ALBERT

Notizen: In a field experiment with Italian ryegrass residual effects of N applied in late April at four rates, 28, 84, 140 and 196 kg ha−1, and of different dates of first harvest ranging from 1 to 14 weeks after N application, were studied. The harvests after the first added about 10 kg dry matter yield and about 0.16 kg N yield for each extra kg N applied in April. Residual response was similar for each increment of applied N. A positive residual response to N was obtained in May of the year following N application despite high winter rainfall. N content of herbage during part of the summer was reduced by extra N applied in April although N yield was increased. The reduction in N content was accompanied by a reduction in P and K content, these latter elements having been applied only once and at a uniform rate on all plots. Loss of N, P and K from the crop, when a period of more than about 9 weeks regrowth was allowed prior to the first harvest, was not recouped at subsequent harvests. Residual marginal recovery of N in Aberystwyth was no higher than in comparable experiments in Cambridge although marginal recovery of N at the first harvest had been appreciably lower in Aberystwyth than in Cambridge.

Notizen: A mathematical model which simulates a single-cut forage conservation system is described. It was designed to investigate the effect of machine performance on the nutrient content of conserved forage but its scope is much wider, so that the effects of such aspects as crop growth characteristics, climatic differences and management policy can be assessed. An example of the use of the model to determine the value of chemical additives to high moisture content hay is described in detail. Various uses of the model are discussed and some of its limitations are shown to be caused by a lack of data on factors determining dry matter losses.

Notizen: Inoculation in the glasshouse revealed marked differences in resistance to both ryegrass mosaic virus (RMV) and crown rust (Puccinia coronata Corda) among eight unselected populations of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). Two generations of selection for crown rust resistance led to a significant improvement in all eight populations, while one generation of selection for RMV gave a more variable response. Frequency distributions of individual genotype scores suggested that much of the resistance to crown rust was under the control of one or two genes with major effects, while resistance to RMV appeared to be controlled by a large number of genes each having a small effect.In the field, resistance to RMV meeisured after 20 months was strongly correlated with that obtained in the glasshouse. Natural infection by crown rust in the field was too low to reveal any differences between populations, although three populations from the Po Valley region of Northern Italy became heavily infected with Puccinia recondita.Selection for disease resistance significantly reduced the persistency of three populations, but that of four others was unaffected and one showed a significant improvement. Selection reduced water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) levels in spring slightly but significantly from 27.6 to 25.8% WSC overall. These results emphasize that agronomic performance must be monitored during selection for disease resistance.

Notizen: A field investigation was carried out over 3 years to determine if there was a synergistic effect on total or seasonal yield when cultivars of perennial ryegrass were grown in combination.The three cultivars used were Stormont Zephyr, Hora and Perma, representing respectively early, medium late and late maturing groups. Each cultivar was grown as a pure stand and also as a 50:50 mixture with each of the other two cultivars. Each of these swards was maintained under two rates of nitrogen fertilization (300 and 600 kg per ha per annum) and under two harvesting treatments (4 and 8 harvests per annum).Mixture yield did not exceed significantly the pure sward yieid of the highest yielding component. Occasional yield improvements were detected for the mixtures averaged as a group over monocultures averaged as a group. There was a tendency, especially under frequent cutting, for the yield response to nitrogen to be greater from mixed than from pure swards.

Notizen: Persistence assessments on eight mid-season and ten late cultivars of perennial ryegrass were made at the end of the second, third and fourth years after sowing. Botanical analyses were carried out on the herbage from plots cut in the fourth year and these results related lo the different persistence assessments. It was found that persistence assessments carried out at the end of the second year enabled predictions to be made about botanical composition of cuitivars in the fourth year. Little extra precision was gained by delaying assessment until the third or fourth years as the ranking order of cultivars with respect to persistence remained largely unchanged. All persistence assessments were positively correlated with yields of sown cultivars and negatively correlated with yields of unsown herbage species in the fourth year. However, only low correlation coefficients were obtained between persistence assessments and the total yield of sown cultivar and unsown species in the fourth year, due to yield substitution between these two components.In swards sown as monocultures low persistence in a cultivar is considered to be a lack of perenniality and tiller regeneration rather than poor competitive ability against volunteer species though in mixed swards competitive ability per se will have considerable influence upon the changes in botanical composition under different managements. Persistence and yield capacity are seen, however, as distinct characteristics of a cuitivar and long-term yield potential is a joint function of these characteristics.

Notizen: The effects of applying nitrogen at different growth stages to S24 and S23 perennial ryegrass grown for seed were investigated in a series of field experiments from 1971 to 1976. These varieties of ryegrass were found to be insensitive to timing of nitrogen application from apex initiation to the stage when ears first emerged. However, if nitrogen application was delayed until about 30% or more of the ears had emerged, yields were lower compared with earlier applications, this effect being significant when nitrogen was delayed until 70–80% ear emergence because of a decrease in both numbers of fertile tillers and number of seeds per unit area. No advantages were found for splitting nitrogen applications between apex initiation and ear emergence.

Notizen: Oven- and freeze-dried samples of the separated green material of Trichophorum caespitosum, Molinia caerulea, Eriophorum vaginatum, Erio-phorum angustifolium, Juncus acutiflorus and J. squarrosus collected in May, July and September were analysed for dry matter digestibility (DMD) using an in vitro procedure and for structural carbohydrate content.Results were affected by method of drying, oven-dried (45°C) samples in general giving lower estimates of quality than freeze-dried samples. Low DMD values were obtained for J. squarrosus for all sampling dates. The remaining species had DMD values above 60 in May; some maintained these levels until July but all had low values by September.A comparison was made between in vitro DMD and predicted DMD using the data from the structural carbohydrate analyses and the summative equation of Van Soest (1965a). Two species, J. acutiflorus and J. squarrosus, showed poor agreement between values obtained by the two methods. The other species showed good agreement between values in May and July but poor agreement in September.The data are discussed in relation to the quality and seasonal patterns of growth of species of hill vegetation.

Notizen: In two 4 × 4 Latin Square experiments, one with dry cows and one with sheep, animals were given ad libitum early-cut ryegrass silages prepared using formic acid (2.31 t−1) as an additive. The silages were offered either untreated or partially neutralized with either a low (8 g kg−1 fresh weight) or high (16 g kg−1) level of sodium bicarbonate or with sodium bicarbonate solution (50 g kg−1) given as an intraruminal infusion at a rate sufficient to provide bicarbonate at a rate similar to that provided by the high level of dietary addition.In cows the bicarbonate treatments were associated with a depression in the intake of organic matter which at the high level of addition of bicarbonate was statistically significant (P 〈 0.05). In sheep the bicarbonate treatments were associated with a slight increase in the intake of organic matter but the efFects were non-significant (P 〉 0.05). In both species water intake increased directly with the quantity of bicarbonate ingested.In both experiments the bicarbonate treatments increased rumen pH but there were no significant treatment effects on the concentration of ammonia or of total or individual short-chain fatty acids in the rumen fluid. In sheep, bicarbonate addition or infusion had no effect on the digestibility of organic matter but at the high levels of bicarbonate supplementation there was a tendency for the digestibility of nitrogen to be depressed.In two further experiments each with two dry cows determinations were made of the effects on food intake of (a) the insertion of water-filled bags into the rumen and (b) the removal of digesta from the rumen. Treatment (a) produced consistent and significant (P 〈 0.05) depressions in dry matter intake and treatment (b) increased (P 〈 0.05) dry matter intake in one cow but not in the other.The lack of significant improvement in silage intake through the addition of sodium bicarbonate to the diet indicated that the acidity of the silage was not a major factor limiting appetite. On the other hand, the effects of the insertion of water-filled bags into the rumen and of the removal of digesta from the rumen on feed intake were consistent with appetite being controlled through a rumen-fill mechanism.

Notizen: Moisture and mineral concentrations and calorific values of cattle dung pats were studied under field conditions. The rate of moisture loss from dung pats varied according to the season but the dung was rarely re-wetted by rainfall. Soluble mineral ions were only leached from pats by prolonged rainfall. Magnesium was particularly resistant to leaching. In the summer months about 15% of the organic matter in the dung was lost over 2 months. The calorific value of the dung decreased by 18% in the same period. The loss of organic matter resulted in a concentration effect in calcium, iron, magnesium and nitrogen.

Notizen: The regrowth of Italian ryegrass was studied at weekly intervals from 2 to 14 weeks after a cut in late April when 140 kg ha-1 N was applied. Reduction in digestibility with delay in date of harvest was due to both an increase in the proportion of cell wall and a reduction in the digestibility of the cell wall, particularly the former from week 2 to about week 5 and particularly the latter after week 5. The reduction in the digestibility of the cell wall was about equally attributable to reduction in digestibility of cellulose and to reduction in digestibility of hemicellulose. The proportion of lignin in cell wall was highly correlated with both digestibility of cellulose and digestibility of hemicellulose. The proportion of digestible cell wall in dry matter was not as constant as has sometimes been noted, increasing by about 5 percentage units from week 2 to week 5 and decreasing by about 10 percentage units from week 5 to week 13. During the latter period the decline in digestible cell wall in dry matter accounted for nearly half the decline in true digestibility of dry matter. The ratio of cellulose:hemicellulose averaged 1:0.89 and hemicellulose was more digestible than cellulose. Rate of increase in yield of cell contents appeared to diminish from about the third week of regrowth onwards, whereas the rate of increase in yield of dry matter did not begin to diminish until about the seventh week. In vitro dry matter digestibility was not increased by adding extra N to the digestion tubes, even with samples containing only 1% N in dry matter.

Notizen: A reproducible method of causing tiller death on individual ryegrass (Lolium perenne L., cv. S23) plants is described. This was achieved by subjecting whole plants grown previously for 7 weeks in full light (100%) and full nutrient (100%) to either light stress (17.5% or 2.5%) or nutrient stress (10% or 0%) or various combinations of light and nutrient stress. Detailed records were made of tiller appearance, position and weight, and the probability of tiller death was calculated. Analysis of each plant indicated that the smallest tiller, which was often, but not always the youngest, was the most vulnerable when the whole plant was stressed. Tiller position was relatively unimportant in determining survival. The results are discussed in relation to tiller mortality in natural populations and crop communities.

Notizen: Book reviewed in This Article: Protein and Non-protein Nitrogen for Ruminants By various authors Green Crop Fractionation Occasional Symposium No. 9, British Grassland Society Edited by R. J. Wilkins Soil Organisms as Components of Ecosystems Proceedings of the Sixth International Soil Zoology Colloquium, Uppsala, 21–25 June 1976 Ecological Bulletins No. 25 Edited by U. Lohm and T. Persson

Notizen: The causes of tiller death in a 2-year-old perennial ryegrass sward were examined between April and August 1977. Physiological causes accounted for most tiller deaths and grazing by slugs and rodents was more important than the damage caused by stem-boring larvae. Tillers which died were mainly small and vegetative, although some flowering tillers died prematurely. Low nutrient status delayed but did not prevent tiller death.Using 14CO2 it was shown that small tillers fixed relatively less radiocarbon than did larger tillers and they did not receive much support for their carbon economy. Selective defoliation showed that in April defoliated tillers imported radiocarbon from undefoliated tillers but that in July at anthesis an undefoliated reproductive tiller retained most of the carbon it fixed, despite its vascular association with defoliated tillers. It appears that much of the tiller death during the period April-August is due to the failure of the more favourably placed tillers to support other tillers which are heavily shaded.

Notizen: Five experiments were conducted to determine the effect of pre-harvest treatment with steam or formic acid on the moisture concentration (MC) in crops of lucerne, two varieties of perennial ryegrass, tall fescue and Italian ryegrass. In each experiment, plots were treated with a mixture of hot gases and steam (S) or sprayed with an aqueous solution of formic acid (F). In the tall fescue experiment the F treatment was applied to the cut swath but in all other instances the F and S treatments were applied to the swards before cutting and the MC changes after treatment compared with those in untreated cut swaths (W 1). Twenty-four hours after initial treatment all S plots, and those F plots other than tall fescue, were cut and the subsequent water loss compared with that from (i) untreated material cut at the same time (W 2) and (ii) the W 1 plots cut the previous day.In all five experiments the change in the MC of the S plots was similar to that of the W 1 plots both before and after cutting. The reduction in the MC of the F plots before cutting was less than that of the S and W 1 plots, and in three of the five experiments water loss from cut F plots was apparently restricted in comparison with that from untreated cut material (W2).Neither desiccant treatment showed great promise as a pre-treatment to cutting for hay making although formic acid may have limited value when a crop is to be harvested directly for silage or artificial dehydration.In an appendix, the efficacy of using accumulated vapour pressure deficit as a basis for comparing the water loss from the untreated cut crops drying under different conditions is demonstrated.

Notizen: Storage losses in moist hay treated with propionic acid were compared with those occurring in untreated moist hay in two experiments and with field-cured hay in three experiments. Dry matter losses in treated hays ranged from 41 to 8.6% and from 1.7 to 12.6% in untreated hays. Digestible organic matter losses in both treated and untreated hays were generally greater than dry matter losses. Only in one experiment did propionic acid application significantly reduce nutrient losses in moist hays.Nutrient losses, and water-soluble carbohydrate losses in particular, were shown to be correlated with maximum and cumulative bale temperatures during storage in two of the experiments. The rise in hale temperatures during storage was reduced in all three experiments, to a greater or lesser extent, by application of the additive.Loss of propionic acid from the hay during and after application was very large. In the three experiments 86.2, 85.3 and 85.6% of the acid applied was lost by the end of the storage period. Acid distribution studies indicated that variation in acid concentration within bales was as great as between bales. It was concluded that more research is needed into applicator design and position on the baler and into alternative application methods if the benefits of propionic acid as a moist hay preservative are to be fully exploited.

Notizen: The resistance often early, ten medium late and ten late flowering ryegrass populations to two rates of dalapon (2.8 and 5.6 kg ha-1 acid equivalent) was measured in a box experiment. There was no difference in the mean effect of dalapon on the maturity groups at the time of greatest yield reduction, but the recovery of the late flowering population was, on average, better than that of the medium late group. There was a range of reaction to herbicide within all three maturity groups and, in general, the high yielding populations without dalapon were the most resistant, but there were exceptions. Assessment at 2.8 kg ha-1 acid equivalent gave a similar ranking order to that using twice the amount of dalapon. The results of the current box experiment with seedlings were consistent with those obtained in the field at another location (Faulkner, 1974) for the eleven cultivars common to both trials. The resistance of a permanent pasture population was much lower than that of some cuttivars.

Notizen: Two contrasting Gremie perennial ryegrass and Blanca white clover seeds mixtures were established. Each sward type was either continuously or rotationally (four paddocks) grazed at two stocking rates by lambs of 26–28 kg initial mean live weight in two 12-week experiments. Dry matter production, assessed by the cage method, was lower on the high-clover sward during the first experiment but overall was similar between seeds mixtures. Clover content, and differences between sward types, declined with time and was lowered by continuous grazing in both experiments and by the higher stocking rate in the first experiment.Animal performance was related to intake and both were increased by lowering stocking rate, increasing clover content and adopting a continuous grazing system. The results are discussed in relation to the experimental methods used and to other published findings.

