it resulted in a significant reduction in the fat content of the liver. Nevertheless, in comparison with the control experiments it was found that under the influence of phenobarbitone whether it was administered alone or together with CCl4, the fat content of the liver was significantly higher than that of the control. Concerning the changes in the total protein and its fractions, a state of hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia was observed in rats with severe CCl4 intoxication. While the globulin fractions increased, the A/G ratio was therefore significantly decreased. However, when phenobarbitone was administered together with CCl4 there was no statistically significant difference in the percentage of the different protein fractions nor in the A/G ratio as compared with the control group. Propionyl-promazine when was administered alone or together with CCl4 has no effect on the fat content of the liver and serum protein pattern. It is concluded that under the present experimental conditions, the main protective effect of phenobarbitone seems to be due to an antagonistic action of phenobarbitone in CCl4 induced decomposition at the level of the endoplasmic reticulum.
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  • 16
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 191-196 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Total proteins and their major fractions were determined in the serum of 135 males and females of Fayoumi chickens, 65 were used as controls and 70 were treated with excess iodine in the form of KI. Serum proteins increased significantly with the increase in age till the 90th day in normals, then decreased gradually. Excess iodine supplement decreased body weight, serum total proteins, α2- and β-globulins in most of males, while in females the decrease was pronounced till the 90 days old. Albumin increased in females than in males in normals, while in the treated groups it decreased in all females and in some of males. A/G ratio decreased with maturation in normals, but in the treated groups it increased in males and decreased in most of females than those of controls.
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  • 17
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 206-209 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Liver enzymes alkaline phosphatase and transaminases (GPT & GOT) were studied in cases of protein-depleted rats. Alkaline phosphatase activities were determined with and without Mg addition to the incumedia, since it is the essential metal for this enzyme. The liver transaminases were also determined before and after pyridoxine injection, which is the coenzyme for this group. Both liver alkaline phosphatase and transaminases activities were increased on protein depletion. The study indicates that the increased activities of liver alkaline phosphatase in protein-depleted animals is suggestive of increased enzyme protein synthesis. On the contrary, high activities of liver transaminases are suggestive to be a result of some regulation mechanisms between the enzyme protein and its coenzyme.
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  • 18
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 224-239 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 19
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 197-205 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In experiments with growing and adult Wistar-rats, the influence of date-seed flour on growth, food intake/utilization and lipid metabolism was studied. Cellulose powder was used as control substance. Unlike cellulose the date-seed flour increased the food intake and the gained body weights of the animals. The food utilization impaired after supplying both date-seed flour and cellulose. Date-seed flour as source of crude fibers in the diet caused a higher increase of weight and volume of the faeces than equivalent amounts of cellulose. Cellulose fed animals showed a higher crude fiber content of the faeces. The crude fiber of date seeds is supposed to consist of compounds more easily digested than cellulose such as hemicelluloses. Date-seed flour led to a significant increase of serum total lipids and serum cholesterol of growing rats. In the liver of adult rats the neutral fats and total lipids were increased too. A clear fatty infiltration in the liver of growing rats was detected. Cellulose did not significantly influence the lipid metabolism of both growing and adult rats. There must be a certain compound in the date seeds causing this lipid anabolic effect, which is not compensated by their relatively high crude fiber-content.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An wachsenden und ausgewachsenen Ratten wurde die Wirkung von Dattelkernmehl auf Wachstum, Futterverwertung und Fettstoffwechselparameter untersucht. Als Vergleichssubstanz diente Cellulosepulver. Das Dattelkernmehl bewirkte im Gegensatz zu Cellulose eine Steigerung der Nahrungsaufnahme und der Gewichtszunahmen. Die Futterverwertung verschlechterte sich bei Verabreichung beider Ballaststoffträger. Dattelkernmehl bewirkte eine größere Erhöhung des Kotgewichts und -volumens als Cellulose; der Gehalt an Rohfaser im Kot stieg jedoch bei mit Cellulose ernährten Tieren stärker an. Vermutlich besteht die Rohfaser des Dattelkernmehls aus leichter spaltbaren Verbindungen wie z. B. Hemicellulosen. Dattelkernmehl verursachte bei wachsenden Ratten eine Zunahme der Serumgesamtlipide und des Serumcholesterins. Der Neutral- und Gesamtfettgehalt in der Leber stieg bei ausgewachsenen Ratten ebenfalls an. Bei den jüngeren Tieren wurde histologisch eine verstärkte Einlagerung von Triglyzeriden in der Leber nachgewiesen. Cellulose beeinflußte bei Ratten beider Altersgruppen den Lipidstoffwechsel nur geringfügig. Dattelkernmehl enthält eine Komponente, die eine lipidanabole Wirkung hervorruft. Sein hoher Ballaststoffgehalt kann diesen Einfluß nicht kompensieren.
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 240-247 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Vergleichende Daten über Glutathionperoxidase (GSH-Px)-Aktivität der Erythrozyten, Serum-Cholesterin und Serum-Fettsäuremuster von indischen Emigranten und Dänen werden dargestellt. Die GSH-Px-Aktivität in Erythrozyten indischer Emigranten wurde im Vergleich zu der von Dänen, bei Verwendung von t-Butylhydroperoxid als Substrat, signifikant erhöht. Auch bei Verwendung dreier Peroxide, nämlich Wasserstoffperoxid, Cumenhydroperoxid sowie t-Butylhydroperoxid, wurde eine signifikante Korrelation (R 0,9) in der indischen Gruppe gefunden. Eine solche Korrelation konnte jedoch bei der dänischen Gruppe nicht festgestellt werden. Der Serum-Cholesteringehalt lag bei der indischen Gruppe signifikant niedriger als bei der dänischen Gruppe. Auch die Gesamtfettsäuren-Muster des Serums beider Gruppen unterschieden sich beträchtlich.
    Notes: Summary A comparative data on erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, serum cholesterol and serum fatty acid pattern between Indian immigrants and Danes have been presented. The erythrocyte GSH-Px activity in the Indian immigrants has been found to be significantly increased as compared to that in the Danish group when t-buthylhydroperoxide was used as a substrate. Also a significant correlation (R ≤ 0.9) was found in the GSH-Px activities in the Indian group with the three peroxides, viz., hydrogen peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide and t-butylhydroperoxide, used. This correlation was, however, missing in the Danish group. Serum cholesterol was found to be significantly lower in the Indian group as compared to the Danes. Also total serum fatty acid patterns between the two groups differed considerably.
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 210-223 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The side effects of high dosed infusions of glucose and glucose substitutes (fructose, sorbitol, xylitol) in metabolically healthy volunteers have been studied. Infusions of glucose or fructose in high dose cause an increase in blood lactate levels. This effect, to a lesser degree, is observed with sorbitol. No effect, however, was seen with xylitol. Following the termination of the glucose infusions the lactate levels remain elevated, whereas after termination of the fructose infusions the lactate concentration is normalized within a short time. A decrease in the serum phosphate levels was observed for all the substances used. The most active were glucose and xylitol, followed by fructose and sorbitol, respectively. Similarly, all these substances cause an elevation of the serum bilirubin levels, though enzyme activities in serum remain unaffected. Xylitol had the greatest effect on bilirubin levels, however, glucose was also effective. The only side effect caused by the glucose substitutes was the stimulation of uric acid synthesis. In this respect xylitol was most effective. Some of metabolic effects of glucose and glucose substitutes are not yet clearly understood. However, even at very high doses these effects are not to be regarded as true “side-effects”.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei stoffwechselgesunden freiwilligen Versuchspersonen wurde mittels vierstündiger hochdosierter Infusionen von Glukose oder von Glukoseaustauschstoffen (Fruktose, Sorbit, Xylit) überprüft, ob Reaktionen eintreten, welche als Nebenwirkungen bezeichnet werden könnten. Hochdosierte Infusionen von Glukose oder von Fruktose führen zu einem maßigen Anstieg der Laktatkonzentration im Blut. Bei Sorbit ist diese Wirkung geringer als bei Fruktose, bei Xylit fehlt sie vollständig. Auch nach Beendigung der hochdosierten Glukoseinfusionen bleibt die Laktatkonzentration noch deutlich erhöht, während sie sich nach Fruktoseinfusionen rasch normalisiert. Alle verwendeten Substanzen verursachen eine Abnahme der Serumphosphatkonzentration. Die Effekte von Glukose und von Xylit sind am stärksten, Fruktose und Sorbit sind diesbezüglich deutlich weniger wirksam. Alle Substanzen rufen einen nicht zu erklärenden Anstieg der Bilirubinkonzentration im Serum hervor, ohne einen Einfluß auf die Serumenzymaktivität auszuüben. Hierbei ist Xylit am wirksamsten, doch hat auch Glukose einen deutlichen Effekt. Die einzige „Nebenwirkung“, welche lediglich von Glukoseaustauschstoffen hervorgerufen wird, ist eine Steigerung der Harnsäuresynthese. Auch dabei hat Xylit den stärksten Effekt, Fruktose war bei dieser Versuchsserie nur bei den höheren Dosierungen entsprechend wirksam. Glukose und Glukoseaustauschstoffe haben somit bei vierstündiger intravenöser Applikation an stoffwechselgesunden Probanden Stoffwechselwirkungen, welche teilweise noch nicht vollständig erklärt werden können. Doch selbst bei stark überhöhten Dosierungen werden diese Wirkungen nicht zu echten Nebenwirkungen.
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 262-269 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Unter Verwendung einer Mischung aus Sojaprotein, Pektin und Weizenkleie läßt sich bei gesunden Personen die Cholesterinkonzentration von 190±31 auf 160±28 mg innerhalb von 14 Tagen senken. Die cholesterinsenkende Eigenschaft wird auf das Sojaprotein und das Pektin bezogen. Gleichzeitig kommt es unter dieser Diät zu einem mittleren Stuhlgewicht von 143±62 g/24 Std., das hohe Stuhlgewicht wird auf die wasserbindende Eigenschaft der Weizenkleie zurückgeführt.
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In vitro human platelet prostaglandin synthesis has been studied from added radioactive arachidonic acid (i) as function of substrate concentration, (ii) as function of platelet concentration and (iii) as function of pH. Platelets, as in platelet rich plasma when labelled with arachidonic acid, washed and treated with thrombin, released radioactivity mainly from phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol. The released radioactivity was mostly accounted for by the formation of the previously identified oxygenation products of arachidonic acid. Platelet utilization of arachidonic acid was also studied in presence of linoleic and dihomo-γ-linolenic acids, the two essential fatty acids known for antithrombotic effect. At its high concentrations linoleic acid decreased platelet cyclo-oxygenase activity as seen by a decreased formation of endoperoxides from arachidonic acid. Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid was found to be a mutually competitive substrate with arachidonic acid for the platelet prostaglandin synthetase thus causing reduced utilization of arachidonic acid as shown by measuring the various oxygenation products of arachidonic acid. These two acids were utilized differently by platelet prostaglandin synthetase.
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 270-272 
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 1-18 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The use of oral contraceptives can produce changes in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Responsible for the alterations seems to be the used oestrogen- and gestagen derivative and not so much the type of the contraceptive. The most frequent findings are raised serum-glucose-, insulin-, and triglyceride levels; disturbances in protein-metabolism increase the risk of developping thrombosis and hypertonia. Little is known about the significance of oral contraceptives on the vitamin- and mineral metabolism—yet extreme deficiencies have not been observed so far. Oral contraceptives can become an extra riskfactor when given to women with metabolic disturbances.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Verabreichung oraler Kontrazeptiva kann zu Störungen im Kohlenhydrat-Fett-Protein-Vitamin- und Mineralstoffhaushalt führen. Dabei ist nicht so sehr der Typ der Kontrazeptiva sondern die verwendeten Östrogen- und Gestagenabkömmlinge für die Veränderungen ausschlaggebend. Zu den am häufigsten diagnostizierten Befunden gehören erhöhte Serumglucose-, Insulin- und Triglyceridwerte; beobachtete Störungen im Proteinstoffwechsel weisen auf eine gesteigerte Bereitschaft zur Ausbildung von Hypertonien und Thombrosen hin. Über die Bedeutung oraler Kontrazeptiva auf den Vitamin- und Mineralstoffhaushalt ist wenig bekannt — ausgeprägte Mangelzustände wurden jedoch noch nicht beoachtet. Bei schon vorhandenen Stoffwechselstörungen werden orale Kontrazeptiva zu einem extra Risikofaktor.