Notizen: Four Italian ryegrass varieties of different origins and winter hardiness were grown as spaced plants at a lowland and an upland site and subjected to ten managements comprising two nitrogen levels and five autumn cutting treatments. Tiller mortality after the winter of 1971–72 was measured in March and subsequent spring recovery from winter damage in April.Although the winter was not severe, there was considerable winter kill, particularly at the upland site where the most severe treatment combinations killed up to 90% of the plants of the more susceptible varieties. In general, winter kill was increased by raising the level of nitrogen fertilizer and by late or frequent autumn defoliations, and significant interactions between locations and the two treatment factors emphasized the importance of the siting of the experiment.The varieties difFered in their overall winter hardiness, with Bb 1430 and RvP suffering less tiller mortality than S22 and Grasslands Paroa in all the treatment combinations, but significant interactions of varieties with locations and cutting treatments revealed that the magnitude of the difference between varieties varied with location and cutting management. Regression analysis of these interactions, however, showed that the tiller mortality of all four varieties increased linearly with the increasing stresses applied by the location × management combinations. There was no differential variety recovery from winter kill, the spring yields being entirely related to the level of tiller mortality experienced.These results are discussed in relation to the breeding of winter hardy varieties, the choice of variety and autumn management practice.

Notizen: Two experiments were conducted with sheep to investigate the effect of silage chop length on voluntary intake and eating and ruminating behaviour. The silages, made from Italian rye-grass, either received no additive or formic acid at a rate of 4 g kg−1 and were chopped to lengths of 5.3 cm (long), 1.8 cm (short) before ensiling or 1.8 cm (long/short) before feeding. The addition of the additive and short chopping improved the fermentation characteristics of the silage. Voluntary intake of silage dry matter and organic matter was higher with the short than with the long silage. Differences in silage digestibilities and cellulolytic activity did not explain the increase in silage intake. Sheep on the long silage had a lower rate of intake and a shorter ruminating time than on short silage, and thus the effective breakdown of the silage in the rumen was delayed, i.e. an increased latency time. Pseudo-rumination was significantly higher on the long than on the short silage.

Notizen: In two experiments conducted with Ayrshire dairy cows in 1974 and 1975 on swards of S23 perennial ryegrass, four systems of continuous grazing were investigated. The leys received 345 and 370 kg ha-1 fertilizer nitrogen in 1974 and 1975 respectively and were stocked at the rate of five cows per ha. In 1974, a comparison was made between two systems which either integrated silage making with, or separated it from, the continuous grazing. The provision of a silage aftermath in late July increased milk yield after that time, but had no significant effect on milk yield over the 19-week experimental period. In 1975, a comparison between weekly and monthly applications of fertilizer N showed no significant differences between milk yields in a 20-week period. The feeding of supplementary concentrates from late July onwards significantly increased milk yield. The treatments in both years had only small and mainly non-significant effects on milk composition. On average, excluding the concentrate treatment, the annual output of milk was 10,800 kg ha-1 using spring-calved cows.

Notizen: Book reviewed in This Article: Green Crop Fractionation: an Economic Analysis by R. J. Wilkins, S. B. Heath, W. P. Roberts, P. R. Foxell and A. Windram.

Notizen: Maize silages made in October were fed to forty-three autumn-calving cows during a 20-week winter feeding trial. The control silage received no additive whereas a non-protein nitrogen (NPN) additive was applied to the other silage at harvest time. The four experimental feeding treatments were: A, maize silage + 6 kg d−1 barley; B, maize silage with NPN + 6 kg d−1 barley; C, maize silage + 5 kg d−1’barley + 1 kg d−1 extracted decorticated groundnut cake; D, maize silage with NPN. The mean daily milk yields of cows on the treatments were 14.7, 15.1, 15.3 and 15.0 kg respectively. All cows received maize silage ad libitum. There were no significant differences in milk yield but the milk produced by the cows on treatment D had significantly lower concentrations of milk fat, protein and solids-not-fat when compared to the other three treatments. The cows on treatment D had a negative liveweight change which was significantly different (P 〈 0.05) from those of the cows on treatments B and C.

Notizen: The effect of defoliation and nitrogen application on the cold tolerance of four varieties of Italian ryegrass was assessed using controlled environment chambers. Both defoliation and nitrogen fertilizer markedly reduced overall cold tolerance and this closely matched changes in winter hardiness induced by similar treatments applied to the same varieties in a field experiment. However, the relative response of individual varieties differed from that found under field conditions. Thus, RvP showed high levels of tolerance to low temperatures in the controlled environments and was also winter-hardy under field tests; by contrast Bb 1430, although previously shown to be winter hardy in the field, exhibited low tolerance of cold stress in growth chambers. Thus, results obtained in controlled environment tests cannot be entirely equated to winter hardiness in the field.Water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) levels were reduced by both defoliation and nitrogen application and there were significant overall differences between varieties. It was not possible, however, to detect any clear relationship between these differences in WSC levels and cold tolerance.The significance of these results in relation to the use of controlled environment chambers for selecting for improved winter hardiness is discussed.

Notizen: Seventy-three samples of grass and legume herbage of known in vivo digestibility were used to compare an in vitro procedure comprising incubation with pepsin followed by cellulase (Jones and Hayward, 1975) with the Tilley and Terry (1963) procedure using rumen liquor followed by pepsin. The results obtained using the pepsin-cellulase method proved to be highly repeatable. On the basis of the residual standard deviation of the regression of in vivo dry matter digestibility (DMD) on dry matter digested in vitro (g/100 g DM), the pepsin-cellulase method was shown to be only slightly less accurate than the rumen liquor-pepsin method for combinations of both primary growth and regrowth of grasses (r.s.d. ±1.80 and ±1.46 respectively). However, the pepsin-cellulase method was noticeably less accurate than the rumen liquor-pepsin method when used on legume herbages (r.s.d. ±3.17 and ±1.91) or on grass and legume herbages combined (r.s.d. ±3.80 and ±1.60). For the rumen liquor-pepsin method one regression equation predicting DMD having the form, Y= 1.02 X− 0.41, was permissible. For the pepsin-cellulase method separate regression equations were necessary for grasses (species and growth stages combined) having the form, Y = 0.56 X+ 34.7, and for each legume species. It was concluded that the pepsin cellulase method was of value for grass samples, and, within species, for legumes because of its accuracy and precision and its speed and convenience relative to the rumen liquor-pepsin procedure; however, for legume species combined, and presumably for grass-legume mixtures, it was not sufficiently accurate.

Notizen: Forty British Friesian cows with a mean calving date of 28 January were used in a randomized block design experiment to evaluate a high-quality grass silage for milk production. The high-quality silage was made from two consecutive cuts of a perennial ryegrass sward after regrowth intervals of 37 days, wilted to 51% dry matter, finely chopped and ensiled using 2.2 1 t-1 (0.5 gallons per ton) of formic acid. The resulting silage had a dry matter digestibility of 72.9% and was fed ad libitum with 3.8 kg (8.4 lb) concentrates as a supplement. A medium-quality grass silage, of lower digestibility and dry matter content (70.0 and 25.4% respectively), was also fed ad libitum in addition to either 3.8, 5.7 or 7.6 kg (8.4, 12.5 or 16.7 lb) concentrates. The feeding treatments were commenced immediately after calving and were terminated on 9 April giving a mean period of 72 d on the treatments. Over the experimental period the animals on the high-quality silage consumed 15% more silage dry matter and produced 8% more milk that those on the medium-quality silage with the same level of concentrate supplementation. From the results it was estimated that 1.9 kg (4.3 lb) of additional concentrates would be required with the medium-quality silage to give an equivalent milk output to that achieved with the high-quality silage. Milk composition, liveweight change, ration digestibility and nitrogen balance data are also presented.

Notizen: Dalapon (2.8 kg ha×1) was applied in July, either annually or biennially, to a sown sward that contained about 50%Lolium perenne measured on a ground cover basis. The sward was grazed with young beef animals at three stocking rates throughout the 4 years of the experiment.In unsprayed plots, the proportion of L. perenne declined to less than 20% (30, 14 and 16% on high, medium and low stocking rates respectively). Lolium perenne was replaced largely by Holcus lanatus and Poa spp. Annual applications of dalapon checked the decline in L. perenne. After 4 years of annual treatment with dalapon, 44%L. perenne was present on heavily stocked plots, 41% on medium stocked plots and 26% on lightly stocked plots. Biennial applications of dalapon had slightly less effect on the proportion of L. perenne. The proportion of Trifolium repens in the sward was affected by dalapon and stocking rate in much the same way as that of L. perenne.Monthly cattle weights showed that dalapon caused a slight check to individual animal performance in the month after spraying, but total liveweight gain per unit area was not significantly affected. Increasing stocking rates were inversely related to performance per animal and directly related to output per unit area. Dalapon × stocking rate interactions were generally non-significant. There was a slight tendency for higher animal gains to be associated with higher proportions of L. perenne, but this only held for the first half of the growing season. Mean maximum liveweight gain of about 1000 kg ha−1 was achieved in 1974, by which time the proportion of Holcus lanatus had risen to a mean value of nearly 40%. The value of indigenous grasses for summer beef production is discussed.

Notizen: The relationships between, and changes in moisture content, 1000-seed weight, germination percentage and seed yield were determined from anthesis onwards in ten amenity grasses in 1975. These relationships were used to indicate the optimum date for combine harvesting and to give some indication of the consequences which follow if harvest was not carried out at this stage.In all species seed moisture content declined, and 1000-seed weight and germination increased to a maximum value, during ripening.

Notizen: Book reviewed in This Article: Introduction to Physiological Ecology by P. Bannister

Notizen: Book review in This Articles: Plant Proteins Edited by G. Norton

Notizen: A field design using a decagonal geometric shape is described which enables twenty small plots, each 0.08 ha in size, to be evaluated under communal grazing condilions. The decagonal design was compared with a conventional design using botanical composition and plant density as discriminating parameters. The results showed that communal grazing in the decagonal design gave similar botanical composition and plant density as the conventional design. Since less materials per treatment were used in the decagonal design, it offers a means of minimizing costs in preliminary screening experiments. However, since animal production cannot be monitored under communal grazing the most successful treatments would have to be further evaluated using the conventional approach.

Notizen: Extrusa samples were collected from two groups of oesophageally fistulated sheep grazing together. One group had foam plastic oesophageal plugs fitted below the fistula to assist in the complete collection of extrusa; the second group grazed without plugs. The extrusa were collected in four periods chosen to cover as wide a range of herbage conditions as possible varying from herbage with a high proportion of green leaves to predominantly dry material with a high proportion of dead leaves and stems. The plant components of the extrusa were determined and there was no evidence that stems or any other plant component preferentially by-pass the fistula in grazing sheep. It was concluded that it is not necessary to insert foam plastic plugs in the oesophagus of grazing sheep to obtain representative samples of ingested herbage.

Notizen: The effects of sheep grazing on the development and production of heather swards were studied over a period of 3 years in an experiment in which sheep numbers were adjusted to remove 0, 40% or 80% by weight of the current season's shoots in summer and in autumn.The number of shoots grazed increased with the level of grazing but not in direct proportion. The length of shoot grazed was greater at the 80% level of grazing. Heavy autumn grazing was associated with frequent uprooting and breaking off of shoots and with a high incidence of shoots grazed down to the previous season's wood. The siting of new season's shoots was influenced by the amount of shoot length grazed in the previous season. Grazing behaviour of sheep within a plot was affected by variation in heather cover with the sheep showing a tendency to graze near bare areas.After 3 years of grazing, standing crop was reduced by both levels of grazing whether in summer or autumn. New shoot production was unaffected on plots which had had the 40% level of shoot removal but was reduced by half on plots which had had the 80% level of shoot removal whether in summer or autumn.A clipping experiment was also carried out where 0, 40% or 80% of the length of current shoots was removed in May, early July and Septeinber. Standing crop was unaffected by May clipping but was reduced on plants with a history of 80% shoot removal in July or September. New shoot production was only reduced on clipped plants which had been subjected to 80% removal in September.The role of overwintering green shoots and carbohydrate reserves in the support of new shoot growth was considered.The implications of the results in relation to heather management are discussed.

Notizen: Vernalized and unvernalized perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Gremie) tillers planted in microplots in a glasshouse in April 1974 and 1975 were exposed to natural daylength thus inducing vernalized plants to produce reproductive, and unvernalized plants vegetative growth. Nitrogen was applied at 0–30 g m−2 (to 24 g m−2 in 1975) to both types of herbage. At the first defoliation in each year yields from vernalized grass were greater than those from unvernalized grass; subsequently differences were minimal or reversed. Vernalization had no significant effect (P 〉 0.05) on total yields over four defoliations in either year.Apart from the first cut in 1974 nitrogen application increased dry matter yields of both types of herbage. Tiller numbers were usually increased by the lowest level of nitrogen application but at higher levels the effect was variable.There was no evidence of an interaction effect of level of nitrogen application and vernalization on dry matter yields.

Notizen: The effect of nutrient concentration on the reproductive development and seed yield of Poa annua was examined in a sand culture experiment. The nutrient concentration during the initial vegetative stage did not affect the time taken for double ridge formation by the main shoot but did influence the subsequent development of the inflorescence as did the post-initiation level of nutrients. At low nutrient levels flowering was inhibited in some individuals but at the higher concentrations inflorescence emergence was hastened, inflorescence size was increased and, in particular, the number of spikelets and hence the number of seeds per inflorescence was greatly increased. The mean weight of 100 seeds was unaffected by the nutrient concentration. The number of reproductive tillers per plant was increased by high nutrient supply but the proportion of dry weight allocated to root development was reduced.

Notizen: The inhibitory effect of the herbicide dalapon on germination and shoot elongation was evaluated in two perennial ryegrass cultivars, Melino RvP and Cropper. These cultivars had been shown to be dalapon resistant and susceptible, respectively, in a previous comparison of 14-week-old plants.Dalapon (10-2 and 10-3 m) significantly reduced rates of germination and shoot elongation to the same extent in both cultivars.It is suggested that the effects of dalapon on germination and shoot elongation during the first 9 days of development are not indicative of levels of resistance in more mature plants.

Notizen: Mineral acids, organic acids, salts and sterilizing agents were tested against a range of microorganisms at pH 4, 5 and 6. The antimicrobial spectra obtained revealed that hydrochloric, orthophosphoric, sulphuric and glycollic acids have no specific antimicrobial properties and merely function as acidifying agents. Acrylic acid, sulphamic acid and sodium formaldehyde bisulphite would apparently encourage a lactic acid-type fermentation by suppressing the growth of butyric acid-producing microorganisms. Chlorine dioxide and sodium metabisulphite are both antibacterial and of potential value for restricting silage fermentation Ammonium isobutyrate might find application in the production of a conventional fermented silage which is stable on exposure to air; it would appear particularly suited to silage made from wilted material. Sodium chloride apparently had no potential as a silage additive.

Notizen: A study was made of the effect on the concentration of lead in canned fruits and juices when these food products are stored in their original containers after opening. Samples stored in a refrigerator were analyzed for lead upon initial opening, 2 days after opening, and 5 days after opening. Products in nonlacquered cans showed significant increases in lead concentration with time. The increase of lead in the food product could have an effect on estimates of average dietary intakes of lead if this practice is found to be widespread.

Notizen: A study was carried out to determine if the presence of ascorbic acid interferes with the colorimetric determination of nitrite by the technique of separate addition of color reagents. It was shown that ascorbate can destroy some of the nitrite during pre-incubation with sulfanilamide, one of the color reagents used to form the diazo compound. An alternative method of analysis is suggested in which ascorbic acid, in the concentration range normally found in foods and cured meat products, does not interfere.

Notizen: The distribution, absorption, metabolism and tissue binding of radioactivity were studied in hamsters after oral and intraperitoneal administration of α-chaconine-(3H). The material was well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and nearly 25% of the label was excreted in 7 days via urine and feces. The excretion was higher in urine (24%) than in feces (1%). Tissue concentrations of radioactivity peaked at 12 h following po administration, with the highest concentrations being in lungs, liver, spleen, skeletal muscle, kidney and pancreas, with heart and brain containing moderate amounts. Excretion of chloroform-soluble products in the feces was 100 higher than that of chloroform-insoluble metabolites after oral and ip administration. In urine, the activity was predominantly in the chloroform-insoluble form and the chloroform-soluble metabolites were relatively small in amounts (0.29, 0.85 and 2.45% versus 0.0, 0.14 and 0.19 for 12, 24 and 72 h, respectively). After 7 days, the chloroform-soluble metabolites in urine increased to 20% of the excreted radioactivity, while the amount of chloroform-insoluble metabolites was less than 1%. Subcellular distribution of the labeled compound indicated the highest concentration of radioactivity in the nuclear and microsomal fractions of brain, liver, and heart tissues. Binding of radioactivity was observed in brain, testes, kidney, lung, liver and heart. All of the label in brain appeared to be in bound form. The results indicated that α-chaconine which is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration persists in various tissues, much of it in bound (nonextractable) form (in microsomal fraction).

Notizen: Methylhydrazine, the main metabolite of N-methyl-N-formylhydra-zones, was detected in the cooking steam of the mushrooms False morels, Gyromitra esculenta. About 25% of the original amount of acetaldehyde-N-methyl-N-formylhydrazone was decomposed during cooking process to methylhydrazine and residues of N-methyl-N-formylhydrazine was detected as well.

Notizen: The effect of aspartame (1-aspartyl-1-phenylalanine, methyl ester) was studied using the protozoan, Tetrahymena pyriformis. Aspartame at levels up to 2500 ppm in a protease peptone —- yeast extract medium neither changed the growth rate nor rate of synthesis of DNA, RNA, protein, lipids or glycogen. Cells exposed to as much as 2500 ppm aspartame had a normal morphology. The dipeptide was adsorbed at a level of 0.0353 mg/105 cells when (14C) aspartame was added at 2000 ppm to early log cultures and allowed to incubate for 45 min.

Notizen: The inhibitory effect of sodium nitrite upon glucose catabolism by Staphylococcus aureus was investigated using [U–1 4C] glucose, liquid chromatography, and gas-liquid chromatography.Acetate and acetoin are the end-products of glucose metabolism by S. aureus at 37°C and pH 6.3. In the presence of inhibitory levels of sodium nitrite, acetate and lactate with traces of pyruvate and acetoin are the end products. Acetate production per unit of growth is significantly lower in the sodium nitrite inhibited cultures. The decreased acetoin accumulation was not due to inhibition of diacetyl reduction. The production of acetoin was induced by the addition of acetate to the sodium nitrite containing medium.

Notizen: Theobromine (0, 2, 4, and 8 mg/ml) had little effect on growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 in a glucose-mineral salts-yeast extract medium, indicating that the anti-aflatoxigenic activity of cocoa beans is not due to the presence of this methylxanthine.

Notizen: A total of 112 bacterial strains representing 38 species were tested for their potential to elicit food poisoning outbreaks via histamine formation in foods. Proteus morganii and Enterobacter aerogenes displayed a quantitative superiority in terms of histamine production on a trypticase-soy broth-histidine (TSBH) medium and a tuna fish infusion broth (TFIB). When bacteria were incubated under standardized conditions in TSBH medium, histamine accumulated to levels exceeding 50 nmoles/ml of media with a total of 23 strains, including 13 of 15 P. morganii strains, 3 of 3 E. aerogenes strains, 3 of 12 Hafnia alvei strains, 1 of 4 Providencia alcalifaciens strains, 1 of 5 Enterobacter cloacae strains, 1 of 1 Proteus rettgeri strains, and 1 of 1 Citrobacter diversus strains. However, only 8 of the 15 P. morganii strains and the 3 E. aerogenes strains were capable of generating histamine in excess of 200 nmoles/ml in the TSBH medium. Of the 23 strains capable of appreciable histamine production in TSBH medium, P. morganii and E. aerogenes were, by far, the most prolific histamine producers in TFIB. Of the organisms tested, only P. morganii and E. aerogenes would appear to have the capability of forming sufficient histamine in scombroid fish products to elicit food poisoning outbreaks.

Notizen: Raw beef rounds were surface inoculated with salmonellae. Some of the rounds were mechanically blade tenderized. Both surface and core samples from each round studied were examined for the presence of and the logarithmic level of salmonellae. Mechanical tenderization increased the level of salmonellae found in core samples by about one logarithm. Large samples taken from cores of rounds which were not tenderized contained small numbers of salmonellae. Dipping inoculated rounds into a 50 ppm chlorine solution did not prevent the occurrence of salmonellae in core samples of mechanically tenderized units. Salmonella survived in the core and on the surface of some but not all inoculated rounds cooked to an internal temperature of 130°F.

Notizen: Book review in this ArticleFood and Beverage Mycology, L. R. Beuchat.Modern Food Microbiology, Second Edition. J. M. Jay.

Notizen: Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) was inactive as a mutagen at the hgprt locus in two human lymphoblast lines at concentrations up to 20 mM. In addition, caffeine did not induce 8-azaguanine-resistant mutants in Salmonella typhimurium at similar levels.

Notizen: The attachment of bacteria to chicken and beef meat with and without fascia was studied. It was found that bacteria attach readily to the meat surfaces. The kinetics of attachment depend on the bacterial strain, as well as on the meat surface. Of the bacteria tested, Pseudomonas EBT/2/143 attached most readily to all meat surfaces examined. Chicken breast with fascia was the best surface for attachment.A study was also made of the effects of storage on the multiplication of the attached bacteria and the feasibility of removing them. A high level of Salmonella infantis was found in comparison to the other bacteria after 24 h of storage at 20°C.More investigations are needed to find out whether other serotypes of salmonellae will multiply to similar levels on these surfaces.After micro-colonies began to form, the newly generated bacteria were easy to remove. The hygienic consequence of this phenomenon is discussed.

Notizen: The interaction between barban and difenzoquat was additive upon application at the two-or four-leaf stage of wild oat. Wild oat control with a mixture of barban and difenzoquat at 0.14 + 0.42kg/applied at the two-or four-leaf stage was as effective as the recommended field rate of barban alone (0.28 kg/ha) at the two-leaf or difenzoquat alone (0.84 kg/ha) at the four-leaf stage. Barley yield increases with the mixture were comparable to those obtained with the full rates of the herbicides used alone their correct leaf stages This mixture offers the farmer excellent wild oat control, an extended Leaf-stage latitude (two-to four-leaf), excellent barley yield increases and the possibility of reduced operating costs. The herbicidal activity of difenzoquat or a barban + difenzoquat mixture was reduced on addition of amine formulations but not ester formulations of herbicides for broadleaved weeds. MCPA ester and bromoxynil plus MCPA were the most compatible broadleaf herbicides when mixed with difenzoquat Difenzoquat or difenzoquat + barban significantly stimulated the activity of various herbicides on Tartary buckwheat. A mixture of burban + difenzoquat + bromoxynil-MCPA or MCPA ester provided effective wild oat and Tartary buckwheat control The latter mixtures enable a farmer to eliminate one spray operation. The interaction between difenzoquat and diclofop methyl [4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenoxy propionic acid methyl ester was additive. Wild oat control with the mixtures was good and barley yield was increased over that obtained with a recommended field rate of diclofop methyl. Interaction entre le difenzoquat et d'autres herbicides pour la lutte contre la folle acoine et les mauvaises herbes dicotylédones dans l'orge L'interaction entre le barbane et le difenzonzoquat a été additive en ce qui concerne l'application aux stades 2- et 4- feuilles de la folle-avoine. L'efficacité contre la folle avoine avec un mèlange de barbane et de difenzoquat à difenzoquat à 0.14 + 0.42 kg/ha appliqué aux stades 2 ou 4 feuilles a été aussi bonne que la dose recommandée au champ de barbane seul (0.28 kg/ha) au stade 2 feuilles ou que le difenzoquat seul (0.84 kg ha) au stade 4 feuitles. Les augmentations de rendement de l'orge avec le mélange ont été comparables employès seuls au stade correct de développement foltaire. Ce folle-avoine. une latitude de stades plus grande (2 á 4 feuilles). de substantielles augmentations de rendement pour l'orge et la possibilité de réduire le prix de revient de l'opération. L'activité herbicide du difenzoquai ou d'un mèlange barbane + difenzoquat a été réduite par l'addition de formulat ions amine mais pas avec les formulations ester des herbicides pour les mauvaises herbes dicotylédones L'ester de MCPA et le bromoxynile plus MCPA ont été les plus compatibles parmi les herbicides anti-dicotylédones lorsqu'ils ont été mélangés avec le difenzoquat. Le difenzoquat ou le mélange difenzoquat + barbane ont significativement stimulé l'activité de divers herbicides vis-à-vis du Fagopyrum tartaricum. Un mèlange de barbane + difenzoquat + bromoxynil-MCPA ou MCPA ester s'est montré efficace contre la folle-avoine et F tartaricum Ces derniers mélanges permettent au cultivateur de faire l'èconomie d'un traitement. L'interaction entre le difenzoquat et le diclofop mèthyle (ester méthylique de l'acide 4(2,4 dichtorophénoxy)phénoxy propionique) a été additive. L'efficacite contre la folle-avorne avec les mèlanges a été bonne et le rendement de l'orge a été meilleur que celui obtenu avec la dose recommandée de diclofop méthyle. Wechselwirkungen zwischen Difenzoquat und anderen Herbiziden zur Bekämpfung von Flughafer und dikotylen Unkräutern in Gerste Wenn Barban und difenzoquat im 2-oder 4-Blattstadium des Flughafers appliziert wurden, konnte etne additive Wirkung zwischen den beiden Herbiziden beobachtet werden. Die Flug-haferbekampfung war mit einer Mischung von Barban und Difenzoquat bei Aufwandmengen von 0.14 + 0.42 kg/ha und Anwendung im 2- Oder 4-Blattstadium genauso gut wie bei alleiniger Anwendung von Barban mit der empfohlenen Aufwandmenge von 0.28 kg/ha im 2-Blattstadium. oder von Difenzoquat mit O.84 kg/ha im 4-Blattadium. Die Mehrerträge an Gerste die mit der Mischung erzielt wurden. entsprachen den Mehrerträgen bei alleibuger Anwendung der Herbizide im empfohlenen Entwicklungsstadium Diese Mischung beitet dem Landwirt eine ausgezeichnete Bekämpfung des Flughafers bei erweitertem Anwndungsbereich (2- bis 4-Blattstadium). deutlich Mehrerträge bei Gerste und die Möglichkeit geringerer Anwendungskosten. Die Wirkung von Difenzoquat oder der Barban + Difenzoquat-Mischung war schlechter. wenn Amin-formulierungen von Herbiziden zur Bekämpfung dikotlyer Unkräuter zugesetzt wurden, jedoch nicht bei Zusatz von Ester-formulierungen. MCPA-Ester und Bromoxynil plus MCPA waren die geeignetsten Mischungspartner für Difenzoquat gegen dikotyle Arten. Difenzoquat oder Difenzoquat + Barban steigerten signifikant die Wirkung verschiedener Herbizide gegenüber Fagoyprum tataricum. Die Mischung von Barban +Difenzoquat + Bromoxynil-MCPA oder MCPA-Ester ergab eine gute Bekàmpfung des Flughafers und von F. tataricum. Mit diesen Mischungen kann eine Spritzung emgespart werden Für Difenzoquat und Diclofop-methyl [2-[4-(2′,4′-Dichlorphenoxy)-phenoxy]-propionsäuremethylester wurde eine additive Wirkung festgestellt. Die Flughaferbekämpfung mit diesen Mischungen war gut und der Gersteertrag war höher als bei Anwendung der empfohlenen Aufwandmenge von Diclofop-methyl.

Notizen: The change in cell-membrane permeability as indicated by leakage of electrolytes from treated fronds of Lemna minor was the criterion used to detect the presence of diquat and paraquat in solution. The minimum herbicide concentrations that could be detected ranged from 1.8 and 1.7 μg/ml diquat and paraquat cation respectively after 3 h treatment to 0.00018 and 0.000017 μg/ml after 72 h. Paraquat was more active than diquat in all treatments. Increase in cell-membrane permeability occurred without the appearance of injury such as, chlorosis or bleaching of fronds. Light was necessary for these herbicides to alter cell-membrane permeability, though a little herbicidal activity could be detected after 48 h in the dark at concentrations above 0.17μg/ml. Un test biologique rapide et sensible pour la recherche du paraquat et du diquat dans l'eau Des modifications de la perméabilité de la membrane cellulaire, révélées par la déperdition d'électrolytes à partir de frondes de Lemna minor, ont été utilisées comme critères pour révéler la prèsence de diquat et de paraquat dans des solutions. Les concentrations minimales d'herbicides qui ont pu être décelées se sont situées entre 1,8 μg/ml et 1,7 μg/ml des cations diquat et paraquat respectivement, apres 3 heures de traitement, jusquà 0,00018 et 0,000017 μg/ml après 72 heures. Le paraquat s'est montré plus actif que le diquat dans tous les traitements. Un accroissement de la perméabilité cellulaire s'est produit sans qu'il soit apparu de dégâts tels que la chlorose ou le blanchissement des frondes. La lumière a été nécessaire pour que ces herbicides altèrent la perméabilité de la membrane cellulaire, bien qu'une faible activité herbicide ait pu être décelée après 48 heures à l'obscurité, à des concentrations supérieures à 0,17 μg/ml. Ein schneller und empindlicher Biotest für den Nachweis von Paraquat und Deiquat in Wasser Veränderungen in der Permeabilität der Zellmembran in Form des Austretens von Elektrolyten aus behandelten Wedeln von Lemna minor wurden als Kriterium für den Nachweis von Deiquat und Paraquat in wässeriger Lösung benutzt. Die geringsten Herbizidkonzentrationen, die festgestellt werden konnten, lagen nach 3 h nach der Applikation bei 1,8 und 1,7 μg/ml Deiquatbzw. Paraquat-Kation und nach 72 h bei 0,00018 und 0,000017 (μg/ml). In allen Behandlungen war Paraquat wirksamer als Deiquat. Der Anstieg in der Zellmembran-Per-meabilität war nichi mit äusseren Symptomen wie Chlorose oder Ausbleichen der Wedel verbunden. Für die Herbizidbedingte Veränderung der Zellmembran-Permeabilität war Licht notwendig, doch konnte auch eine geringfügige Herbizidwirkung nach einer 48-h-Dunkelperiode bei Konzenlrationen 〉 0,17 μg/ml festgestellt werden.