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Gehalt an Aminosäuren und Proteinen im Speichel von normalen und unterernährten ägyptischen Kindern und Kleinkindern wurde untersucht. 16 Aminosäuren, davon 7 essentielle konnten im Speichel von normal ernährten Kindern nachgewiesen werden. Die elektrophoretische Analyse ergab den Nachweis von 10 Proteinen im Speichel von normalen und unterernährten Kindern. Bei ödematösen Kindern nimmt der Gehalt sowohl an Aminosäuren, besonders der essentiellen, als auch an Proteinen zu. Bei nicht ödematösen Fällen waren der Gehalt und die Zusammensetzung mehr oder weniger normal, aber bei Marasmus dritten Grades sind Aminosäuren und Proteine etwas vermehrt. Aus diesen Ergebnissen wird geschlossen, daß die Zunahme des Speichelgehaltes an Aminosäuren und Proteinen bei unterernährten ödematösen Kindern infolge einer Gewebsdegeneration ausgelöst wird, welche bei der nicht ödematösen Form der Krankheit weniger ausgeprägt ist.
    Notes: Summary Amino acids and proteins in whole saliva of normal and malnourished Egyptian infants and young children were investigated. 16 amino acids, 7 of them are essential, could be detected in saliva of normal infants. Electrophoretic analysis revealed the existence of 10 protein components in saliva of either normal or malnourished infants. In oedematous cases, salivary amino acids, particularly the essential ones, were increased as well as most of the protein components. In non-oedematous cases, the pattern was more or less normal, but in 3rd grade marasmus, amino acid and protein components of saliva were somewhat increased. The conclusion was drawn that such increase is mainly due to tissue degeneration which is more marked in oedematous than non-oedematous form of the disease.
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 26-36 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Using some14C-labelled derivatives of cinnamic acid which are of interest as metabolites of chlorogenic acid we studied their pharmacokinetic behaviour in rats. The absorption rate constant from intestinal was 2–10 times greater than the elimination rate constant. After i.v. application the half life of elimination from the blood was between 13 and 37 minutes. When greater amounts (50 mg/kg) were given by i.d. application, absorption and elimination were delayed. The tested compounds were excreted mainly by the kidneys and most of the given dosis could be found in urine within 2 hours. The biliary excretion differed widely among the tested compounds: only up to 3% were excreted in the bile in the case of m-cumaric acid, p-cumaric acid and caffeic acid, whereas up to 30% were found when ferulic acid or trimethoxycinnamic acid were given. From these results a greater role of caffeic acid in the enterohepatic circulation is not to be expected.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe einiger14C-markierter Derivate der Zimtsäure, die eine Bedeutung als Metaboliten der Chlorogensäure besitzen, wurden die pharmakokinetischen Eigenschaften dieser Substanzen an Ratten untersucht. Die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten für die Resorption waren zwischen 2–10mal größer als die Eliminationskonstanten. Für die Elimination aus dem Blut ergaben sich nach i.v. Applikation Halbwertszeiten zwischen 13 und 37 Minuten. Nach i.d. Gabe größerer Mengen (bis zu 50 mg/kg) war eine Verzögerung der Resorption und Elimination zu beobachten. Die Ausscheidung erfolgte vornehmlich über die Nieren, wobei innerhalb der Versuchsdauer von 2 Stunden der größte Teil der verabreichten Substanzen ausgeschieden wurde. Die biliäre Exkretion der radioaktiven Substanzen betrug bei m-Cumarsäure, p-Cumarsäure und Kaffeesäure meistens nur einige Prozent, während bei Ferulasäure und Trimethoxyzimtsäure, besonders nach höherer Dosierung, bis zu 30 % durch die Galle ausgeschieden wurden. Nach diesen Untersuchungsergebnissen dürfte bei Kaffeesäure der enterohepatische Kreislauf keine wesentliche Rolle spielen.
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 37-46 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Liver function tests were performed in severe and mild diabetic rats and under the influence of ATP. In mild diabetics the serum cholesterol was significantly increased, while in severe diabetes the serum cholesterol was significantly lower than in mild diabetes. The decreased serum cholesterol in severe diabetes may be an indication for the development of fatty liver. The serum alkaline phosphatase and serum bilirubin were significantly increased in both the severe and mild diabetic states, while the thymol turbidity test was insignificantly changed in both states of diabetes. Serum albumin was significantly decreased in 10 days mild diabetes, while it was insignificantly changed in 48 hrs severe diabetic animals. The effect of ATP was investigated in mild diabetes. ATP resulted in a significant increase in serum albumin and a decrease in total globulins with the resultant increase in A/G ratio. The serum alkaline phosphatase exhibited a significant reduction under the influence of ATP. The elevated cholesterol of mild diabetic rats remained significantly evelated and was not reduced by ATP, though the fat content of the liver showed a significant reduction. This may be due to more rapid mobilisation of fat from the liver under the influence of ATP. ATP showed no significant effect on serum bilirubin and thymol turbidity test. The histopathological examination of the liver revealed that administration of ATP to alloxan diabetic rats had a beneficial effect. It resulted in disappearrance of the fat globules from the liver cells.
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 58-60 
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 47-51 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Carbon tetrachloride twenty-four hours after its administration resulted in a significant increase in serum iron, copper, zinc, calcium, potassium and sodium, while for magnesium no significant change was observed. A portion of this rise was due to the known hepatotoxic effect of CCl4 on the liver. Pretreatment with adenosine-5-monophosphate led to a normalization of the level of serum iron, copper and zinc, while in case of calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium there was no significant change from that found in CCl4. The normalization of serum copper and iron under the influence of AMP may be due to some protective action of AMP on the liver. However, the disturbance in minerals metabolism may be considered as one of the earliest lesions in CCl4 poisoning.
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 61-64 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In cases of juvenile diabetes, there were lower than normal levels of reduced glutathione, ceruloplasmin oxidase activity, zinc, copper and sodium, while the other elements show no significant changes. The lower level of serum zinc, copper and sodium may be due to the osmotic diuresis and consequent polyurea of diabetes.
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 65-71 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Patientin mit Argininbernsteinsäureerkrankung wurde mit 50 g Eiweiß belastet. Die Belastung wurde von einer beträchtlichen Hyperammoniämie gefolgt. Es erfolgte keine gesteigerte Harnstoffbildung; jedoch trat eine kräftige Orotsäureausscheidung, ein Vorläufer der Pyrimidinsynthese, auf. Hierdurch wird Orotsäure zu einer bei der Diagnose von Störungen der Harnstoffsynthese bedeutsamen Substanz. Die Veränderung der Plasmaaminosäuren der Patientin nach der Proteinbelastung weist möglicherweise auf eine vermehrte zytostolische Carbamylphosphatneubildung und nicht auf die Verwendung von aufgestautem, intramitochondrialem. Carbamylphosphat für die Pyrimidinsynthese hin.
    Notes: Summary A patient with argininosuccinic aciduria was charged with 50 grams of protein, which was followed by considerable hyperammonemia. There was no response in further urea formation; but there was a considerable production of orotic acid, a precursor of pyrimidines. This makes orotic acid to an important diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of impaired urea formation. The patient's plasma amino acid pattern led to the suggestion that orotic acid synthesis is initiated by increased de novo formation of carbamyl phosphate in the cytosol and not by deviation of already existing intramitochondrial carbamyl phosphate.
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 84-88 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Toxic metals encountered industrially or environmentally may produce the following syndromes: 1) Peripheral neuropathy: which is mainly sensory in arsenic and entirely motor with inorganic lead, organophosphorus compounds and tallium produce a mixed form of peripheral neuropathy. 2) Encephalopathy: usually with lead poisoning where ataxia and hemiplegia or optic atrophy may occur. 3) Optic neuritis: transient or permanent impairment of vision in arsenic poisoning and blurring of vision followed by field fedects with thallium poisoning. 4) Cerebellar disturbances: in the form of ataxia in organic mercury. 5) Parkinsonism: extrapyramidal signs occurs in manganese poisoning shown as mask face and rigidity of muscles. 6) Mental changes: as acute psychosis in organic lead and erethism in organic mercury.
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 89-92 
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    Notes: Summary The present study was aiming to explore further the variations in the levels of Mg in both serum and CSF of PEM children, hoping a better understanding for the nature of the neurological abnormalities in these cases. The study revealed decreased values of both blood serum and CSF levels of Mg in PEM children which denote some abnormalities in brain metabolism. Such abnormalities add further support for assumption of the link between dietary insufficiency and subnormal mental performance in PEM.
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    European journal of nutrition 17 (1978), S. 153-158 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of ten repeated doses of carbon tetrachloride, phenobarbitone and propionyl promazine when administered alone or simultaneously with CCl4 on serum minerals was investigated. Carbon tetrachloride resulted in a significant increase in serum iron, copper, zinc, calcium, potassium and sodium. A portion of this rise was due to increased permeability in damaged mitochondrial membrane as a result of the action of CCl4. Propionyl promazine when administered alone or together with CCl4 has no effect on serum minerals. Phenobarbitone when administered alone increased serum minerals except sodium, but to a lesser degree than CCl4, while phenobarbitone when given repeatedly together with small doses of CCl4 led to a normalization of serum iron, calcium and potassium. Also serum zinc and copper were lower than in case of CCl4. This may be due to some protective effect of phenobarbitone on liver mitochondria. Serum magnesium was not affected in all the experimental groups.
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    Notes: Summary The influence of phenobarbitone given in ten repeated doses simultaneously with small doses of CCl4 on serum enzymes was investigated in albino rats. The same experiment was repeated to investigate the influence of propionylpromazine (phenothiazine derivative). The results proved that SGPT is a more specific and sensitive index than SGOT of hepato-cellular injury. The activity ratio between serum GOT and GPT in the normal control group was 2.44. The activity of SGPT increased nearly 6.1 fold after CCl4 administration and thus the activity ratio between GOT and GPT is sharply reduced to 0.56. The activity of serum GPT when CCl4 and phenobarbitone were administered together showed value of about 1/2 of the value when CCl4 was administered alone, while it remained high when CCl4 administration was combined with propionyl-promazine. Serum GOT and alkaline phosphatase increased significantly in all the groups. Regarding the pathological examination of the liver it was found that marked fatty necrosis could be demonstrated when high values of SGPT was found, which is not the case with serum GOT. It is concluded that in the present experimental conditions phenobarbitone protected the liver from the hepatotoxic effect of CCl4, while propionyl-promazine did not.
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    Irrigation science 1 (1978), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 1432-1319
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    Irrigation science 1 (1978), S. 61-70 
    ISSN: 1432-1319
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Results are reported from a long-term field experiment designed to determine the effect of irrigation water salinity on the yield and water uptake of mature grapefruit trees. Treatments were started in 1970 and consisted of chloride concentrations in the irrigation water of 7.1, 11.4 and 17.1 meq/1 added as NaCl+CaCl2 at a 1 : 1 weight ratio. For the last four years of the experiment, 1973 to 1976, yield was linearly related to the mean chloride concentration in the soil saturation extract weighted according to the distribution of water uptake with depth and time (Fig. 2, Table 1). There was a 1.45% (1.68 Mg/ha) yield reduction for each 1 meq/1 increase in chloride concentration above a threshold value of 4.5 meq/1. This corresponded to a 13.5% (14.7 Mg/ha) decrease per 1 mmho/cm increase in the electrical conductivity of the soil saturation extract above a threshold value of 1.2 mmho/cm. Total water uptake was reduced as salt concentration in the soil increased (Fig. 3, Table 2). In the high salinity treatment, root concentration in, and water uptake from, the lower portion of the root zone were decreased. The maximum electrical conductivity (ECe) measured at the bottom of the root zone was 7.90 mmho/cm similar to the values of EC, obtained by linear extrapolation to zero yield and also to zero water uptake. Salt accumulation in the soil depended on the quantity and salt concentration of the irrigation water, rainfall, and on the amount of leaching. SAR and the Na+ concentration of the soil remained low throughout the experiment (Table 3). No leaf symptoms of either Cl− or Na+ injury were observed. The results indicate an osmotic — rather than a specific ion effect — of salinity on grapefruit yield.
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    Irrigation science 1 (1978), S. 71-76 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The cultivated tomato Lycopersicon esculentum, cultivar Rheinlands Ruhm, and the wild species Solanum pennellii accession Atico, were compared with respect to their salt tolerance. The wild species was found to be more salt tolerant than the cultivated tomato. In contrast to L. esculentum plants, the growth of the wild species was not impaired by the high salinity (Table 1), although the latter accumulated more Cl− and Na+ ions and its K+ level decreased under salinity (Tables 3, 4, 5). The smaller increase in water deficit under salinity in the wild species, probably resulted from its higher accumulation of ions (Table 2).
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    Irrigation science 1 (1978), S. 19-25 
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    Notes: Summary It is shown how a yield vs water application diagram, with uniformity of water-distribution and price of water as parameters, can be used to determine the optimum water application and the expected income for a certain crop. The diagram can further be used to explore the possible outcome of changing water uniformity and/or price. The diagram is based on simplified forms of the yield and water-distribution functions.
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    Irrigation science 1 (1978), S. 3-17 
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    Notes: Summary Designing trickle irrigation systems involves the selection of a proper combination of trickle discharge rate, spacing between emitters, diameter and length of the lateral system for any given set of soil, crop and climatic conditions. Trickle irrigation is treated as transient and steady axisymmetric infiltration processes. An existing numerical solution to nonsteady state infiltration is used to quantify the effect of soil hydraulic properties and trickle discharge rates on emitter spacing (Fig. 2). The results of the analysis suggest the possibility of controlling the wetted volume of a soil by regulating the emitter discharge according to soil properties (Figs. 3 and 4). The surface distribution of a transformed soil water content (or pressure) function (Fig. 5) is derived from a linearized solution to steady infiltration. The analysis of steady and non-steady infiltration is employed to estimate the spacing between emitters as a function of discharge and water pressure conditions between emitters using hydraulic soil data (Fig. 6). Hydraulic conductivity parameters are given for 17 different soils (Table 1) to be used for design purposes. Theoretical analysis of soil water is combined with hydraulic principles to derive lateral diameter and length for engineering design requirements.
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    Notes: Summary Standard local practice in Northern India is to continue irrigation of winter wheat crop almost up to harvest, based on the farmer's belief that this treatment increases grain weight and yield. The effect of an early cut-off of irrigation on the water use was studied in a three-year experiment on a deep, sandy-loam soil. Wheat, sown during the second or third week of November, received its first irrigation four weeks later. Subsequently treatments included irrigations of 7.5 cm water depth applied after 10 cm of cumulative pan evaporation minus rainfall had elapsed since the previous irrigation up till mid-April; irrigations of 7.5 cm up till mid-February and thereafter irrigation equal to 75 and 100% soil-water deficit in the 0–180 cm profile around March 10 with no later irrigation; and a similar treatment with one additional irrigation after making up the water deficit. Least irrigation water was used from the treatment in which 75% water deficit was restored around March 10 and no further irrigation was applied. This treatment increased the average extraction of profile water by 4 cm compared to treatments in which irrigation was continued until mid-April. Profile water depletion was inversely related to the amount of irrigation. Grain weight and yields from the various treatments harvested in the last week of April were unaffected by the treatments.
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    Irrigation science 1 (1978), S. 47-59 
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    Notes: Summary This paper reports the results of a two-year field study at Logan, Utah which was one of a series of similar experiments carried out at Ft. Collins, Colorado, Davis, California and Yuma, Arizona. A range of water application rates were imposed using the line-source system (Hanks et al., 1976) and in some treatments water was withheld during certain growth stages. Salinity variables were imposed by presalinization before planting and by the use of saline irrigation water. Regardless of irrigation or salinity regime, corn grain and total dry matter production were linearly related to evapotranspiration, which was measured as the sum of irrigation, rainfall and soil water depletion minus drainage. Presalinization of the soil decreased yields in proportion to the salinity imposed, the decrease being associated with reductions in evapotranspiration caused by reduced soil water depletion as compared to the nonsalinized treatments.
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    Irrigation science 1 (1978), S. 27-38 
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    Notes: Summary Four irrigation treatments: no irrigation; early irrigation (150 mm); late irrigation (150 mm); and early+late irrigation (275 mm), with 363 mm of rain; and four basic applications of nitrogen (0, 60, 120, 180 kg ha−1), with and without an additional nitrogen top dressing of 60 kg ha−1, were applied to autumn-sown wheat. For any given total nitrogen rate, there was no difference between the single and the split application. Grain yields ranged from 3040 kg ha−1 for the unirrigated, zero-nitrogen treatment to 6340 kg ha−1 for the two irrigations, 180 kg ha −1 N treatment. There was a strong interaction of irrigation and nitrogen on grain yields which was due mainly to the late irrigation: in the absence of the late irrigation the optimal nitrogen rate was 120 kg hat, followed by a marked decline in yield with additional nitrogen, whereas the application of the late irrigation shifted the optimum nitrogen rate to 180 kg ha−1. In the absence of the late irrigation, increasing the nitrogen rate from 0 to 240 kg ha −1 reduced kernel weight from 42 to 32 mg, whereas late irrigation largely prevented this decrease (42 to 39 mg). The reduction in kernel weight was evident even at the first nitrogen increments, in the range where grain yield was still increasing. Lack of nitrogen reduced soil moisture extraction during the grain filling stage, particularly from soil layers deeper than 60 cm. Stomatal aperture in the irrigated treatments was markedly larger in nitrogen-supplied than in nitrogen-deficient wheat, although the leaf hydration was similar; in the unirrigated treatment, the nitrogen-supplied plants had a lower hydration and smaller stomatal aperture than nitrogen-deficient plants.
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    Wood science and technology 12 (1978), S. 17-24 
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    Notes: Summary There is a positive correlation between the percentage of compression wood and specific gravity in Pinus wallichiana. Where compression wood is present a definite increase in specific gravity occurs in an annual ring, but the influence of compression wood on specific gravity is only local. The first-formed earlywood portion of the ring is the most suitable sampling point for a comparison of specific gravity between rings of the same or different trees.
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    Wood science and technology 12 (1978), S. 87-88 
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    Wood science and technology 12 (1978), S. 309-315 
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    Notes: Summary Eucalyptus gomphocephala A.DC seedlings grown horizontally for 103 days had less terminal shoot elongation and higher internal and emanated ethylene levels in the basal portion of the stem than seedlings grown vertically under otherwise identical conditions. Horizontal seedlings had greater radial growth in the upper stem half than in the lower half of the basal portion of the stem. Upper halves contained 60–80 percent tension wood by volume, lower halves 0–10 percent tension wood. Radial growth in vertical seedlings was symmetrical, and they contained negligible tension wood. Upper halves of the basal portion of the stem of horizontal seedlings had greater amounts of internal and emanated ethylene than lower halves and vertical seedling halves. Ethylene differences between random halves of vertical seedlings were smaller than differences between upper and lower halves of horizontal seedlings. The data suggest an association between increased ethylene levels and tension wood formation.
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    Wood science and technology 12 (1978), S. 287-291 
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    Notes: Summary Ultrathin cross sections of the tracheid wall in black spruce and silver fir have been examined at high resolution by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and by conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM). For both softwoods, lamellation of the S2 layer was evident but the lamellae were seen more clearly in the STEM photomicrographs. The interlamellar distance was 7.1 nm in the case of spruce and 8.4 nm for silver fir.
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    Wood science and technology 12 (1978), S. 293-308 
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    Notes: Summary Increased utilization of eastern spruce and balsam fir has led to a need for a quick method of separating these woods in a mill situation. One such method might be the use of a chemical indicator. A test of various classes of chemical agents applied at different seasons of the year showed that a pH indicator might be suitable for achieving a separation. The most suitable indicator was tested on samples from different geographic locations and at three highproduction stud mills. Additional tests were conducted to explore such variables as moisture content and surface condition of the wood, type of solvent, concentration and temperature. The most suitable indicator found was bromophenol blue at a concentration of 0.10 percent in 95 percent ethanol. When applied to green wood which had been allowed to dry for a few minutes to a few hours, this indicator produced various shades of orange, yellow, green or blue with spruce and a dark blue or blue-violet with fir. With an understanding of the variables that affect the reaction, it is felt that bromophenol blue can be used for the separation of eastern spruce and balsam fir on a commercial basis.
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    Wood science and technology 12 (1978), S. 25-35 
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    Notes: Summary After a β-D-1,3-linked glucan had been isolated from compression wood, identified, and named ‘laricinan’, other researchers suggested that it occupied the helical cavities in the S2 layer of those tracheids. They postulated that the glucan was responsible for the capacity of compression wood to generate the large forces associated with reorientation of displaced stems and branches, and also caused its severe shrinkage with drying. Analyses herein indicate that it is improbable that such a glucan could be the primary factor responsible for those characteristics of compression wood. An alternative significance is proposed, namely that its presence strengthens the already well-supported deduction that the helical cavities have a schizogenous origin.
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    Wood science and technology 12 (1978), S. 37-48 
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    Notes: Summary A mathematical model has been derived for the prediction of the resistance to viscous liquid flow generated by tracheid lumina and various parts of the bordered pit structure. The model also takes into account changes in pit geometry occurring as the pit membrane deflects when a pressure differential is applied across it. Methods for checking whether flow is truly viscous are presented. Data calculated for Pinus sylvestris suggest that the permeability of earlywood differs markedly from that of latewood; that in latewood the pit apertures contribute significantly to the total resistance to flow; and that kinetic energy corrections to the Poiseuille viscous flow equation may be of some importance at high flow rates.
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    Wood science and technology 12 (1978), S. 1-15 
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    Notes: Summary The longitudinal tracheids in compression wood of Taxus baccata contain helical thickenings but no helical cavities. The thickenings are as frequent and well developed and have the same ropelike appearance as in normal wood of this species. They are an integral part of the S3 in normal and of the S2 in compression wood and have the same orientation as the innermost microfibrils in these layers. Except for the absence of cavities and presence of thickenings, compression wood tracheids of Taxus baccata possess all the anatomical features typical of such cells, including a rounded outline, intercellular spaces, a thick S1 layer, a highly lignified S2 (L) layer, and no S3 layer. Pronounced compression wood of Pseudotsuga menziesii contains helical cavities but no helical thickenings. Thickenings and cavities seem to be mutually exclusive in Pseudotsuga and Taxus.
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    Wood science and technology 12 (1978), S. 63-74 
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    Notes: Summary Mathematical models for the polar and dispersion force contribution to the total surface free energy of a solid are reviewed. Experimentally, the geometric-mean and harmonic-mean models are compared for the surface of Douglas-fir wood. Data for both models compare favourably with results from the literature for other man-made and naturally occurring polymeric surfaces. Arguments are offered favoring the use of the harmonic-mean model for characterizing the surface of wood.