Notizen: In not experiments with Agropyron repens, Stellaria media and dwarf bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), several acids which are complexing agents enhanced the effects of glyphosate and dichlorprop. Both herbicides were activated by orthophosphoric citric, tartaric, lactic, oxalic and glycollic acids. Other acids which are not complexing agents had little or no effect. Sodium or ammonium salts often acted like the parent acids. Glyphosate activity was increased by EDTA while dichlorprop effects were enhanced by FDTA, NTA and polyphosphates. It is suggested that activation was due to interactions with calcium or other metallic ions, which would otherwise immobilize the herbicides. In field experiments, orthophosphoric or oxalic acids increased the effects of glyphosate on Agrophron bud viability. Ammonium sulphate had a similar effect. However, in contrast to glasshouse experiments, most three-way mixtures of an acid, ammonium sulphate glyphosate wer antagonistic.Les agents complexants en tant qu adjuvants pour les herbicidesDans des experiences en pots avec Agropyron repens, Stellariamedia et des haricots (Phaseolus vulgaris), plusieurs acides qui sont des agents complexants out augmenté l'activitié du glyphosate et du dichlorprop. Ces deux herbicides ont été activés par les acides orthophosphorique, citrique, tartrique, lactique, oxalique et glycollique. D'autres acides, qui ne sont pas des agents complexants, n'ont eu que peu ou pasd'effet. Les sels de sodium ou d'ammonium présentent souvent la méme activité que les acides don't ils dérivent. L'activite du glyphosate a été accrue par l'EDTA, cependant que les effets du dichloprop ont augmenté avec l'EDTA, le NTA et les polyphosphates. II est suggéré que cette activation était due aux interactions avec le calcium ou d'autres ions métalliques qui pourraient, par ailleurs, immobiliser les herbicides. Dans des expériences au champ, les acides orthophosphorique ou oxalique ont augmenté les effets du glyphosate sur la viabilité des bourgeons d'Agropyron. Le sulfate d'ammonium a eu en effet similaire. Toutefois, en opposition avec les expériences en serre, la plupart des mélanges ternaries d'un acide, de sulfate d'ammonium et de glyphosate se sont révélés antagonists.Komplxbildner als Additive für HerbizideIn Gefässversuchen mit Agropyron repens, Stellaria media und Phasealus vulgaris wurde die Wirkung von Glyphosat und Diehlorprop durch komplexbildende Säuren verstärkt. Beide Herbizide wurden a tiviert durch: ortho-Phosphor. Zitronen, Wein, Milch-, Oxal- und Glykolsäure. Andere Säuren, die micht komplexbildend sind, wirkten nur schwach oder gar nicht. Natrium-oder Ammoniumsalze wirkten häufig wie die entsprechenden Säuren. Die Aktivität von Glyphosat wurde durch EDTA verstärkt, während die Wirkung von Dichlorprop durch EDTA, NTA und durch Polyphosphate verbessert wurde. Es wird vermutet, dass die bessere Wirkung in Interaklionen mit Kalzium oder anderern Metallionen zu suchen ist, die sonst die Herbizide immobilisieren. In Feldversuchen wurde durch ortho-Phosphorsäure und Oxalsäure die Wirkung von Glyphosat auf die Lebensfähigkeit von Agropyron-Knospen erhöht. Ammoniumsulfat wirkte ähnlich Im Gegensatz zu Versuchen im Gewächshaus wirkien aber die meisten Dreikomponenten Mischungen von Säure. Ammoniumsulfat und Glyphosat, antagonistisch

Notizen: Wild oat (Arena fatua L.) plants were dosed hydroponically with 14C-benzoylprop ethyl [ethyl N-benzoyl-N (3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-aminopropionate] and were grown under different light and nutrient levels. Herbicide metabolism and growth inhibition in plant shoots were measured alter 3, 6, and 12 days. Plants under low light contained more benzoylprop acid due to increased de-esterification at 3 and 6 days, and decreased acid-conjugate formation at 12 days. When plants, were subjected to low nutrient levels, both metabolic reactions were slowed resulting in increased acid at 3 days, but not at 6 or 12 days. After 12 days, however, there was more growth inhibition at the low nutrient level. Growth correlated better to the amount (dpm) of acid-conjugate than to the amount of ester or acid in plant shoots. Acid concentration had the most influence on subsequent growth. It was concluded that although reduced light and nutrients result in higher levels of benzoylprop acid, increased benzoylprop ethyl efficacy is also due lo a reduced growth rate of the wild oat. This study supports observations that crop competition increases benzoylprop ethyl efficacy. Effets de la lumière et des niveaux des éléments nutritifs sur le métabolisme et l'effet inhibiteur sur la croissance du 14 C-benzoyl prop éthyle chez la folle avoine (Avena fatua L.)Des plantes de folle avoine (Avena fatua L.) en culture hydroponique ont été soumises à diverses doses de 14C-benzoylprop éthyle et à des niveaux différents d'éclairage et de nutrition. Le metabolisme de l'herbicide et l'inhibition de la croissance ont été measurés dans les jeunes pousses des plantes après 3.6 et 12 jours. Les plantes cultivées sous un faible eclairage contenaient plus d'acide benzoylprop dû a un accroissement de la dé-estérification á 3 et 6 jours et á une diminution de la formation du conjugué-acide á 12 jours. Lorsque les plantes ont été soumises à de bas niveaux de nutrition, les deux réactions métaboliques ont été ralenties, ce qui a provoqué un accroissement de l'acide à 3 jours, mais pus à 6 ou 12 jours. Toutefois, aprés 12 jours, l'inhibition de la croissance a été plus marquée au faible niveau de nutrition. La corrélation de la croissance a été meilleure avec le taux de conjugué-acide qu'avec celui d'esier ou d'acide dans les jeunes pouses des plantes. La concentration de l'acide a joué le rôle le plus important sur la croissance uliérieure. La conclusion est qu'en dépit du fait que la reduction de la lumiére et de la nutrition provoque de hauts niveaux d'acide benzoylprop. l'accroissement de l'efficacité du benzoylprop éthyl est également dû une reduction du taux de croissance de la folle avoinc. Cette étude rapporte des observations montrant que la compétition de la plante cultivée augmente l'efficacité du benzoylprop éthyle. Die Wirkung von Licht und Nährstoffversorgung auf den Abbau von 14 C-Benzoylprop-äthyl und auf die Wuchshemmung von Flughafer (Avena fatua L.)Flughaferpflanzen (Avena fatua L.) wurden über Wasserkultur mit 14C-Benzoylprop-äthyl [N-Benzoyl-N-(3,4-dichlorphenyl)-2-aminoproprionsäureäthylester] versorgt und bei unterschiedlicher Licht-und Nährstoffversorgung kultiviert. Es wurde der Herbizibabbau und die Wuchshemmung des Sprosses nach 3.6 und 12 Tagen gemesssen. Bei geringer Lichtintensität enthielten die Pflanzen am 3. und 6. Tag aufgrund verstärkter Verseifung mehr Benzoylprop-Säure, und am 12, Tag weniger Säure-Konjugat. Bei geringer Nährstoffversorgung Wurden beide Abbauprozesse verlangsamt, was eine Zunahme der Säure am 3. Tag, nicht aber am 6.und 12. Tag zur Folge hatte. Nach 12 Tagen war aber bei geringer Nährstoffver-sorgung die Wuchshemmung stärker. Die correlation zwischen Wachstum und Gehalt der Sprosse an Säure-Konjugat (dpm) war besser als mit dem Gehalt an Ester order Säure. Der Säurege-halt hatte die stäkste Wirkung auf das Wachstum. Aus den Ergebnissen wird geschlossen, dass obwohl eine reduzierte Licht- und Nährstoffversorgung höhere Gehalte an Benzoylprop-Säure bedingen, die Wirkung von Benzoylprop-äthyl auch durch das verminderte Wachstum des Flughafers bewirkt wird. Diese Untersuchungen unterstützen die Beobachtung, dass die Wirkung von Benzoylprop-äthyl durch die Konkurrenz der Kulturpflanzen verstärkt wird.

Notizen: The effect of site of application was studied on the performance of barban, benzoylprop-ethyl and difenzoquat agaínst Avena fatual, and of glyphosate against Agropyron repens (L,) Beauv. In all cases, performance was increased when the herbicide was applied towards the leaf or plant base. In general, treating the youngest, fully expanded leaf gave the best performance. Thus for plants at growth stages 12, 13 and 14 (Zadoks, Chang & Konzak, 1974) a greater reduction in foliage weight was obtained when the first, the first or second, and the third leaves were treated respectively. Lengthening the drying time of the herbicide solution also helped to increase the efficacy of difenzoquat. The amount of epicuticular wax varied considerably between different areas on the leaf and it is suggested that this could be an important factor in determining herbicide performance. Influence du site d'application sur l'efficaeité du glyphosate contre Agropyron repens ainsi que du barbane, du benzoylprop-éthyle et du difenzoquat contre Avena fatua.L'influence du site d'application sur l'efficacité a étéétudié pour le barbane, le benzoylpropéthyle et le difenzoquat contre Avena fatua (L.) ainsi que pour le glyphosate contre Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. Dans tous les cas, l'efficacité a été accrue quand l'herbicide a ésé appliqué vers la base de la feuille ou de la plante. En géneral le traitement de la plus jeune feuille complétement développée a donné le meilleur résultat. Ainsi, pour des plantes aux stades de croissance 12, 13 et 14 (Zadoks, Changet Konzak, 1974). une réduction plus importante du feuillage a été obtenue lorsque, respectivement, la première, la première ou la seconde. et la troisième feuille ont été traitées. L'augmentation de la durée du séehage de la solution herbicide a aussi aidéà accroïtre l'efficacité du ilifenzoquat. La quantité de cire épicuticulaire variant considérablement selon les différentes régions de la feuille, il est suggéré que ceci pourrait ètre un facteur important susceptible de modifier l'efficacité de l'herbicide. Der Einfluss des Applikationsortes auf die Wirkung von Glyphosat gegen Agropyron repens und von Barban, Benzoylprop-äthly und Difenzoquat gegen Avena fatuaEs wurde der Einfluss des Applikationsortes auf die Wirtung von Barban. Benzoylprop-äthyl und Difenzoquat gegen Avena fatua (L.) und von Glyphosat gegen Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv, untersucht. In allen Fällen war die Wirkung verbessert, wenn das Herbizid in die Nähe des Blattgrundes oder der Pflanzen-basis apptiziert wurde. Im allgemeinen wurde die beste Wirkung durch Behandlung des jüngsten, voll entwickelten Blattes erzielt. Daher wurde bei Pflanzen im Entwicklungsstadiurn 12, 13 und 14 (Zadoks, Chang und Konzak, 1974) eine stärkere Erniedrigung des Blattgewichts erreicht, wenn das erste, das erste oder zweite, bzw, das dritte Blatte behandelt wurde. Durch Verlängerung der Antrocknungszeit der Herbizidlösung wurde ausserdem die Wtrksamkeit von Difenzoquat verbessert. Die Menge an epikutikulärem Wachs war zwischen den versthiedenen Blattbezirken recht verschieden und es wird angenommen, dass diese Tatsache ein wichtiger Faktor ist, der die Herbizidwirkung bestimmt.

Notizen: E. ptantagineum L., a native of the Mediterranean regions, has become widespread in the southern and eastern states of Australia since it was introduced as a garden species around the 1850s. It is an annual reproducing entirely by seed. This paper investigates the role of sheep in dispersing the plant.Sheep grazing in the field ate considerable quantities of seed of E. ptantagineum. Studies on fistulated sheep suggested that about 50% of ingested seeds were destroyed by digestion, and many would also have been destroyed by mastication. The rest (c. 120 seeds/sheep/day) were passed intact in the faeces. Most seeds were passed within three days of ingestion, and the number passed each day fell rapidly after ingestion ceased.Germinability of seed fed to the sheep and of seed passed within 24 h of ingestion was similar (40%) for fistulated sheep. Germinability fell rapidly as seed took longer than 24 h to pass, and this was probably more an effect of the high temperature, rather than digestion, in the alimentary tract. Seed that passed through grazing sheep had a much lower germinability (1–2%).Stock grazing on pastures containing seeding E. ptantagineum have probably been responsible for much of the spread of the plant in Australia. The fact that most seed, and all germinable seed, is passed within 3 days of ingestion means that the spread of E. ptantagtneum can be limited by careful movement of contaminated stock within and between farms and districts. Disperston d'Echium plantagineum L. par tes moutons E. ptantagineum, espéce originaire des régions méditerranéennes s'est répandue dans les états du sud et de l'est de l'Australie depuis son introduction comme espéce de jardins aux environs de 1850. C'est une plante annuelle qui se reproduit uniquement par semences. Cette publication examine le role des moutons dans la dispersion de la plante.Les moutons qui sont élevés dans les pâtures ingéretit des quantités considérables de semences d'E. ptantagineum. Des études faites sur des moutons porteurs de fistules ont suggéré que 50% environ des graines ingérées étaient détruites au coursde la digestion et que beaucoup d'autres devraient aussi avoir été détruites par mastication. Le reste, soit 120 semences par mouton et par jour, passe dans les féces. La plupart des semences sont restées ingérées moins de trois jours et le nombre qui transitent chaque jour est tombe rapidement apres que I'ingestion ait cesse.Le pouvoir germinatif des semences consommées par les moutons et celui des semences ayant séjourné jusquà 24 heures dans leur appareil digestif a été analogue (40%) pour les moutons porteurs de fistules. Le pouvoir germinatif est tombé rapidement lorsque les semences ont mis plus de 24 heures à transiter dans l'animal et ceci est probablement l'effet de la température élevée durant les processus digestifs plutót que celui de la digestion elle-méme. Les semences transitant a travers des moutons en pâture ont eu un pouvoir germinatif bien inférieur (1 à 2%).Les troupeaux pâturant des prairies contenant des E. ptantagineum produisant des graines ont probablement été responsables pour la majeure partie de l'extension de la plante en Australie. Le fait que la plus grande partie des semences et la totalité de celles qui sont en état de germer transitent dans l'animal en moins de trois jours montre que l'extension de E. plantagineum peut être limitée en surveillant attentivement les déplacements des troupeaux contamines a I'interieur aussi bien qu'entre les fermes et les districts. Verbreitung von Echium plantagineum L. durch Schafe E. ptantagineum L., beheimatet im Mittelmeerraum, breitete sich in den Sùd- und Weststaaten Australiens nach Einschleppung als Gartenpflanze um 1850 aus. Pflanze ist annuell und vermehrt sich ausschlieBlich durch Samen. In diesem Beitrag wird die Bedeutung der Schafe fùr die Verbreitung der Pflanze untersucht.Auf dem Feld weidende Schafe fressen beachtliche Mengen an Samen von E. ptantagineum. Untersuchungen an mit Fisteln versehenen Schafen deuteten darauf hin, daB uber 50% der aufgenommenen Samen durch die Verdauung zerstört wurden. Viele Samen werden wahrscheinlich auch durch das Kauen zerstört. Der Rest (ca. 120 Samen/Schaf/Tag) passierten unzerstört in den Exkrementen. Die meisten Samen passierten innerhalb von 3 Tagen nach der Aufnahme, und die Zahl der ausgeschiedenen Samen nahm rapide ab, nachdem die Aufnahme aufhörte.Die Keimfähigkeit von an Schafe verfüitterten Samen und von Samen, die innerhlab von 24 Stunden nach der Aufnahme den Darm passierten, war ähnlich (40%) wie bei mit Fisteln versehenen Schafen. Die Keimfahigkeit sank rapide, wenn Samen länger als 24 Stunden zum Passieren benütigten. Dies ist wahrscheinlich mehr auf die hohe Temperatur im Verdauungstrakt als auf die Verdauung selbst zurückzuführen. Samen, welche von weidenden Schafen ausgeschieden wurden, hatten eine weit geringere Keimfähigkeit (1–2%).In Herden weidende Schafe auf mit E. ptantagineum ver- seuchten Weiden waren wahrscheinlich für einen Groflteil der Verbreitung der Pflanze in Australien verantwortlich. Die Tatsache, daβ die meisten Samen, und alle keimfähigen Samen, innerhalb von 3 Tagen nach der Aufnahme ausgeschieden werden, bedeutet, daß die Verbreitung von E, piantagineum durch eine sorgfältige Wanderung kontaminierter Herden innerhalb und zwischen Farmen und Gebieten in Grenzen gehalten werden kann.