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    Wood science and technology 12 (1978), S. 75-86 
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    Notes: Summary By starting with simple concepts of the molecular structure and building up through the various levels of organisation in the wood cell wall it is possible to construct a model that simultaneously predicts the variation with moisture content change of both the longitudinal Young's modulus and longitudinal shrinkage of wood. To do this it is first necessary to define the stiffness and swelling characteristics of the lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose constituents of the wood as moisture content changes. It is suggested here that it is the bound fraction of the sorbed water that is responsible for the changes in swelling stress as well as for change in stiffness in the lignin and hemicellulose. The magnitudes of the stiffness of each of the constituents appear to be quite closely circumscribed by experimental values for longitudinal Young's modulus and shrinkage of wood and it is apparent that the stiffness characteristics of the in situ constituents are compatible with available experimental evidence for extracted lignin and hemicellulose and for native cellulose.
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    Wood science and technology 12 (1978), S. 105-110 
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    Notes: Summary Cavity formation in the S2 layer of the secondary cell wall by soft rot fungi is initiated following the establishment of a T-branch by the extension growth of a proboscis hypha. This growth is inhibited after a time and lateral dissolution of the cell wall takes place to form a cavity and enlarge the hypha within it until cavity and hypha are large enough or mature enough to overcome the inhibition to extension growth and a new proboscis hypha is formed and the process repeated. The pointed ends and restrictions to the cavities are brought about by the inhibition of enzyme activity at the ends of the proboscis hypha and the possible deposition of inhibitory material along the pointed ends of the cavity formed.
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    Notes: Abstract Starting with simple concepts of the molecular structure and models of the stiffness and swelling behaviour of lignin, hemi-cellulose and cellulose and building up through the various levels of organisation in the wood cell wall a model has been constructed that simultaneously predicts the variation with moisture content change of both the longitudinal Young's modulus and longitudinal shrinkage of wood. The model closely predicts both longitudinal shrinkage and Young's modulus as they vary with the moisture content of the wood. The model also takes into account structural variations in the form of changes in cell wall layer thicknesses and mean cellulose microfibril orientation.
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    Wood science and technology 12 (1978), S. 141-148 
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    Notes: Summary Wood samples that had been ball-milled and extracted with dioxane under various conditions were observed in the scanning electron microscope. Ball milling causes not only a reduction in size of the cells and cell walls but also an internal disruption of the particles. The intensity of milling has a larger influence on the particle size than a prolongation of the milling time. A direct relation was established between particle size and the previously determined yield of purified milled wood lignin.
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    Wood science and technology 12 (1978), S. 161-167 
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    Notes: Summary The Young's modulus of hemicellulose extracted from Pinus radiata wood has been measured by an indentation method. Values obtained for the modulus varied by almost three orders of magnitude, from 8.0×109 Pa in nearly dry hemicellulose to 1.0×107 Pa in nearly saturated hemicellulose. The very low value of the modulus at high moisture contents has some interesting implications for models of the mechanical behaviour of the wood cell wall.
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    Wood science and technology 12 (1978), S. 169-185 
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    Notes: Abstract The thermal decomposition of wood wastes obtained from jack pine has been studied in both oxidising and inert atmospheres using thermogravimetric techniques supported by gaseous and residue product analysis. The effects of selected sequences of chemical additives on the reaction rate parameters of both native and extracted bark samples have also been examined. The maximum rate of wood waste pyrolysis is believed to be related to the rapid decomposition of the cellulose constituent, which occurs at around 350°C in nitrogen. In air, this value is shifted to around 300°C and may be explained by the intervention of exothermic reactions involving other wood constituents present in the complex wood matrix. The trend shown in the analytical results for the various wood waste residues was similar to that established by previous workers for the pyrolysis of coalification products on the basis of H/C and O/C ratios which proceed towards the carbonisation and oxidation poles, respectively, for residues obtained from heating in inert and oxidising atmospheres. Isothermal weight-change data were found to fit model kinetic expressions which indicate that the pyrolysis process may be transport-controlled.
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    Wood science and technology 12 (1978), S. 219-222 
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    Notes: Abstract The helical winding direction of microfibrils in the S2 wall layer in the tracheids, fibres and vessel members of over 250 woody species, both indigenous and exotic, growing in New Zealand has been determined. A Z helix was observed in all the tracheids, fibres and narrower vessel members. The orientation in the wider vessel members could not always be determined with any certainty.
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    Wood science and technology 12 (1978), S. 223-234 
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    Wood science and technology 12 (1978), S. 223-231 
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    Notes: Summary Fine structure of cellulose microfibrils in poplar (Populus euramericana) gelatious layer and Valonia cell walls was observed in the electron microscope by using disintegration and ultrathin section techniques with various electron stains. Staining of the gelatinous layer in poplar showed that the microfibrils had a paracrystalline region surrounding a crystalline core, but such a region was negligible in Valonia. From the facts that kinks and shortened microfibrils were observed after mechanical and hydrolysis treatments, respectively, and that the microfibrils were unaffected by negative staining, it was concluded that the microfibril core is uniformly crystalline in the longitudinal direction although there may be some crystalline dislocations.
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    Wood science and technology 12 (1978), S. 271-285 
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    Notes: Summary Experimental data from a series of experiments indicate that the existence of compression damage in timber has a pronounced effect on its toughness, considerably less effect on its tensile strength, and almost no effect on its bending strength. Whereas the toughness of dry timber was reduced by up to 40 per cent at high levels of precompression, toughness of green timber actually increased by up to 37 per cent. The reduction in tensile strength was greater for individual cells and thin sections than for solid timber. The results are discussed in terms of slip plane development and behaviour, and the practical significance of compression damage is emphasised.
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    Wood science and technology 12 (1978), S. 49-62 
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    Notes: Summary The dynamic moduli and logarithmic decrement of Rimu (Dacrydium cupressinum) were measured along the grain and perpendicular to it in the frequency range 45–85 kHz using a Marx regenerative oscillator system. The moduli and decrement were observed to exhibit strong dispersions between-20°C and-80°C, the actual temperature being dependent on measurement frequency and moisture content of the sample. The activation enthalpy of the dispersion mechanism varied from 3.9 kcal/mole at moisture contents in excess of 7 % to 6 kcal/mole at lower (1%) moisture content. Impregnation of the wood with solvents produced dispersion effects different from those associated with water impregnation. It is postulated that this mechanical dispersion observed in moisture-bearing wood results from the motion of the adsorbed water molecules.
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    Wood science and technology 12 (1978), S. 89-103 
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    Notes: Summary Compression wood in the ancient Ginkgo biloba differs from that in most of the younger gymnosperms in the more angular outline of its tracheids, their thinner walls, and their lack of helical cavities. Both normal and compression woods of Ginkgo contain two types of tracheids, one wide, with a thin wall, and another, narrow, with a thicker wall. In all other respects the compression wood tracheids in Ginkgo are ultrastructurally similar to those in other gymnosperms. Helical cavities probably developed relatively late in the evolution of compression wood, since they are missing not only in Ginkgo but also in the Taxales and the Araucariaceae. The occurrence of compression wood in Ginkgo biloba indicates that this tissue probably has existed since the Devonean period. Very likely, the arborescent habit of the gymnosperms has always been dependent on their ability to form compression wood.
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    Wood science and technology 12 (1978), S. 111-126 
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    Notes: Summary The different approaches to the use of steady-state gas flow data in the prediction of the steady-state axial permeability of wood to liquids are reviewed. Since these may be shown to have certain theoretical shortcomings, a new predictive method based on a computer analysis is presented. This and previous methods are tested experimentally; apparently, none can be relied upon to predict the liquid permeability accurately. However, it is clear that the true liquid permeability is not measured; the reasons for this are uncertain. Until this difficulty is resolved, the precision of predictive methods cannot be accurately assessed.
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    Wood science and technology 12 (1978), S. 159-160 
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    Wood science and technology 12 (1978), S. I 
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    Wood science and technology 12 (1978), S. 149-158 
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    Notes: Abstract After enzymic hydrolysis of polysaccharides in milled wood or pulp the unhydrolysed lignin residue becomes soluble in certain polar solvents. Extensive disintegration of the wood is necessary to obtain a sufficient accessibility toward the enzyme. For milling a porcelain rotary ball mill is recommended. A relationship has been found between the milling energy, which is proportional to the size of the mill, the milling time, and the yield of ball-milled wood lignin (BMWL). Enzymatically isolated lignin (EIL) requires a critical milling time which is shorter than that for obtaining maximum yields of BMWL. A procedure for isolation of the total lignin content from wood and pulps in the form of three fractions has been developed, giving a water soluble, low molecular carbohydrate-lignin complex by water extraction of ball-milled wood, a BMWL-carbohydrate complex by subsequent extraction with dioxane, and a EIL-carbohydrate complex by dioxane extraction of the residue after enzymic hydrolysis.
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    Wood science and technology 12 (1978), S. 187-196 
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Wood radiation densitometry started with the β-ray method but was largely developed with the X-ray method. The density components obtained have been successfully used directly for anatomical, physiological and technological studies. But they also serve as dependent variables to determine the effects of heridity, fertilization, growth rate, entomological defoliation, irrigation, industrial smokes, green pruning, phenology or climatic factors on wood structure or quality and as explanatory variables to elucidate mechanical strength, windbreaks on living trees or sawteeth performances.
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  • 72
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    Wood science and technology 12 (1978), S. 197-202 
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary There are, on the average, about 300 fibers or tracheids per centimeter in both the tangential and radial directions in cross sections of softwoods when the counts are made over complete annual rings with the extremes varying from about 200 fibers per centimeter for redwood to about 400 fibers per centimeter for Alaska yellow cedar. Fiber widths, including half of surrounding middle lamella, range from about 50 μm for redwood to 25μm for Alaska yellow cedar, averaging about 33 μm. Average lumen widths vary but slightly with changes in the specific gravity of the wood whereas the double cell wall thickness varies directly with the specific gravity. Effects of pulping to different pulp yields on the fiber dimensions are calculated with the use of two newly developed equations. The theoretical thickness of completely collapsed pulp fibers is equal to their double cell wall thickness. Complete collapse rarely if ever occurs as it requires double fractures of the cell wall. In practice, collapse of fibers is incomplete so their thickness is usually two or more times the theoretical minimum.
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    Wood science and technology 12 (1978), S. 203-217 
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Following a brief review of the main theories of microfibrillar orientation in plant cell walls, several ideas on orientation are proposed which may assist in explaining crossed polylamellate wall structure and the associated reversal of microfibrillar spiral. It is envisaged that microfibrils are synthesized by particles (enzyme granules) moving within, and parallel to, the plane of the plasmalemma; microfibrils are suggested to be deposited on the plasmalemma surface in the wake of the moving particle. Particle movement is postulated to be predetermined in a manner such that the direction of movement within the plane of the membrane basically is straight and undiverted and, as such, describes a geodesic line. A consequence of such movement is that when a particle encounters a cell tip, a change, usually a reversal, in the direction of spiral, and thus of microfibrillar orientation, is generally the result. The precise nature and degree of change in orientation depends on the form of the cell, the shape of the cell tip, and also the initial angle of particle movement with respect to the cell axis. In further postulating the unified movement for many particles the concept of slow viscous flow is considered. The theories presented are discussed with respect to their limitations and to their applicability to specific cell types.
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    Wood science and technology 12 (1978), S. 235-235 
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Wood science and technology 12 (1978), S. 237-249 
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    Notes: Abstract Aerodynamic data on the axial velocity and turbulence development of free slot jets is presented. Jets varying from 0.0635 to 0.375 inches (1.59 to 9.53 mm) in width and with air velocities between 2,000 and 10,000 ft/min (10.2 to 50.8 m/sec) were examined. This study was the first phase of a research program aimed at developing empirical data describing impinging slot jet heat transfer commonly used in veneer drying.
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  • 76
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    Wood science and technology 12 (1978), S. 251-259 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract A method developed by Johnson et al. whereby lignin is determined spectrophotometrically was found to yield lignin values which showed variations of up to 10%. The presence of water in, and the freshness of the digestive mixture together with the grade of acetic acid used and the time between dilution and measurement of absorbance were found to affect the reproducibility of the method.