Notizen: Application of molinate to young rice (Oryza sativa L.) immediately before the ihird flushing irrigalion, when seedlings of E. crus-galli were in the 2 2½-leaf stage, resulted m bctier weed control and greater increases in crop growth and yield than earlier application prior to ihe second flushing, or than later application prior to permanent flooding, Molinale applied prior to a flushing was lost from the soil rapidly. 79–85% loss within 13 days. Chemical remaining after this time disappeared more slowly and little further loss occurred until permaneni flooding 24 days afier application. Despite the rapid dissipation of molinate. application of 3 kg/ha before a flushing irrigation controlled newly-emerging E. crus-galli until permaneni Hood ing I S days after spraying. Epoque des traiiemenia au molinaie pour la lutte contre Echinochloa crus galli (L.) Beauv. en rizièreL'applicaiion du molinate sur du riz [Oryza saliva L.) jeune. immédiatement apres la troisiéme irrigation par submersion, lorsque les plantules d’E crus galliétaient au stade 2 feuilles/2 feuilles 1/2adonné un meilleur résultat et des augmentations de croissance et de rendement du riz plus grandes qu'une appli cation plus précoce. avant la seconde irrigation, on qu'une application plus tardive avant la submersion permanente. Le molinate appliqué avant une irrigation a disparu rapidementdu sol: 79 à 85% de perte en 13 jours, Le produit persistant après cette date a disparu pius leniement et il n'y a euque peude pertes ultérieures jusquà la submersion permanenie. 24 jours apres le traitement. En dépit de la rapide dégradation du molinate. un traitement à 3 kg/ha avant une irrigation par submersion a été efficace contre les E. crus galli nouvellement levés. jusquà la submersion permanentc. 15 jours après le traitement. Der günstigste Zeitpunkt für Anwendung von Molinat zur Bekämpfung von Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. in ReisDie Anwendung von Molinate injungem Reis (Oryza sativa L.) unmittelbar vor der dritten Rieselbewä.sserung. wenn die Pflanzen von E. crus-galli im 2 bis 2 1/2-Blatlsiadium waren. bewirkte eine bessere Unkrautbekämpfung. ein bcsseres Wachstum der Kultur und einen höheren Ertrag alseine Be handlung zu einem früheren Zeitpunkt vor der zweiien Rieselbewässerung. Oder eine spätere Anwendung vor der permanenten Überstauung. Wurde Molmat vor emer Rieselbewässerung appliziert. traten innerhalb von 13 Tagen Herbizidveriuste von 79–85% im Boden ein Der Rest des Herbizids verschwand langsamer. und bis zum Zeitpunkt der permanenten Über-stauung—24 Tage nach der Applikation—ging nur wenig Her-bizid verloren. Troiz des schnellen Veriusts des Herbizids wurden durch die Anwendung von 3 kg/ha Molinat vor einer Rieselbewässerung frisch aufgelaufene E.crus-galli-Pflanzen bis zum Zeitpunki der permanenten Überstauung bckämpft. Der Zeilraum zwischen Spritzung und Überstauung betrug in den Versuchen 1 5 Tage.

Notizen: Field and glasshouse experiments were conducted to study the effect of three levels of soil compaction on the activity of two soil-applied herbicides, atrazine and trifluralin, using oats as test species. The moderate and heavy compactions increased the bulk density by 24.7 and 35.1% respectively while the normal compaction had negligible effect on physical properties of the soil compared to the freshly cultivated ground. Initial phytotoxicity of both herbicide's was increased significantly by the heavy compaction treatment. Moderate soil compaction also enhanced the initial activity of atrazine but trifluralin activity remained unaffected from this treatment. Trifluralin was more persistent than atrazine and the residual activity of both herbicides was increased significantly as a result of both the moderate and heavy compaction treatments. Effet du compactage du sol sur la phytoloxicilé et la persistance des herbicides appliques sur le sol Des expériences au champ et en serre ont été effectuées pour etudier l'effet de trois degrés de compactage du sol sur l'activité de deux herbicides appliqués sur le sol, l'atrazine et la trifluraline, en utilisant l'avoine comme plante test. Le compactage modéré et le compactage intense ont accru la densite de la masse de 24,7% et 35,1% respectivement, alors que le compactage normal n'a eu qu'un effet négligeable sur les propriétés du sol compacté par rapport à un sol récemment cultivé. La phytotoxocité initiale des deux herbicides a été accrue significativement par le compactage intense. Le compactage modéré du sol a aussi augmenté l'activité initiale de l'atrazine mais celle de la trifluraline n'a pas été modifiée par ce degre de compactage. La triflura-line s'est montrée plus persistante que l'atrazine et l'activité résiduelle des deux herbicides a été significativement accrue à la suite du compactage modéré et du compactage intense. Die Wirkung von Bodenverdichtungen auf Phytotoxizität und Persistenz von Bodenherbiziden Es wurden Held-und Gewachshausversuche durchgeführt, indenen der Einfluss von drei unterschiedlich starken Bodenverdichtungen auf die Wirkung von auf den Boden appliziertem Atrazin und Trifluralin untersucht wurde. Als Testpflanze wurde Hafer verwendet. Durch eine mittlere und starke Ver-dichtung nahm das Boden-Volumengewicht um 24,7% bzw. um 35,1% zu. Eine normale Verdichtung hatte, verglichen mil einem frisch bearbeiteten Boden, nur eine geringe Wirkung auf die physikalischen Bodeneigenschaften. Durch die starke Verdichtung nahm die phytotoxische Wirkung beider Herbizide significant zu. Dieser Effekt trat auch bei der mittleren Boden-verdichtung auf, jedoch nur bei Atrazin; die Wirkung von Trifluralin blieb davon unbeeinflusst. Trifluralin erwies sich als persistenter als Atrazin, die Residualwirkung beider Herbizide nahm aber durch die starke und die mittlere Bodenverdichtung significant zu.

Notizen: Trails with glyphosate spred onto the soil around profusely suckering apple cherry pear and plum trees so as to wet the suckers, were carried out at ballygagn. Are East malling Kent; Long ash tom, Bristol and Loughall N Ireland Trees were sprayed to simulate normal weed killing in winter when the suckers were dormant, in April when the sucker buds had recently burst and in june when the sucker were in full leaf no damage was cused to the parent trees in the year of treatment or the following year in any of the trails. No glyphosate residues (〈 1ppm) were found in the leavws of the parent apple tree at all soles sucker deths or damage was greater and apple trees. At all sites sucker death or damage was greatest and re grow the least with the full leaf spray. Damage was greater with the April than the January cpray Sucketrs of the different kinds of from varied in susceptibility ot glyphosate There was no damage ot the parent trees at long Ashton when suckers were sparyed to run off in July

Notizen: Emergence of Veronica hederifolia seedlings began in mid-October and continued into spring; few appeared from June to September. Ripe seeds shed in June were dormant but wben buried in soil outdoors developed a capacity for germination initially at low temperatures (constant4 C; daily alternations of 4-10° and 4-1 5 C) and later at somewhat higher temperatures, with peak germination in September-November. During winter, spring and early summer thc germination capacity declined, to increase again in late summer and early autumn. Cyclic physiological changes thus occur in seeds of V,hederifolia present in the soil, with which lhe consistent seasonal periodicity of seedling emergence is associated.In dry storage ihe capacity for germination progressively increased, but alter 12 months there was a sharp decline in germination at 4° C. Few seeds germinated at 20° C, but moistening with GA 4/7; brought about complete germination at this temperature.

Notizen: Observations in cherry and plum orchards in England confirm that, as on the continent of Europe, Argyresthia pruniella (Clerck) and not A. curvella (L.) is associated with these crops. The pest status of A. curvella on cherry, therefore, should no longer apply and in its place A. pruniella should be designated the cherry fruit moth.

Notizen: Results obtained in the laboratory at Rothamsted from 1964 to 1977 on the contact and oral toxicities of 60 pesticides to worker honey bees are summarised.

Notizen: The occurrence of Phytophthora syringae (Kleb.) Kleb, fruit rot in commercial crops of apple cv. Cox's Orange Pippin in Kent was associated with rain during the harvest period, particularly in 1973 when a major infection date was identified. Infection may have occurred by means of rain splash from soil or from soil contaminating storage bins or fruit handling equipment. Secondary spread of the disease during refrigerated storage in a controlled atmosphere often increased infection, particularly in long-term stored fruit.

Notizen: Apples affected by Phytophthora syringae (Kleb.) Kleb. fruit rot show a firm brown rot which spreads through the fruit and may later be masked by secondary rotting organisms. Occurrence of the disease in commercial apple crops in Kent and Sussex was extremely variable during the four fruit storage seasons 1973–77. Following initial infection in the orchard, the disease spread to adjacent healthy fruit during refrigerated storage. Post-harvest treatment with benomyl in water had no consistent effect on the spread or development of the disease in fruit in the laboratory or in commercial crops. It is suggested that soil contamination of fruit and rain splash from soil are the means of infection in the orchard, and that the recent prevalence of the disease may be a result of the maintenance of bare soil in orchards and the increased use of dwarfing rootstocks and pruning systems so that fruit are grown nearer to the ground.

Notizen: Methods for large-scale collection and rearing of wheat bulb flies are described. About 80 000 eggs were obtained from about 4000 flies collected from infested fields in eastern England. When larvae fed on wheat plants, 55–70 per cent of those that hatched from the eggs became flies. At 15°C the time taken from hatching of the larvae until the emergence of flies was about seven weeks. Thirty-eight artificial media were tried for rearing larvae, but none was successful.

Notizen: A simulation model was used to calculate the effect of decomposition on the soil-water partition coefficient of a herbicide determined by a batch equilibrium method.The results showed the necessity of a correction for decomposition in calculating the equilibrium partition coefficient, especially during repeated desorption steps, even if the amount decomposed was very small. Estimation de l'effet de la déecomposition sur le coefficient de partage déterminé par la méthode de équilibres dans des suspensions Un modèle de simulation a été utilisé pour calculer l'effet de la décomposition d'un herbicide sur son coefficient de partage sol-eau, en déterminant les équilibres dans des suspensions. Les résultats ont montré la nécessité d'une correction pour la décomposition, dans le calcul du coefficient de partage en équilibre, particulièrement durant les étapes de la désorption, et même dans le cas oò les quantités décomposées ont été très faibles.Einfluss des Abbaus auf den Verteilungskoeffizienten-Bestim-mung nach der “batch-equilibration”—MethodeDer Einfluss des Abbaus auf die Bestimmung des Boden/Wasser-Verteilungs koeffizienten eines Herbizids mit der “batch-equilibration”—Methode wurde mit einem Simulationsmodell erforscht. Die Ergebnisse ergaben, dass für die Berechnung des Verteilungskoeffizienten eine Korrektur eingeführt werden muss, die dem Abbau Rechnung trägt. Das gilt besonders für wiederholte Desorptionsschritte, auch wenn dabei die abgebaute Menge sehr klein ist.

Notizen: Effects of paraquat, activated aminoiriazole am) glyphosate on cellulose decomposition were studied in laboratory experiments. Herbicides were either incorporated in soil or sprayed onto cellulosic substrates which were incubated either on the surface of soil or buried.Paraquat applied directly to the substrates inhibited their decay hut not when applied to the soil. Aminotriazole. incorporated in soil at 500 ppm strongly suppressed decomposition of buried calico but effects varied with surface incubation. The only effects observed at 150 ppm were occasional stimulations of the decay of surface-incubated calico. Glyphosate applied either lo soil or substrate usually stimulated cellulose decay.Numbers of propagules of cellulolytic fungi were decreased by aminoiriazole and glyphosate applied to the soil and by glyphosate and paraquat applied to cellulose, but increased in soil treated with paraquat. In pure culture paraquat was the most, and aminoiriazole the least, toxic to the live test fungi. Numbers of cellulolytic bacteria were decreased in soil treated with paraquat but the other two herbicides either did not affect or stimulated this group. Effets du paraquat, de I'aminotriazole active et du glyphosate sur la décomposition de la cellulose. Les effets du paraquat, de I'aminotriazole activé et du glyphosate sur la décomposition de la cellulose ont étéétudiés dans des expériences de laboratoires. Les herbicides ont été appliqués de deux manières: incorporés dans le sol ou pulverises sur des substratscellulosiques, lesquelsonl été mis en incubation a deux niveaux; à la surface du sol et dans le sol. Le paraquat appliquè directement sur les substrats a empêché leur décomposition, mais non dans le cas ou ils ont été appliqués sur le sol. L'aminolriazo le incorporé a 500 ppm dans le sol a fortement relenti la decomposition du calicot enterre, mais les effets ont été variables pour l'incubation en surface, Les seuls effets observés à 150 ppm ont été des accélérations occasiormelles de la décomposition du calicol mis en incubation en surface. Le glyphosatc appliqué aussi bien au sol qu'au substrat, a généra temcnl aecélere la décomposition de la cellulose. Le nombre de propagules de champignons cellulolytiques a été diminué par l'aminolriazole et le glyphosale apportés par le sol et par le glyphosate el le paraquat appliqués sur la cellulose, mais il a augmenté dans le sol traiteau paraquat. En culture pure, le paraquat s'est révélér le plus toxique et l'aminotriazole le moins toxique dans cinq tests fungiques, Le nombre des bacléries cellulolytiques a été réduit dans le sol traité avec le paraquat, mais les deux autres herbi cides n'ont ni affecté ni slimulé ce groupe. Wirkungen von Paraquat. Aminotriazol und Glyphosate auf den Zelluloseabbau In Laborversuchen wurde die Wirkung von Paraquat, markiertem Aminotriazol und Glyphosate auf den Zelluloseabbau untersucht. Die Herbizide wurden sowohl in den Boden eingcarbeitet als auch auf Zelluioscsubsirate gesprtzt. welche entweder auf der Obernache des Bodens oder un Boden vergraben bebrütet wurdenParaquat direkt auf die Substrate gespritzt hemmte ihre Zersctzung, dies trat nicht ein bei der Behandlung des Bodens. Aminotriazol in einer Konzenlration von 500 ppm in Boden eingemischt, unterdrüekte sehr slark die Zersetzung von vergrabenem Baumwollsr off (Kaliko), jedoch schwanklen die Wirkungen bei der Obertlächenvariante. Die einzigen Wirkungen. die bei 150 ppm beobachtet wurden, war en gelegentliche Förderungen der Zersetzung bei oberflächlich bebrütetem Baumwollstoff (Kaliko). Glyphosate forderle im ailgemeinen die Zellulosezersetzung sowohl im Boden als auch auf dem Substral.Die Zahl der Sporen zellolytischer Pilze wrurde vermindert durch Aminotriazol und Glyphosate bei Bodenbehandlung und durch Glyphosale und Paraquat bei direkter Spritzung der Zellulose. Eine Zunahme war festzuslellen. bei Paraquat behandeltem Boden Auf 5 Reinkulturen von Testpilzen wirkte Paraquat am meisten, Aminotriazol am wenigslen toxisch. Die Zahl zelluloscabbauender Bakterién nahm bei Paraquat behandeltem Boden ab, Bei den beiden anderen Herbiziden war keine Wirkung festzustellen

Notizen: In both field and laboratory studies it was shown that C. nutans ssp. nutans requires vernalization for floral initiation. Short days before the vernalization period reduced both the need for vernalization and for subsequent long days. In a field experiment, seedlings were planted over a 12 month period at three densities and two soil fertility levels and their development recorded. Here also plants did not become reproductive unless exposed to low temperatures during winter, but uneven development resulted when exposure to chilling was shortened. Density and fertility treatments did not significantly affect plant development.Growing degree day and vernalization degree sums were calculated to predict bolting dale. The pattern of development in C. nutans is discussed in relation to its adaptability and to the optimum timing of herbicide application in Australia. Recherches biologiques sur Carduus nutans (L.) ssp. nutans II. Vernalisation et dévebppement phénoiogiqueDans des expériences aussi bien au champ qu'en laboraioire, il a été constaté que C. nutam ssp. nutans exige une vernalisation pour permettre l'initiation florale. Des jours courts avant la période de vernalisation ont réduit à la fois le besoin de vernalisation et de jours longs consecutifs. Dans une expérience au champ, les plantules ont été repiquées au cours d'une période de 12 mois, à trois densités et à deux niveaux de fertiltié du sol; leur développement a été enregistré. Ici aussi, les plantes ne sont devenues reproduettves quà condition d'avoir été exposées à des températures basses pendant l'hiver. Lorsque la durée de l'exposition au froid a été raccourcic, ilen est resulté un développement irrégulier. La densité et les traitements fertilisants n'ont pas affecté significativement le développcment des plantes.Les sommes de temperatures journalières ont ete calculées. ainsi que pour la vern a lisation en vue de prévoir la date de levée. Les modalités du développement de C. nutans sont discutées en relation avec son adaptabilité et l'epoque optimale du traitement herbicide en Australie. Untersuchungen zur Biologic von Carduus nutans (L.) ssp. nutans II. Vernalisation und phänologische EntwicklungSowohl mit Feld-, als auch in Laborversuchen wurde gezeigt, dass C. nutains ssp. nutans für die Bildung von Blülenknospen eine Vernalisierung benötigt. Kurzlagbedingungen vorder Vernalisationsperiode reduzierten den Vernalisationsbedarf und die anschliessenden Langtagbedingungen. In einem Feldversuch wurden Samlinge über 12 Monate bei drei verschiedenen Pflanzendichten und zwei Düngestufen gepflanzt und ihre Fniwicklung verfolgt Auch hier gingen die Pflanzen nicht in die reproduktive Phase über, wenn sie im Winter nicht niedrigen Temperaturen ausgesetzt waren: verkürzte Kälteperioden hatten eine unglciehmässige Entwicklung zur Folge. Pflanzeudichte und Dungung wirklen sich nicht signifikant auf die Lntwicklung der Pflanzen aus.Mit Hilfe der Tageslänge und Vernalisationsdaten wurde der Zeitpunkt des Schossens der Pflanzen vorhergesagt. Die Art und Weise der lint wicklung von C. nutans wird mit der Anpassungsfähigkeit dieser Pflanze und dem günstigsten Zeitpunkt fur die Herbizidbehandlung unter australischen Verhältnissen in Beziehung gebracht.

Notizen: Vicia sativa (L.) was subjected to pre-emergence treatments of alachlor, fluchloralin, nitrofen and prometryne. A study of stomatal index was made by collecting leaves from the fourth and fifth nodes of plants. Nitrofen and prometryne, although increasing the number of epidermal cells and stomata per unit area, did not lead to changes in the stomal index compared to control values. Alachlor and fluchloralin reduced the stomatal index greatly because the density of epidermal cells was increased more than the density of stomata. The results are discussed. Effet de quelques herbicides sur l'épiderme de Vicia sativa (L.) Vicia sativa (L.) a été soumise à des traitements en prélevée avec l'alachlor, la fluchloraline, l'azote et la prométryne. Une étude de l'index stomatal a été faite en récoltant des feuilles sur les quatriéme et cinquiéme nœuds des plantes. L'azote et la prométryne, bien que provoquant un accroissement du nombre des cellules épidermiques et des stomates par unité de surface, n'ont pas amené de changement de l'index stomatal comparativement aux valeurs du témoin. L'alachlor et la fluchloraline ont fortement réduit l'index stomatal parce que la densité des cellules épidermiques s'est plus accrue que la densité des stomates. Les résultats sont discutés. Effet de quelques herbicides sur l'épiderme de Vicia sativa (L.) Vicia saliva (L.) a été soumise à des traitements en prélevée avec l'alachlor, la fluchloraline, l'azote et la prométryne. Une étude de l'index stomatal a été faite en récoltant des feuilles sur les quatrième et cinquième nceuds des plantes. L'azote et la prométryne, bien que provoquant un accroissement du nombre des cellules épidermiques et des stomates par unité de surface, n'ont pas amené de changement de l'index stomatal comparativement aux yaleurs du témoin. L'alachlor et la fluchloraline ont fortement réduit l'index stomatal parce que la densité des cellules épidermiques s'est plus accrue que la densité des stomates. Les résultats sont discutés. Die Wirkung einiger Herbizide auf die Epidermis von Vicia sativa (L.)Alachlor, Fluchloralin, Stickstoff und Prometryn wurden vor dem Auflaufen von Vicia sativa (L.) appliziert. Um den Stomataindex festzustellen, wurden Blätter vom 4 und 5 Nodium entnommen. Die Stickstoff- und Prometrynbehandlungen bewirkten zwar eine Zunahme der Epidermiszellen und der Stomata je Flächeneinheit, hatten aber im Vergleich zur Kontrolle keine Veränderungen des Slomataindex zur Folge. Alachlor und Fluchloralin verkleinerten den Stomataindex sehr stark, da die Dichte der Epidermiszellen stärker zunahm als die Dichte der Stomata. Die Ergebnisse werden diskutiert.

Notizen: The persistence of 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, dichlorprop, 2,4,5-T, and fenoprop at the 2 ppm level was studied in the laboratory on three prairie soils at 85% of field capacity and 20°C. Following extraction of the soils with aqueous acetonitrile containing acetic acid, the herbicidal acids remaining were analysed gas chromatographically.Breakdown was rapid on all soils and the average half-lives for 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, dichloroprop, 2,4,5-T, and fenoprop were 〈 7, 〈 7, 10, 12, and 12 days respectively. Degradation on air-dried soils (15% of field capacity) was negligible with over 85% of the applied herbicides being recoverable after incubation periods during which the herbicides remaining in the moist soils accounted for less than 30% of the original treatments. Persistance relative des acides di et tri-chlorophénoxy-alkanoï-ques herbicides dans des sols du Saskatchewan. La persistance du 2,4-D, du 2,4-DB, du dichlorprop, du 2,4,5-T et du fénoprop, à la concentration de 2 ppm, a étéétudiée au laboratorire, sur trois sols de prairie, a 85% de la capacité au champ et a 20°C. Après leur extraction des sols par l'acétonitrile aqueux contenant de l'acide acétique, les acides herbicides restants ont été analysés par chromatographie en phase gaseuse. La dégradation a été rapide pour tous les sols et les demi-vies moyennes du 2,4-D, du 2,4-DB, du dichlorprop, du 2,4,5-T, et du fénoprop ont été respectivement de 〈7, 〈7, 10, 12 et 12 jours. La dégradation sur des sols séchés a l'air (15% de la capacité au champ), a été négligeable, plus de 85% des quantités d'herbicides appliquées étant récupérables après des périodes d'incubation durant lesquelles les herbicides restant dans les sols humides ne représentaient plus que moins de 30% des quantités apportées à l'origine. Relative Persistenz von Di-und Trichlorphenoxyalkansäure-Her-biziden in Böden Saskatchewan In Laborversuchen wurde die Persistenz von 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, Dichlorprop, 2,4,5-T und Fenoprop in drei Prärieböden festgestellt. Die Versuche wurden bei 20°C, 85 % der Feldkapazität und einem anfänglichen Herbizidgehalt der Böden von 2 ppmdurchgeführt. Die Extraktion der Böden erfolgte mit wässerigem Acetonitril mit einem geringen Anteil an Essigsäure. Die Herbizide wurden gaschromatographisch nachgewiesen.In allen Böden wurde ein schneller Abbau festgestellt. Die Halbwertszeiten betrugen für 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, Dichlorprop, 2,4,5-T und Fenoprop 〈 7, 〈 7,10, 12 bzw. 12Tage. Der Abbau im lufttrockenen Boden (15% der Feldkapazität) war zu vernachlässigen. Hier waren noch mehr als 85% der ausgebrachten Herbizidmenge vorhanden, wenn in den feuchten Böden die Konzentration bereits weniger als 30% betrug.

Notizen: The application of a proprietary herbicide mixture containing dicamba, 2,3,6-TBA, MCPA and mecoprop to winter wheat, at twice the normal dose and when nodes were detectable, severely depressed grain yield. Grain number was reduced but the greatest effect was a diminution of grain size suggesting that the herbicide had interfered with grain swelling. This contrasts with previously published descriptions of floret sterility as the main symptom induced by late sprays of dicamba.The value of different methods of cereal yield assessment are discussed. To ascertain the effects of herbicide treatments on the number and size of grains, they should be removed from car samples by hand. Effets d'un mélange herbicide contenant du dicamba sur les composantes du rendement en grain du blé d'hiver. L'application d'une spécialité herbicide constituée par un mélange de dicamba, de 2,3,6-TBA, de MCPA et de mécoprop, sur un blé d'hiver au double de la dose normale et lorsque les noeuds ont été décelables. a provoqué une diminution importante du rendement en grain. Le nombre de grains a été réduit, mais l'effet le plus important a été une diminution de la taille des grains, ce qui amène à penser que l'herbicide a interféré avec le gonftement des grains Ceci ne Concorde pas avec les publications antérieures qui ont décrit la stérilité des épillets comme le symptôme principal induit par des traitements tardifs avec du dicamba.La valeur de differentes methodes d'évaluation du rendement des céréales est discutée. Pour s'assurer des eftets des traitements herbicides sur le nombre et la taille des grains, ceux-ci doivent ètre extraits à la main des épis échantillonnés. Die Wirkung von Dicamba-Mischungen auf die Ertragskom-ponenten von Winterweizen Die Behandlung von Winterweizen mit der doppelten Aufwandmenge einer amtlich zugelassenen Mischung von Dicamba, 2,3,6-TBA. MOW und Mecoprop zur Zeit als die Halmknoten gerade sichtbar waren, führte zu einer erheblichen Kornertragsreduktion. Die Behandlung bewirkte eine geringere Kornzahl und vor allem kleinere Körner, was den Schluss zulässt, dass das Herbizid den Prozess der Kornschwellung beeinträachtigte. Dieser Befund steht im Gegensatz zu früheren publizierten Beobachtungen, in denen die Blütensterilität als das wichtigste Symptom später Dicamba-Spritzungen betrachtet wird.Es wird die Bedeutung verschiedener Methoden zur Ertrags-schätzung bei Getreide diskutiert. Um die Wirkung von Herbizidbehandlungen auf die Zahl und Grösse dcr Körner sicher zu erfassen, wird empfohlen, die Körner aus Ährenproben von Hand zu entfernen.

Notizen: L'action de 24 urées substituées et du propanil a étéétudiée sur mitochondries de tubercules de pommes de terre et sur membranes phospholipidiques artificielles (liposomes). Tous les produits sont actifs sur mitochondries á 10−3m. Le néburun, le siduron, le chlorbromuron, le buturon, le linuron, le fenobenzuron, le monolinuron et le propanil sont découplants á 10−4m; le chloroxuron et le TBU agissent comme inhibiteurs du transfert d'électrons. La concentration diminuant de 50% la valeur du P/O est 50 μm pour le néburon, 65–70 μm pour le siduron, 150–200 μm pour le chlorbromuron et 100 μm pour le chloroxuron; les autres produits ont un effet moindre.Seuls les produits découplants sur mitochondries (auxquels il faut ajouter le chloroxuron) augmentent la perméabilité de la membrane des liposomes au pottassium et dans certains cas aux protons. II existe une bonne corrélation entre les activités découplantes sur mitochondries et sur liposomes. Die Wirkung substituierter Harnstoffe auf die oxidative Phosphorylierung der Mittochondrien von Kartoffelknollen (Solarium tuberosum L.). Vergleich mit der Wirkung auf Liposomen.Es wurde die Wirkung von 24 substituierten Harnstoffen und von Propanil auf Mitochondrien von Kartoffelknollen und auf künstliche phospholipidhaltige Membranen (Liposomen) untersucht. Alle Verbindungen sind bis 10−3m auf Mitochondrien wirksam Bei 10−4m wirken die folgenden Verbindungen als Entkoppler: Neburon, Siduron, Chlorbromuron, Buturon. Linuron, Fenobenzuron. Monolinuron und Propanil; Chlortoluron und TBU wirken wie Hemmer des Eiektronentransports Die Konzentration. die zu einer Verminderung des P/O-Werts führt, betràt 50 μm für Neburon, 65–70 μm für Siduron, 150–200 μm für Chlorbromuron und 100 μm für Chloroxuron; die anderen Verbindungen haben eine geringere Wirkung.Nur die Verbindungen. die bei Mitochondrien entkoppelnd wirken (hierzu muss auch Chloroxuron gerechnet werden) erhöhten die Permeabilität der Liposomenmembranen für Kalium und in bestimmten Fällen für Protonen. Es besteht eine gute Korrelation zwischen der entkoppelnden Wirkung bei Mitochondrien und bei Liposomen The effects of substituted urea herbicides on phosphorilant oxidations of mitochondria of potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.): comparisons with the effect on liposomes.The action of twenty-four substituted urea herbicides and of propanil on mitochondria of potato tubers and on artificial phospholipid membranes (liposomes) was studied. All the products were active on mitochondria at 10−3m. At 10−4m, neburon, siduron, chlorobromuron, buturon. linuron, fenobenzuron, monolinuron and propanil were decoupling: chlorotoluron and TBU behaved as inhibitors of electron transfer. The concentration causing 50% drop in the value of P/O was 50 μm for neburon, 65–70 μm for siduron, 150–200 μm for chloro-bronuron and 100μm for chloroxuron. The other products had less effect, Only the products decoupling on mitochondria (to which must be added chloroxuron) increased the permeability of the liposome membrane to potassium and in certain cases to protons. There was a good correlation between decoupling activity on mitochondria and on liposomes.† Avec la collaboration technique de J. L. Dufour. Abréviations utilisées. ADP; adénosine 5’diphosphate; ATP: adénosine 5’triphosphate; SAB: sérum albumine bovine; EDTA: acide éthylénediaminotétracétique; DMSO: diméthylsulfoxyde; TBU: terbutyl N 4-phényl, N'diméthylurée, R.C.R.: rapport de contrôle respiratoire.

Notizen: Fresh seed of Canduuts nutans ssp nutans showed innate dormancy. Stimulation of germination by white or red light was reversed by far-red. The light requirement could be substituted tn large measure by gibberellic acid, potassium nitrate or by removal, cutting or pricking of the seed coat. These factors, singly or in combination, may influence germination in the field Optimal temperature for germination was found to coincide with autumn and spring conditions on the tablelands of New South Wales An increase in germination under conditions of low osmolie stress indicated that the taxa was adapted to wet mierosites.The relative growth role of young seedlings (2–5 weeks) in a controlled environment was not saturated by irradiance up to 30% of maximum daylight. Older seedlings (5–10 weeks) displayed highest relative growth rates and net assimilation rates between 15 and 20% of full daylight. The compensation point was estimated at 7 Wm−2 (1.7%) and control through competition for light is thought possible. Recherches biologiques sur Carduus nutans (L.) ssp. nutans. l. Germination et besoins en lumière des plantulesDes semences fraîches de Carduus nutans ssp nutans ont montré une dormance naturelle. La stimulation de la germination par la lumiere blanche ou rouge a été inversée par l'infra-rouge. Le besoin de lumière peut ètre, dans une large mesure, remplacé par l'acide gibbèrellique. le nitrate de potassium ou l'enlèvement. l'incision ou la piqûre de l'enveloppe dc la semence. Ces faeteurs. isolement ouencombinaison peuvent influencer la germination au champ. Il a été constate que la température optimale pour la germination coïncidait avec les conditions climatiques de l'automne et du printemps dans les plateaux de la Nouvelle Gallesdu Sud. Un aceroissement de la germination dans des conditions de faible pression osmotique a montre que les taxa étaient ada ptés à des microstations hum ides.Le laux de croissance relatif des jeunes planlules (de 2 a 5 semaines) dans un environnement conlrôlé n'a pas été perlurbé par uue irradiation allant jusquà 30% de la lumière maximale du jour Des plantules plus agees (de 5 à 10 semaines) ont montré des tauxde croissance relatifset des taux neisd'assimlation plus élevés avec 15 a 20% de la lumière maximale du jour Le point de compensation a été estiméà 7 Wm−2 (1.7%) et la lutie liée à la compétition pour la lumière est envisagé comme possible. Untersuchungen zur Biotogie von Carduus nulans (L.) ssp. nuians. I. Keimung und Lichtanspruch der SämlingeFrische Samen von Carduus nutans ssp. nutans besassen eine endogene Dormanz Die Slimulierung der Keimung durch weisses oder rotes Licht, wurde durch Lichl im fernen Rot aufgehoben, Der Lichtanspruch konnie zu einem grosscn Teil durch Cibberellinsäure, Kaliumnitrat oder durch Entfernen, Schneiden oder Anstechen der Samenschale ersetzt werden. Diese Einflussgrössen können enlweder einzeln oder gemeinsam die Keimung unter natürlichen Bedingungcn becinflussen Die optimale Keimtemperatur stimmt mil den auf dem Plateau von Neu Südwales herrschenden Herbst- und Frühjahrsbedingungen überetn. Die bessere Keimung unter gcringer osmotischer Belastung deutet darauf hin, dass diese Taxa an feuchte Slellen angepasst sind.Eine Belichtung, entsprechend 30% des maximalen Tageslichts, reichte für das Wachstum von 2–5 Wochen alten Pflänzchen. die unter kontrollierten Bedingungen gehalten wurden, nichl ganz a us, Ältere Pflänzchen (5–10 Wochen) batten ihre höchsten Wachstums- uns Assimilationsraten zwischen 15 und 20% des vollen Tageslichts. Der Kompensationspunkt durfie bei 7 Wm−2 (1,7%) liegen. und eine Bekämpfung durch Konkurrenz urn Licht crscheinl möglich.