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  • 77
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    Notes: Summary Delignified samples of spruce wood were impregnated with various heavy metal salts and afterwards cut on a cryo-ultramicrotome. In the electron microscope a different swelling of the cell walls and different staining effects depending on the impregnated salt were observed. The thickness of the cell wall layers was determined in holocelluloses containing different amounts of residual lignin and in holocelluloses impregnated with various heavy metal salts. From the results it can be seen that the swelling state of the wall layers is determined by the competitive processes of swelling and loss of substance. Metal salt impregnations cause different swelling states of the wall layers. Some of the salts show a specific deposition within the cell wall which is interpreted as a chemical affinity to polyoses.
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    Wood science and technology 12 (1978), S. 317-320 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Potato research 21 (1978), S. 27-30 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Chimera ; leaf shape ; chimera stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Observations on leaves of chimeras of the types L1+L2 green: L3 yellow, L1 green: L2 yellow: L3 green and L1 green: L2+L3 yellow suggest first that only the epidermis of a leaf traces back to L1, secondly that most leaf tissues trace back to L2, and thirdly that an area in the centre of leaflets traces back to L3. Chimeras of the type L1 green: L2+L3 yellow are stable and only a very occasional leaflet shows a small patch of green tissue.
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    Potato research 21 (1978), S. 9-14 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords:
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Anfälligkeit von gepflückten Fiederblättern der Kartoffel für Infektionen durchRhizoctonia solani wurde in Versuchen dazu benützt, Unterschiede in der Pathogenität zwischen Isolaten festzustellen. die entweder von Sklerotien von Kartoffelknollen aus dem Feldanbau. von Läsionen auf Kartoffelkeimen oder von Getreidehalmen gewonnen wurden. In diesem Artikel ist der Zusammenhang zwischen dem Blattbefall und der Herkunft und den Eigenschaften der Isolate beschrieben. Blätter der Testpflanze wurden bis ca. 250 mm unter der Endknospe entfernt. Die beiden vorletzten Fiederblättchen wurden gepflück. während sechs Stunden in Leitungswasser eingetaucht und dann mit sterilem Wasser abgespült. Die Blättchen wurden dann einzeln mit ihrer Unterseite auf eine Kultur des Versuchsisolats. das auf Wasser-Agar in 90 mm Petrischalen gedieh. gelegt. Die Virulenz jedes Isolates wurde sieben Tage nach der Inkubation bei ca 16°C unter diffusem Tageslicht in Prozent des verfärbten Gewebes gemessen. Das Ausmass des Befalls der Blätter schwankte je nach Sorte (Tabelle 3), Wachstumsbedingunen (Tabelle 1) und Alter der Pflanze bei der Musterentnahme (Tabelle 2), aber nicht nach der Herkunft der Isolate. Zwischen dem Verhalten der Isolate auf den Blättern und ihrer Wachstumsrate in der Kultur. der Art (braun bis peckschwarz). der Häufigkeit (null bis viel) und der Verteilung (geballt. konzentrisch oder zerstreut) der in vitro oder auf den Sorten. von denen die Isolate gewonnen wurden. erzeugten Sklerotien wurde keine Korrelation gefunden.
    Abstract: Résumé La sensibilité des folioles de pomme de terre à une inoculation parRhizoctonia solani a été utilisée dans le but de déterminer des différences de pathogénicité entre des souches obtenues à partir de sclérotes prélevées sur tubercules, de lésions sur germes, ou de tiges de blé. Cette publication concerne la relation existant entre le taux d'infestation des folioles, l'origine et les caractéristiques des souches. Les feuilles sont prélevées sur des plantes test à environ 250 mm en dessous du bourgeon terminal. Les deux avant dernières folioles ont été détachées, trempées dans l'eau du robinet durant 6 heures et ensuite rincées dans de l'eau stérile. Les folioles sont placées séparément avec leur épiderme inférieur sur une culture de la souche test poussant en boite de pétri de 90 mm sur milieu eau du robinet-gélose. La virulence de chaque souche est exprimée en pourcentage de tissus décolorés, mesuré après 7 jours d'incubation à 16°C en lumière du jour diffuse. L'extension de la maladie sur les folioles varie en fonction de la variété (tableau 3); des conditions de croissance (tableau 1); de l'âge de la plante et de l'échantillon (tableau 2), mais non pas en fonction de l'origine des souches. Aucune corrélation n'a été trouvée que ce soit entre le comportement des souches sur les folioles et leur taux de croissance en culture; la nature (brun à noir de jais), la quantité (zéro à beaucoup) et la distribution (concentré, concentrique ou dispersé) des sclérotes produites in vitro; ou la variété à partir de laquelle les souches ont été obtenues.
    Notes: Summary The extent of invasion of potato leaflets byRhizoctonia solani Kühn was related to the age of the plants sampled. their growing conditions and the cultivar being tested, but not to the sources of the fungal isolates. No correlation was found between behaviour of isolates on leaflets and their characteristics in vitro.
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    Potato research 21 (1978), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: growth ; yield ; rhizosphere ; Arran Banner ; Compagnon ; Bintje
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Herbst 1975, im Frühjahr und im Herbst 1976 wurden in Tripolis. Libyen, drei Versuche durchgeführt, um den Einfluss der Inokulation von Pflanzkartoffeln mitAzotobacter auf das Wachstum und den Ertrag von drei Kartoffelsorten (Arran Banner, Bintje und Compagnon) zu untersuchen. Nur bei der Sorte Arran Banner ergab sich eine Beeinflussung durch die Inokulation mitAzotobacter (Tabelle 1 und 3). Der Ertrag war in den drei Versuchen um 42.6% 17.4% bzw. 8.5% gesteigert. Die stärkste Reaktion ergab sich im ersten Versuch. bei dem niedrige Temperaturen und Bewölkung vorherrschten und die Wachstumsbedingungen für die Kartoffeln im allgemeinen ungünstig waren. Die Sorten Bintje und Compagnon zeigten keine signifikante Steigerung des Ertrages nach der Inokulation. Die Inokulation erhöhte die Stengellänge, hatte aber keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Stengelzahl pro Pflanze (Tabelle 2). Zählungen im Boden der Rhizosphäre zeigten. dass nach Inokulation des Pflanzgutes mitAzotobacter die Population in der Wurzelzone anstieg (Tabelle 4). Die Ertragssteigerung nach der Inokulation scheint durch eine Anreicherung vonAzotobacter in der Rhizosphäre intokulierter Pflanzen hervorgerufen zu sein.
    Abstract: Résumé Trois expérimentations ont été menées à Tripoli en Libie afin d'étudier l'effet de l'inoculation de tubercules de semence avecAzotobacter sp. sur la croissance et le rendement de 3 variétés de pomme de terre (Arran Banner, Bintje et Compagnon). Ces essais se sont déroulés durant l'automne 1975, le printemps et l'automne 1976. Il n'y a eu que la variété Arran Banner qui a répondu de manière conséquente à l'inoculationd'Azotobacter sp. (tableaux 1 et 3). L'augmentation de rendement a été respectivement de 42.6%, 17.4% et 8,5% dans les 3 expériences. La meilleure réponse a été obtenue dans la première expérimentation où des températures basses et des jours couverts ont dominé et où les conditions de végétation ont été généralement défavorables à la pomme de terre. Les variétés Bintje et Compagnon n'ont pas montré d'augmentation significative du rendement avec inoculation. L'inoculation parAzotobacter sp, augmente la longueur des tiges, mais n'a pas d'effet significatif sur le nombre de tiges par plante (tableau 2). Les comptagesd'Azotobacter sp. dans la rhizosphère ont indiqué que l'inoculation de la semence augmentait la populationd'Azotobacter au niveau de la zone racinaire (tableau 4). Cela est probablement dû au fait que l'augmentation du rendement grâce à l'inoculation résulte d'une meilleure adaptationd'Azotobacter sp. au niveau de la rhizosphère des plantes inoculées.
    Notes: Summary When the potato cultivars Arran Banner, Bintje, and Compagnon were inoculated withAzotobacter chroococcum in Libya, only Arran Banner responded significantly; plant growth was stimulated and the yield of marketable tubers increased by 8.5–42.6% above the untreated control. The very large yield increase in one season was associated with unfavourable growing conditions.
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    Keywords: Gamma irradiation ; inhibitor in potatoes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ethyl acetate extracts prepared from potatoes exposed to a sprout-inhibiting dose (10 krad) of gamma-irradiation were tested for inhibitory activity towardsAspergillus flavus andA. parasiticus. The treatment did not adversely affect the naturally occurring compounds which inhibit growth of these aflatoxin-producing fungi and which were still evident 4 weeks after irradiation following storage at 15°C.
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    Potato research 21 (1978), S. 105-112 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über zwei Versuche berichtet, in denen die Beziehung zwischen Knollengrösse und Trockensubstanzgehalt während des Wachstums von zwei Sorten, Désirée und Maris Piper, untersucht wurde. Die Daten wurden mittels einer ähnlichen orthogonal polynomialen Methode wie die von Wurr & Allen (1974), welche die Ergebnisse in gut geeigneten Kurven darstellten, analysiert. Die Beziehung zwischen Knollengrösse und Trockensubstanzgehalt war an allen Erntedaten negativ quadratisch. Sie war aber für beide Sorten signifikant verschieden. Die Abnahme des Trockensubstanzgehaltes in grossen Knollen war bei Maris Piper ausgeprägter als bei Désirée (Abb. 1 und 3). Die Trockensubstanzgehalte einzelner Knollengrössen stiegen während den frühen Stadien des Knollenwachstums an, erreichten ein Maximum und nahmen dann ab. Diese Aenderungen waren ziemlich gross, z.B. Knollen von 38–45 mm der Sorte Piper wiesen anfänglich einen Trockensubstanzgehalt von ungefähr 14% auf, der zu einem Maximum von 22% anstieg und bis zum letzten Erntedatum auf 20% sank. Die starken Einflüsse sowohl der Knollengrösse als auch des Erntedatums machen es notwendig, dass beim Entscheid für Probeentnahme-Verfahren zur Bestimmung des Trockensubstanzgehaltes beide Faktoren sorgfältig in Betracht gezogen werden. Die Verwendung nichtkalibrierter Knollenproben an nur einem Erntedatum kann für das Erfassen wirklicher Unterschiede ungenügend sein oder in gewissen Fällen die Unterschiede im Trockensubstanzgehalt verzerren.
    Abstract: Résumé Il est rendu compte de deux expérimentations qui étudient la relation entre le calibre des tubercules et la teneur en matière sèche, durant la végétation, pour deux variétés: Désirée et Maris Piper. Les résultats sont analysés par la technique des polynômes orthogonaux, semblable à celle décrite par Wurr & Allen (1974), qui fournit des courbes bien ajustées aux données. La relation entre le calibre et la teneur en matière sèche est négativement quadratique pour toutes les dates de récolte et significativement différente pour les deux variétés. La diminution du taux de matière sèche des gros tubercules est plus marquée pour Maris Piper que pour Désirée (Fig. 1 et 3). La teneur en matière sèche de chaque tubercule augmente pendant les premières phases de la tubérisation, atteint un maximum puis décroît. Cette évolution est importante pour Maris Piper dont les tubercules 38/45 mm passent d'une teneur en matière sèche de 14% à un maximum de 22%, puis diminuent à 20% pour la dernière date de récolte. Compte tenu de l'influence importante des deux facteurs, calibre et date de récolte, il est nécessaire de procéder avec soin à la prise d'échantillon pour déterminer la matière sèche. Un prélèvement effectué dans un stockage en vrac, non calibré, correspondant à une seule date de récolte, peut empêcher la détection de réelles différences ou, dans certains cas, modifier les différences de teneur en matière sèche.
    Notes: Summary Two experiments are reported which examined the relationship between tuber size and dry-matter content during growth of the maincrop varieties, Desiree and Maris Piper. The relationship was negatively quadratic throughout growth in both varieties but the decline in dry-matter contents at large tuber sizes was more marked in Maris Piper than Desiree. Dry-matter content of individual tuber sizes increased during the early stages of their growth but later declined: the magnitude of these changes was large. The implications of these effects of tuber size and time of harvest are discussed in relation to the determination of accurate dry-matter contents of treatments and varieties.