Notizen: 14C-glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) uptake by germinating maize (Zea mays L. ‘PAG SX56’) or soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘Williams’) seeds from sterile quartz sand was minimal on a weight basis until the radicle became functional. Uptake in soybean seedlings was ten times greater (on a weight basis) than in maize. Germination of either species was not affected by glyphosate concentrations up to 10−3m, but seedling axis elongation was inhibited in soybeans at 10−4m and in maize at [0−3m When 14C-glyphosate was applied to the fully expanded first trifoliolate soybean leaf (assimilate-exporting), movement into root and shoot assimilate sinks occurred. About 7% of the total 14C-glyphosate applied was absorbed and translocated into other parts of the plant by 48 h. Of the total 14C accumulated by 48 h in the roots and apical meristem, nearly 50% was present by 12 h. Minor phytotoxicity resulted from 10 nmoles of glyphosate in the plant. Absorption et migration du 14 C-glyphosate chez le maïs (Zea mays) en germination et chez les semences et les plantes de soja (Glycine max)L'absorption du 14C-glyphosate (N-(phosphonométhyle) glycine)par du maïs en germination (Zea mays L.,‘PAG SX56′)ou par des semences de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merr.,‘Williams’) a partir de sable de quartz stérile a été minimale (sur la base du poids) jusquà ce que la racine devienne fonctionnelle. L'absorption par des plantules de soja a été, sur la base due poids, 10 fois plus grande que chez le maïs. La germination de ces deux espèn n'a pas été affectée par des concentrations de glyphosate allant jusquà 10−3m, maïs l'élongation des plantules a été inhibée chez le soja á 10−4m et chez le maïs à 10−3m. Lorsque le 14C-glyphosate a été appliqué sur la première feuille trifoliée de soja pleinement dévdoppé (en état d'exporter des métabolites).une diminution du mouvemem des métabolites vers les jeunes pousses et vers les racines s'est manifestée. Eaviron 7% du 14C-glyphosate total appliqué a été absorbé et a migré dans d'autres parties de la plume en 48 heures. Près de 50% du 14C total accumulé dans les racines et le méristème apical y était présent en 12 heures. Une faible toxicité a réulté de b présence de 10 nmoles de glyphosate dans la plante. 14 C-glyphosat-Aufnahme und -Translokation bei keimenden Samen von Mais (Zea mays) und Sojabohnen (Glycine max) und bei SojabohnenpflanzenDie Aufnahme von 14C-Glyphosat (N-(Phosphonomethyl)glycin) aus sterilem Quarszsand durch keimende Samen von Mais (Zea mays L.‘PAG SX56′) und Sojabohnen (glycine max (L.) Merr.‘Williams’) war, bezogen auf das Pflanzengewicht, bis zur Funktionsaufnahme der Keimwurzel, gering. Die Aufnahme war bei den Sojabohnenkeimlingen zehnmal grösser (Gewichts-basis) als bei Mais. Die Keimung wurde bei beiden Arten durch Glyphosat bis zu 10−3m nicht beeinflusst. Das Streckungswachstum des Stengels wurde aber bei der Sojabohne bei 10−4m und beim Mais bei 10−3m gehemmt. Wenn 14C-Glyphosat auf das erste vollstándig entwickelte dreibláttrige Sojabohnenblatt (Assimilate exportierend) appliziert wurde, konnte ein Transport in die Assimilatesinks der Wurzel und des Sprosses beobachtet werden. Nach 48 h waren etwa 7% des applizierten 14C-Glyphosats aufgenommen und in andere Teile der Pflanze transloziert. Vom gesamten nach 48 h in den Wurzeln und im apikalen Meristem akkumulierten 14C waren fast 50% bereits nach 12 h vorhanden. 10 nmol Glyphosat in den Pflanzen waren nur geringfügig phytntoxisch.

Notizen: The effect of bentazone at 10 and 100 ppm in two soils on microbial activities and populations was investigated for 32 weeks. The higher concentration caused reductions in carbon dioxide output and oxygen uptake in both soils, In soil I (pH 6.4, organic C 1.7%) an increase in total mineral nitrogen occurred throughout but in soil H (pH 5.6, organic C 3.7%) a reduction in both mineralization of nitrogen and nitrification was observed from week 22 onwards. In general, populations of fungi and actinomycetes were resistant to or stimulated by bentazone, especially in soil II at 100 ppm. With bacteria, including cellulolytic and spore formers, cellulolytic fungi and actinomycetes, there was some inhibition even at the low concentration, effects being more pronounced in soil II than in soil I. The herbicide at 20 ppm had very little effect on growth and morphology of four fungal species in pure culture.Residue analyses showed that bentazone degraded more rapidly in soil II than in soil I although appreciable effects occurred throughout the experiment in both soils. Evaluation simultanée de diverses réactions de la microflore du sol à la bentazone. L'effet de la bentazone à 10 et 100 ppm sur les activités et les populations microbiennes a étéétudié pendant 32 semaines. La concentration la plus forte a provoqué des réductions du dégagement de dioxyde de carbone et de l'absorption d'oxygéne dans les deux sols. Dans le sol I (pH 6,4, teneur en carbone organique 1,7%) un accroissement de I'azote mineral total s'est constamment manifesté, mais, dans le sol II (pH 5,6, teneur en carbone organique 3,7%) une réduction simultanée de la minéralisation de I'azote et de la nitrification a été observée a partir de la 22ème semaine. D'une façon générale, les populations de champignons et d'actinomycétes se sont montrées résistantes à la bentazone, ou même stimulées par elle, en particulier pour le sol II à la concentration de 100 ppm. Avec les bactéries, ycompris les formes sporultés et cellulolytiques, les champignons cellulolytiques et les aainomycétes, il s'est produit une certaine inhibition même à la concentration faible, ces cffets étant plus prononcés dans le sol II que dam le sol I. L'herbicide à 20 ppm n'a eu qu'une trés faible action sur la croissance et la morphologie de quatre espéces de champignons en culture pureDes analyses de résidus ont montré que la bentazone s'est dégradée plus rapiderment dans le sol II que dans le sol I, bien que des effets appréciables soieni apparus dans toute l'expérience avec les deux sols. Gleichzeitige Erfassung verschiedener Reaktionen der Bodenmikroflora auf Bentazon Es wurde die Wirkung von Bentazon (10 und 100 ppm) über 32 Wochen auf die mikrobielle Aktivität und auf die Mikroorganismenpopulationen zweier Boden untersucht. Durch die höhere Konzentration ging in beiden Boden die Abgabe von Kohlendioxid und die Aufnahme von Sauerstoff zurück. Im Boden I (pH 6,4; org. C l,7%) wurde während der gesamten Versuchszeit ein Anstieg des mineralischen Stickstoffs festgestellt, während im Boden II (pH 5,6; org. C 3,7%) ein Rückgang in der Stickstoffmineralisierung und der Nitrifikation ab der 22. Woche zu beobachten war. Im allgemeinen waren die Pilz- und Actinomycetenpopulationen gegenüber Bentazon resistent oder sie wurden durch das Herbizid gefördert, besonders im Boden II bei 100 ppm. Beiden Bakterien, einschliesslich zellulolytischer und sporenbildender Arten, den zellulolytischen Pilzen und Actinomyceten wurde eine geringe Hemmung, sogar bei der niedrigen Konzentration, festgestellt. Diese Effekte waren im Boden II stärker als im Boden I ausgeprägt. In Reinkultur hatten 20 ppm Bentazon nur eine gennge Wirkung auf das Wachstum und die Morphologie von vier Pilzarten.Rückstandsuntersuchungen ergaben, dass Bentazon im Boden II schneller ais im Boden I abgebaut wurde, es kam aber in beiden Böden zu deutlichen Effekten.

Notizen: The longterm control of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) following applications of asulam was studied for 5 years al a site in the West of Scotland; there was no post-spray management. The time of treatment was found to be of considerable importance, satisfactory long-term control being obtained only when 4.4–8.8 kg/ha were applied around the stage of full frond expansion (26 July–16 August). Application of 4.4 kg/ha asulam on 26 July decreased frond density by 99, 95, 85, and 73% in the 4 years following treatment; about 50% recovery was observed in the fifth year. The latter may be partially due to the encroachment of rhizomes from the adjacent untreated plots and the lack of post-spray management. Examination of rhizomes dug from 1 m2 areas showed that asulam killed more than 90% of the active frond buds and apices in the first year, but left undamaged 48% of the dormant buds on the deeper rhizome branches; the latter appeared to be the main source of reinfestation of treated plots in subseqquent years. The total number of living buds increased from 17% of the untreated in the first year to 38% in the fifth year; the majority of these buds were dormant. Formulation of asulam (4.4 kg/ha) with 1% ethylan CP only improved the reduction in frond density over a 4-year period by 10%. Recherches sur le mode d'action de l'asulame sur la fougère (Pteridium aquilinum L. Kuhn). III, Elimination durable de la fougère.Lélimination durable de la fougére (Pteridium aquilinum) a la suite d'applications d'asulame a éte etudiee pendant 5 annees dans une station de I'ouest de I'Ecosse; il n'y a pas eu d'autre intervention apres le trailement. W a ete constate que Vepoque du traitement avait une importance considerable, une elimination durable n'ayant pu etre obtenue qu'en appliquant 4,4 a 8,8 kg/ha d'asulame au stade de plein developpement des frondes (26 juillet-16 aout), L'application de 4,4 kg d'asulame le 26 juillet diminua la densite des frondes de 99, 95, 88, et 73% au cours des 4 annees suivant le traitement; une repousse d'environ50% fut observee la cinquieme annee, Ce resultat final peut etre du en partie a I'empietement de rhizomes provenant des parcelles adjacentes non traitees et a I'absence d'intervention apres le traitement. L'examen des rhizomes extraits sur des surfaces de 1 m2 montra que I'asulame avait tue plus de 90% des bourgeons et des apex des frondes en activite au cours de la premiere annee, mais n'avait pas endommage 48% des bourgeons dormants situes sur les ramifications les plus profondes des rhizomes; ce fait est apparu comme la cause principale de la reinfestation des parcelles traitees au cours des annees suivantes. Le nombre total des bourgeons vivants est passe de 17% des temoins la premiere annee a 38% la cinquieme annee; la majorite de ces bourgeons etaient dormants. La formulation de I'asulame avec 1% seulement d'etylan CP” a augmente de 10% la reduction de la densite des frondes au cours de la periode de 4 ans. Untersuchungen zur Wirkuttgsweise von Asulam bei Adlerfarn (Pteridium aquilinum L. Kuhn). III. Langfristige BekdmpfungIn einem Versuch in Westschottland wurde die langfristige Bekampfung von Adlerfarn (Pteridium aquilinum) nach Asulam-Behandlungen uber 5 Jahre untersucht. In diesen Versuchen wurden nach der Herbizidbehandlung keine weiteren Bekampfungsmassnahmen durchgefiihrt. Es konnte festgestellt werden, dass der Bekampfungszeitpunkt von erheblicher Bedeutung ist. Eine befriedigende langfristige Bekampfung wurde nur erzielt, wenn 4.4–8.8 kg/ha zum Zeitpunkt der vollen Wedelentwicklung (26, Juli-16. August) angewendet wurden. Eine Behandlung mit 4,4 kg/ha Asulam am 26, Juli fuhrte in den 4 Jahren nach der Applikation zu einem Ruckgang der Wedeldichte um 99, 95, 85 und 73%, und im fiinften Jahr betrug die Wedeldichte wieder etwa 50% der ursprunglichen. Das letztere lasst sich teilweise mit dem Eindringen von Rhizomen aus benachbarten unbehandelten Parzellen und dem Fehlen weiterer Massnahmen mach der Herbizidbehandlung erklaren. Die Untersuchung von I m2 grossen Flachen zeigte, dass durch Asulam im ersten Jahr iiber 90% der aktiven Wedelknospcn und -apices getotet wurden, aber 48% der dormanten Wedelknospen und -apices der tieferliegenden Rhizomstijcke unbeeinfiusst blieben. Diese Organe scheinen die Hauptursache der Wiederverseuchung in den folgenden Jahren gewesen zu sein. Die Gesamtzahl an lebenden Knospen nahm, bezogen auf Unbehandelt, von 17% im ersten Jahr auf 38% im fiinften Jahr zu, die meisten Knospen waren aber dormant. Zusatz von 1% Ethylan CP zu Asulam (4,4 kg/ha) verbesserte im Beobachtungszeitraum von 4 Jahren die Wirkung (Verminderung der Wedeldichle) nur um 10%.

Notizen: The effects of six herbicides on weed control, yield and quality of transplanted.‘Early Long Purple’eggplant (Solantam melongena L.,) were evaluated in two replicated field experiments during the wet seasons (June to December) of 1976 and 1977 on River Estate loam soil in trifluralin 0 kg and had gave the best yield and excellent weed control for 8 weeks. Benfluralin (kg and ha) isopropalin (1.5 kg m.a ha) and diphenamid (5.0 kg and ha) gave acceptable weed control for 8 weeks and satisfactory yields, but chlorthal-dimethyl (1 kg a ha) and hotra (40 kg a ha) were less satisfactory. All the herbicides tested controlled weed for 4 weeks. There was no crop injury. Effet des herbicides sur le desherbage de sendement et la qualite de l'aubergine (Solanum melongena L.,) d TrinidadLes effets de herbicides sur le desherbage, le rendement et la qualite de preds transplantes d'aubergine (Solantum melongena L.,) var ‘Farly Long Purple’, ont ete evalues dans deux experiences au champ, durant les sarsons humides (june to December repetees en 1976 et 1977, sur un sol argileux de River Estate a Trinidad La triflurraline 1.0 kg m a has donne le meilleut rendement et un excellent desherbage pendant S sernames I a benfluraline (1.1 kg m.a. ha) l'isopropaline (1.5kg ma. Ha) et le diphenamide (5.0 kg m.a ba) ont donne un desherbage acceptable et des rendements satisfaisant mais le chlorthal dimethyl (10.0 kg m.a ha) et la butraline (4.0 kg m.a ha) ont ete moins satisfaisants Tous les herbicides essayes ont maitrise les measures herbes pendant 4 semaines II n'y a pas eu de degats sur la recolte. Emsatz von Herbizalen in Eterfruchen Solanum melongena in Trinidad Wirkane aut Unkraut. Ertrag und Qualdat.Es wurde die Ergnung von wchs Herniziden fur die Unkraut-bekämpfung in gepfltanzten Eterfrüchten (Solaman melongena L.) der Sorte ‘Early Long Purple’ sowie the Wirkung aut Ertrag und Qualität in zwer Feldversuchen wahrend der Regen zen (Juni bis December) in den Jahren 1976 und 1977 auf einem River-Estate-Lehmnoden in Trinidad gepruit. Mit Trifluralin (1.0 kg ha AS) wurden die hochsten Ertage und cine ausgezetchnete Unkrauthekämpfung über acht Wechen erzielt Benfluralin (1.1 kh ha AS) Isopropalin (1.5 kg ha AS) und Dephenamid (5.0 kg ha AS) wirkten uber acht Wochen zufriedenstellend und führlen zu mittleren Ertagen; Chlorthaldimethyl (10.0 kg ha AS) und Butralin (4.0 kg ha AS) befriedigten weniger. Alle gepruften Herbicide bekämpften die Unkrauter uber cine Zeit von 4 Wochen. Schaden an der Kulturpflanze konnten nicht festgestellt werden.

Notizen: A carboxylesterasc from wild oat (Avena fatua L.) which hydrolyses benzoylprop ethyl [ethyl N-benzoyl-N-(3,4-dichlrophenyl)-2-aminopropionate] to thc herbicidally active bnzoylprop acid, was partially purified by (NH4)2 SO4 fractionation and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration A 8.3-fold purification was obtained with 46% recovery. The rate of de-esterification of 14C-benzoylprop ethyl was 0.1 ηmoles/16 h at standard assay condition of 1 mg lyophilized enzyme preparation in 0.1 ml phosphate buffer (0.1 M. pH 7.0). substrate 5ηM The wild oat esterase was stable and activity as a function of reaction time. enzyme and substrate concentration was charaterized Incubation with a-chymotrypsin reduced wild oat esterase activity as did the presence of ethanol in reaction mixtures Esterase actvity for14C-benzoylprop ethyl was not detected in preparations from wheat (Triticum aestlivum L.). Evidence was obtained which suggested the presence of an inhibitor in wheat. Hydrolyse de l'herbicide benzoylprop éthyle par l'estérase de la folte-avoine Une carboxylestérase de la folle-avoine (Avena fatua L.) qui hydrolyse Ie benzoylprop éthyle (N-benzoyl-N-(3.4-dichlorophényle)-2-aminopropionate d'ethyle) en acidc benzoyprop, actif sur les mauvaises herbes, a été partiellement purifiée par fractionnement au moyen de (NH4)2 SO4 et filtration sur gel Sephadex G-100 Une purification de 8.3 folis a étéobtenue avec 46% de récupération Le taux de dé-estérification du 14C-benzoylprop éthyle a été de 0.1 ηmole en 16 h aux conditions standard d'essai: 1 mg de préparation d'enzyme lyophilisé dans 0,1 ml de tampon au phosphate (0, 1 M pH 7,0) pour 5ηM de substrat L'estérase de LA folle-avoine a été stable et il a pu étre monlré que son activitéétait fonction de la durée de réaction ainsi que de la concentration de l'enzyme et du substrat. L'incu-bation avec de l'o-chymotrypsine a réduit L'activité de l'estérase de la folle-avoine de méme que la présence de l'éthanol dans les mélanges en réaction. ll n'a pas été décelé dans des préparations dc blé (Triticum sativum) d'activité d'une estérase pour le 14C-benzoylprop-éthyle. Certainsfaitls ont été observér qui sug-gerént la présence d'un inhibiteur dans le blé Hydrolyse des Herbizids Benzoylprop-äthyl dunh Flughafer- esterase Es wurde eine Carboxylesterase von Flughafer (Avena fatua L.), die Benzoylprop-äthyl [Äthyl N-benzoyl-N-(3,4)-dichlor- phenyl)-2 aminopropionat] zur herbizidwirksamen Benzoyl- prop-Säure hydrolysiert. dureh (NH4)2 SO4 -fraktionierung und Gelfiltration an Sephadex G-100 teilweise gereinigt Dabei wurde eine 8,3-fache Reinigung bei einer Wiederfmdungiirate von 46% erzielt. Die Hydrolyserate von 14C-Benzoylprop-äthyl betrug 0.1 ηmol/16 h unter Standurdbedingungen von 1 mg lyophilisienetn Enzympräparat in 0.1 ml Phosphatpuffer (0.1 M, pH 7.0) und 5 ηm Substrat Die flughaferesterase war stabil und die Enzymaktiviät war von der Reaktionszeit abhängig. Das Enzym und die Substratkonzentration wurden beschrieben. Inkubation mit α-Chymotrypsin verringerte die Esteraseaktivität. DurcH die Gegenwart von Äthanol in den Reaktionsgemlschen wurde die Aktivität ebenfalls reduziert. In Weizenpräparationen (Triticum aestivum L.) konnte keine Esteraseaktivität fur 14C-Benzoylprop-äthyl festgestellt werden. Es gab Hinweise dafur, dass in Weizen ein Hemmstoff vorkommt.

Notizen: Eleven different hardwood species were injected using a hypo-hatchet with eight different lierbicides during the spring, summer, fall and winter seasons. Late spring to fall injections gave maximum efficacy. All the herbicides were effective at the given concentrations and injection of I ml/2.5 cm of stem diameter, Least effect followed winter injections probably due to poor translocation, little active tree metabolism, and high viscosity of some formulations when air temperatures were near freezing. Spring injection tended to allow revegetation by release of lateral buds after apical meristems and leaves had been killed. Multiple clumps of red maple stems were not well controlled by single stem injection. Quatre saisons de traitement herbicide par injection de ligneux à bois dur Onze espéces ligneuses à bois dur ont été traitées par injection en utilisant une hachette spéciale, avec 8 herbicides, au printemps, en été. en automne et en hiver. Les traitements faits de la fin du printemps à l'automne ont donné le maximum d'efficacité. Tous les herbicides ont été actifs aux concentrations données et pour un volume d'injection de 1 ml pour 2,5 cm de diamétre de tige. L'effet plus faible des injections faites en hiver est probablement du à une faible migration, au métabolisme peu actif dans les arbres et à la viscositéélevée de certaines formulations lorsque les températures de I'air avoisinaient le gel. Les injections de printemps ont montré une tendance à un nouveau départ de la végétation par libération de bourgeons latéraux aprés la mort des méristémes apicaux et des feuilles. De nombreux rejets de tiges d'érable n'ont pas été détruits par une injection unique dans la tige. Herbizid-Injektionen bei Laubbdämen in vier Jahreszeiten Mit Hilfe eines Spezialbeils wurden im Frühjahr, Sommer, Herbst’ und Winter Laubbäumen 11 verschiedener Arten achtverschiedene Herbizide injiziert. Injektionen vom späten Frühjahr bis zum Herbst zeigten die beste Wirkung. Mit einer Injektion von 1 ml je 2.5 cm Stammdurchmesser waren alle Herbizide in den gewählten Konzentrationen wirkungsvoll. Den geringsten Effekt zeigten Injektionen im Winter, was wahrschein- lich auf ungenügende Translokation, geringe Stoffwechselaktivität der Bäume im Winter und hohe Viskosität einiger Formulierungen bei Lufttemperaturen in der Nähe des Gefrierpunktes zurückzuführen ist. Injektionen im Frühjajr konnten nach Abtötung von apikalen Meristemen und Blattwerk durch Entwieklung von Seitenknospen zu einem gewissen Austrieb führen. Baumgruppen von Rotahorn liessen sich durch eine einzelne Stamminjektion mit nur mässigem Erfolg bekämpfen.

Notizen: In three experiments, glyphosate (1.0 kg/ha) and aminotriazole (1.5 kg/ha) killed volunteer potatoes. Glyphosate (0.5 kg/ha) gave acceptable control in the field but not in the two pot experiments; in these latter, addition of ammonium sulphate to glyphosate improved its performance. Field applications of both herbicides at the end of May were less effective than those in June and July, because not all the sprouts had emerged in May. Aminotriazole killed those daughter tubers already pre sent, whilst glyphosate affected sprout viability and hence their ability to produce new plants. The practical potential of these two herbicides for the control of volunteer potatoes is discussed. Activité du glyphosate el de l'aminotriazole contre les repousses de pommes de terre et leurs tubercules fils Dans trois expériences, le glyphosate (1,0 kg/ha) et l'aminotria-zole (1,5 kg/ha) ont tue les repousses de pommes de terre. Le glyphosate (0,5 kg/ha) a fait preuve d'une efficacité acceptable au champ mais pas dans les deux expériences en pots; dans celles-ci, I'addition de sulfate d'ammonium au glyphosate a amélioré ses performances. Les applications au champ des deux herbicides à la fin de mai ont été moins efficaces que celles effectuées en juin et juillet parce que toutes les repousses n'étaient pas sorties en mai. L'aminotriazole a tué les tubercules fils déjà présents, alors que le glyphosate a affecté leur germina tion et par suite leur capacitéà produire de nouvelles plantes. La valeur pratique de ces deux herbicides pour lutter contre les repousses de pommes de terre est discutée. Die Wirkung von Gtyphosat und Aminotriazot auf Unkraut-Kar-toffelpflanzen und deren Tochterknollen In drei Versuchen wurden durch Glyphosat (1,0 kg/ha) und durch Aminotriazol (1,5 kg/ha) Unkraut-Kartoffeln abgetotet. Glyphosat (0,5 kg/ha) ergab unter Feldbedingungen eine brauchbare Bekampfung, nicht jedoch in zwei Gefassver-suchen; in letzteren wurde die Wirkung von Glyphosat durch den Zusatz von Ammoniumsulfat verbessert. Die Feldbehan-dlung Ende Mai war bei beiden Herbiziden weniger wirksam wie im Juni und Juli, weil im Mai das Kraut noch nicht voll entwickelt war. Durch Aminotriazol wurden alle bereits vor-handenen Tochterknollen getötet, wogegen Glyphosat das Kraut schädigte und damit auch die Bildung neuer Pflanzen beeinflusste. Es werden die Möglichkeiten diskutiert, die sich durch die beiden Herbizide für die Bekämpfung von Unkraut-Kartoffeln ergeben.

Notizen: Glasshouse and field studies made in Australia to investigate flowering and seed production of Echium plantagineum L, are described.Stem elongation and flowering were hastened by long photo-periods and by tow temperatures. This provides some explanation as to why the species is more common in higher latitudes, where temperatures are low in winter and phoioperiods are long in summer.The plant produced c. 6000 gcrminable seeds m−2 in a grazed pasture and c. 10 000 germinable seeds m−2 in a nearby ungrazed area. Such productions would be more than adequate to permit persistence and potential dominance. The reduction in seed production by grazing helps to explain why E. plantagineum is often less common in pastures than on ungrazed roadsides and waste areas. Floraison et production de semences chez Echium plantagineum L.L'auteur rapporte des essais faits en serre et au champ en Australie pour étudier la floraison et ta production de semences chez Echium plantagineum L.L'élongation des tiges et la floraison on t été accélérées pa r des photopèriodes longues et par des températures basses, Ceci fournit une explication au fait que cette espèce est plus répandue am latitudes élevées où les températures en hiver soul basses et les photopériodes tongues en été.La plante produit environ 6 000 sentences viables au m2 dans une prairie pâturée et 10000 semenes viables au m2 dans un environnement non pâturé. De telles productions sont plus que suffisantes pour pertneure la persistance de I'espèce et sa dominance potentielle La rèduction de la production de semences sous l'influence du pâturage aide à expliquer pourquoi E. plantagineum est souvent moins répandue dans les pâtures que le long des routes ou dans les terres incultes. Blütr und Samenproduktion bei Echium plantagineum L.Es werden Unitersuchungen zur Blüte und Samenproduktion von Echium plantagineum L. beschrieben. die in Australian mit Hilfe von Gewächshaus-und Feldversuchen durchgeführt wurden.Durch lange Photoperioden und niedrige Temperuturen wurde der Stengelzuwachs und dus Blühen beschleunigt. Damit wird erklärlich. warum dicse Art in grösseren Höhen häufiger vorkommt. wo im Winter niedrigce Temperuturen und im Sommer lange Photoperioden hcerrschen.Die Pflanze produziene auf einer Weide etwa 6000 keimfä-hige Samen je m2; auf einer in dcer Nähe liegenden unbeweideten Fläche warm es 10000. Eine derartige Samenproduktion ist mehr als ausreichend, um die Persisienz und möglcherweuse auch Jie Dominanz dieser Art zu gevrährleisten. Der Rückgang der Samenproduktion durch Bcweiden macht es erklärlich, warum E. plan tagineum auf Grünland häufig weniger vor-kommt als auf unbewcideten Strassenrändern und Schuttplatzen.

Notizen: Chlortoluron hadàhalf-tire in soil of 4–6 weeks. The only metabolite identified was monomethyl chlortoluron, half-life 8 weeks. 3-Chloro-4-methylphenylurea hadàsimilar half-life but was not detected in soils treated with chlortoluron or monomethyl chlortoluron suggesting that 3-chloro-4-methylaniline was formed directly from monomethyl chlortoluron. This aniline hadàhalf-life of 1–2 days in soil, initial concentrations above 5 ppm yielding dimers and trimers predominantly C — N linked. Neither the aniline nor polymeric products were detected in chlortoluron treated soils, presumably because slow formation of the aniline was followed by rapid degradation which kept concentration low.

Notizen: The detection and estimatinn of herbicidés uith ihe aid of Chtorelta: investigation of optimum conditions and iheir applicalion to the analysis of several herbicides The use of a uniform culture of Chlorella as yn inoculum at a given density under known conditions of temperature, light and nutrition in a gaseous mixture has allowed an improvement in the technique and given highly reproducible results. Tests with atrazine have shown that it can be detected at a dose or 0.012 ppm and estimated to an accuracy of 0.04 ppm. Other herbicides have been tested and their sensitivity was found to be in lhe following descending order: lerbutryne 〉 lenacil = isoproturon 〉 atrazine 〉 chlortoluron 〉 methabenzthiazuron = metoxuron.

Notizen: From 1970 to 1975, before soil-applied pesticides were widely used by sugar beet growers in England, virus yellows is estimated to have caused an annual loss representing about 5 per cent of the crop's potential yield, equivalent to about £4·2 million at the 1974 price for beet. At least £0·9 million were spent annually by growers on insecticides to give partial control of yellows, probably giving a yield increase worth thrice that sum. When 20 per cent or more of sugar beet plants show symptoms of virus yellows at the end of August crop yields are appreciably decreased, and the proportion of the national crop area in this category during 1970–75 ranged from less than 1 to 86 per cent (averaging 30 per cent).

Notizen: In 1977 one breeding colony of the Colorado beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), was found in England. In addition 258 single beetles were found in England and Wales, of which 73 were alive. This is the largest annual total of single beetles ever found. Twenty-four single beetles were found in Scotland, of which eight were alive. Details of these finds are presented. The outstanding features were the large numbers associated with wheat (170) from Holland and France, with vehicles (28) from continental Europe and with fresh vegetables (25). Live female beetles kept in the laboratory after capture laid an average of 1039 eggs each (range 72–2926) and the average percentage hatch was 36 (range 0–67).