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    Potato research 21 (1978), S. 121-127 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Symptomatology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The symptomatology of Andean potato latent virus (APLV) was studied in several wild potato species and potato cultivars using isolates Caj, Hu and Ay from Peru. In greenhouse tests, the virus was latent in most isolate/cultivar combinations with primary infection but secondary infection commonly caused symptoms. Wild species infected with the different isolates normally reacted with symptoms with either type of infection. The main symptoms were mosaics, chlorotic netting of minor leaf veins and, with wild species, leaf deformation; the netting symptom was typical only with Caj. In infected cultivars growing in the field, an additional symptom, rugosity, sometimes also developed and environmental conditions at high altitude seemed to enhance symptom formation. Very severe symptoms were found in a cultivar jointly infected with APLV and Andean potato mottle virus. Transmission of APLV from an infected plant to its tubers was erratic.
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    Potato research 21 (1978), S. 163-170 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Phureja ; Stenotomum ; combining ability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Vier Phureja Klon-Gruppen aus dem diploiden Massenselektionsschema der Schottischen Pflanzenzuchtstation wurden als weibliche Partner mit sieben Klon-Gruppen von Stenotomum nach dem North Carolina II Plan gekreuzt. Eine Analyse der Daten bezüglich des Ertrags und schneller Keimung während der Lagerung (zusammengefasst in Tabelle 1) zeigte, dass in diesem Material die allgemeine Kombinationseignung (GCA) wichtiger war als die spezifische Kombinationseignung (SCA) im Hinblick auf die Vererbung dieser beiden Merkmale (Tabelle 2). Der Sämlingsertrag war durch signifikante Differenzen (P〈0.05) in der SCA gekennzeichnet. Tabelle zeigt, dass grosse Differenzen in der GCA innerhalb der elterlichen Gruppen auftraten. Die Daten des ersten Klonjahres sollten einen echten Hinweis für einen Klon oder die Nachkommenschaftsleistung der nachfolgenden Klongenerationen liefern, wenn die Methoden der Untersuchung die gleichen sind. Die Sämlingsleistungen wiesen gegenüber der ersten Klongeneration einen zu niedrigen Korrelationskoeffizienten auf (Tabelle 3a), so dass sie nicht für eine sichere Selektion für Klone und Nachkommenschaften genutzt werden können. Zusätzlich zu den signifikanten Effekten der SCA unterscheidet sich der Sämlingsertrag vom Ertrag des 1. Klonjahres dadurch, dass er hoch signifikant mit der Keimlänge korreliert ist (P〈0.001, Tabelle 3b). Nachkommenschaftstestung der Eltern ist deshalb im Sämlingsjahr nicht möglich. Jedoch können Eltern für weitere Kreuzungen auf Grund ihres Phänotyps selektiert werden, da sehr hohe signifikante Differenzen der SCA (P〈0.001. Tab. 2) und signifikante Differenzen (P〈0.05) zwischen dem Ertrag des 1. Klonjahres und der Keimlänge bestehen. Die Paarung zwischen hoch ertragreichen Klonen und jenen mit niedriger Keimlänge sollte deshalb zu Verbesserungen in beiden Eigenschaften führen, zumindest bis die SCA die GCA an Bedeutung übertrifft.
    Abstract: Résumé Quatre clones du groupe Phureja, issus d'une sélection massale d'obtention diploïde de la Scottish Plant Breeding Station, ont été croisés en tant que géniteurs femelles avec sept clones du groupe Stenotomum. L'analyse des données de rendement et de croissance des germes pendant la conservation (résumée dans le tableau 1) montre que, avec ce matériel, l'aptitude à la recombinaison générale (GCA) est plus importante que l'aptitude à la recombinaison spécifique (SCA) dans la transmission des deux caractères (voir tableau 2). Le rendement de la plantule est affecté par l'aptitude à la SCA de manière significative (P〈0.05). L'examen du tableau 1 montre qu'à l'intérieur des groupes parentaux apparaissent des différences importantes dans l'aptitude à la GCA. Les données du premier clone peuvent être un bon guide concernant les performances de la descendance des clones ou lignées car les méthodes d'évaluation sont identiques. Les coefficients de corrélation entre les données relatives aux plantules et aux premiers clones (tableau 3a) sont, cependant, trop faibles pour permettre un bon jugement des clones ou lignées à partir des performances des plantules. Le rendement des plantules diffère de celui du premier clone car, à l'effet significatif de l'aptitude à la SCA s'ajoute de manière très hautement significative une corrélation avec la longueur des germes (P〈0.001) (tableau 3b). Le test de la descendance des parents par les plantules est donc impossible. Cependant, du fait de la très grande différence significative dans l'aptitude à la GCA (P〈0.001) (tableau 2) et des différences significatives existant parmi les clones pour le rendement et la longueur des germes du premier clone (P〈0.05), les parents peuvent être sélectionnés, selon leur phenotype, pour d'autres hybridations. Le croisement de clones à rendement élevé et faible germination peut donc être une amélioration des deux caractères tout au moins jusqu'à ce que l'aptitude à la SCA dépasse en importance l'aptitude à la GCA.
    Notes: Summary In a breeding programme designed to combine a low rate of sprout growth on stored tubers with high yield, general combining ability was concluded as being more important than specific combining ability in governing the inheritance of both characters in diploid Phureja-Stenotomum potatoes. There was no direct genetic linkage between yield and sprout growth. Seedling performance is probably not sufficiently accurate as a guide to a clone or progeny's performance in later, clonal generations. The early evaluation of parents from seedling progenies would not therefore be meaningful. A simple scheme is suggested for further breeding work, involving the intermating of high yielding, slow sprouting clones.
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    Potato research 21 (1978), S. 235-236 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Potato research 21 (1978), S. 257-265 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: physiological ageing ; sprouting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Von 1974 bis 1976 wurde der Einfluss von sieben Daten der Krautvernichtung und drei zeitlichen Intervallen bis zur Ernte auf die physiologische Alterung von Pflanzkartoffeln der Sorten Arran Banner und Alpha untersucht. In Tabelle 1 sind die Einzelheiten der Verfahren für jedes Jahr angegeben. Sofortnach der Ernte wurden ausjeder Versuchsparzelle 40 Knollen in Pflanzgutgrösse in Vorkeimkisten bei 15 C aufgestellt, und der Zeitpunkt des Beginns des Keimwachstums wurde notiert. Frühere Krautvernichtung verkürzte in den Jahren 1974 und 1975 signifikant den Zeitraum bis zum Beginn des Keimwachstums (Tabelle 2). Bei Knollen von im Juli entlaubten Beständen begann das Keimwachstum 14 oder 16 Tage früher im Vergleich zu Knollen aus Beständen, die sechs Wochen späterentlaubt wurden. Im dritten Jahrzeigte sich keine signifikante Tendenz. Bei einem kurzen Zeitabstand zwischen der Krautvernichtung und der Ernte bestand eine Neigung zu früherem Austreiben (Tabelle 3). Die Unterschiede waren 1975 gross und 1976 klein, aber immer noch signifikant, 1974 zeigte sich kein signifikanter Unterschied. Die wöchentliche Regenmenge und die Bodentemperatur in 10 cm Tiefe für jede Vegetationsperiode ist in den Abb. 1,2 und 3 dargestellt. Die Wachstumsbedingungen waren in jedem Jahr verschieden. Die Kartoffeln litten 1976 unter der Trockenheit. Dies mag die fehlende Reaktion auf den Zeitpunkt der Krautvernichtung in diesem Jahr erklären. Diese Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass Pflanzgut aus dem Vereinigten Königreich früh krautgezogen und so früh wie möglich geerntet werden soll, wenn es für den Export in Länder bestimmt ist, wo das Auspflanzen im Januar vorgenommen wird.
    Abstract: Résumé Les effets de sept dates de destruction de fanes et de trois dates de récolte sur l’âge physiologique des plants d’Arran-Banner et d’Alpha ont été étudiés de 1974 à 1976. Le détail des traitements, chaque année, est donné dans le tableau 1. Immédiatement après l’arrachage, 40 tubercules de calibre plant de chaque parcelle ont été placés en germoir à 15 C et la date de départ de la germination a été notée. La destruction des fanes la plus précoce a rapproché significativement la date de départ de la germination en 1974 et 1975 (tableau 2). La germination des tubercules défanés en juillet commence 14 à 16 jours plus tôt que ceux défanés six semaines plus tard. Iln’y a pas eu de tendance significative la troisième année. Un défanage peu de temps a vant la récolte tend à provoquer une germination plus précoce (tableau 3). Les différences étaient importantes en 1975 et faibles mais encore significatives en 1976. Iln’y a pas eu de différences significatives en 1977. La pluviométrie hebdomadaire et la température du sol à 10 cm sont présentées pour chaque mois dans les figures 1,2 et 3. Les conditions de culture étaient différentes chaque année. Les pommes de terre ont souffert de la sécheresse en 1976 et ceci peut expliquer l’absence d’effet de la date de défanage cette année-là. Les résultats suggèrent que les plants du Royaume-Uni, destinés à l’exportation vers les pays où la plantation a lieu en janvier, devraient être issus de récoltes défanées et récoltées le plus tôt possible.
    Notes: Summary The effect of seven dates of haulm destruction and three intervals to harvesting on the physiological ageing of seed potatoes was studied. Tubers were placed in sprouting boxes in a store at 15 C immediately after each harvest and the number of days from planting the parent crop to sprouting was recorded. Earlier haulm destruction resulted in earlier sprouting in two of the three years. Sprout growth started 14 or 16 days earlier on tubers from plots defoliated in July compared with tubers from plots defoliated 6 weeks later. A short interval from haulm destruction to harvesting tended to result in earlier sprouting but the response was small in two of the three years. The results suggest that United Kingdom seed for export to countries where planting takes place in January should be produced from cropsin which haulm destruction and harvesting has taken place as early as possible.
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    Potato research 21 (1978), S. 291-300 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: haulm destruction dates ; harvest intervals ; tuber maturity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchung verschiedener Lagerposten von Pflanzkartoffelknollen liess vermuten, dass die Verteilung von Sklerotien vonRhizoctonia solani Kühn auf den Knollen nicht zufällig ist. Diese Annahme wurde geprüft, indem Knollen aus zwei Feldversuchen untersucht wurden. Im ersten Jahr waren die Pflanzknollen auf natürliche Weise mit Sklerotien infiziert. Im zweiten Jahr wurde jede Knolle vor dem Auspflanzen mit einem Standardinokulum behandelt. Im ersten Jahr wurde das Kraut Mitte September mit Säure (ca. 11.5% H2SO4; 11251/ha) behandelt oder blieben unbehandelt. Der Bestand wurde vier Wochen später geerntet. Im zweiten Jahr wurde das Kraut an einem von fünf Daten gespritzt oder nicht gespritzt und nachher in Abständen geerntet (Tabelle 1). Jede Knolle war in vier gleiche Abschnitte eingeteilt, der erste beim Kronen- und der letzte beim Nabelende, und wurde, wie in Tabelle 2 aufgeführt, auf Sklerotien bonitiert. Im zweiten Jahr wurde durch jede Knolle ein Längsschnitt gemacht und der Prozentsatz des Periderms notiert, das — beginnend am Kronenende — mit einer Pinzette entfernt werden konnte. Das Ergebnis wurde als Beurteilung der ‘Reife’ verwendet. Die Ergebnisse des ersten Jahres (Tabelle 3) zeigten, dass ein signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen dem Knollenabschnitt und dem Grad der Infektion besteht. Das Kronenende wies das grösste Infektionsvorkommen auf, das Nabelende signifikant weniger. Die Histogramme in den Abb. 1 und 2 sind für das zweite Jahr und zeigen die Konzentration der Sklerotien auf säure-bzw, unbehandelten Parzellen. Die Leichtigkeit, mit welcher das Periderm von diesen Knollen entfernt werden konnte, wird in Abb. 3 dargestellt. Im August geerntete Saatknollen von unbehandelten Pflanzen wiesen am Kronenende weniger Sklerotien auf als am Nabelende. Als das Pflanzenwachstum im September aufhörte und die Knollen reiften, bildeten sich am Kronenende Sklerotien. so dass alle Knollenteile gleiche Konzentrationen aufwiesen. Durch die Kraut vernichtung mit Säure nahmen sowohl die für das Reifen der Knollen notwendige Zeit als auch der damit einhergehende Wechsel der Sklerotienverteilung ab, sofern das Spritzen im August geschah, aber nicht, wenn es bis September verschoben wurde. Unterschiede in der Sklerotien verteilung zwischen den Ergebnissen des ersten Jahres und einem entsprechenden Datum der Krautvernichtung und der Ernte im zweiten Jahr dürften saisonbedingten Unterschieden, welche die Reifeverhältnisse beeinflussten, zuzuschreiben sein. Die Ergebnisse können teilweise erklärt werden, wenn man voraussetzt, dass Knollenausscheidungen dem Pilz als Nahrungsquelle dienen, die auf einer jungen Knolle das Pilzwachstum anregt, während deren Entzug bei der Reifung der Knolle Sklerotienbildung verursacht.
    Abstract: Résumé Un examen de plusieurs lots de tubercules de pomme de terre de semence suggérait que la distribution àleur surface des sclérotes deRhizoctonia solani Kühn n’était pas au hasard. Cettesuggestion a été contrólée en examinant des tubercules récoltés dans deux champs expérimentaux. La première année, les tubercules de semence étaient infectés naturellement par des sclérotes, mais la seconde année un inoculum standard était appliqué à chaque tubercule préalablement à la plantation. La première année, les fanes étaient traitées ou non à l’acide sulfurique (11,5%H2SO4: 1125l/ha) à la mi-septembre et la récolte faite 4 semaines plus tard: la seconde année, les fanes étaient traitées ou non à l’une des 5 dates mentionnées dans le tableau 1 et récoltées à intervalles réguliers par la suite. Chaque tubercule était divisé en 4 régions égales, la première étant à la couronne et la dernière au talon et la présence de sclérotes notée conformément au tableau 2. La seconde année seulement. chaque tubercule était coupé selon l’axe longitudinal et on notait le pourcentage de périderme, se trouvant à l’extrémité de la couronne, qui pouvait être enlevé à l’aide de petites pinces; le résultat était considéré comme une méthode d’appréciation de la maturité. Les résultats de la première année (tableau 3) ont montré qu’ily avait une relation significative entre la région du tubercule et le niveau d’infection à sa surface. L’extrémité de la couronne avait la plus grande contamination. l’extrémité du talon significativement moins. Les histogrammes des figures 1 et 2 concernent la seconde année et indiquent la concentration de sclérotes respectivement sur les parcelles traitées et non traitées à l’acide. La facilité avec laquelle le périderme peut être enlevé de ces tubercules est montrée à la figure 3. Les tubercules de semence. récoltés à partir de plantes non traitées au mois d’août, avaient moins de sclérotes à la couronne qu’au talon. Dès que la pousse des plantes cessa en septembre et que les tubercules mûrirent, les sclérotes se formèrent tellement à la couronne que toutes les parties du tubercule eurent des concentrations identiques. En détruisant les fanes avec de l’acide, on obtint à la fois une réduction du temps nécessaire à la maturation des tubercules et une modification de distribution des sclérotes avec la pulvérisation en août mais en la repoussant jusqu’à septembre. Les diffèrences dans la distribution des sclérotes entre les résultats de la première année et une date correspondante de destruction des fanes et de récolte dans la deuxième année peuvent en être attribuées aux différences de saisons, affectant la vitesse de maturation. Les résultats peuvent être expliqués en partie en postulant quel’exudation des tubercules est une source de nourriture pour les champignons, ce qui, sur un jeune tubercule, stimule la croissance des champignons tandis que son absence, lorsqu’un tubercule mûrit, provoque la formation des sclérotes.
    Notes: Summary Seed tubers of cv. Majestic harvested from untreated plants in August had fewer sclerotia ofR. solani at the rose than at the heel end. As plant growth ceased in September and tubers matured, sclerotia formed on the rose end so that all regions of the tuber had similar concentrations. In a preliminary experiment in the previous year, presumably influenced by seasonal factors, the onset of maturity was such that the rose end had the highest and the heel end significantly the lowest concentration of sclerotia. In the second season destroying haulms with acid decreased both the time necessary for tuber maturation and the accompanying change of distribution of sclerotia when spraying was done in August but not if it was delayed until September. The results can be explained, in part, by postulating tuber exudates as a source of nutrition for the fungus.
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    Potato research 21 (1978), S. 331-334 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: low temperature ; germination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Potato pollen stored in liquid nitrogen (−196 C) showed no significant decrease in percentage germination after nine months, whereas pollen stored at −20 C showed a decrease in germination to 〈1% over the same period.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: soil fertility ; climate ; optimization of NPK application
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein erster Versuch für ein mehrdimensionales statistisches Modell, um den Ertrag von Kartoffeln zu errechnen, beschrieben. Das Modell wird durch eine quadratische Gleichung zweiter Ordnung beschrieben, die die Formel hat: $$Y = K + \mathop \Sigma \limits_l^i X_i + \mathop \Sigma \limits_l^m X_m ^2 + \mathop \Sigma \limits_l^i \mathop \Sigma \limits_l^j X_i X_j $$ Die Gleichung hat 74 Bezugsgrössen, einschliesslich 17 Interaktionsfaktoren, die das einzelne Feld, die Anbautechnik, den Boden und das Klima repräsentieren (Tab. 2). Das Modell beruht auf den Ergebnissen von ungefähr 2000 Versuchsparzellen mit unterschiedlichen Düngergaben (Versuchsplan siehe Tab. 1). Es erlaubt die Ableitung einer für jeden spezifischen Fall charakteristischen Gleichung des quadratischen Types Y=f (N.P.K.G.) (Tab. 5), die die Knollenproduktion als Funktion der Anwendungsmengen von N, P, K und Stallmist beschreibt. Die errechneten Ergebnisse stimmen mit den ermittelten Erträgen mit einer mittleren statistischen Wahrscheinlichkeit von 85% überein. Bei der Berechnung dieser charakteristischen Gleichungen für jede Parzelle wurden für die Berechnung des Ertragspotentials einer Parzelle (Po) 28 Bezugsgrössen der allgemeinen Gleichung verwendet (Tab. 3). Diese 28 Bezugsgrössen repräsentieren den Boden, klimatische Faktoren und die Sorte als quadratische Funktionen, Interaktion der Bodenfaktoren und die Interaktion des Bodens und der Klimafaktoren. Die Wirkungskoeffizienten (e) für N, P, K und Stallmist wurden aus Interaktionskoeffizienten von Dünger mit Boden, Klimafaktoren und Sorte (Tab. 4) errechnet. Die charakteristische Gleichung, für jede Parzelle berechnet, hat die selbe mittlere Wahrscheinlichkeit wie eine Gleichung, die auf den Ergebnissen eines Düngungsversuches (entsprechend dem Schema in Tab. 1) auf der selben Parzelle aufgebaut ist. Die charakteristische Gleichung für eine bestimmte Parzelle erlaubt die Optimierung der Düngung für diese Parzelle als Funktion der, für diese Parzelle spezifischen ökologischen Faktoren (Tab. 7). Das Modell kann auch benutzt werden, um das Land in für verschiedene Kulturen günstige Zonen einzuteilen, entsprechend den Klima- und Bodenfaktoren. Die Ergebnisse, die durch die Verwendung dieses Modells in Teilen des Landes, die in diesen Faktoren differieren, erhalten wurden, stimmen mit den bestehenden Erkenntnissen überein. An einem Beispiel wird der Einfluss verschiedener Witterungsbedingungen auf die optimalen Düngergaben am selben Ort gezeigt (Tab. 6 und 7).
    Abstract: Résumé Une première approximation d’un modéle statistique multidimensionnel pour calculer le rendement des pommes de terre est décrite. Le modèle est représenté par une équation quadratique du second ordre, de la forme: $$Y = K + \mathop \Sigma \limits_l^i X_i + \mathop \Sigma \limits_l^m X_m ^2 + \mathop \Sigma \limits_l^i \mathop \Sigma \limits_l^j X_i X_j $$ L’équation a 74 termes, y compris 17 facteurs d’interaction représentant le champ individuel, la technolgie du planteur, le sol et le climat (tableau 2). Le modèle est établi sur les résultats d’environ 2000 parcelles expérimentales avec des fumures différentes (voir schéma expérimental dans le tableau 1). Il permet de déduire une équation caractéristique de chaque cas spécifique, du type quadratique Y=f (N.P.K.G.) (tableau 5), qui décrit la production de tubercules en fonction des cadences d’application de N, P, K et de fumier. Les résultats calculés correspondent aux rendements observés avec une probabilité moyenne de 85%. Dans le calcul de ces équations caractéristiques pour chaque parcelle, le potentiel de production de la parcelle (Po) est estimé en utilisant 28 termes de l’équation générale (tableau 3). Ces 28 termes représentent le sol, les facteurs climatiques et la variété sous forme de fonctions quadratiques, l’interaction des facteurs du sol et les interactions du sol et des facteurs climatiques. Les coefficients d’efficacité (e) pour N, P, K et le fumier sont calculés à partir des coefficients d’interaction des engrais avec le sol, les facteurs climatiques et la variété (tableau 4). L’équation caractéristique calculée pour chaque parcelle a la même probabilité moyenne qu’une équation déduite des résultats expérimentaux dans un essai sur les engrais (d’après le schéma du tableau 1), effectué sur la même parcelle. L’équation caractéristique pour une parcelle particulière permet d’optimiser les applications d’engrais pour cette parcelle en fonction des facteurs écologiques spécifiques de la parcelle (tableau 7). Le modèle peut aussi être utilisé pour diviser le pays en zones favorables aux différentes cultures adaptéesau climat et aux facteurs de sol. Les résultats obtenus avec ce modèle dans des régions du pays différentes quant à ces facteurs s’accordent avec les connaissances antérieures. Un exemple est donné pour illustrer l’effet de différentes conditions climatiques, dans la même localité sur les doses optimales d’engrais (tableaux 6 et 7).
    Notes: Summary A first approximation to a multidimensional statistical model regarding potato tuber yield is described. The model is represented by a second-order quadratic equation with 74 terms, including 17 factors of technology of cropping, of soil and climate. In the computerization of the 74 coefficients, data are included from 2000 experimental plots on which fertilizer applications have been studied in zones of the country differing considerably in soil and climate. The model can be used in solving NPK manure equations for every plot; by these quadratic equations the optimization of NPK manure applications may be made for every plot in a farm. The natural potential yields without fertilizers can also be calculated and the country zoned for its natural potential. An example is provided which demonstrates that the model describes reasonably accurately the effects of climate and soil on tuber yield and the necessary amount of fertilizers. The solutions of the model agree with our present agronomical knowledge.
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    Potato research 21 (1978), S. 335-339 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Kartoffelfäuleerreger ; Fusarium-Toxine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Zusammenfassung ImArtemia salina-Test wurde das toxische Verhalten von Fäuleerregern in Kartoffelknollengewebe untersucht. Bei mehrerenFusarium-Arten konnte eine Toxinproduktion nachgewiesen werden. Eine Diffusion des Toxins über die Faulstelle hinaus in gesundes K nollengewebe war jedoch nicht festzustellen. Unterschiedliche Inkubationstemperaturen oder Kartoffelsorten sowie eine Mischinfektion mitFusarium-Arten undErwinia carotovora var.atroseptica ergaben keine wesentlichen Abweichungen im toxischen Verhalten der geprüften Knollenfäuleerreger.
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    Potato research 21 (1978), S. 348-352 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Potato research 21 (1978), S. 358-363 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Potato research 21 (1978), S. 363-367 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Potato research 21 (1978), S. 38-49 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Potato research 21 (1978), S. 81-88 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: sclerotium ; potato tuber ; sprout ; leaflet ; stem tip
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Kartoffelkeime wurden im Boden mit Isolaten vonR. solani von zwei verschiedenen Herkünften infiziert, wobei versucht wurde, die Ergebnisse mit einfacheren Techniken zu erzielen, indem abgetrennte Keime, Blätter und Stengelteile verwendet wurden. Es wurden auch Versuche an Keimpflanzen von Weizen und Gerste vorgenommen, die beide fürR. solani anfällig sind und in Grossbritanien gewöhnlich in Fruchtfolge mit Kartoffeln stehen. Zwei Isolate vonR. solani wurden aus Läsionen an Kartoffelkeimen und zwei von Weizenstengeln gewonnen. Die übrigen stammten von Sklerotien auf Knollen vom Lager von vielen Sorten, die auf einem weiten Skalenbereich von Bodentypen in Schottland angebaut wurden. Auf Agar gezogene Testisolate wurden direkt verwendet, um Getreidesämlinge am Halmgrund und um Platten mit Leitungswasseragar (TWA) oder Kartoffeldextrosebrühe zu inokulieren. Zerstückeltes Myzel aus Brühekulturen wurde zur Infektion des Pflanzennährmediums benützt. Weizen- und Gerstensämlinge wurden drei Wochen nach der Inokulation untersucht. Die losgelösten Gewebe wurden auf drei Tage alte Kulturen der Testisolate auf TWA gelegt. nach sieben Tagen wurde die Virulenz von jedem Isolat, ausgedrückt als Funktion der Menge des verfärbten Pflanzengewebes, gemessen. Die Kartoffelknollen wurden an Pflanzen, die in einem Glashaus während fünf Monaten in befallenem Boden angezogen wurden, untersucht. Wenn Isolate vonR. solani an Keimen an Pflanzkartoffeln getestet wurden, waren jene, die von Keimen stammten (Nr. 4 und 8), von mässiger Pathogenität, während jene von Sklerotien auf Kartoffelknollen eine umfangreiche Pathogenität aufwiesen (Tab. 1). Lose Keimteile reagierten nicht gleich wie an den Knollen angewachsene (Tab. 2), während Blätter (Tab. 3) und Stengelteile nur zu gewissen Zeiten der Vegetationsperiode vergleichbare Ergebnisse brachten. Kartoffelknollen waren insofern zufriedenstellend, dass ein Isolat virulent und an Keimen vergleichsweise stark pathogen war (Tab. 4 und 5). Die Ergebnisse von Versuchen an Weizen und Gerste lassen vermuten, dass kein starkes Auftreten von scharfen Augenflecken an diesen beiden Getreidearten zu erwarten ist, wenn sie nach einem ernsthaft vonR. solani (Tab. 6) befallenen Kartoffelbestand angebaut werden. (Die Werte in allen Tabellen, die eine gemeinsame Linie haben, weichen bei Anwendung des Duncan Multiple Range Test nicht signifikant (P 0,05) voneinander ab.)
    Abstract: Résumé Des germes de pommes de terre ont été infectés dans le sol par des souches deR. solani provenant de deux lots de pommes de terre et des essais ont été réalisés pour relier les résultats à ceux obtenus avec des techniques plus simples utilisant des germes seuls, des folioles et des portions de tiges. Des essais ont également été effectués sur semences de blé et d'orge toutes deux sensibles àR. solani et entrant fréquemment dans les rotations avec les pommes de terre en Grande Bretagne. Deux souches deR. solani ont été obtenues à partir de lésions sur germes de pomme de terre et deux à partir de tiges de blé. Le reste provenait de sclérotes sur tubercules prélevés dans des stocks de nombreuses variétés cultivées dans un grand éventail de sol en Ecosse. Des disques de gélose, des souches test ont été utilisés directement pour inoculer des semences de céréales dans la région du collet et pour inoculer des boites de gélose à l'eau du robinet (TWA) ou avec un bouillon de pommes de terre et saccharose. Les broyats de mycélium des bouillons de culture ont été utilisés pour infecter les milieux de croissance de la plante. Les semences de blé et orge ont été examinées 3 semaines après inoculation. Les prélèvements de tissus ont été mis sur les cultures des souches test TWA agées de 3 jours, et la virulence de chaque souche exprimée en tant que fonction de la quantité de tissu végétal décoloré a été mesurée après 7 jours. Les tubercules ont été testés sur des plantes conduites en serre durant 5 mois dans des sols infectés. Quand les souches deR. solani furent testées sur germes en place sur les tubercules, celles provenant des germes. Nos 4 et 8, présentaient un pouvoir pathogène modéré, alors que celles qui étaient issues de sclérotes sur tubercules laissaient apparaitre toute une gamme de pouvoir pathogène (tableau 1). Les fragments de germes isolés des tubercules n'ont pas réagi de la même façon (tableau 2), alors que les folioles (tableau 3) et les fragments de tiges n'ont donné de résultats comparables qu'à certaines périodes de l'année. Les resultats obtenus avec les tubercules de pommes de terre furent satisfaisants; une souche infectieuse à leur égard était également hautement pathogène sur les germes (tableaux 4 et 5). D'après les résultats des essais sur blé et orge il ne faut pas s'attendre à avoir de hauts niveaux de germination pour ces deux céréales, lorsqu'elles sont plantées après une récolte de pomme de terre fortement contaminée parR. solani (tableau 6). (Aucune différence significative (P 0.05) fut détectée par le Duncan Multiple Range Test dans les données de toutes tableaux ayant une ligne commune.)
    Notes: Summary Isolates ofRhizoctonia solani Kühn were tested for their pathogenicity to potato sprouts growing from seed tubers. Those originating from sclerotia on tubers showed a wide range of pathogenicity but those from sprout tissue were only moderately pathogenic. Similar results were not obtained with detached potato sprouts, leaflets, or stem tips. Isolates from sclerotia which were very pathogenic to tubers, also caused considerable damage to sprouts, but isolates from potato caused little damage to wheat and barley seedlings compared to that caused by wheat isolates.
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    Potato research 21 (1978), S. 171-181 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: maturity ; potato ; conversion tables
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Fünfzig Kartoffelsorten wurden in 4 geographischen Gebieten auf Zypern (Abb. 1) getestet und entsprechend dem Spezifischen Gewicht ihrer Knollen in vier Gruppen eingeteilt (Tabelle 1). Das Spez. Gewicht schwankte von 1.0669 (17.62% Trockensubstanz) bis 1.0850 (21.62% Trockensubstanz); die erhaltenen Werter für das Spez. Gewicht wurden mittels Standardformeln in % Stärkegehalt und % Trockensubstanzgehalt umgerechnet. Das spez. Gewicht schwankte von Ort zu Ort und war am höchsten in Althalassa (eine späte Kartoffellage). Für die festgestellten Unterschiede im Spez. Gewicht waren mikroklimatische und Bodenfaktoren in diesen Gebieten verantwortlich (Tabellen 2–4). Unterschiede zwischen den Orten waren stets unabhängig von Sorte und Jahreszeit. Das Spez. Gewicht nahm mit der Reife zu, und es wurden signifikante Unterschiede zwischen Ernten, die 3 Wochen auseinanderlagen. festgestellt. Das Mass der Zunahme an Spez. Gewicht war bei mittelspäten und späten Sorten, z.B. Arran Banner. Up-to-Date, Cardinal und Maris Piper, grösser als bei frühen Sorten, z.B. Premiere und Spunta (Tabelle 5). Zur Erleichterung der Information und der Verwendung der von Simmonds (1977) vorgeschlagenen Formeln wurde eine Tabelle zur Umrechnung der Spez. Gewichtswerte innerhalb des Bereichs von 1.0600 bis 1.1090 in % Trockensubstanz und % Stärke vorbereitet (Tabelle 6).
    Abstract: Résumé Cinquante variétés de pommes de terre ont été testées dans quatre régions de l'lle de Chypre (figure 1) et ont été classées en 4 groupes selon le poids spécifique de leurs tubercules (tableau 1). La valeur du poids spécifique est répartie entre 1,0669 (17.62% de matière sèche) et 1,0850 (21,62% M.S.); les valeurs obtenues ont été converties en pourcentage d'amidon et en pourcentage de matière sèche (tableau 1) par l'emploi d'une formule standard. Le poids spécifique a varié d'une région à l'autre et a été le plus élevé en Athalassa (localité à pommes de terre tardives). Les facteurs climatiques (micro-climats) et le type de sol de ces diverses régions ont été responsables des différences de valeur de poids spécifique observées (tableaux 2–4); ces dernières ne dépendant ni de la variété, ni de la saison. Le poids spécifique a augmenté avec la maturité des pommes de terre et des différences significatives ont été observées entre des récoltes faites à 3 semaines d'intervalle. Il a été plus élevé chez les variétés demi-hâtives et tardives telles que Arran Banner, Up-to-Date, Cardinal et Maris Piper que chez les variétés hâtives telles que Première et Spunta (tableau 5). Pour faciliter l'emploi de la formule proposée par Simmonds (1977) une table de conversion des valeurs de poids spécifique (entre les classes de 1,060–1,100) et les pourcentages de matière sèche et d'amidon a été réalisée (tableau 6).
    Notes: Summary Fifty potato varieties were grown at different geographic areas in Cyprus and were classified into groups according to the specific gravity of their tubers. Specific gravity varied from location to location; it was high at Athalassa, low at Xylophagou, and intermediate in the Paphos and Morphou areas. Specific gravity increased with maturity and significant differences were observed between lifting dates 3 weeks apart; the rate of increase in specific gravity was higher in medium-late than in early varieties. Specific gravity values obtained by the potato hydrometer method were converted into dry matter (DM) and into starch content by standard formulae and a conversion table was prepared and is presented for reference.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum polyadenium ; foliar hairs ; tarsonemid mites ; sticky hairs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Feldversuchen nahe Lima erwiesen sich alle getesteten Samenfamilien vonSolanum polyadenium Greenm. und die Samenfamilien vonS. berthaultii Hawkes (PI 265857, PI 26585, PI 310926. PI 310927. HHC 4422. HHC 4531c. HHC 4574 und HHC 4727; Tabelle 2. Abb. 1) undS. tarijense Hawkes (HHC 4746). die Haare mit klebrigen Spitzen hatten an denen die Milben hängen blieben, als resistent gegen die MilbePolyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks). Eine grosse Anzahl anderer Wildkartoffelarten und alle getesteten Kulturkartoffeln waren anfällig (Tabelle 1).
    Abstract: Résumé Dans des expériences au champ, réalisées près de Lima, la résistance aux dégâts causés par l’acarienPolyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) a été observé pour toutes les familles deSolanum polyadenium Greenm. Cela a été testé et également observé pour les familles deS. berthaultii Hawkes (PI 265857, PI 265858. PI 310926. PI 310927. HHC 4422. HHC 4531c. HHC 4574 et HHC 4727; tableau 2. fig. 1) et deS. tarijense Hawkes (HHC 4746) qui ont des poils foliaires dont l’extrémité est gluante et qui se révélent être un piège pour les acariens. Un grand nombre d’autres espèces de pommes de terre sauvages ainsi que toutes les variétés cultivées ayant été testés se sont révélés sensibles (tableau 1).
    Notes: Summary Resistance to damage by the mitePolyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) occurred inSolanum polyadenium Greenm. and in seedlines ofS. tarijense Hawkes andS. berthaultii Hawkes which had foliar hairs with a sticky tip.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Potato research 21 (1978), S. 237-239 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Potato research 21 (1978), S. 236-236 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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